EDPC 5341 Theories of Counseling

Main Figures/Concepts/Techniques

Major Waves in Theories: 1.Psychodynamic, 2. Behavioral, 3. Humanistic, 4. Multicultural Key Features in Theories: 1. Human Development/Personality, 2. Psychopathology, 3. Unique Therapeutic Techniques, 4. Philosophical/Scientific Influences, 5. Treatment Focus: Past, Present, or Future, 6. Assessment Focus, 7. Counseling Style and Client Engagement Psychoanalysis: Main Figures: Sigmund Freud, Erik Erickson, Margret Mahler, John Bowlby Main Concepts: (Freud) Drive Theory: *Libido (Sexual & Aggressive drives) *Life (Eros) & Death Instincts (Thanatos) Personality Structure: ID, EGO, SUPEREGO Levels of Consciousness: Unconsciousness / Sub-consciousness / Consciousness Defense Mechanism: Denial, Projection, Dissociation, Displacement, Sublimation, Regression, Reaction Formation, Intellectualization Human Development: Psychosexual Stages: 1. Oral (0-18 month), 2. Anal (18 month 3-4 yrs), 3. Phallic (3 5/6 yrs), 4. Latent (6 12), 5. Genital (12) * Oedipus Complex & Electra Complex (during Phallic Stage) Human Development: Psychosocial Stages (Erik Erikson) 1. Infancy (Trust vs Mistrust), 2. Early Childhood (18m -3 Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt) 3. Preschool (3-6 Initiative vs Guilt), 4. School (6-11 Industry vs Inferiority) 5. Adolescence (Identity vs Role Confusion), 6. Young Adulthood (18-30 Intimacy vs Isolation) 7. Middle Age (30-60 Generativity vs Stagnation), 8. Later Life (Integrity vs Despair) Main Concept: Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) Main Techniques: Interpretation : Free Association : Dream Analysis : Analysis of Transference Analysis of Countertransference : Hypnosis Jungian Analytic Psychotherapy Main Figure: Carl Jung Main Concepts: Level of Consciousness: Personal unconscious, Collective unconscious Archetypes: Persona, Anima & Animus, Shadow, Self Techniques: Dream Analysis, Active Imagination, Transference & Countertransference

Individual Psychology / Adlerian Therapy Main Figure: Alfred Adler Main Philosophies: 1. Constructivist view of human perception of external world, 2. Holistic & Phenomenological view on individuals, 3. Teleological: Goal oriented view in human behavior, 4. Striving for Superiority, 5. Gemeinschaftsgefuhl: Being part of the whole Involvement in society Main Concepts: Lifestyle Occupation / Society / Love Fictional Finalism imagined goal guides our behavior Social Interest & Degree of Activity: Parent-Child Relationship & Index of Psychological Health Inferiority and Superiority: Inferiority and Superiority Complexes Family Constellation and Atmosphere Early Recollections Birth Order: 1. Oldest Child High Achiever, 2. Second Child Competition mode, 3. Middle Child Role Confusion, 4. Youngest Child Pampered, 5. Only Child High Achiever or Pampered Psychology of Use Mistaken Beliefs in different types of lifestyles: 1. Overgeneralizations 2. False or Impossible Goals of Security 3. Misperceptions of Life & Lifes Demands 4. Minimization or Denial of Ones Worth 5. Faulty Values Life Tasks: Work Task, Social Task, Sexual Task, Self Task, Spiritual Task, Parenting & Family Task Therapeutic Techniques: Encouragement, Setting Tasks, Using Antisuggestion / Paradoxical Intention, Acting As If, Catching Ones Self, Using Push Buttons, Avoiding the Tar Baby, Creating Images, Spitting in the Clients Soup

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy Main Figures: Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Joseph Wolpe, Arnold Lazarus Major Development: Classical Conditioning => Operant Conditioning + Social Learning => Behavioral + Cognitive Approaches Main Concepts: Law of Effect: E. L. Thorndike (satisfying effects of behaviors) Classical Conditioning: Stimulus=>Response (Ivan Pavlov & John B. Watson) Operant Conditioning: B. F. Skinner

Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura Operant Conditioning: 1. Positive Reinforcement 2. Positive Punishment 3. Negative Reinforcement 4. Negative Punishment R Positive & Negative Reinforcer R R Positive & Negative Punisher R 5. Extinction, 6. Shaping, 7. Token Economies

Conditioning Schedules: 1. Fixed-Interval Schedule same time interval at all time 2. Variable-Interval Schedule different time intervals 3. Fixed-Ratio Schedule Reinforced after same number of responses 4. Variable-Ratio Schedule Reinforced w/ different number of responses
* Fixed Ratio: Best for leaning new behaviors :: Variable Ratio: Best for retaining behaviors

Main Concepts: Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura) Observational Learning: 1. Attentional Processes pattern of association, 2. Retention Processes Imaginal coding & verbal coding (self-talk), 3. Motor Reproduction Processes, 4. Motivational Processes Self-Efficacy: 1. Performance Accomplishment: efficacy due to past successes 2. Vicarious Experiences: +/- motivation after observing others actions 3. Verbal Persuasion: praise/encouragement from parents, friends, etc. 4. Lowering Emotional Arousal: reduce anxiety and remain calm/focus Main Concepts: (Arnold Lazarus) BASIC ID: Behavior-Affect-Sensations-Image-Cognitions-Interpersonal Relationships-Drugs Main Concepts: (Marsha Linehan) Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (BPD): 1. Mindfulness Meditation, 2. Interpersonal Effectiveness, 3. Distress Tolerance Acceptance, 4. Emotional Regulation * focus on behavioral change Main Techniques: Systematic Desensitization: In Vivo / Virtual Reality Exposure Flooding :: Modeling: Role playing, live/symbolic modeling, etc. Assertiveness Training (Wolpe) Cognitive Therapy Main Concepts: Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) [Albert Ellis] Psychological disturbance: Ego Disturbance & Discomfort Disturbance Ego Disturbance: Unsatisfied Self Demands (Everyone likes me, etc.)

Discomfort Disturbance: Inability to deal with frustrations in life ABC theory A = Event or Activator goals, thoughts/feelings to past, present, or future B = Belief thoughts & cognition by evaluating/processing an event C = Consequences of the Interaction of A and B (B/C) A B (A/B) C (B/C) Main Concepts: Cognitive Therapy (Aaron Beck) Individual actively construct reality / Cognition mediates Affect and Behavior Cognition is Knowable and Accessible / Cognitive change is central to human change process Automatic Thoughts & Schema Thinking Distortions: Arbitrary Influence; Selective Abstraction; Overgeneralization; Magnification and Minimization; Personalization; Dichotomous Thinking; Dysfunctional Modes Cognitive Functioning: Situation Automatic Thought Emotion Behavior Techniques: Identify Automatic Thoughts; Using Logical Analysis; Avoiding Reattribution; Decatastrophizing; Challenging Maladaptive Assumptions Behavioral Techniques: Homework / Hypothesis Testing / Role Playing / Stress Inoculation / Conceptual Phase / Skills Acquisition Phase / Application Phase ** Models/Variations: EMDR and Problem-Solving Therapy ** EMDR by Francine Shapiro - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBtqWrs2-K0&NR=1

Psychopharmacological Therapy
Main Figures: Julius Wagner-Jauregg, John Cade, Henri Laborit Neurons, Synapses, Neurotransmitters, & Brain: Common Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamiine, Glutamate, Serotonin, Opioids, GABA, etc. Antidepressants: 1. Tricyclic (Nortriptyline-Amitriptyline-Imipramine) - TCAs 2. MAOIs Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 3. SSRI Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 4. SNRIs Sedating Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

5. NDRIs Norepinephrine & Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors 6. Combined Reuptake Inhibitors and Receptor Blockers 1 Tofranil, Elavil 2 Nardil, Marplan 3 Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft 4 Cymbalta, Effexor 5 Wellbutrin 6 - Trazodone Anxiolytics: tranquilizers - Benzodiazepine (Valium, Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin) Antipsychotics: High Potency Haldol, Prolixin Low Potency Thorazine, Mellaril, Serentil, Clozaril Newer/High Potency Risperdal, Seroquel, Geodon, Abilify, Zyprexa (Atypical Abilify, Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Geodon) Mood Stabilizers: Lithium Anticonvulsants (Depakote, Tegretol, Trileptal, Lamictal) Stimulants: (Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, etc.) Methylphenidate Ratalin, Concerta, Metadate Amphetamine Adderall Dextroamphetamine Dexedrine, Focalin

Possible Side Effects Caused by Intake of Antipsychotic Medicines: Extrapyramidal: (due to blockage of Dopamine) Parkinsons side effect Dystonic Side effect neck/shoulder muscle spasms Akathisia intense feeling of restlessness Anticholinergic: (blockage of acetylcholine receptors parasympathetic nervous system) Dry membranes (dry mouth), blurred vision, constipation, sedation, sexual dysfunction, etc. Antiadrenergic: (alpha-adrenergic blockage) orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure drop) Tardive Dyskinesia: (involuntary movement) late in drug use /reduced or discontinued drug use Atypical side effects: Weight gain, blood disorders, etc.
* Side effects caused by other categories of psychotropic medicines vary, and some medicines are considered controlled substance/narcotic and/or toxin to human.

Person-Centered Approach
Main Figure: Carl Rogers Stages of Rogerian Development: 1. Nondirective Counseling (1939 50): Counseling & Psychotherapy at 1942 2. Client-Centered Counseling (1951 60): Client-Centered Therapy at 1951 3. Emphasis on Experiencing (1960s): On Becoming a Person at 1961 4. Person-Centered Approach (1970s 80s): Carl Rogers on Personal Power at 1977 Main Concepts: Nondirective: Self-Growth, Emphasis on Feelings, Here & Now, Therapeutic Relationship Humans: Social, Rational, Fully capable of taking charge of their own destiny Self-Actualizing Tendency: Continuous Growth & Development Organismic Valuing Process: Ability to determine what is good or bad Self & Ideal Self: Incongruence between Real/Perceived Self and Ideal Self Conditions of Worth: Conflicts between Self-Concept (external) and Inner Experience (internal) Psychopathology: Blocked Growth / Self-Actualization - Incongruence Therapeutic Relationship: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Counselor & Client in psychological contact Client in a state of Incongruence Counselor be congruent in relationship (Genuineness) Unconditional Positive Regard for client Empathy Client to experience counselors Unconditional Positive Regard, Congruence, Empathy

* Counselor to be Genuine in therapeutic process (Congruence)

Existential Therapy
Main Figures: Edmund Husserl; Martin Heidegger (Dasein, Death Anxiety); Soren Kierkegaard; Friederich Nietzsche; Jean-Paul Sartre; R. D. Laing; Martin Buber; Victor Frankl (Logotherapy); Ludwig Binswager; Medard Boss; Rollo May; Irvin Yalom; Emmy van Deurzen; James Bugental Main Concepts: Ultimate Concerns of Life: 1. Death Anxiety 3. Existential Isolation 2. Freedom Responsibility & Uncertainty 4. Meaninglessness

Being in the World: Dasein by Binswager (1975) 1. Natural World Umwelt (Boss, 1963): Physical surrounding, concrete, objects to human subjective perception 2. Social World Mitwelt (Boss, 1963): Perceived meaning / action of human interaction & socialization 3. World of Self Eigenwelt (Boss, 1963): Experience of own thoughts, perceptions, and feelings 4. Spiritual World Uberwelt (van Deurzen, 2002): Domain of experience where people create meaning for themselves and make sense of things Authentic Living: Understanding of modes of living, acceptance of choice, responsibility, etc. Existential and Neurotic Anxiety: Existential Anxiety: Normal reaction to reality of life (Bugental, 1981); Positive motivation to living an authentic living Neurotic Anxiety: Unwillingness to examine and accept the realities of life Search for Meaning: Assist clients in search of their existential meaning Techniques: Paradoxical Intention: Clients to engage in the very behaviors he FEARS most Dereflection: Clients to engage in behaviors that are incompatible with their problematic behaviors.

Gestalt Therapy
Main Figures: Fritz Perls, Laura Perls, Paul Goodman Main Concepts: Therapy Goal: Achieving integration from Self-aware to self-actualization Behaviors can not be understood without reference to the overall purpose and meaning we assign to our lives Gestalt Formation: Humans are innately predisposed to organize experiences into meaningful wholes Figure: Anything stands out and serve as a focal point Ground: All other elements in sensory field that form the figures background Needs & Unfinished Business: disrupted process of figure-ground gestalt Polarization: to learn/view experiences in either good/bad Top dog / underdog (similar to dichotomize!) Contact Boundaries: * I-boundaries: Self v.s. Others shaped/formed by life experiences Body-boundaries: Restrict sensations or place them off-limits Value-boundaries: Values held to resist changes

Familiarity-boundaries: Repetitive events w/o thought or challenged Expressive-boundaries: Societal/cultural values ones taught/learned from young

Resistance Avoidance of Contact: Contact boundaries disturbance Introjection: unconditional acceptance of others beliefs, opinions, etc. Projection: project unacceptable inner issues/traits onto others Retroflection: turn energy inward due to not accepting responsibility of own feelings Deflection: verbal/non-verbal means to avoid real contact (no eye contact, excessive use of humor, intellectual abstractions, etc.) Confluence: Merge identity with others and loss distinct self identity Techniques: Giving Directives: Give specific directions to promote awareness Staying with the feeling: Assist client staying with emotions of difficulties Empty Chair: Resolving conflicts between client & important figures Having Clients Talk to Parts of Themselves: Bring detached awareness back Playing the Projection: Client to play the role he/she projects on

Reality Therapy
Main Figures: William Glasser, Robert Wubbolding Main Concepts: Basic Needs: Survival, Belongingness, Power/Achievement, Freedom, Fun/Enjoyment Behavioral elements: Doing/Acting, Thinking, Feeling, Physiology Disordered behaviors Serve to fulfill ones unmet needs Reject notions of Psychodynamics/Unconsciousness; behaviors to meet needs Client assumes responsibility; focus on behaviors not insights; therapists active role (teaching) Quality World: Satisfying mental images stored in brain used to compare with current experiences for action Total Behavior: Purposeful with Acting, Thinking, Feeling and Physiology to meet needs Effective Control & Relationships with others External Control Psychology: External control of behavior that causes unhappiness Stages of Mental Health: Regressive Stages: Needs unmet Negative symptoms Regression on all basic needs Positive Stages: Positive Attitude Meet Basic Needs Positive Addiction Techniques: Assessing wants/needs, Doing the Unexpected, Using Bibliotherapy, Allowing or Imposing Consequences, Incorporating Physical Activity and Meditation, Using Humor

Transactional Analysis
Main Figure: Eric Berne Main Concepts: Ego States: Human Development stages 1. Child Ego State: Birth to One Adapted Child, Free/Nature Child, Little Professor 2. Adult Ego State: Logic, Rational, Objective, less emotion manage other two states Parent Ego State: Nurturing parent and Critical parent (stage 2 1-3 yr) 3. 3-6: children learn basic life skills 4. 6yr: Three ego states basically developed 5. 6-12yr: slower ego state development, influences from social activities 6. 13-16yr: ego states develop rapidly, conflicts of ego states 7. Late Adolescence: Adult state better manages, collaboration among ego states 8. Adulthood: Psychological maturity

TA: Analysis of Transaction Complementary Transaction: Target and Replying Ego States are the SAME! Crossed Transaction: Target state and Replying state are NOT the same! Ulterior Transaction: multiple states of Target and Replying involve in overt social level and covert psychological level transaction

Main Concepts: Strokes: Positive messages when unconditional Injunctions: Negative strokes disapproval and dislike, criticism and prohibition Life Positions: Im not Ok Youre OK Im OK Youre not OK; Im not OK Youre not OK Im OK Youre OK Life Scripts: developed based on childhood experiences to guide people through their life 1. Persecutor; 2. Rescuer; 3. Victim Time structuring & Games: Time spending: 1. Ritual, 2. Pastimes, 3. Games, 4. Intimacy, 5. Activity Games: ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions Rackets: habitual feelings emerged after games Stamp Collecting: accumulate rackets

Family Systems Therapy

Main Figures: Ludwig von Bertalanffy; Urie Bronfenbrenner; Norbert Wiener; Gregory Bateson; Theodore Lidz; Murray Bowen; Salvidor Minuchin; Jay Haley; Cloe Madanes; Milton Erickson; Virginia Satir; Carl Whitaker

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Main Concepts:

 Structural Family Therapy: Family is basic social unit Internal/psychosocial protection External/cultural (Holon) Family in constant change status Family Structure Subsystem and Boundaries Strategic Family Therapy: Brief therapy model and Family as core unit Change family system can also change individual members Therapist responsible for therapy plan Symptoms as Attempts at Communication Redefining symptoms Brief therapy focused on present Circularity (not linear causality) Intergenerational Family Systems Therapy (Bowen): Family as emotional system to govern family life Emotional system can be influenced by previous generations Differentiation of Self Triangulation Nuclear Family Emotional System Family Projection Process Multigenerational Transmission Process Sibling Position Emotional Cutoff Social Emotional Process Humanistic Experiential Family Therapy (Virginia Satir; Carl Whitaker): Individual Growth and Development Family Balance, Role, Communication Style Seed Model Techniques: Structural Therapy: Intensity, Enactment, Unbalancing, Complementarity, Reframing Strategic Therapy: Directives, Paradoxical Interventions, Ordeal Directive Intergenerational Therapy (Bowen): Genograms, Detriangulation, Going Home Again Humanistic Experiential Therapy (Satir): Use of I Statements, Family Sculpting, Family Reconstruction, Therapist Touch and Humor

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Narrative Therapy
Main Figures: Michel Foucault, Michael White, David Epston Main Concepts: Constructivism/Postmodernism: There is no objective Reality; life is a STORY in PROGRESS Humans have the ability to actively construct meaning and attach new perceptions Realities are socially constructed, constituted through language, organized and maintained through stories; There are no essential truths Dominant Discourse widely accepted & culturally defined ideas and concepts Alternative Discourse individuals perceptions different from dominant discourse Dominant Plots / Counterplots: Develop clients counterplots against troubled Narratives Thinness & Thickness (of stories) Unique Outcomes: events not dominant or problem stories and can be preferred story Deconstruction: re-examine in detail of narratives and discourses Techniques: Questions / Questioning; Metaphors; Therapeutic Documents; Therapeutic writing; Outsider Witness Practices; Visualization; Accountability Practices; Reflection Practices; Taking it Back Practices; Written Artifacts

Solution-Focused Therapy
Main Figures: Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg Main Concepts: (Postmodern/Social Constructivism influences) Therapy focuses on Finding solutions, not on problems; Each person is Unique Solutions are Note Necessarily Related to Problems; Maintain a Future Orientation Focus on Strengths; Change is Inevitable; Nothing is All Negative There is No Such Thing as Resistance; Simplicity is the Key Techniques: Miracle Question; Exception-Finding Questions; Scaling Questions; Coping Questions Breaks; Compliments; Tasks

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