1919 - THE THIRD AFGHAN WAR:

AN INTRODUCTION by Paul Hinson

In the preface to his book AFGHANISTAN 1919, Lieutenant General G. N. Molesworth, adjutant of the 2nd Battalion Somerset Light Infantry during the war, admits that "in comparison to the fearful slaughter which took place in World War I ... this campaign was a sideshow..." He then qualifies this statement saying 'in normal times from the casualties alone it would have ranked as a major war." By the scale of other operations on the Northwest Frontier, this last statement is not too inaccurate. Admittedly incomplete statistics show 1,751 casualties suffered by British and Indian troops, including over 500 dead from cholera. Operations in the Third Afghan War ranged along much of the border area. Fighting occurred in Chitral, in the Khyber Pass, through the Kurram Valley, in the Tochi Valley, in Waziristan, and in Baluchistan. Although the scenes of fighting were not new, this was not simply a refight of earlier wars and frontier campaigns. Strategically, the Afghans and their Pathan allies took the offensive at the outset on each front except in Southern Baluchistan, where a pre-emptive British strike into Afghanistan forestalled any planned or potential Afghan incursions into India. The only other front on which the British conducted significant offensive operations was in the Khyber Pass, where British and Indian troops advanced into Afghanistan to seize the town of Dakka. The Afghan Army The Afghan army, on paper, posed a significant threat to the thinly spread Northwest Frontier Force in 1919. 50,000 troops were organized into 75 infantry battalions, 21 cavalry regiments, and roughly 70 batteries (280 guns). The purpose of the army was to provide a core of regular troops around which the tribal lashkars, possibly as many as 80,000 fighting men, could form. In reality, the Afghan regular army was not ready for war. As in past years, the upper levels of the officer corps was riddled with political intrigue. General Molesworth gives the following evaluation of the Emir's army: "Afghan regular units ... were ill-trained, illpaid, and probably under strength. The cavalry was little better than indifferent infantry mounted on equally indifferent ponies. Rifles varied between modern German, Turkish and British types, to obsolete Martinis and Snyders. Few infantry units had bayonets. Artillery was ponydrawn, or pack, and included modern 10cm Krupp howitzers, 75mm Krupp mountain guns and ancient 7 pounder weapons. There were a few, very old, four-barrel Gardiner machine guns. Ammunition was in short supply and distribution must have been very difficult. For the artillery much black powder was used, both as a propellent and bursting charge for shells. The Kabul arsenal workshops were elementary and mainly staffed by Sikh artificers with much ingenuity but little real skill. There was no organised transport and arrangements for supply were rudimentary." Probably the best of the Afghan units were those in the Kabul-Jellalabad area, most of which would see action in the Kurram Valley and in the Khyber Pass. These units included 7 cavalry regiments, 31 infantry battalions, 1 pioneer battalion, a few antique machine guns, and 92

artillery pieces of various calibers and ages. Probably the poorest quality front-line regulars were those sent against Chitral. In support of the regulars, the Afghan command expected to call out the tribes, which could gather up to 20,000 or 30,000 fighters in the Khyber region alone. In stark contrast to the regulars, the tribal lashkars were well or "excellent fighting quality," well armed, and with plenty of ammunition. The British Army On the British side of the border, the Northwest Frontier Force could utilize, initially, two horse-mounted cavalry brigades, two infantry divisions, and three frontier brigades as well as a number of frontier militia and irregular corps. Technologically, British equipment was relatively up to date, although in short supply in some cases. Instead of the 9 batteries of 18pdrs and single 4.7-inch battery with which Indian divisions had been equipped during World War One, the two divisions on the frontier each had only 8 18-pdrs, four 4.5-inch howitzers, and 8 2.75-inch mountain guns. The field and howitzer batteries were served by elements of the Royal Field Artillery while the mountain guns were manned by the Royal Garrison Artillery. The cavalry brigade-were each equipped with four 13-pdr guns served by the Royal Horse Artillery. Machine guns, at least on the Khyber front, were old .303 Maxims. The British gained a command and control advantage with their use of motor transport and wireless communications while armored cars and RAF detachments increased the Frontier Force's firepower and reach, the latter being demonstrated to the Afghans by a bombing raid on Kabul itself. The great problem for the British was manpower. Although the manpower of the Indian army reached 750,000 during the Afghan war, only a fraction of this was on, or reached, the frontier. Many of those units on the frontier were under strength, a problem compounded in some areas where the frontier militia units proved unreliable and were disarmed and disbanded. A further complication arose due to the Great War. Of the 61 British regular battalions and regiments stationed in India in 1914, all but two cavalry regiments and 8 infantry battalions were shipped to the killing fields of France, Palestine, and Mesopotamia. Replacing them on garrison duty in India were elements of the Territorial Army. Unhappy with garrison life, the Territorials were only interested in a quick return to civilian life. Only a direct appeal from the C-in-C India prevented potential trouble in some Territorial battalions. Among the Indian units, many of the premier regiments and battalions were still abroad, their places having been taken by second or third line reserve battalions. Of those regiments and battalions which had returned to India, the ranks of many were filled with many recent recruits. Campaign Dispositions The two campaigns which I find most interesting were the Upper Kurram and Chitral fronts as much of the fighting was done by reliable, well-led militia units supported by small numbers of regulars. In the Upper Kurram, the British, initially, were deployed as follows: 500 Kurram Militia and regular infantry in the Peiwar Kotal area; 200 Kurram Militia at Karlachi; 200 militia and 80 mounted infantry at Lakka Tigga; 230 militia in 7 smaller posts; Headquarters 60th Infantry Brigade, 37th Lancers (1 squadron), No. 28 Mountain Battery (2 sections), No. 22 Motor Machine Gun Battery, 57th Rifles (less one company), 3/Guides Infantry, and 400 Kurram Militia in reserve at Parachinar. Opposing this force were 2500 Afghan regular infantry, 7 mountain guns (mixed quality), 2 obsolete machine guns, and about 3500 Pathan tribesmen.

In Chitral, regular units consisted of 1/11th Rajputs (450 rifles), one section of No. 23 Mountain Battery and one section of 2/Sappers and Miners. Locally raised troops included the Chitral Scouts (1,000 rifles) and the Mehtar's Bodyguard. The Scouts were an organized local infantry battalion commanded by British officers and lacked both artillery and mounted units. The Mehtar's Bodyguard was primarily armed with muskets and matchlocks, although some men had Martini-Henrys. The Bodyguard also had a Russian machine gun, which had been hauled through the passes by a refugee fleeing the Bolsheviks. Molesworth doubts the weapon had any ammunition. Opposing this British/Chitrali force were 3 infantry battalions, 8 mountain guns, and 4 machine guns at Birkot on the frontier about 40 miles south of Chitral City. There were another 3 battalions and 4 mountain guns further south at Asmar. The Afghan high command may have also ordered 5 more battalions into the area from Jellalabad. After an initial invasion of Chitral was repulsed, both sides received reinforcements. Kafir and Kunar tribesmen, in addition to Chitrali tribesmen joined the Mehtar's forces. By June 1, 3 more Afghan battalions had moved into the area and about 6, 000 Dir tribesmen gathered in the hills on the British side of the frontier ready to descend into Chitral. Although the armistice ending the fighting elsewhere was signed on June 3, 5-6 battalions had moved from Badakshan and Wakhan toward the Baroghil and Manjan Passes northwest of Chitral City. South, near Asmar, were concentrated another 7 battalions, along with Mohmand and Bajaur tribesmen. On July 28, 100 Afghan cavalry and a battalion of infantry moved toward the northwest passes into Chitral. WARGAMING THE THIRD AFGHAN WAR Minifigs makes a nice collection of suitable figures in 1 5mm. For the British, infantry, command, armored cars, and machine guns can be obtained from the World War I series while Bengal cavalry/lancers and Sikh mountain gun crews may be found in Minifigs, Colonial range. I'm not sure about the Afghan army uniforms, but as the Turks supplied equipment and training cadres, I've decided to use Turks in sun helmets from the World War I range as Afghan regulars. Pathan figures from the Colonial range are suitable, although I'd limit the number of jezails except among the Chitralis. The one big shortage is artillery. Minifigs makes British 1 8-pdr field guns but none of the others needed, although the mountain guns from the Colonial series would be suitable for the older Afghan mountain guns. The other shortage is British artillery crews, as those in the World War One range are Western Front gunners. In 25mm, Frontier makes British and Turkish infantry and British machine gunners with sun helmet options and the Sikhs and lancers from the Boxer Rebellion range would be 'OK. No gunners or artillery however. Throw in some Frontier and Ral Partha Pathans with rifles and you've got figures for some skirmish actions.

In Search Of The French Grenadiers

During the Seven Years War By David Cookman
For some time I have been raising a Seven Years War French wargarne army. In the course of this I have been finding out about the structure and makeup of the French forces, one aspect which intrigued me was an elusive formation called the royal grenadiers, or the Grenadiers Royaux.

Only a few of my sources even mentioned this formation and even here, the references were fleeting. I tried a number of avenues to discover more information, but continually drew a blank. Then, with the help of a French work colleague, Robert Cholay, I wrote to the Musee de l'Armee in Paris and a couple of months later, I received a very complete and interesting reply from M. Stephane Bourdin. I enclose the translation of this reply below with some additional thoughts on grenadiers in the French army. The Translation In 1667 each company of infantry had attached a group of four men armed with hand grenades, and from 1671, each infantry battalion included a company of grenadiers. Their equipment included a sabre, a hatchet and a grenade pouch (containing between 12 and 15 grenades). With the introduction of the first regulation musket (complete with bayonet), however, the usage of the grenade declined. During the War of the Polish Succession there was one company of grenadiers per battalion, but these were not kept after the peace. A royal ordonnance of the 15th September 1745 created 103 battalions of provincial militia; each battalion was composed of 8 companies of fusiliers (each of 70 men) and one company of 50 grenadiers, giving a total of 610 men, serving for six years. The ordonnance of the 10th of April 1745 detached the companies of grenadiers from the battalions of militia and formed seven regiments (one battalion each) of grenadiers royaux (royal grenadiers), named after their colonels. An ordonnance of 28th January 1746 created in each militia battalion a new company of grenadiers - called the grenadiers postiches (false grenadiers) from whom the grenadiers royaux were recruited. On campaign the grenadiers pos tiches were attached to the regiments of the grenadiers royaux, which were two battalions strong. An ordonnance of the 15th of February 1748 caused the creation of two additional regiments of grenadiers. All nine regiments were disbanded on the 6th of August 1748 to be reconstituted, this time at a strength of 11 regiments, on the 1st of March 1750. During the Seven Years War, the grenadiers postiches fought in the ranks of the grenadiers royaux and the regiments were disbanded as were thegrenadiers royaux on the 30th September 1789. The regiment of the grenadiers de France, which should not be confused with the regiments of the grenadiers royata, had a different origin: they were not raised from the militia, but from the line infantry. In 1745 the ministry of d'Argenson imposed a minimum of two battalions to a regiment which resulted in the suppression of 18 regiments of infantry ( a regiment was formed of 12 companies of fusiliers and 1 company of grenadiers). The grenadier companies of the 18 disbanded regiments were formed into a special corps: the regiment of the grenadiers de France, commanded by a lieutenantgeneral and divided into four brigades of 12 companies each (1749). At the same time, in the regiments of infantry which survived, a company of grenadiers per battalion was maintained. The regiment of the grenadiers de France comprised in 1749: 2,160 grenadiers, 16 colonels and 8 lieutenant-colonels. It was controlled by an inspectorcommandant: the marquis de Saint-Pern. For some time considered only as parade troops, the regiment of the grenadiers de Franceillustrated its bravery during the Seven Years War. An ordonnance of the 4th of August 1771 dissolved the grenadiers de France who were distributed amongst the 11 regiments of the grenadiers royauxor into the various provincial regiments. Paralleling the infantry grenadiers, Louis XIV, in 1676, created a company of horse grenadiers (grenadiers a cheval) recruited from the cavalry and armed with a musket, pistol and sword. This company was attached to the Maison du Roi (king's household). Their motto

was "Undique terror, undique lethum". After participating in the battles of Ramillies, Oudenarde (1708), Malplaquet (1709), Fontenoy (1745) and the Seven Years War, the company was disbanded on the 15th of December 1775. Grenadiers During the Seven Years War During the Seven Years War the grenadiers de France and the grenadiers royaux made themselves famous from 1757. The two distinct corps of troops marched together in a single formation. Four regiments of grenadiers royaus [(Aulan - later to become Le Camus in 1759), Bergeret ( which became Narbonne in 1759), Modene and Chantilly] and the four battalions of the grenadiers de Franceformed a corps of 12 battalions of grenadiers, placed trom 1757 to 1760 under the command of the marquis de Saint-Pern. As for the regiment of Solar, as often as not it acted as escort to the geographical staff carrying out reconnaissance. At the battle of Hastenbeck the grenadiers de France were placed on the right wing. The forces of Saint-Pern participated in the march on the Lower Elbe, the capitulation of Klosterhaven and the occupation of Hanover and Brunswick. In 1758, during which year the two battalions of the Solar regiment were made prisoner in Minden (14th March), the grenadiers royaux, grenadiers de France, and the carabiniers passed Lippe on the 29th of September and pillaged the camp of Borck, under the command of SaintPern. In 1759 the corps of grenadiers was integrated into the Army of the Lower Rhine, under the command of the marquis de Contades. On the 1st of August 1759 the grenadiers de France attacked in Ihe first line at Todtenhausen (Battle of Minden), being driven back by Brunswick troops and enduring a three hour cannonade which caused heavy casualties. This French defeat was followed by the evacuation of Westphalia and Hesse. On the 17th of August, the second battalion of the regiment Narbonne surrendered after being isolated and attacked at Nienbourg. In 1760 the grenadiers participated in the occupation of the south of Hanover and Hesse. Twelve companies of grenadiers royaux, commanded by the viscount of Narbonne, were beseiged by 12,000 of the enemy in Fritzlar on the 12th of February 1761. Narbonne only capitulated on the l5th of February and Louis XV accorded him the right, henceforth, to call himself the viscount de NarbonneFritzlar. In 1761 the regiments of Cambis, La Tresne, Ailly, L'espinasse, Longaunay and Puysegur (ex-Modene) served under the orders of the Duc de Broglie. The grenadiers of de Broglie's army participated in the battle of Vellinghausen, where they made up the left column and captured the chateau of Nadel. Then, on the 16th of July 1761 the grenadiers de France were charged with covering the retreat of the duke. During the campaign of 1762, the regiments of Le Camus, Narbonne, La Roche-Lambert (exPuysegur), Argentre (exChantilly) and l'Espinasse were grouped in the army of Soubise and d'Estrees, whereas the regiments of Cambis and Ailly were integrated into the Army of the Lower Rhine under the command of the prince de Conde. The grenadiers of Soubise fought at Wilhelmstadt (24th June 1762). Conde gave battle at Johannisberg (30th August) and was aided by Stainville, who arrived at the head of the four battalions of the grenadiers de France, six battalions of the grenadiers royaux, and three regiments of dragoons. The regiments of the grenadiers royaux who did not fight in Germany were cantoned on the coasts of France and the regiment of Chabrillant was sent to Minorca. Additional Information The grenadiers, considered as the elite of the infantry, were always chosen for their robustness

and height. They were differentiated from the other infantrymen by wearing moustaches and receiving a larger salary. They were always brought togeather for a month each year at a military training ground, where their equipment was kept, for military exercises. The intendant carried out a review of the troops and their equipment. In 1765 the 11 regiments of the grenadiers royaux took the name of the province where they were raised and no longer took the name of their colonel. The uniform of the grenadiers royaux (controlled by the ordonnance of 25th November 1746 Funcken page 65, illustration 19) resembled that of the French line infantry: a coat of greywhite with buttons of copper or tin, vest and trousers in grey-white cloth, black gaiters for parade or white for ordinary service, epaulettes. Headgear was a black tricorn edged in silver. The grenadiers de France wore a blue coat with red turnbacks and a silver epaulette; their headgear was a fur cap decorated with a copper plate (Funcken page 63, illustration 39). grenadiers de France had a white cross with the crowned arms of France in the center. Two quarters had a gold fleur de lis on a dark background, the other two quarters had flaming grenades on a light blue background (Funcken page 64, illustration 65) . The standard of the grenadiers royaux (Funcken page 65 illustration 65) had a white cross covered in gold fleur de lis, the crowned arms of France in the center, and four blue quarters. Regiments of the Grenadier Royaux The information that follows conforms to a general format: each regiment is headed by its original name, followed by its name changes. A list of locations or battles for each regiment follows (French spellings are mostly used). All of these regiments were raised in 1745 and disbanded in December 1762. Note that, as normal, not all the information is consistent from source to source! d'Espagnac lde Bergeret March 1750, de Narbonne Feb 1759] Flandre, Audenarde, Termonde, Ath, Bruxelles, Anvers, Rocoux 1746; Laufeldt - 1747; Maastricht - 1748; Germany - 1757 (in addition see main text). de Bruslard [d'Aulan, February 1759; de Lespinasse 1760] Flandre - 1745-48; coasts of Aunis & Saintonge 1756-62. de Modene [Le Camus 1761] Alpes. Acqui, Serraville, Tortone, Asti, Casal. Plaisance, Edone - 1746; Provence, Col de l'Assiette 1747; Germany - 1757; Hastenbeck, Hanover, Crefeld - 1758; Minden- 1759; Corbach, Warburg - 1760. de Coincy [de Cambis 1761] Flandre, Mons, Charleroi, Namur, Rocoux - 1746; Laufeldt, Bergen-op-Zoom - 1747; Alpes 1748; On the coasts - 1756-62. de Bautteville [de Chatillon March 1747, de Longaunay 1759] Flandre, Anvers, Rocoux - 1746; Flandre (maritime), Laufeldt 1747; Maastrict - 1748; On the coasts - 1756-60; Germany - 1760. de Latour [ de Chantilly March 1746] Flandre, Anvers, Namur, Rocoux- 1746; Anvers, Bergen-op-Zoom -1747; Maastrict- 1748; Germany - 1757; Hastenbeck, Hanover, Crefeld - 1758; Minden 1759; Corbach, Warburg 1760; Vellinghausen - 1761. de Valfonds [de Prugues May 1747, d'Ally May 1757] Flandre, Fontenoy, Tournai, Audenarde, Termonde, Ath - 1745; Bruxelles - 1746; Flandre

1746-48; On the coasts 1757-60; Germany - 1761 -62. d'Aulan [ Le Camus February 1759, de Puysegur 1761] Flandre, Laufeldt - 1747; Maastrict - 1748; coast of Aunis 1756-62. de Chabrillant - defense of the coasts during both wars. de Solar - defense of the coasts during both wars. de Longaunay [La Tresne, March 1746] Flandre, Bruxelles 1746; Anvers, Namur, Rocoux, Laufeldt, Bergen-op-7,oom - 1747; Maastricht - 1748; On the coasts 1756-60; Germany, Vellinghausen 1761. French Deployment of Grenadiers The grenadiers of the grenadiers royaux and the grenadiers de France were normally brigaded together and used as a battlefield reserve - either to deliver the final blow or to cover a withdrawal. In this role they were frequently associated with the carabiniers and gendarmes who were also in the reserve. The grenadier companies from the normal line regiments were also brigaded on occaision to form elite units, these could be used as normal close order troops but, in Europe at least, seem to have been used more frequently as skirmishers to cover the army's deployment or to harass the enemy from difficult terrain (battle maps of Sandershausen and descriptions of Hastenbeck et al suggest this). A further indication of this use of the grenadiers is that preceding the war, training camps experimented with light infantry tactics using the regimental grenadiers. De Broglie also raised companies of chasseurs from the line infantry who could be detached to serve with the grenadiers in a skirmishing role. Some sources say that the grenadiers a cheval were raised from the infantry grenadiers and not the cavalry. Kennet states that the grenadier royaux drew recruits from the grenadier companies of line regiments and that the grenadiers de France, in turn, drew recruits from the grenadiers royaux. List of Sources S. Bourdin: Letter to the Author January 9, 1996. Christopher Duffy: The Military Experience in the Age of Reason Routledge & Keegan Paul, 1987. L. & F. Funcken: L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats de la Guerre en Dentelle. Volume I, Caterman, Paris 1987. J. Gebelin: Histoire des Milices Provinciales (1688-1791) Le Tirage au Sort Sous L'Ancien Regime; Hachette, Paris 1882. Lee Kennen: The French Armies in the Seven Years War Duke University Press 1967. The Nafziger Collection. Orders of Battle 1600-1945: The Seven Years War Section. Brent Nosworthy: The Anatomy of Victory - Battle Tactics 1689-1763. Hippocrene Books 1992. R.D. Pengel & G.R. Hurt: French Infantry Regiments 1740-1762 Imperial Press 1993. J.L. Sanchez Martin: The Battle Maps of the SYW Volume II The Seven Years War Study Group, 1992. General Susane: Histoire de l'Infantrie Francaise, Volume II Paris 1876.

Uniforms of Loyalist Units in the Americas

by Rudy Scott Nelson

In some ways the uniforms of Loyalist units were just as diverse as their Patriot counterparts. In other ways, there was some standardization. Many of the early militia units wore civilian clothes with armbands and cockades used to identify them as pro-Crown forces. On the frontier, the Loyalist who fought with the Indians were identified in Patriot reports as having something white in their hats. Examples from the reports included feathers, cloth and deer tails. In 1777 the initial shipment of cloth sent to the Americas for uniforms were various shades of dark green. Exerts from quartermaster reports list the following items being sent to America for use by Provincial (Loyalist) units : Late 1776, 5000 uniforms of green coats lined with white, white waistcoats and breeches, white buttons, plus cloth for facings in the colors of 40% white, 40% green and 20% blue. Other items sent included 5000 round hats, woolen cloth for leggings and 6000 yards of red cloth. A later shipment in 1776 included brown linen to line pockets, dark brown cloth for leggings, 3000 hats and other uniform items such as shoes, buckles and stockings. It is possible that these brown items were requested for the units who would be on the frontier, since white leggings would expose their location. The next issue of uniforms in 1778 changed the majority of uniforms issued from green to red, but several units, especially Ranger units retained green uniforms for campaigning. In 1778, warehouses in New York had stored both red coats and complete green unifonns (suits). Blue greatcoats are listed for mounted infantry. In 1780 a clothing inventory included the following comments: "Provincial facings of white, buff, blue, black, orange, and green (listed in order of quantity ?) Provincial cavalry regiments have one faced green and one faced blue. Delancey's NY Volunteers have green coats, white waistcoats and breeches, velvet stocks. Queen's Rangers have green jackets, white waistcoats and breeches, velvet stocks. British Legion have green jackets, white waistcoats and breeches with its drummers being in green suits. Volunteers of Ireland Regiment have red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, velvet stocks" A later inventory comment notes red cloaks for provincial cavalry (1781). Velvet stocks were black. Light Dragoon caps with a black bearskin crest became known as the Tarleton helmet. This is a partial list of uniform descriptions for selected units. They are based on material which is available to me. A Hessian officer, Bernhard de Wiederhold, was stationed in New York during 1783 and has listed facing colors which differ from other sources. However his notes cannot be discounted since he was contemporary and there. Further research, especially if you live on the east coast, may produce additional uniform information. As a result I have listed some units without notes so additional notes could be added later. Temporary militia and volunteer units will wear mainly civilian clothes. As a common sense rule, men from the coastal region would wear jackets, hats and breeches found in many towns. Likewise men from the western frontier and Florida would wear hunting coats, trousers, a variety of headgear and buckskins. Units assigned to garrison after 1778 would appear very much like other British units clothed in red. The term facings indicates that the cuffs, collar and lapels were all in that color. If only one or two of the three are listed as a specific color, then the remainder will be the basic coat color. AMERICAN LEGION: Red coats, white waistcoats, turnbacks and pants, Blue collar and cuffs BAYARD'S RANGERS: ? Hunting frocks and frontier mix BRITISH LEGION:. Cavalry - green jackets, black collar, lapels and cuffs, white and buff pants; Infantry = green jackets, white waistcoats and breeches. Drummers in green jackets, pants and waistcoats. Clothed in white while in the South (as they were reported as being clad in

the same manner as Lee's Legion and the 3rd Continental Lgt Dragoons who both wore white). BRYAN'S CORPS: ? BUCK'S COUNTY LGT DRAGOONS: Red jackets w/ Buff pants and small clothes '76-'78; Dark green jackets while attached to Queen's Rangers; ? changed back to red when transferred to British army in '80 BUCK'S COUNTY VOLUNTEERS: ? BUTLER'S RANGERS : Dark green coats and waistcoats, scarlet facings, leather overalls or buckskin leggings; black leather skullcaps with brass front and black cockade on the left side; belts were buff, also green dyed hunting shirts with mid blue dyed fringe CALEDONIAN VOLUNTEERS: ? CAMPBELL'S BROADSWORD COMPANY: mix of frontier and highland dress CANADIAN VOLUNTEER BOATMAN AND AXEMEN: French Canadian frontier dress CLAY'S SOUTH CAROLINA LOYALIST: ? CHESTER COUNTY LGT DRAGOONS: British Light Dragoon uniforms CONNECTICUT LOYALIST VOLUNTEERS: ? CORPS OF BLACK PIONEERS: Green coats in 1778; later Red coat with black facings CUNNINGHAM'S SOUTH CAROLINA LOYALIST MILITIA: frontier and town mix DE DIEMAR HUSSARS : (Queen's Rangers Hussars) Hussar dress: issued both Black and Buff coats. Buff coats may have been altered to make pelisses or small clothes. DELANCEY'S BRIGADE OF NEW YORK LOYALIST: each battalion will have the number of buttons in a row on their coat equaling its battalion number; red coats, white waistcoats and linen trousers, blue facings but a Hessian officers recorded their facings as Green in 1783; tricornes with white hat band; Winter dress consisted of brown trousers and leather caps (light inf or Hessian fusilier caps but more likely an animal skin/fur cap which was issued and worn only during winter months); while in the South those battalions are reported to have worn white and black round hats with black feathers DELANCEY'S REFUGEES : Infantry co - green coats, white waistcoat and breeches, brown leggings, white facings,tricome. Lgt Dragoons - '76-79 dressed as infantry; '80-83 red or green jackets, black collar and cuffs, leather helmet with bearskin crest, other items as per British Lgt dragoons EAST FLORIDA VOLUNTEERS: frontier dress EAST FLORIDA MILITIA: mix of town and frontier dress; included ex-slaves EMMERICH'S CHASSEURS : Grey coats in 1778, later- Infantry - dark green jackets, white waistcoats and breeches, facings olive green ?; Lgt Drgns dressed as infantry ? FERGUSON'S RIFLE CORPS: mixture of men from several units

FLORIDA RANGERS: frontier dress GENTLEMEN VOLUNTEERS OF NEW YORK: Red coats GEORGIA LGT DRAGOONS: Lgt Dragoon uniform with green jackets or buckskins for campaigns; for garrison red jackets, ? facings GEORGIA LOYALISTS : frontier dress OR Red coats with white pants and waistcoats GUIDES AND PIONEERS : Short red jackets, red lapels, black collar and cuffs HALIFAX MILITIA: town dress for Canada HIERLIHY'S CORPS: ? JESSUPS LOYALIST CORPS: ? KING'S AMERICAN REGIMENT : Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, initially olive green facings but reported as blue in 1783 KING'S AMERICAN DRAGOONS: Red jackets, blue facings, helmeted caps (1gt drgn caps) KING'S CAROLINA RANGERS : Green jackets and lapels, buff/buckskin trousers, crimson collar and cuffs KING'S ORANGE RANGERS: 1777-78 Green coats; 1778-83 Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches; bright yellow facings (faded orange ?) KING'S ROYAL REGIMENT of NEW YORK: (Royal Greens) Dark green coats, white waistcoats and breeches, white facings, brown leggings, buff belts, tricorne with white hatbands; light company identified by green wings; coat was changed in 1778 to red with blue facings; detachments assigned to raids often wore frontier dress LORD DUNMORE'S ETHIOPIANS: Ex-negro slaves with a mix of town militia hats and frontier stocking caps LOYAL AMERICAN ASSOCIATION: town militia, white scarf on left arm LOYAL AMERICAN RANGERS: ? LOYAL AMERICAN REGIMENT: 1777-78 Green coats; 1778-83 Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, buff facings ( ? or green facings as reported in 1783) LOYAL FORESTERS: ? LOYAL IRISH VOLUNTEERS: town militia; white cockade on their hats LOYAL KING'S COUNTY MILITIA: town militia LOYAL NEWPORT ASSOCIATORS: town militia LOYAL NEW ENGLANDERS: town militia LOYAL NOVA SCOTIA VOLUNTEERS: Red coats, green (or Buff ? reported in 1783 by a Hessian officer) facings

LOYAL QUEEN'S COUNTY REGIMENT: Red coat, white waistcoat and breeches, blue facings, tricorne with silver band, silver buttons; independent troops of Light Dragoons LOYAL SUFFOLK COUNTY MILITIA: town militia LOYAL WESTCHESTER VOLUNTEERS: town militia MARYLAND LOYALIST: Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, olive green facings McGIRTH'S LOYALISTS: frontier and town mix? NASSAU BLUES: ? NEW HAMPSHIRE LOYALIST- REGIMENT : Red coats, White waistcoats and pants, ? facings NEW JERSEY VOLUNTEERS : 4 battalions with each battalion having the number of buttons in a row on their jacket equaling its battalion number; 1777 Green coats with white pants and small clothes. 1778 Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, royal blue facings NEW YORK RANGERS: Redjacket, blue lapels, white cuffs, cape lined with white, buck hat with a black feather. NEW YORK VOLUNTEERS : Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, buff facings (or blue facings as reported by a Hessian officer in 1783) NEWPORT LIGHT INFANTRY COMPANY: Red coats and waistcoats, white breeches, Light infantry caps NORTH CAROLINA DRAGOONS: ? NORTH CAROLINA HIGHLAND REGIMENT: Blue coat without facings, kilts provided by the 71st British Regiment, Highland blue bonnet, red and white checked leggings NORTH CAROLINA HIGHLANDER VOLUNTEERS: frontier and highland mix NORTH CAROLINA HIGHLANDERS : frontier and highland mix NORTH CAROLINA HIGHLAND MILITIA: frontier and highland mix NORTH CAROLINA INDEPENDENT COMPANY; NORTH CAROLINA LOYALIST: frontier and highland mix; Red coats by 1783 PHILADELPHIA FIRST TROOP LIGHT DRAGOONS: Red jackets in '77-'78; changed to green jackets while attached to the Queen's Rangers PFISTER'S LOYALIST MILITIA: mix of frontier and town militia PENNSYLVANIA DRAGOONS: ? Attached to the Queen's Rangers, Green coats with black facings PENNSYLVANIA LOYALIST: garrison; Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, olive green facings

PRINCE OF WALE'S AMERICAN REGIMENT: Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, blue facings (green facings are reported by a Hessian officer in 1783) PROVINCIAL LIGHT INFANTRY: Converged units wearing uniforms of their parent unit QUEEN'S AMERICAN RANGERS: ? QUEEN'S OWN LOYAL VIRGR41ANS: Town militia and frontier mix QUEEN'S RANGERS : Rifle companies - green jackets, green waistcoat, green and later white pants, black collar and cuffs , tricorne hats with white hatband (exchanged for light infantry caps when sent south in '80; Grenadier co dressed as rifles but with an oversized black light infantry style hat; Light co dressed as rifles but with light infantry caps with crescent moon device and 1 Highland co green jackets with kilts; infantry winter dress included brown gaiters; Hussar troops - green jackets, black collar and cuffs, Hussar cap (or Mirliton ?) with green bag plus a crescent moon device; 3 Lgt Dragoon troops as hussars but with light dragoon Tarleton caps REGULATORS: frontier dress ROMAN CATHOLIC VOLUNTEERS: Red coats, white pants and waistcoats, ? facings ROYAL AMERICAN REFORMEES : frontier dress ROYAL GARRISON BATTALION: Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, green collar and cuffs. ROYAL HIGHLAND EMIGRANTS : Highland dress; uniformed like the 42nd Highland Rgt including facings when adopted into British army as the 84th; Garrison companies wore kilts, Field companies or kilts or trews or white breeches ROYAL NORTH BRITISH VOLUNTEERS : Highland, town militia mix, blue bonnets ROYAL FENCIBLE AMERICANS : Red coats, white waistcoats and breeches, black lapels ROYAL NORTH CAROLINA REGIMENT: Red coats, blue facings, white waistcoats and breeches, black round hats with black feathers SAINT JOHN'S MILITIA: frontier dress SAVANNAH'S LOYALIST X41LITIA: town militiaSAVANNAH'S ARMED NEGROES: town militia with some stocking caps SOUTH CAROLINA DRAGOONS : Red jackets, Yellow facings, white turnbacks, pants and waistcoats. Light Dragoon headgear SOUTH CAROLINA LOYAL MILITIA: town militia and frontier dress mix, may have been provided red coats ? SOUTH CAROLINA RANGERS: ? frontier dress with mainly green coats SOUTH CAROLINA ROYALIST: Red coats, Yellow facings, white turnbacks and pants

STARCKLOFF'S HESSIAN TROOP OF LIGHT DRAGOONS: Green Coats TRYON'S VOLUNTEERS: red coats VOLUNTEERS OF NEW ENGLAND: Red coats, ? facings VOLUNTEERS OF IRELAND: Red coats, white waistcoat and breeches, ? facings, tricorne and issued Light Infantry caps 1780 WENTWORTH'S VOLUNTEERS: Red coats WESTCHESTER COUNTY TORY MILITIA: town militia WEST FLORIDA ROYAL FORESTERS: probably frontier dress on campaigns or a Lgt Drgn uniform with a Green Jacket; garrison dress may have been a red coat with blue, royal. facings WEST JERSEY VOLUNTEERS: town militia YORK VOLUNTEER RIFLE COMPANY: Green coats with all three units