DR2885 3

COMMITTEE ME-038
DR AS 2885.3 (Project ID: 2885.3)
Draft for Public Comment Australian Standard

LIABLE TO ALTERATIONDO NOT USE AS A STANDARD
BEGINNING DATE FOR COMMENT: CLOSING DATE FOR COMMENT: 7 June 2010 9 August 2010
Important: The procedure for public comment has changed please read the instructions on the inside cover of this document.
PipelinesGas and liquid petroleum Part 3: Operation and maintenance (Revision of AS 2885.32001)
Accessed by NEPTUNE MARINE SERVICES on 10 Jul 2012 [DRAFT]
COPYRIGHT
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Draft for Public Comment Australian Standard

The committee responsible for the issue of this draft comprised representatives of organizations interested in the subject matter of the proposed Standard. These organizations are listed on the inside back cover. Comments are invited on the technical content, wording and general arrangement of the draft. The method for submission of comment on this document is to register and fill in an online form via Standards Hub Website. Instructions and examples of comment submission are available on the website. Please use the following link
https://www.hub.standards.org.au/hub/public/listOpenCommentingPublication.action
Comment must be via Hub, any emails or forms sent to us by fax or mail will not be considered by the Committee when it reviews the Public Comment received. Please place relevant clause numbers beside each comment. Editorial matters (i.e. spelling, punctuation, grammar etc.) will be corrected before final publication. The coordination of the requirements of this draft with those of any related Standards is of particular importance and you are invited to point out any areas where this may be necessary. Please provide supporting reasons and suggested wording for each comment. Where you consider that specific content is too simplistic, too complex or too detailed please provide an alternative. If the draft is acceptable without change, an acknowledgment to this effect would be appreciated. Once you have registered and submitted your comments via the online form, your comments are automatically submitted to the committee for review. Normally no acknowledgment of comment is sent. All comments received via the Standards Hub Website by the due date will be reviewed and considered by the relevant drafting committee. We cannot guarantee that comments submitted in other forms will be considered along with those submitted via the Standards Hub online form. Where appropriate, changes will be incorporated before the Standard is formally approved. If you know of other persons or organizations that may wish to comment on this draft Standard, could you please advise them of its availability. Further copies of the draft are available from the Publisher SAI Global at http://www.saiglobal.com/
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Draft for Public Comment STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Committee ME-038Petroleum Pipelines
DRAFT Australian Standard PipelinesGas and liquid petroleum Part 3: Operation and maintenance (Revision of AS 2885.32001) (To be AS 2885.320XX)
Comment on the draft is invited from people and organizations concerned with this subject. It would be appreciated if those submitting comment would follow the guidelines given on the inside front cover.
Important: The procedure for public comment has changed please read the instructions on the inside cover of this document
This document is a draft Australian Standard only and is liable to alteration in the light of comment received. It is not to be regarded as an Australian Standard until finally issued as such by Standards Australia.
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PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee ME-038, Petroleum Pipelines, to supersede AS 2885.32001. This Standard is the result of a consensus among Australian and New Zealand representatives on the Joint Committee to produce it as an Australian Standard. The objective of this Standard is to provide important principles, practices and guidelines for use by competent persons and organizations involved in the operation and maintenance of high-pressure petroleum pipelines. This Standard has been reviewed and revised to correlate with the requirements of Safety Case. Due to significant changes in the industry and the regulatory environment, the Standard has been restructured, and is based on safety management system philosophy. Changes have been made to the Standard to enable it to be viewed as a stand-alone document whilst retaining and strengthening the references to AS 2885.1, Design and construction and AS 2885.2, Welding. The readability of the document has been improved by drawing together like requirements into common sections, by improving the cross-references and by applying a consistent style to the structure and wording. The most important changes include the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
The inclusion of a commissioning section. A fundamentals for operation section that is based on a safety management system to cover all aspects of pipeline operation and maintenance. The inclusion of an anomaly assessment section, which was identified as a weakness in the previous version. Update of pipeline integrity management process. The inclusion of a station integrity section. Update of the change of operating conditions section to include remaining life review. The incorporation of an appendix for safety case. A revision of the structural integrity section relating to coating system and cathodic protection section. The modification and update of safety and environment issues into a site safety and environment section. Update of the external interference section. Update of the remaining sections where required.
(f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k)
The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.
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CONTENTS
Page SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 APPLICATION ........................................................................................................... 6 1.3 RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION ........................................................................... 6 1.4 RISK MANAGEMENT............................................................................................... 7 1.5 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................... 7 1.6 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 8 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... 13 SECTION 2 FUNDAMENTALS FOR OPERATION 2.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PSMS) ....................................... 16 2.3 SAFETY AND OPERATING PLAN ........................................................................ 22 2.4 MAINTENANCE PLAN ........................................................................................... 24 2.5 PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................... 24 2.6 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ............................................................................. 25 SECTION 3 COMMISSIONING 3.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 27 3.2 PRE-COMMISSIONING .......................................................................................... 28 3.3 FIELD PRE-COMMISSIONING .............................................................................. 30 3.4 COMMISSIONING SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLAN (CSMP) ............................. 32 3.5 COMMISSIONING PROCEDURESGENERAL................................................... 36 3.6 HANDOVER TO OPERATIONS.............................................................................. 39 SECTION 4 SITE SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 4.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 40 4.2 WORK HOURS AND FATIGUE.............................................................................. 40 4.3 REMOTE TRAVEL .................................................................................................. 40 4.4 FIRST AID REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 40 4.5 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)............................................................................ 41 4.6 PERMIT TO WORK (PTW) SYSTEM ..................................................................... 42 4.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .................................................................... 43 4.8 VENTING AND PURGING PIPELINES.................................................................. 44 4.9 WORKING ON LIVE PIPELINESSPECIFIC GUIDANCE.................................. 45 SECTION 5 PIPELINE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY 5.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 48 5.2 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW................................. 48 5.3 PIPELINE OPERATION AND CONTROL .............................................................. 49 5.4 PIPELINE CORROSION PROTECTION ................................................................. 50 5.5 PIPE WALL INTEGRITY......................................................................................... 52 5.6 INSPECTION MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES ........................................................ 52 5.7 REFURBISHMENT .................................................................................................. 53
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Page SECTION 6 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE MANAGEMENT 6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 54 6.2 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PREVENTION DETECTION, AND CONTROL... 54 6.3 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PREVENTION ....................................................... 55 6.4 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE DETECTION.......................................................... 56 6.5 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE CONTROL ............................................................. 57 SECTION 7 STATIONS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 7.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 60 7.2 SAFETY OF CRITICAL EQUIPMENT.................................................................... 60 7.3 PRESSURE VESSELS .............................................................................................. 60 7.4 STATION OPERATIONAL CHECKS...................................................................... 61 7.5 STATION STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY.................................................................. 61 7.6 COMPRESSOR AND PUMP STATIONS ................................................................ 62 7.7 MAINTENANCE PLAN ........................................................................................... 62 7.8 STATION LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEMS .............................................................. 62 7.9 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) ..................... 63 7.10 SITE SECURITY ...................................................................................................... 63 7.11 STATION EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS...................................................... 63 SECTION 8 ANOMALY ASSESSMENT AND DEFECT REPAIR 8.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 66 8.2 DIRECT ASSESSMENT........................................................................................... 66 8.3 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR................................................................ 67 8.4 INTERNAL SURFACESCORROSION MITIGATION REVIEW ........................ 68 8.5 PIPE WALL ANOMALY ASSESSMENT................................................................ 68 8.6 FITNESS FOR PURPOSE (FFP) LEVEL ASSESSMENT........................................ 72 8.7 ASSESSMENT OF ILI RESULTS ............................................................................ 77 8.8 NDT/INSPECTION TOLERANCES......................................................................... 78 8.9 MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE (MOP) RESTRICTION ............................. 78 8.10 PIPELINE REPAIRS................................................................................................. 79 8.11 REPAIR METHODS ................................................................................................. 82
SECTION 9 CHANGE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS AND REMAINING LIFE REVIEW 9.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 84 9.2 CHANGE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS............................................................. 84 9.3 REMAINING LIFE REVIEW ................................................................................... 86 9.4 PIPELINE FAILURE ................................................................................................ 87 9.5 FITNESS FOR PURPOSE ASSESSMENT............................................................... 87 9.6 ABANDONING A PIPELINE................................................................................... 87 SECTION 10 RECORDS MANAGEMENT 10.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 90 10.2 DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING RECORDS........................ 90 10.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE RECORDS ................................................... 91 10.4 ABANDOMENT RECORDS .................................................................................... 91
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Page APPENDICES A PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM..................................................... 93 B ASSESSMENT AND REPAIRS OR PIPELINE ANOMALIES ............................... 94 C LIST OF APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS .............................................................. 100 D SAFETY AND OPERATING PLAN AND SAFETY CASE................................... 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................... 104
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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard PipelinesGas and liquid petroleum Part 3: Operation and maintenance SECT ION
1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies the minimum requirements for the operation and maintenance of pipelines complying with AS 2885.0. It provides important principles, practices and guidelines for use by competent persons and organizations involved in the operation and maintenance of high-pressure petroleum pipelines.
NOTES: 1 2 The purpose of the AS 2885 Standard is detailed in AS 2885.0 Other fluids may be transported as referenced in AS 2885.1.
SCOPE
AND
GENERA L
The fundamental principles on which this Standard is based are the following: (a) Important matters relating to safety, engineering design, materials, testing, inspection and operation are reviewed and approved by a responsible entity, referred to as the Licensee. A documented pipeline safety management system (PSMS) is required to be implemented to provide for continued integrity, monitoring and safe operation of the pipeline. Where the Standard does not provide detailed requirements appropriate to a specific item, the principles and guidelines set out in the Standard are the basis on which an engineering assessment is made by competent persons. Specific requirements of the Standard do not replace the need for appropriate experience and engineering judgement.
(b)
(c)
1.2 APPLICATION This Standard applies to the operation and maintenance of pipelines designed in accordance with AS 2885.1. Operation and maintenance procedures and practices for pipelines shall comply with the most recent edition of AS 2885.3 to the extent practicable. Where AS 2885.3 refers to AS 2885.1, AS 2885.2 and AS 2885.5, the relevant provision of the most recent edition shall be complied with. 1.3 RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION This Standard may be applied retrospectively to existing pipelines provided the following criteria are met: (a) The requirements of AS 2885.3 may be applied to the operation and maintenance of existing pipelines designed and built under the previous editions of AS 2885.1, provided such pipelines are modified to operate under the conditions covered by the scope of this Standard.
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(b)
Licensees, who operate and maintain pipelines that are not designed and constructed in accordance with AS 2885.1, and where it is not feasible to physically modify the pipeline, may apply this Standard, provided the areas of non-compliance with AS 2885.1 are documented and are subject to a safety management study. Any actions required to control threats shall be approved in the safety and operating plan.
1.4 RISK MANAGEMENT Risk management during operation and maintenance shall be addressed in accordance with the requirements of AS 2885.1. 1.5 NORMATIVE REFERENCES The following are the normative documents referenced in this Standard:
NOTE: Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.
AS 1100 1100.401 1271 1929 1978 2430 2430.1 2812 2865 2885 2885.1 2885.2 4343
Technical drawing Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing) Safety valves, other valves, liquid level gauges, and other fittings for boilers and unfired pressure vessels Non-destructive testingGlossary of terms PipelineGas and liquid petroleumField pressure testing Classification of hazardous areas Part 1: Explosive gas atmospheres Welding, brazing and cutting of metalsGlossary of terms Safe working in a confined space PipelinesGas and liquid petroleum Part 1: Design and construction Part 2: Welding Pressure equipmentHazard levels The control of undesirable static electricity Electrical equipment for explosive gas atmospheres Part 1: Selection, installation and maintenance Cathodic protection of metals Part 1: Pipes and cables Electrical Installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules) Pressure equipmentIn-service inspection Competencies for working electrical equipment in hazardous areas Electrical safety on metallic pipelines
AS/NZS 1020 2381 2381.1 2832 2832.1 3000 3788 4761 4853 AGA PR3-805
A modified criterion for evaluating the remaining strength of corroded pipe (RSTRENG) XK0101-IN1 Purging principles and practice, 3rd Edition, 2001
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API 5L RP 579 ASME B31G ASTM A53 A106 A381 CSA Z662 IGE SR/23 WTIA ISO 14692-4
Specification for line pipe Recommended practice for fitness-for-service
Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines: a supplement to B31, Doe for pressure piping Specification for pipe, steel, black and hot-dipped, zinc-coated welded and seamless Specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service Specification for metal-arc-welded steel pipe for use with high-pressure transmission systems Oil and gas pipeline systems Safety recommendationVenting of natural gas Technical Note 20 Repair of steel pipelines Petroleum and natural gas industriesGlass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping Part 4: Fabrication, Installation and operation Fitness for Service
API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 BS 7910 DNV RP F101 RP F105

Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures Corroded Pipelines Free spanning pipelines Submarine pipeline systems Onbottom stability of design of submarine pipelines Pipeline Repair Manual
OS F101 RP E305 PRCI
1.6 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2885.1, AS 2885.2, AS 1929, AS 2812, AS/NZS 2832.1 and those below apply. 1.6.1 Anomaly A discontinuity or imperfection of the pipe wall. 1.6.2 Approved and approval Approval requires a conscious act by the Licensee and is given in writing and may include obtaining the approval of the relevant regulatory authority where this is legally required.
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1.6.3 As low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) ALARP means the cost of further risk reduction measures is grossly disproportionate to the benefit gained from the reduced risk that would result.
NOTE: Guidance on demonstration of ALARP and grossly disproportionate is given in AS 2885.1.
1.6.4 Buckle An irregularity in the surface of a pipe caused by a compressive stress. 1.6.5 Casing A conduit through which a pipeline passes, to protect the pipeline from excessive external loads or to facilitate the installation or removal of that section of the pipeline. 1.6.6 Collapse A permanent cross-sectional change to the shape of a pipe (normally caused by instability, resulting from combinations of bending, axial loads and external pressure). 1.6.7 Commissioning The process of confirming the operational and safety functions of a pipeline and the introduction of the process fluid, to handover an asset in a ready state for operation. 1.6.8 Competent person A person who has acquired through training, qualification, or experience, or a combination of these, the knowledge and skills that enable the person to safely and effectively perform the task required. 1.6.9 Component Any part of a pipeline other than the pipe 1.6.10 Construction Activities required to fabricate, construct and test a pipeline and associated infrastructure, and to restore the route of a pipeline. 1.6.11 Critical function test (CFT) A test or series of tests that confirm the final function of a critical system.
1.6.12 Damage An anomaly deemed as sub-critical after engineering assessment, which does not require repair on the basis of the requirements of this Standard. 1.6.13 Decommissioning The action undertaken to prepare the pipeline and peripheral facilities for pending suspension or abandonment in a safe, stable and environmentally compliant condition. 1.6.14 Defect An anomaly deemed as unacceptable after engineering assessment, which requires action by the Licensee in accordance with the requirements of this Standard. 1.6.15 Dent A concave anomaly in the external surface of the pipe caused by mechanical damage, which produces a visible irregularity in the curvature of the pipe wall without reducing the wall thickness (as opposed to a scratch or gouge, which reduces the pipe wall thickness).
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1.6.16 Dial Before You Dig (DBYD) or One Call services A one call telephone service to assist with public and industrial enquires to operators of underground utilities with regard to ground excavation and/or construction adjacent to the pipeline. 1.6.17 Emergency shutdown (ESD) An emergency system response to deactivate and isolate a system or components to a safety state. 1.6.18 Environmentally assisted cracking A form of cracking resulting from the combination of a susceptible pipeline steel under tensile stress (residual or applied) exposed to a specific corrosive environment. 1.6.19 Executive management The senior approval authority of a Licensee, which may include the group of individuals responsible for the corporate management of the organization. 1.6.20 Failure The occurrence of one or more of the following conditions: (a) (b) (c) (d) There is any loss of containment. Supply is restricted (for other than commercial consideration). MAOP is reduced. Immediate repair is required in order to maintain safe operation.
NOTE: It is emphasized that failure is not restricted to loss of containment.
1.6.21 Fitting A component, including the associated flanges, bolts and gaskets used to join pipes, to change the direction or diameter of a pipeline, to provide a branch, or to terminate a pipeline. 1.6.22 Fluid Any liquid, vapour, gas, or mixture of any of these.
1.6.23 Gas Any hydrocarbon gas or mixture of gases, possibly in combination with liquid petroleum condensates or water. 1.6.24 Gouge Surface anomaly caused by mechanical removal or displacement of metal, which reduces the wall thickness of a pipe or component. 1.6.25 Heat affected zone (HAZ) The portion of parent metal that has not been fused but has nevertheless been metallurgically affected by the heat of welding, brazing or cutting. 1.6.26 Hazardous area verification dossier (HAVD) A compilation document that consolidates all compliance and testing certification, fabrication and installation data to comply with traceability requirements of AS/NZS 2381.1 and AS/NZS 61241.1.2. 1.6.27 Heat Material produced from a single batch of steel processed in the final steel making furnace at the steel plant.
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1.6.28 High vapour pressure liquid (HVPL) A liquid or dense phase fluid that releases significant quantities of vapour when its pressure is reduced from pipeline pressure to atmospheric (e.g. LP gas). 1.6.29 Hoop stress Circumferential stress in a cylindrical pressure-containing pipe or component, arising from internal pressure 1.6.30 Hot tap A connection made to an operating pipeline. 1.6.31 Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) A form of environmentally assisted cracking caused by hydrogen sulphide in the fluids within the pipeline. 1.6.32 Hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC) A form of environmentally assisted cracking caused by the generation of diatomic hydrogen by high cathodic protection current density in conjunction with a susceptible steel. 1.6.33 Inert gas A non-reactive and non-toxic gas such as argon, helium or nitrogen 1.6.34 Inspector A person appointed by the Licensee to carry out inspections required by this Standard. 1.6.35 Job hazard analysis (JHA) A process to identify, mitigate and communicate activity, specific hazards, which is carried out prior to commencement of work. 1.6.36 Leak test A pressure test that determines whether a pipeline is free from leaks in accordance with AS 2885.5. 1.6.37 Licensee
The organization ultimately responsible for the design, construction, testing, inspection, operation, maintenance of pipelines and facilities within the scope of this Standard. The Licensee is the organization named in the pipeline licence issued by the regulatory authority. 1.6.38 Location class An area classified according to its general geographical and demographical characteristics, as defined in AS 2885.1, reflecting both the threats to the pipeline from the land usage and the potential consequences for the population should the pipeline suffer a loss of containment. 1.6.39 Manufacturers data report (MDR) A compilation document that consolidates all materials, testing, fabrication and installation data to comply with traceability requirements of AS 2885.1. 1.6.40 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) See pressure, maximum allowable operating. 1.6.41 May Indicates the existence of an option.
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1.6.42 Mechanical completion Mechanical completion is the recognized milestone that confirms the readiness of pressure containing equipment to have process fluid introduced. 1.6.43 Non-destructive testing (NDT) Comprising those test methods used to examine pipes, components, materials or system without impairing the fitness for purpose or usable life of the pipes. 1.6.44 Petroleum Any naturally occurring hydrocarbon or mixture of hydrocarbon fluids in a gaseous or liquid state, which may contain hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, water, manufactured hydrocarbon and trace quantities of other materials. 1.6.45 Pig A device that is propelled inside a pipeline by pressurized fluid movement. 1.6.46 Pig trap (scraper trap) A fabricated component to enable a pig to be inserted into or removed from an operating pipeline 1.6.47 Piping An assembly of pipes, valves and fittings associated with a pipeline. 1.6.48 Pipework, mainline Those parts of a pipeline between stations, including pipeline components. 1.6.49 Pipework, station Those parts of a pipeline within a station that begin and end where the pipe material specification changes to or from that for the mainline pipework. 1.6.50 Pressure, maximum allowable operating (MAOP) The maximum pressure at which a pipeline or section of a pipeline may be operated, following hydrostatic testing or after an MAOP review performed in accordance with this Standard.
1.6.51 Pressure, maximum operating (MOP) The operating pressure limit (lower than the MAOP) imposed by the Licensee, which is approved from time to time for pipeline safety or process reasons. 1.6.52 Pre-tested The condition of a pipe or a pressure-containing component that has passed the pressure test in accordance with this Standard, before being installed in a pipeline. 1.6.53 Protection measures, procedural Measures for protection of a pipeline that minimize the likelihood of human activities with potential to damage the pipeline. 1.6.54 Protection measures, physical Measures for protection of a pipeline that prevent external interference from causing failure, either by physically preventing contact with the pipe or by providing adequate resistance to penetration in the pipe itself. 1.6.55 Punch list The outstanding work items to be completed to establish compliance with the design of the pipeline or facility.
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1.6.56 Regulatory authority An authority with legislative powers relating to pipelines covered by the scope of this Standard. 1.6.57 Rupture Failure of the pipe such that the cylinder has opened to a size equivalent to its diameter. 1.6.58 Risk assessment A systematic (quantitative or qualitative) assessment of the likelihood and consequence of a failure to determine the level of risk in accordance with the methodology described in AS 4360.
NOTE: Guidance on pipeline risk assessment processes is given in AS 2885.1.
1.6.59 Safety management study The process that identifies threats to the pipeline system and applies controls to them, and (if necessary) undertakes assessment and determines treatment of any risks to ensure that residual risk is reduced to an acceptable level. 1.6.60 Shall Indicates that a statement is mandatory. 1.6.61 Should Indicates a recommendation. 1.6.62 Specified minimum yield stress (SMYS) The minimum yield stress for the material that is specified in the manufacturing Standard with which the pipe or fittings used in the pipeline complies. 1.6.63 Strength test A pressure test that confirms that the pipeline has sufficient strength to allow it to be operated at MAOP. 1.6.64 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) A form of environmentally assisted cracking.
1.6.65 Telescoped pipeline A pipeline that is made up of more than one diameter or MAOP, tested as a single unit. 1.6.66 Threat Any activity or condition that can adversely affect the pipeline if not adequately controlled. 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS ALARP APIA CIPS CP CSMP DBYD DCVG EMP ETA As low as reasonably practicable Australian pipeline industry association Close interval potential survey Cathodic protection Commissioning safety management plan Dial Before You Dig or One Call services Direct current voltage gradient Environmental management plan Expected time of arrival
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ESD FEA FFP GIS HACC HAVD HAZ HAZOP HIC HVPL ILI IMP JHA MAE MAOP MDR MOP MSDS NDT PSMS OHS&E PTW SAOP SCADA
Emergency shutdown Finite element analysis Fitness for purpose Geographical information system Hydrogen-assisted cold cracking Hazardous area verification dossier Heat affected zone Hazard and operability study Hydrogen-induced cracking High vapour pressure liquid In line inspection Integrity management plan Job hazard analysis Major accident event Maximum allowable operating pressure Manufacturers data report Maximum operating pressure Material safety data sheet Non-destructive testing Pipeline safety management system Occupational health and safety and environment Permit to work Safety and operating plan Supervisory control and data acquisition Stress corrosion cracking Safety and integrity level Safety management study Specified minimum yield stress Sulphide stress corrosion cracking Safe working pressure
SCC SIL SMS SMYS SSCC SWP
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S E C T I ON
2.1 GENERAL
FU N D A M E NT A L S OPERAT I ON
FO R
This Section sets out the fundamental requirements that have to be met before a new pipeline can be considered ready for commissioning and operation, and to ensure an existing pipeline remains fit for operation. Pipelines operated and maintained in accordance with this Standard shall have an approved pipeline safety management system (PSMS) documented in a safety and operating plan (SAOP). The SAOP shall describe the policies and procedures to be adopted by the Licensee to address each element of the PSMS. The SAOP shall be approved and implemented prior to the pipeline being commissioned. Some jurisdictions require a Licensee to submit a safety case for a pipeline. The requirements of this Section fulfil key elements of a safety case. Licensees should seek confirmations of legislative obligations in relation to safety cases from the relevant jurisdictions technical regulator.
NOTE: Guidance on safety and operating plan and safety case is provided in Appendix D.
The primary responsibility of the Licensee is to manage the operation and integrity of the pipeline system to provide a safe and reliable supply for the life of the pipeline. The Licensee shall ensure the operation and maintenance of the pipeline does not impact on the health and safety of personnel, the public, or the environment. To achieve these objectives the Licensee shall ensure the following criteria are met: (a) (b) (c)
The pipeline remains fit for operation as specified in AS 2885.1 throughout its operating life and has an approved operating philosophy. A rigorous safety management process in accordance with AS 2885.1 is applied over the life of the pipeline. The PSMS contains the following: (i) Approved operating, maintenance and repair procedures including: (A) (B) (C) (D) (ii) A pipeline IMP as set out in Clause 2.6 and Section 5. An environmental management system as set out in Clause 4.7. An emergency plan as set out in Clause 2.7.1. A maintenance plan as set out in Clause 2.5.
A suitable organizational structure that is implemented and maintained and includes: (A) (B) (C) Competent personnel engaged to carry out the activities required by the PSMS. Allocation of key responsibilities. A process that ensures approval requirements of this Standard are exercised.
(iii) A description of the asset that the PSMS relates to. (d) An effective process for handover to operations as specified in Section 3 is implemented.
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(e)
Retention and maintenance of relevant records to enable investigations and analysis to be carried out as required by the safety management study and this Standard.
2.2 PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PSMS) 2.2.1 General The Licensee shall have an approved PSMS in place prior to commissioning and during the life of the pipeline to ensure that operation and maintenance requirements of the pipelines safety management study are effectively applied and the integrity of the pipeline is effectively managed. The PSMS shall be described in the SAOP. A pipeline shall not be considered fit for operation unless all relevant requirements of AS 2885.1 have been satisfied. The PSMS shall include the Licensees approach to the following areas: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Management (see Clause 2.2.2). Planning (see Clause 2.2.3). Implementation (see Clause 2.2.4). Measurement and evaluation (see Clause 2.2.5). Consultation, communication and reporting (see Clause 2.2.6).
Within each area, a number of elements cover specific issues that shall be addressed. Each element of the PSMS is described below and supports each other. The PSMS shall comply with those requirements.
NOTES: 1 2 It should be recognized that a number of elements (Items (a) to (e)) link to requirements under other Sections of this Standard. A schematic representation of the PSMS is depicted in Appendix A.
How the Licensee chooses to structure its PSMS is documented in the SAOP. While each area must be covered, the layout of the SAOP and where each element is described is flexible and the criteria specified in Clauses 2.2.2 to 2.2.6 shall not be considered a template for the SAOP.
2.2.2 Management 2.2.2.1 General Overarching policies and objectives are necessary to provide a clear organizational direction. An effective management structure combined with competent personnel will ensure all requirements of the pipelines operation and maintenance are satisfied and the PSMS complied with. 2.2.2.2 Policy and commitment The Licensee shall define its policy towards the various aspects of operating the pipeline. These include, but are not limited, to pipeline integrity management, environmental management and occupational health and safety management. A clear commitment by the Licensee towards specific outcomes forms the basis of any pipelines operation and maintenance system. 2.2.2.3 Management structure A defined management structure for the pipeline shall be established to ensure key positions and or personnel are identified and allocated responsibilities, accountabilities and authority levels.
NOTE: An appropriate management review structure should be in place.
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2.2.2.4 Responsibilities, accountabilities and authorities The responsibilities, accountabilities and authority levels of key pipeline positions, personnel and or contractors with respect to the various aspects of the operation and maintenance of the pipeline shall be detailed in the PSMS. In particular personnel with the management responsibility and authority to (a) (b) (c) initiate action to prevent a loss of pipeline integrity, damage to the environment, impact to public or correct an occupational health and safety issue; identify and report on any existing or potential deficiencies within the management system or the pipelines operation and maintenance; initiate, recommend and approve corrective and preventive actions in relation to identified existing or potential deficiencies within the management system or the pipelines operation and maintenance; evaluate and verify the effectiveness of any corrective or preventive action implemented; and satisfy the mandatory approval requirements of this Standard.
(d) (e)
2.2.2.5 Resourcing The Licensee shall identify the resourcing, equipment and material requirements for the pipelines operation and maintenance, including whether specially trained personnel are required to ensure the appropriate development, implementation and review of the PSMS.
NOTE: Where the pipeline is in continuous operation, sufficient personnel should be available for undertaking planned and unplanned operations and maintenance, taking into account the requirements for leave and training.
2.2.2.6 Training and competency Personnel shall be competent to perform the specific tasks and functions they are responsible for conducting. The Licensee shall establish and maintain procedures for identifying and providing the training needs of all personnel performing functions covered by the PSMS. As a minimum, personnel responsible for the operation and maintenance of the pipeline shall, as applicable to their position, be
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
adequately trained and experienced in all aspects of the equipment in their control; adequately trained in the obligations of the PSMS and briefed in the requirements of the actions identified during the safety management study; aware of properties of the fluid, including its hazards (see AS 4343); capable of ensuring the safe disposal of any accidentally discharged fluid; and capable of arranging for damaged pipelines to be repaired.
NOTE: Further detail on the Framework for National Competencies for Transmission Pipeline Operators can be found at www.ee-oz.com.au
2.2.2.7 Change management The Licensee shall establish procedures for managing changes to the PSMS and procedures to ensure they are made in a controlled and authorized manner. The change management procedures shall also ensure that any changes to the pipelines design or operation are managed in a controlled and authorized manner. The change management procedures shall address implementation of any resulting PSMS changes including notification and training of staff impacted by the change, and responsibilities for any identified actions.
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2.2.2.8 Management review The Licensee shall establish procedures for regular management review of the effectiveness and appropriateness of the PSMS as detailed in the SAOP.
NOTE: This should include review by executive management for those elements of the PSMS considered high risk, and take into account the outcomes from the various procedures covering the measurement and evaluation of elements of the PSMS (see Clause 2.3.4).
The PSMS and SAOP shall be reviewed and, if necessary updated, at least every 2 years or in the event of any significant change to the pipeline or its operating context. Significant change shall be considered to have taken place if the engineering design has been upgraded or modified, or if any event initiates an operational, technical or procedural change in the measures in place to (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) protect the pipeline and associated installations; promote public awareness of the pipeline; operate and maintain the pipeline safely; respond to emergencies; prevent and minimize product leakage; carry out inspections in accordance with Clause 5.5 and Clause 5.7; and ensure that the plans and procedures continue to comply with the engineering design.
2.2.3 Planning 2.2.3.1 General Processes and procedures that facilitate appropriate planning are necessary, to assist the Licensee in preparing for any situations that may result from hazards, emergencies and abnormal operations, as specified in Clauses 2.2.3.2 to 2.2.3.4. 2.2.3.2 Hazard identification, management and control When developing the policies and procedures of the PSMS, the Licensee shall utilize the various safety management studies undertaken under the requirements of AS 2885.1 and this Section.
Control measures required to eliminate threats or reduce them to an acceptable level, including threats to the environment as a result of pipeline operation activities, shall be incorporated into the appropriate procedures. The Licensee shall also establish a process for the identification of threats and mitigation of risks prior to the commencement of any activity as described in Section 4.
NOTE: Specifically in relation to activities that may affect the integrity of the pipeline, relevant sections and appendices of AS 2885.1 that relate to the design of the pipeline should be considered in the preparation of plans.
2.2.3.3 Emergency planning and preparation The Licensee shall plan and prepare for emergency events resulting from the pipelines operation and maintenance and also from external events that may affect the safe and reliable operation of the pipeline. In the event of an emergency, the Licensee shall ensure that any response is performed in a planned and safe manner. Measures that will assist the Licensee to be adequately prepared for am emergency event include the following: (a) (b) A documented and approved emergency plan prepared in accordance with Clause 2.6.1. Adequate personnel training.
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(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
Periodic simulation exercises. Accessible emergency response equipment. Accessible repair equipment and critical spares. Emergency services liaison. Communications protocols. Public and customer relations. Product containment/loss procedures. Documentation and analysis of incidents.
2.2.3.4 Planning and preparation for abnormal operations The Licensee shall plan and prepare for operation of the pipeline in circumstances that are different from those initially considered during the design of the pipeline. These circumstances may include the following: (a) (b) (c) Operating under emergency power supplies. Operating without key assets such as compressors. Operating at low flow, pressure or linepack levels.
The Licensee shall develop plans and procedures for approval of contingency operations that may be required in situations of significant disruption to normal operations. 2.2.4 Implementation 2.2.4.1 General Objectives are achieved and plans delivered through execution or implementation of an effective PSMS. Procedures that address the elements specified in Clauses 2.2.4.2 to 2.2.4.4 shall be incorporated in the PSMS. 2.2.4.2 Operation and maintenance The Licensee shall have detailed procedures for the normal operation and maintenance of the pipeline and any associated systems, including those necessary for maintaining pipeline integrity in accordance with this Standard.
The SAOP shall contain a summary of the operational and maintenance processes and procedures. 2.2.4.3 Pipeline integrity The Licensee shall be responsible for ensuring continued pipeline integrity during the life of the pipeline. As part of the PSMS, the Licensee shall prepare and implement an IMP for the pipeline. The adequacy of the IMP shall be reviewed at least every 5 years and immediately following a pipeline failure event. Monitoring, inspection and mitigation of the identified integrity threats shall be based on the risk level posed by that threat. Pipeline integrity management procedures shall be developed for each monitoring, inspection or mitigation action. The PSMS shall identify and facilitate capture of the relevant data necessary to enable an assessment, at approved intervals, of the pipeline design and the physical and procedural control measures in place.
NOTE: Clause 2.5 and Section 5 detail the key aspects of pipeline integrity management, which ensures the risk management strategies defined in the PSMS are implemented and managed effectively.
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2.2.4.4 Emergency response and recovery The Licensee shall ensure that the activities associated with operation and maintenance of the pipeline do not cause harm to personnel, contractors, the public or the environment. The Licensee shall develop and implement an emergency plan detailing response and recovery strategies and incorporating procedures to address all emergency events including (a) (b) (c) (d) pipeline leaks and spills; full bore pipeline rupture; fires; and natural events.
The emergency plan shall cover as a minimum (i) (ii) communication protocols including to the media and landowners; coordination with key stakeholders such as emergency services;
(iii) recovery and restoration of operations; and (iv) environmental remediation.
Further details on emergency plan requirements are provided in Clause 2.6. 2.2.5 Measurement and evaluation 2.2.5.1 General Assessments of performance against established standards and procedures are important to enable the effectiveness of the PSMS to be evaluated, and to identify areas requiring improvement. The results of audit, review and monitoring processes should be utilized for the purpose of continuous system improvement. The PSMS shall incorporate procedures that ensure the following elements are measured and evaluated appropriately . 2.2.5.2 Data acquisition and analysis The Licensee shall establish procedures for identifying, collecting and analysing pipeline operational, maintenance and reliability data to identify trends in the pipelines operation and performance.
NOTE: Analysis of this data should ensure operation of the pipeline continues as planned. It should also identify any negative trend that may result in an event adversely impacting the safe and reliable operation of the pipeline.
2.2.5.3 Accident/incident investigation and reporting The Licensee shall establish procedures for identifying, notifying, recording, investigating and reporting accidents or incidents resulting from the operation and maintenance of the pipeline. This shall cover any event that either causes or has the potential to cause (a) (b) (c) injury or death to pipeline personnel or the public; significant damage to the environment; and/or impact on the pipelines operation or integrity.
Reporting shall include notification of relevant regulatory authorities including OH&S and environmental regulators.
NOTE: Apart from incident reporting to the regulatory authority where required by legislation, the circumstances of any incident, as defined in the Australian Pipeline Industry Association (APIA) Pipeline Operators Database, should be reported to APIA to enable statistics of pipeline incidents to be gathered.
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2.2.5.4 System audits The Licensee shall establish procedures for planning and implementing audits of the PSMS to determine compliance with and effectiveness of the plans and procedures. System audits should also assess compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and ensure the PSMS adequately addresses these issues. The Licensee shall consider the threats identified and risks evaluated in the safety management study to ensure that audits evaluate (a) (b) the effectiveness of the PSMS in managing the risks identified; and the effectiveness of the monitoring procedures in place to identify new or changed threats and risks.
Audits shall be performed by competent personnel independent of the section of the PSMS being audited. The audit procedures shall cover the timing of audits, including the conduct of external independent audits where chosen to be undertaken or where regulatory authorities require. Audit procedures shall cover arrangements for verifying the implementation and effectiveness of corrective and preventive actions designed to address any non-conformances identified during the audit. The outcomes of audits shall be subject to management review as per Clause 2.2.2.8. 2.2.5.5 Corrective and preventive action Corrective actions are taken to deal with an existing issue while preventive actions address potential issues. The Licensee shall develop and implement procedures for determining, approving and implementing corrective and preventive actions. The proposed actions shall, as far as reasonably practicable, eliminate the issue and shall be appropriate and commensurate to the risk encountered. The proposed actions shall be recorded and their effectiveness determined by audit. The basis for any action taken shall be documented and the outcomes of actions taken along with their effectiveness shall be subject to management review as per Clause 2.2.2.8. 2.2.5.6 Records and records management Primarily, the purpose of records is to preserve
(a) (b) (c)
historical information required for the safe operation and maintenance of the pipeline over the pipelines life; objective evidence of PSMS effectiveness and compliance; and records of decision-making and approvals.
The Licensee shall establish procedures for the identification, collection, storage and disposal of records pertinent to the PSMS and to the achievement of the above objectives. Procedures shall cover electronic as well as paper-based records. As a minimum the following shall be addressed: (i) (ii) The records to be retained. The retention period of each record type.
(iii) The records storage and preservation methods. (iv) Record update and maintenance procedures.
NOTE: Section 10 provides further details of records management requirements.
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2.2.6 Consultation, communication and reporting The Licensee shall identify external people and organizations with a legitimate interest in the safe operation and maintenance of the pipeline. These may include landowners, local and emergency authorities, regulatory authorities and government agencies. The Licensee shall establish procedures for regular consultation with, communication and reporting to, these identified stakeholders. These procedures should include statutory reporting requirements.
NOTE: Clause 6.3.1 provides details of stakeholders and community awareness processes as they relate to external interference protection
2.3 SAFETY AND OPERATING PLAN 2.3.1 General The SAOP shall describe the policies and procedures to be adopted by the Licensee to ensure the requirements of this Standard are implemented in accordance with the PSMS. The layout of the SAOP and where each element of the PSMS is described is flexible. The SAOP shall be approved and implemented prior to the pipeline being commissioned. The SAOP shall be reviewed, and updated if necessary, at least every two years, and in the event of any significant change to the pipeline or its operating context.
NOTE: Refer to Clause 2.2.2.8 (Items (a) to (g) for guidance on events of significant change.
2.3.2 Pipeline system description The SAOP shall include a description of the pipeline system design and operation including suitable maps (alignment sheets and/or GIS) showing the route of the pipeline, the location of associated facilities such as compressor and pump stations, SCADA control centres, transmission towers, cathodic protection points, valve stations, metering points, and launching and receiving stations. The description shall detail the design parameters of the pipeline, specifying operational limits, including the MAOP.
NOTE: The description of the pipeline should clearly define any transfer points where responsibility passes to other parties.
The parameters may be subject to change and may be reviewed for respecification. Any changes shall be subject to change management procedures and approved prior to the pipeline being placed into operation under new conditions. 2.3.3 Organizational structure In developing the PSMS, the Licensee shall ensure that a suitable organizational structure with adequate competent personnel and resources is implemented and maintained for the life of the pipeline. Responsibilities for key systems, processes and procedures shall be assigned to suitably competent personnel and an approval process implemented. The implemented approval process shall meet the requirements of this Standard and be auditable. 2.3.4 Responsibilities The Licensee is responsible for the safe operation, maintenance and integrity of the pipeline. The designation of responsibilities shall be documented in the PSMS. If the Licensee is not the pipelines owner or operator, the responsibilities of the owner and operator shall be clearly defined in the SAOP. Where the Licensee has contracted operations and maintenance to a third-party, the Licensee shall put in place mechanisms that ensure the Licensees responsibilities are appropriately undertaken.
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Personnel responsible for the operation and maintenance of the pipeline shall, as applicable to their position, be (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) adequately trained and experienced in all aspects of the equipment in their control; adequately briefed in the requirements of the actions defined in the risk assessment; aware of properties of the fluid, including its hazard level in accordance with AS 4343; capable of ensuring the safe disposal of any accidentally discharged fluid; and capable of arranging for damaged pipelines to be repaired.
2.3.5 Approvals Throughout this Standard, items that are considered fundamental to ensuring the safe operation, maintenance and integrity of the pipeline are identified as requiring approval. Approval shall be given by the Licensee only after the conscious act of reviewing the item, recording the review has taken place and assuming responsibility for the implications of acceptance of the item. Approval includes obtaining the approval of any relevant regulatory authority where this is legally required. The PSMS shall incorporate a process that ensures the approval requirements of this Standard are satisfied.
NOTE: Guidance on the requirements for approvals is given in Appendix C.
2.3.6 Competence The Licensee shall ensure that any person engaged in the operation and maintenance of a pipeline is competent to carry out such work. The Licensee shall ensure that any person designated with approval responsibilities is competent in the area to which the approval relates.
NOTE: Competence may be achieved by an appropriate combination of education, training and practical experience. (see Clause 4.3.5).
2.3.7 Operating philosophy

The pipeline shall be operated and maintained within the constraints of the design and compliant with AS 2885.1. The Licensee shall declare the operational limits for the pipeline in the SAOP. This shall include the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP). It may include the maximum operating pressure (MOP). Factors that shall be considered, which may limit the MOP, include (but are not limited to) the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Temporary operational constraints. Previous operating conditions. Operating temperature. Ground movement. Fatigue. Interference. Pipeline defects. Regulatory constraints. Fluid composition.
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2.4 MAINTENANCE PLAN A maintenance plan shall be prepared, and shall include, as a minimum, the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Maintenance measures identified during the relevant safety management study as necessary to eliminate threats, or to reduce threats to an acceptable level. Where maintenance is to be carried out according to the plan. A description of the maintenance tasks to be performed at each site. A schedule for when each task is to be performed. Records of results of the maintenance tasks that are to be kept.
The maintenance plan shall be a standalone document or be incorporated into the SAOP.
NOTE: Associated maintenance procedures may be included by reference.
2.5 PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PLAN Pipeline integrity management shall be achieved by implementing a risk based and systematic approach to the utilization of resources on pipeline system design, construction, operation and maintenance activities, in connection with the application of sound engineering principles with due regard to safety and the environment. For the purpose of this Standard, pipeline integrity management is a process that ensures the pipeline system remains fit for operation and the Licensee shall prepare a pipeline integrity management plan (IMP). A pipeline IMP, as it relates to the operation and maintenance of pipelines, shall cover the following: (a) (b) (c) Pipeline structural integrity including the technical aspects of maintaining pipelines and facilities as detailed in Section 5. External interference threats to the pipeline as detailed in Section 6. Stations operations and maintenance as detailed in Section 7.
The pipeline IMP shall ensure that the pipeline has the strength, quality and physical condition required providing the capacity to withstand operational loads and resistance and tolerance to external damage such that the product is contained at an adequate level of safety. The pipeline IMP shall include application of the SMS, carried out in accordance with AS 2885.1, implementation of appropriate mitigation strategies including monitoring design elements, physical measures and, in particular, monitoring and assessing procedural measures to determine effectiveness. These measures shall be documented in an approved pipeline IMP. The Licensee shall ensure capture of the relevant data required to enable an assessment of the pipeline design, and the physical and procedural controls measures in place. Pipeline integrity management shall be carried out by suitably qualified and experienced personnel to ensure the responsibilities for appropriate approvals can be demonstrated and be sufficient for independent review. The diagram shown in Figure 2.1 describes the pipeline IMP, which incorporates safety management and an ongoing process of monitoring and review. This process is designed to ensure adequate integrity information is available when making the assessments required in Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8.
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I d e nti f y i n g a n d c o ll e c ti n g r e l eva nt data
Pe r i o di c o r o n g o i n g s a fe t y m a n a g e m e n t s tu d y
M o n i to r i n g of p i p e l i n e i n te r g r i t y m a n a g e m e nt ac tivitie s a n d th re ats No
Pip e l i n e i n te g r i t y m a n a g e m e nt r ev i ew
Pip e li n e i n te g r i t y i s s u e s i d e n ti f i e d
Ye s
R ev i s e a n d a d j u s t S AO P a n d p i p e l i n e i nte g r i t y m a n a g e m e nt plan
FIGURE 2.1 PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS
2.6 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 2.6.1 Emergency plan

The PSMS shall incorporate an approved emergency plan that ensures the response to any identified emergency situation is coordinated and appropriate. Emergency plans and procedures shall be documented and shall address the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The adequate number of experienced operative and supervisory staff to respond to any reported emergency event, at all times. An emergency staffing structure and an up-to-date contact list of such personnel, documented and maintained. Personnel to be made aware of emergency procedures. Personnel required to implement emergency procedures to be fully trained in their application including any action required under such procedures. Incident management procedures, covering the necessary planning and preparation to implement responses to the emergency event, which may include the following: (i) (ii) Prompt and expedient remedial action for the safety of the public and operating personnel, minimizing damage to property and protecting the environment. Liaising with the appropriate authorities, including the regulatory authority, and other relevant bodies.
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(iii) Limiting the quantity of and controlling any discharged fluid or the spread of vapour. (iv) Attention to those sections of the pipeline that present the greatest risk to the public or the environment or, because of construction features, have special requirements or extraordinary maintenance requirements. Critically reviewing and revising the plans and procedures at approved intervals. Revising the plans and procedures whenever there is a change in the fluid or the operating conditions along the route or the equipment.
(v) (vi)
(vii) Carrying out periodic simulated exercises at approved intervals, to determine the procedural correctness and the understanding by personnel of the emergency procedures. (viii) Appropriate emergency equipment, pipe and fittings fit for the intended purpose readily available at all times, complete with traceable material test certificates. (f) Where relevant, the emergency plan and procedures to address the following: (i) (ii) Attendance at the emergency site to analyse and develop a plan for response. Precautions to take in the event of either HVPL or a gas cloud.
(iii) Reduction of the pressure in the pipeline. (iv) (v) (vi) Closure of any valves on each side of any dangerous or potentially dangerous situation. Maintenance or curtailment of supply. Spill control.
(vii) Establishment of a control centre from which emergency activities may be coordinated. (viii) Instruction to the appropriate authorities and other relevant bodies of the action to be taken. (ix)
Evacuation of any endangered members of the public and unauthorized personnel. Prohibition of road and rail traffic, low-flying aircraft and isolation of electrical power in any areas that may be hazardous to safety, to reduce any risk of ignition and resultant dangers. Expeditious transport of repair equipment, materials and personnel to the site.
(x)
(xi)
(xii) Additional prudent action that any particular circumstances may require. (xiii) Distribution and control of plans. The emergency plan shall be reviewed at least every 2 years and, if changes are required, shall be revised and approved.
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SECT ION
3.1 GENERAL
COMM ISS I ON I NG
Commissioning of the pipeline commences when pressurization of the pipeline with the process fluid begins. Prior to commencement of commissioning, the Licensee shall ensure that the pipeline is fit for the purpose for which it was designed and all relevant measures required to ensure the safe commissioning and operation of the pipeline are in place. Handover of the pipeline from construction to commissioning involves verification of documentation and records and ensuring they demonstrate compliance with other relevant parts of the AS 2885 series. Figure 3.1 describes the progression from construction to commissioning. The key components, construction and commissioning phases are as follows. (a) Pre-commissioning (i) Document review Pre-commissioning involves a review of the design, construction and commissioning processes and includes review of risk and operability assessments of safety systems. This shall be undertaken by review of the detailed safety management study and the constructed pipeline for compliance with this Standard. Pre-commissioning document review shall also include review of operation and maintenance manuals. The objective of these reviews is to identify actions for close out prior to commissioning. (ii) Functional testing Functional testing of critical safety devices is a prerequisite to introduction of the process fluid into the pipeline, while commissioning of the critical safety systems is completed following the introduction of fluid. Pre-commissioning checks shall be supported by checklists that are developed to capture total system operation and confirm all critical safety devices are functional. (b) Commissioning Commissioning of the pipeline system shall be in accordance with the Commissioning Safety Management Plan (CSMP). Competency of operations and maintenance personnel shall be assessed and confirmed as adequate prior to handover to operations.
NOTE: Performance testing to confirm as-built capability of a commissioned system, as designed, may be carried out as part of commissioning a pipeline system, or at a later time.
(c)
Handover Handover of a commissioned pipeline system occurs at the completion of the commissioning phase. Documentation for commissioning shall be signed off by the pipeline Licensee. Outstanding punch list items shall be agreed and a management program shall be implemented for their completion. Handover of associated tools, spares and equipment and documentation to the pipeline operator is a continual process, which begins at or before pre-commissioning and is completed prior to the completion of commissioning.
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C o n s t r u c ti o n d e live r a b l e s
Pr e - c o m i s s i o n i n g
Envi r o n m e nt a l m a n a g e m e nt p l a n
P r e - c o m i s s i o n i n g r ev i ew S afe t y m a n a g e m e nt s tu d y r evi ew R evi ew of c o n s tr u c te d p ip e li n e C o r r e c t i ve a c t i o n s c o m p l i a n c e P S M S /S AO P c o m i s s i o n i n g S M P M e c h a n i c a l c o m p l e ti o n C o m i s s i o n i n g s a f e t y m a n a g e m e n t p l a n (C S M P) Va l i d a ti o n /a s s u r a n c e p r o c e s s R i s k m a n a g e m e n t / P T W sys te m Envi r o n m e n t a l m a n a g e m e n t p l a n Repair and consumable par ts Em e r g e n cy p l a n, i n c l u di n g ES D
H a n d ove r f o r commission
Comissioning
Im p l e m e nt C S M P Comissioning manuals C o m m i s s i o ni n g p r o c e d u r e s Envi r o n m e n t m a n a g e m e n t p l a n u p d a te d N oti f i c a t i o n to r e g u l a to r N oti f i c ati o n to o p e r ato r/p u b li c a n d oth e r s t a ke h o l d e r s Fu n c ti o n a l te s ti n g of c r i ti c a l s afe t y d evi c e s A p p r ova l to i ntr o d u c e p r o c e s s f l u i d
Comissioning Program
I nt r o d u c ti o n of p r o c e s s f l u i d Operational L a n d ow n e r l i a i s o n d e t a i l s U til i ti e s a n d e m e r g e n cy s e r vi c e s d e t a i l s O p e r a ti n g m a n u a l s i n p l a c e S p a r e p a r t s i nve nto r y i n p l a c e O p e r a ti n g a n d c o nt r o l p r o c e d u r e s a p p r ove d Pu n c h l i s t s t a tu s a c c e pt a b l e SCA DA c o m m i s s i o n e d a n d vi s ib l e R e m ote c o ntr o l c a p a b ili t y c o nf i r m e d Documentation D o c u m e nt r e g i s te r ve r i f i e d D e s i g n r e c o r d s a n d c a l c u l ati o n s Ve n d o r d a t a C r i ti c a l p a r t s r e g i s te r s O p e r a ti o n a l c o m p l e ti o n
Po s t- c o m i s s i o n i n g
Comissioning
H a n d ove r t o operations
Initial operations
Pe r s o n n e l S u f f i c i e nt nu m b e r of s t af f tr a i n e d to a p p r o p r i ate l eve l s C o ntr o l p e r s o n n e l tr a i n e d a n d e m e r g e n cy readiness A ll p e r s o n n e l c o nve r s a nt wi th th e c h a n g e m a n a g e m e nt p r o c e s s
FIGURE 3.1 COMMISSIONING PROCESS STAGES
3.2 PRE-COMMISSIONING 3.2.1 Review of design and construction deliverables Design and approval records and manufacturing and construction records, as specified in AS 2885.1, list the suite of deliverables received from construction of the pipeline. These document the design and construction of the pipeline system.
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Key detailed design documents shall be reviewed and approved prior to the commencement of commissioning. These include, but are not limited to, the safety management study, the SAOP, and the emergency response plan. Construction deliverables shall be reviewed and approved prior to the commencement of commissioning. In some jurisdictions this may require an independent review of the construction manufacturers data report (MDR). In some jurisdictions the review of these deliverables shall approve the as-constructed pipeline as fit for the introduction of the process fluid. Personnel conducting these reviews shall be competent and experienced. Minor changes and amendments to documentation, not affecting the fitness of the pipeline to accept process fluid, may be incorporated after the commencement of commissioning, if approved by the Licensee. A management system for the incorporation of any amendments shall be implemented. 3.2.2 Safety management study review The pipeline safety management study pre-commissioning review is undertaken within the guidelines of AS 2885.1 to address safety management for the whole of pipeline life. This review follows a progressive development from preliminary design, through detail and preconstruction reviews, and is required to confirm and update the outcomes of these earlier reviews. The safety management study (SMS) review shall be achieved by reviewing the following: (a) (b) (c) The detailed safety management study in accordance with AS 2885.1. Pre-construction review of the detailed safety management study to confirm that implementation of corrective actions has been undertaken. Appropriateness of physical and procedural controls with particular focus on external threats from other land use and from existing infrastructure.
NOTE: During commissioning, the effectiveness of procedural controls will be difficult to determine, as information is usually gathered through the years of operation. AS 2885.1 offers guidance on determination of procedural controls effectiveness.
(d)
The operating plans which are required prior to commissioning, SAOP, and which include isolation plan, fracture control plan, and emergency management plan. While the Commissioning Safety Management Plan may use, or reference, elements of the operations versions, it shall be created for purposes of commissioning. The review of as-built documentation described in Clause 3.2.4 shall consider the impact of changes on operating procedures. Variations from design may occur through fabrication and construction to simplify piping and instrument configuration from design, or correct a perceived error. Such changes shall be approved to confirm compliance with operating procedures.
(e)
3.2.3 Review of constructed pipeline Review of the constructed pipeline shall be undertaken to confirm compliance with the design or identify changes with regard to alignment, land classification and risk mitigation which require approval. Audit review, or more stringent quality assurance process, shall be undertaken to confirm that all pipeline materials, welding, installation and testing comply with the design specification. The welds of tie-ins to existing facilities, which have not been subjected to hydrostatic strength testing, shall be inspected by an approved non-destructive examination method, and comply with AS 2885.2.
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Particulates such as millscale and welding residue shall be sufficiently removed and dew point requirement are satisfied. Non-compliance items that affect the safe operation of the pipeline shall be identified as critical and require corrective action prior to mechanical completion. 3.2.4 Review of as-built documentation As-built documentation constitutes the framework by which following documentation is collated, the structure and accuracy of the manufacturers data report depends upon the rigour with which progressive changes are captured. As-built documentation shall be reviewed at construction handover and shall be reviewed and approved for acceptance by the Licensee. Punch listed changes shall be prioritized to ensure critical issues are closed out prior to commissioning. Details of the suite of records and documents required from design and construction, prior to commissioning, shall be as specified in AS 2885.1. Qualified personnel shall undertake the review of as-built mechanical and electrical documents such as hazardous area verification dossier. 3.2.5 Compliance with design All regulatory requirements and licence conditions shall be met by the design and subsequent review. The facilities shall satisfy pre-commissioning criteria in accordance with commissioning checklists and procedures. 3.2.6 Corrective actions The outcomes of the pre-commissioning safety management study review shall include the following: (a) (b) (c) Changes that have been adequately documented. Actions to be closed out at a later date, captured in the punch list. Items to be transferred to the ongoing PSMS and addressed in a manner described in the SAOP.
3.2.7 Safety and operating plan/Commissioning SMP

The SAOP shall be approved prior to the pipeline being commissioned. The PSMS shall be fully implemented prior to the handover of the pipeline to operations. The CSMP shall be reviewed and approved prior to the commencement of commissioning. The CSMP may utilize procedures from the SAOP to manage aspects of commissioning works. If this occurs, these aspects of the SAOP shall be implemented prior to the commencement of commissioning. 3.3 FIELD PRE-COMMISSIONING 3.3.1 General Commissioning may only proceed after completion of field pre-commissioning that confirms the readiness of all pressure-containing equipment to contain the process fluid, and the operability of critical safety systems. Specific documentation associated with pre-commissioning reviews and corrective actions constitute part of the project MDR.
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3.3.2 Pre-commissioning checklist The pre-commissioning checks that are required shall include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) CSMP. Review of critical drawings. Instrument point to point test records. Mechanical checks of valves, regulators, relief valves. Electrical checks of power systems. Earthing systems check. Hazardous area dossier verification (see Clause 3.3.4). Functional checks of safety critical devices. SCADA operational (see Clause 3.5.7).
3.3.3 Manufacturers data report (MDR) A MDR shall be created to consolidate all information prepared by each equipment vendor and installation contractor and include all required quality records to demonstrate the equipment or installation is fit for service. The MDR shall reflect the materials and manufacturing history of the products and shall provide sufficient information to assure the quality of workmanship and compliance with the design specification. MDRs may comprise some or all of the following sections: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Inspection release certificate/inspection waiver. List of authorized deviations and concessions. Material certificates and material test reports. Statement of compliance for product. Welding records. Welder and welding operator records. Non-destructive testing records. Report on repairs. Heat treatment records. Dimensional records. Non-conformance reports. Pressure test records. Mechanical and performance test records. Electrical certificates and reports (non-hazardous area). Instrumentation certificates and reports (non-hazardous area). Hazardous area verification dossier (HAVD). Nameplate or stamping. Inspection and test plans (including factory/site acceptance testing where applicable). List of parts of material requiring statutory documentation.
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(t)
Statutory approval documents for cranes, hoists, lifts, pressure vessels and pressure relief valves.
3.3.4 Hazardous area verification dossier (HAVD) A HAVD shall be compiled to comply with AS/NZS 2381.1. All work associated with electrical plant or equipment, including cathodic protection and earthing systems, located within a hazardous area, shall be undertaken by personnel deemed competent as per AS/NZS 4761. Before plant or equipment is brought into service, an initial detailed inspection shall be undertaken to check that the selected type of protection and its installation is appropriate. The inspections shall be recorded in the hazardous area verification dossier. 3.3.5 Pre-commissioning of safety critical devices Functional testing of critical devices of a critical safety system shall be undertaken prior to introduction of process fluid into the pipeline. The required response to pressure and temperature signal simulation will constitute preliminary confirmation of the devices function. Functional testing shall, as far as practicable, replicate the full design function of the safety system. Function testing of the critical safety system shall be undertaken during commissioning, where replication of the actual activation condition is initiated to observe the required system response. Pre-commissioning procedures shall be created, and shall clearly identify the tests to be performed, the required system response, and verification of the outcome of each test. The level of SCADA system functionality and the remote visibility and operability of sites required to allow commissioning to proceed, shall be determined by risk based means, such as HAZID, and documented. Testing shall be carried out to verify this level of functionality. 3.3.6 Handover for commissioning Handover of the pipeline, from construction to operations, effectively commences with completion of hydrostatic strength and leak tests, initiating the start of external interference protection measures.
Sufficient resources shall be available to perform the interim operational requirements as defined by pre-commissioning safety management study review and set out in the SAOP.
NOTE: For delayed commencement of operation, see Clause 3.5.9.
All critical punch list actions shall be closed out, and unresolved non-critical items which will not impact the introduction of process fluid documented. 3.4 COMMISSIONING SAFETY MANAGEMENT PLAN (CSMP) 3.4.1 General Commissioning involves a number of disciplines and a number of risks both to the pipeline and personnel. Commissioning of the pipeline shall be carried out in a safe manner and in accordance with a CSMP specifically prepared and approved for the pipeline. The CSMP shall confirm fitness for operation by demonstrating that all relevant requirements of this Standard are observed through commissioning. All members of the commissioning team shall be appropriately qualified and experienced to undertake the tasks for which they have been engaged.
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Operating, maintenance and emergency personnel involved in commissioning shall be appropriately trained and experienced and briefed on the commissioning plan. 3.4.2 Preparation of the CSMP 3.4.2.1 Development and implementation The CSMP shall be developed and implemented (a) (b) (c) following the conduct of a commissioning safety management study compliant with the requirements of this Standard; to ensure that threat mitigation measures have been implemented in accordance with pre-commissioning safety management study review; in accordance with the appropriate parts of this Standard to the level sufficient for safe commissioning; and
The CSMP shall consider the safety of all activities undertaken through all phases of commissioning and, where required, develop specific procedures to manage safety in preparation, and during, commissioning. The CSMP shall include the Licensees approach to the areas specified in Clauses 3.4.2.2 to 3.4.2.6. 3.4.2.2 Coordination of works and personnel The interface between construction and commissioning activities shall be defined, including assignment of authority to nominated positions in the commissioning team. Scope of work for vendor or subcontract specialist personnel assigned to specific components shall be clearly defined. A PTW system shall be used to manage all activities being undertaken coincidentally (see Section 4.)
NOTE: This is particularly important during commissioning when finite resources and schedules increase the likelihood of conflict.
3.4.2.3 Commissioning program The CSMP shall contain or reference a commissioning program. The commissioning program shall be prepared to consolidate all information required to implement the commissioning process. The CSMP shall specify a sequence of events through the commissioning process and progression of commissioning pipeline segments. Consideration shall be made for contingency planning around foreseeable critical events (such as inclement weather) and re-sequencing. Details such as schedule, resources, approvals and notifications shall be included in the program. The commissioning process shall include the ability to undertake maintenance activities in a safe manner. The program shall ensure that the appropriate elements of the CSMP have been utilized and to prepare a comprehensive suite of information that will be required for the safe operation of the pipeline. 3.4.2.4 Integrity management Integrity management of the pipeline during commissioning shall comply with the relevant requirements of (a) pipeline structural integrity as detailed in Section 5, including the technical aspects of maintaining pipelines and facilities;
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(b) (c)
external interference threats to the pipeline as detailed in Section 6; and stations operations and maintenance as specified in Section 7.
Capability to repair, or replace, components that may be damaged, or found faulty in commissioning, including the requirement to hold sufficient store of spares and consumables, shall be considered. Safety critical systems shall be proven prior to introduction of the fluid, while other discrete systems may be implemented progressively, as practical. Measures shall be in place to mitigate corrosion and other destructive processes. 3.4.2.5 Emergency response Specific emergency response capability to control identified hazards shall be established for the commissioning process. Emergency response requirements for commissioning personnel, the public, nearby utilities, land, rail and air transport shall be considered.
NOTE: The CSMP may utilize operations emergency response procedures and protocols, as approved, and augmented to accommodate the specific issues associated with first introduction of process fluid and commissioning.
3.4.2.6 Impact on the environment The environmental hazards associated with the commissioning process, identified at the pre-commissioning safety management review, including control of environment hazards, shall be included in CSMP.
NOTE: See AS 2885.5 for the disposal of hydrotest water.
Commissioning procedures shall be developed to minimize explosive, toxic, ozone depleting or greenhouse gas emissions to the ground and atmosphere. Consideration for excessive noise levels shall be made with recognition of nearby land use. Environmental management for commissioning shall comply with Clause 3.7. 3.4.3 Commissioning manuals A commissioning manual shall be prepared and shall include the procedures for commissioning the pipeline. This manual may be a stand-alone document, or be incorporated into the CSMP.
The commissioning manual shall describe in full detail the steps required for the introduction of process fluid, and address the hazards and controls necessary to conduct the operations safely. If required, the manual may be divided into site-specific or locationspecific parts. The commissioning manual may include the following items: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) As-built process and mechanical drawings of the plant to be commissioned, including identifying the commissioning scope limits or boundaries. Details of the interface between construction and commissioning personnel, including assignment of authority. Identification of the schedule and sequence in which tasks are to be executed. Safe work systems to be used, and pre-prepared risk assessments for specific tasks. Commissioning procedures, as described in Clause 3.5, for each discipline including relevant checklists and test sheets included as project deliverables for the MDR.
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3.4.4 Commissioning procedures Each commissioning procedure shall contain sufficient information to allow work to be carried out in the correct sequence, and incorporate information on hazards and controls required. Commissioning procedures shall be drafted and checked by competent and experienced personnel. Commissioning procedures shall address the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) System description and aims. Reference documentation. Isolations required. Special precautions or pre-assessed risks. Pre-conditions. Initial conditions, hold points, and witness points. Work procedure. Final conditions. Checklists and records.
NOTE: Commissioning procedures should be developed with involvement of construction, design and operations stakeholders, employing hazard identification and risk assessment processes. Standardized procedures may be utilized for commissioning of similar components, such as main line valves or pigging facilities, if installed. Standardized work modules may be used for repetitive tasks, such as manual valve commissioning, to keep procedures concise.
3.4.5 Commissioning critical safety systems Critical safety systems are those systems that maintain the pipelines operation within the process or design basis limits. The critical function of a given system is examined and accepted during the system HAZOP, including required setpoints, and response documented in the cause and effects matrix. Critical safety systems shall be identified, and their testing described in the commissioning manual.
Testing of critical safety systems shall ensure that the required operation of the complete system, from sensor through to device response, is observed to the maximum extent practicable. Critical safety systems may include the following items: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Pressure control devices. Temperature control devices. Pressure relief devices. Slam-shut or emergency shutoff valves. Emergency shutdown systems.
The results of each critical function test carried out shall be captured as part of the commissioning records. Failed critical function tests shall be documented, and the cause of their failure shall be examined and rectified, prior to the pipeline going into operation.
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3.5 COMMISSIONING PROCEDURESGENERAL 3.5.1 Pipeline purging and filling procedures To bring a pipeline into service, the Licensee shall ensure that (a) (b) (c) (d) a pipeline is purged and filled in a safe manner; work is undertaken on a pipeline only when all relevant aspects of this Standard have been complied with; an approved procedure is developed specific to the pipeline and the nature of the fluid being purged, filled or commissioned; and the approved procedure is implemented during purging and filling or commissioning.
The procedure shall address the following requirements: (i) (ii) The appropriate number, experience, training and induction of personnel involved in the procedure. The level and control of the filling rate.
(iii) Controlling and monitoring the discharge of displaced fluids and venting of gases. (iv) (v) (vi) Limiting the mixing of fluids at their interface. Controlling and minimizing the formation of explosive gaseous mixtures at the gas/air interface. Continually discharging any static electricity generated to an effective earth (see AS/NZS 1020)
(vii) A job hazard analysis. (see Clause 4.5.3 and Clause 4.5.4). (viii) Appropriate signage. (ix) (x) Minimization of hydrocarbon discharge. Preventing the discharged fluid from causing unacceptable environmental effects such as damage to crops, excessive erosion, soil contamination or contamination of watercourses or bodies of water.
NOTE: See AGA Operating Section Report Purging Principles and Practice , Catalogue No. XK0101 as amended.
3.5.2 Filling a gas pipeline Prior to filling a gas pipeline, a commissioning plan shall be prepared, which shall include all relevant supporting calculations. When a pipeline is being purged of air by the use of gas, prior to filling, consideration shall be given to the safety and operational consequences of the formation of an explosive mixture at the gas/air interface. A direct purge with gas may be used provided the approved procedures meet the conditions and requirements of AGA Operating Section Report Purging Principles and Practice, Catalogue No. XK0101 as amended. During purging gas shall be released into one end of the pipeline in a controlled and continuous flow at an appropriate rate for the pipeline being purged. A slug of inert gas of sufficient length to separate the air from the gas to control the formation of an explosive mixture may be released into the pipeline before the gas. Pigs or spheres may be used in some cases to reduce mixing at the interface and, therefore, reduce the volume of explosive mixture or reduce the volume of inert gas required.
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Where the above conditions cannot be met or controlled for the duration of the purge, then the Licensee shall ensure that the approved procedure, using an alternative technique, purges the pipeline in a safe manner. 3.5.3 Filling a liquid petroleum pipeline Prior to filling a liquid pipeline, a plan shall be prepared, which shall include all relevant supporting calculations. The plan shall cover controlling the speed of the interface by applying appropriate back pressure at the gas release point. Where air in a pipeline is to be displaced by a hydrocarbon liquid, a slug of appropriate liquid between spheres or batching pigs shall separate the air and hydrocarbon liquid. Where the slug in a pipeline is to be displaced by a hydrocarbon liquid, it shall be physically separated from the hydrocarbon liquid. Where possible, the flashpoint of the initial hydrocarbon liquid introduced into a pipeline shall be not less than 61C, to prevent the formation of explosive gas/air mixtures.
NOTES: 1 2 3 The Licensee should consider the risks of introducing lower flashpoint hydrocarbon liquid and take appropriate measures. Physical separation using a batching pig is recommended. This can be improved using a slug of inert liquid or high flashpoint hydrocarbon in front of the pig to improve separation. The use of an immiscible fluid like water may introduce contamination risks, and the risk of corrosion to the pipe invert where trace quantities may exist for long periods after the initial filling.
When the pipeline has not been designed to allow pigging, alternative procedures shall be developed and approved. 3.5.4 Filling a high vapour pressure liquid (HVPL) pipeline Where the HVPL consists of a single component hydrocarbon, the pipeline may be filled in the gas phase in accordance with Clause 3.4.5, upon which the pipeline shall be pressurized to above the dewpoint of the HVPL and the pipeline confirmed as fully liquid. Procedures for the pressurization and recondensing of the gas phase HVPL shall be approved.
Where the HVPL is a mixture of hydrocarbon components, the pipeline should be filled first with water or a suitable low vapour pressure hydrocarbon liquid, and then the liquid displaced by the liquid phase HVPL. Suitable spheres or pigs should separate the two liquids. The pressure shall be maintained at, or above, the bubble point of the HVPL, to maintain it in its liquid phase.
NOTES: 1 Where the HVPL consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon components other than ethane and the risk of contamination with inerts is considered low, the Licensee should complete a process simulation and prepare specific procedures to fill the pipeline in the gas phase. The Licensee needs to be aware of the effects of the variation of the composition of the recondensed HVPL along the pipeline, the potential low temperature effects and of the difficulty in determining when the pipeline is in a total liquid state.
3.5.5 Commissioning pressure control equipment A commissioning procedure shall be developed to align vendor recommendations with the application specific details of the installation, including set point and allowable tolerance. Records shall be produced to demonstrate compliance of commissioned equipment with design parameters.
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3.5.6 Commissioning metering equipment A commissioning procedure shall be developed to align vendor recommended practices with the application-specific details of the installation. Metering equipment considered as safety critical equipment, which may used for pipeline leak detection or mass balance calculations, shall be fully commissioned prior to pipeline operation (due to the importance of this safety function).
NOTE: Metering equipment used for fiscal or custody transfer may require external verification or the presence of witnesses from parties involved in the transactions.
3.5.7 Commissioning SCADA equipment The functional capability of logic controllers shall be confirmed at a factory acceptance test and reviewed in pre-commissioning for compliance with system design intent. Demonstration of appropriate responses to simulated system inputs shall occur at the factory acceptance test. Confirmation of these responses shall be demonstrated at site acceptance test.
NOTE: Commissioning of logic controllers and communications to SCADA should be undertaken to confirm site conditions and data are accurately and consistently represented remotely. Functional testing of remote commands should also be undertaken.
3.5.8 Commissioning cathodic protection (CP) systems Commissioning of cathodic protection systems shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZS 2832.1. Commissioning is divided into the following three steps representing the three stages of the process: (a) (b) (c) Pre-energization tests. System operation and adjustment to satisfy protection criteria and interference testing. Post-energization tests.
NOTE: AS 2832.1 describes a preference to apply CP at the earliest possible time during construction, although it may be necessary to provide a temporary system prior to the installation and commissioning of a permanent system.
In some jurisdictions, a licence to operate a cathodic protection system will be required prior to energizing the system. Testing for interference with operators of other nearby cathodic protection systems may also be required. Documentation for commissioning, and for operation, shall be developed in accordance with the referenced Standard. 3.5.9 Delayed commencement of operation Where a pipeline is to be placed in operation with a time delay, its integrity shall continue to be managed in accordance with Section 5 and Section 6. If the hydrostatic test fluid is allowed to remain in the pipeline, the test fluid shall either be dosed with a corrosion inhibitor or the pipeline filled with a fluid that inhibits corrosion, unless it can be demonstrated that such measures are not warranted. Where the test fluid is removed, the pipeline shall be dried or purged, or both, with inert gas to produce a moisture level that will not promote corrosion during the delay period. Where the pipeline is left filled with a fluid, precautions shall be taken to ensure that no damage is caused by overpressure due, for example, to thermal expansion effects.
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3.6 HANDOVER TO OPERATIONS Prior to handover of the pipeline system to operational control, all aspects of the PSMS for the pipeline system shall be implemented. At the completion of commissioning, the pipeline system shall be declared commissioned, the Licensee shall approve completion of commissioning and pass control of the system to operations. Operations of the pipeline post-commissioning may involve multiple groups of construction and commissioning personnel working to resolve any outstanding issues from construction and commissioning. This phase of operations contains additional risks, as new systems and management personnel may be introduced, and the number of work sites and scopes may be unusually high. Detailed description of the handover process shall be incorporated in the CSMP, including transfer of management and control of the pipeline system at a defined point. The handover process may include the following items: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)
Update of as-built design records and documents. Review of a complete as-built construction MDR. Transfer of the current construction punch list. Inventory of pipeline tools, spare parts and documentation. Register of landholder and third-party records and liaison documentation. Specialist vendor training for operations personnel. Updated details to be incorporated by Licensee in to the SMS. Updated details to be included in SAOP. Updated EMP. Records management plan. Transfer of electronic files, software and licenses such as SCADA and logic controller programs. Training or briefing of operational personnel on commissioning issues. Liaison with regulatory authorities.
(m)
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SECT ION 4 S ITE SA F ETY AND ENV I RONME NTA L MANA GEMENT
4.1 GENERAL The safety of the public, maintenance/repair personnel, adjacent property, equipment and the pipeline shall not be compromised. Similarly, the minimal impact that pipelines impose on the environment and the communitys perception of the industry shall be maintained. Control processes shall be established for all personnel to ensure that their duties do not expose them to unreasonable hazards and, where necessary, mitigation measures are implemented. A permit to work process shall be required for site works involving high levels of risk when working with any pipeline or its facilities, to ensure that high levels of OHS&E are maintained. As a key requirement of the system, a job hazard analysis (JHA) is carried out to ensure that all on site OHS&E hazards are identified and addressed prior to work commencing. 4.2 WORK HOURS AND FATIGUE When planning field works, the Licensee shall consider the duty cycle of personnel to ensure that they are not required to work or drive excessive hours without suitable rest periods. Should emergency work demands create situations where personnel are likely to exceed normal work cycle maximums; this shall be considered, documented and mitigated as necessary in the site JHA and noted in the permit records. 4.3 REMOTE TRAVEL Where pipeline operations involve travel to remote areas, the Licensee should have a documented procedure for tracking crews and following up crews that fail to arrive by the expected time of arrival (ETA). As a minimum, the Licensee should ensure records of the departure of the crew, their destination and ETA. These records should be maintained locally for a minimum of 28 days.
4.4 FIRST AID REQUIREMENTS 4.4.1 Assessment The Licensee shall conduct an assessment of the first aid requirements. The assessment should consider the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) The types of incidents that may occur. The site locations. The necessary competence and number of trained first aid personnel. The inventory levels of first aid equipment and the location of facilities. The arrangements for continuous first aid cover throughout extended work programs. The arrangements for transporting injured persons.
4.4.2 Procedures The Licensee shall ensure that arrangements are in place for the following: (a) The treatment of minor injuries.
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(b) (c) (d) (e)
The treatment and/or emergency transportation of personnel requiring off-site medical attention. The security of medications. The maintenance of the first aid inventory. The availability of additional medical advice.
4.5 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA) 4.5.1 General A JHA shall be undertaken prior to work being performed on a pipeline or its facilities. The process involves four steps, involving as many of the work party as practicable to ensure a wide knowledge base is used, as follows: (a) (b) Hazard identification Consideration of all potential hazards associated with a particular work scope, by considering each step of the work procedure or instruction. Mitigation Consideration of necessary actions to remove or reduce the hazard. A hierarchy of mitigation applies to both safety and environmental hazards. Where practicable, mitigation actions designed from higher up the hierarchy, to remove the hazard, should be used in preference to those from lower down, which only apply controls. The necessary actions to remove or reduce potential hazards should include the following: (i) (ii) Elimination. Substitution.
(iii) Isolation. (iv) (v) (vi) (c) Engineering controls. Procedural controls. Protective equipment (including personal protective equipment).
Implementation The determined mitigation action is implemented. Should the determined mitigation prove impracticable, the JHA should reassess the need and design of that mitigation. Review The JHA should assess the risks associated with any significant hazards remaining after the application of mitigation measures, in accordance with the qualitative risk assessment of AS 2885.1, Appendix F. Unless the risk has reached ALARP, where the residual risk is intermediate, extreme, or high, additional mitigation is required prior to any work commencing.
(d)
4.5.2 Off-site JHAs For routine repetitive activities generic JHA assessments may be prepared off-site in advance of the works. These generic assessments enable standard mitigation measures to be developed and integrated into the work procedures to ensure that that work teams are suitably skilled and equipped prior to attending the site. For more complex or non-standard work, an off-site JHA should also be conducted involving specialized expertise, as necessary, to ensure all potential hazards are considered and mitigation designed. In all cases an on-site JHA shall be required. 4.5.3 On-site JHAs Work procedures and JHAs shall be used for all activities on a site. This may involve multiple JHAs at a single location.
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On arrival at a work site, an on-site JHA shall be completed. Where off-site JHAs have been previously completed, the suitability of any determined actions shall be verified and incorporated. In all cases identification of all further actions necessary to maintain high levels of OHS&E at the specific site shall be identified. In particular, the on-site JHA should consider the work procedures in light of any other general hazards not directly associated with the procedure such as weather conditions, gas escapes, local site arrangements, interaction with third parties, equipment or communication failures and fatigue. All determined actions shall be implemented where practicable, and suitable checks put in place to confirm their adequacy throughout the works. All members of the work party shall be briefed and shall confirm their understanding by signing the JHA document. Additional members subsequently arriving on site shall also be inducted with the contents of the JHA and confirm their understanding by signing the JHA document. Should site circumstances change or a mitigation method fail, the JHA shall be reviewed. Related work activities shall be suspended until satisfactory measures are in place and the document JHA updated. 4.6 PERMIT TO WORK (PTW) SYSTEM 4.6.1 General A permit to work system shall coordinate site works to ensure that activities do not conflict and are suitably managed. The Licensee shall determine the type of work that requires a permit to work. 4.6.2 Control processes Under most circumstances, the Licensee utilizes one of four permit classes to ensure that adequate controls are in place, as follows: (a) (b) (c)
Cold work. Hot work. Entry to confined spaces. Excavation alongside live pipelines.
(d)
The Licensee shall ensure that suitable OHS&E procedures are in place for each of the permit classes. All permits should be numbered, dated and timed and the names of the key officers recorded. As a minimum, the Licensee shall consider the following prior to issuing the permits: (i) (ii) A list of personnel on site is maintained and communicated. Site personnel have the necessary skills.
(iii) The scope of works and the likely duration is defined. (iv) (v) A JHA for the work has been performed, and all necessary mitigation actions have been implemented. Interaction between multiple work sites is managed.
NOTE: Permits may be withdrawn at any time and work immediately suspended.
4.6.3 Communication and control A reliable communication system and procedure shall be established, wherever practicable with the work site. Where capable communications are not practicable, this shall be considered during the JHA and suitable arrangements implemented.
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4.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 4.7.1 General Environmental planning is necessary to ensure that all field practices and procedures minimize environment impact. The Licensee shall consider environmental aspects of its operations and document them in an integrated environmental management system or in an environment management plan.
NOTE: The Australian Pipeline Industry Association, Code of Environmental PracticeOnshore Pipelines provides guidance regarding an environmental management system.
4.7.2 Pipeline corridor management Pipeline corridor maintenance programs can be very visible to the community and regular routine operations should manage the maintenance works to ensure minimal impact. Consideration should be given to avoiding the spread of disease and weed infestations between properties by vehicle and shoe transfer. Easement maintenance generally involves (a) (b) (c) (d) vegetation management; maintaining easement and access track condition, particularly after heavy rain; maintaining signage; and monitoring third-party activities.
Liaison with landowners and other stakeholders should include environmental matters. 4.7.3 Noise emissions A certain level of noise is inherent in high-pressure operation and maintenance activities. The best practicable methods and industry standards should be employed to meet statutory requirements for the protection of site personnel and the general public. Special consideration should be given to the following: (a) (b)
Provision of suitable ear protection to site personnel. The use of acoustically treated power tools, compressors, generators, air-coolers, vents and pipework. The timing of all operation and maintenance activities, to take into account the impact on the environment and the community. Reducing inventory levels in advance of venting to reduce the impact and period.
(c) (d)
Noisy processes in the vicinity of the public can be distressing; therefore, communication with the local residents prior to commencement is recommended to enable their input and remove unnecessary concerns. Blow-down silencers can significantly reduce the noise levels emitted. Where practicable, blow-down silencers shall be utilized. 4.7.4 Heritage sites Heritage sites are protected by law and shall be identified prior to site work. Whilst routine maintenance activities are unlikely to disturb heritage sites, Licensees shall identify locations that may be impacted by the activities and shall ensure that they are protected and appropriate permissions obtained prior to working in those locations. 4.7.5 Water management Management of surface water flows and streams are major issues that can lead to washaways, integrity threats and major expense. Care shall be taken when designing work impacting on river banks to avoid changing their shape, as this could lead to erosion of downstream banks.
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Earthworks close to waterways shall consider the specific hazards and the relevant legislation shall be complied with. Routine surveillance shall (particularly after heavy downpours) monitor the condition of the pipeline easement and the access tracks. JHA processes involving excavation work should pay particular attention to possible water runoff from sudden rain. 4.7.6 Pipeline facilities Pipeline facilities range from isolated valve sites with minimal environmental impact through to large compressor stations in cities producing noise and emissions. Facility management should take into consideration threats from the surrounding area (e.g, fire and vandalism) whilst also considering the impact of the site upon the surrounding area. In general, regular housekeeping of the compounds and buildings, combined with regular maintenance of the equipment, reduces the visible and audible impact upon the community and provides a degree of protection from bushfires. 4.7.7 Waste management Waste materials may be hazardous and their handling and disposal require consideration to ensure that the associated hazards are appropriately mitigated. Off-site and on-site JHAs shall consider all materials that may be encountered during pipeline operations with the knowledge of their material safety data sheets (MSDS) and relevant legislation. Waste management shall cover the following: (a) Internal waste Pipelines can produce varying degrees of internal waste matter, depending upon their operational circumstances, which may be received in filters and during pigging operations. This waste may include iron-based compounds, which could spontaneously combust when exposed to oxygen and other residues with the potential impact to the environment. External waste External waste can involve a variety of materials from hazardous substances, such as asbestos in pipeline coatings, through to recyclable packaging from pipeline supplies. Some items may be recycled or disposed of with domestic waste, whilst others may require specific licensing and special disposal arrangements.
(b)
4.7.8 Pipeline spill prevention and response

Pipelines containing oils, fuels and hazardous liquids require specific planning to minimize the environmental impact for the community should controls fail. Spill prevention considerations shall be built into operating procedures and specific response planning shall be developed to enable any spills to be contained rapidly. The impact of these spills can be major; therefore specific training shall be required as well as compliance with all regulatory requirements. 4.8 VENTING AND PURGING PIPELINES 4.8.1 General Hydrocarbon fluids shall only be released from a pipeline when operating procedures dictate the need. The Licensee should ensure that inventory in the pipeline is minimized prior to commencement. As methane is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, any natural gas release shall be minimized. Any purging of pipelines shall be in accordance with an approved procedure and a JHA developed to ensure that all hazards are suitably mitigated. Consideration shall be given to any noise implications and the hazards associated with gaseous clouds.
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When a pipeline is being purged of gas by the use of air after venting, consideration shall be given to the safety and operational consequences of the formation of an explosive mixture at the gas/air interface. Generally, venting gas from high-pressure pipelines is released direct to atmosphere without burning. 4.8.2 Working on purged pipelines Where a pipeline that has been filled with air is connected to a source of hydrocarbon fluid that cannot be completely isolated, welding, thermal cutting or repair operations shall not be permitted unless the flow of hydrocarbon fluid toward the work site is prevented and the pipeline contents at the work site are tested continuously to ensure that an unsafe concentration of hydrocarbon fluid does not occur. This may require (a) (b) the generation of airflow away from the work within the pipeline, by the operation of air movers at suitable locations; or the installation of pipeline stop devices (e.g. stopples, pigged stopping plugs or spheres with bleed vents on each side of the work site), taking care that this does not prevent adequate airflow that may be required in Item (a) above.
4.9 WORKING ON LIVE PIPELINESSPECIFIC GUIDANCE 4.9.1 Gas precautions When any work is to be carried out on a pipeline, the formation of mixtures of flammable vapour or gas and air should be avoided wherever possible. Parking areas shall be clearly identified at sites and where sites are located in public areas provide a secure location to store mobile phones and other prohibited items. The hazards shall be documented in the JHA and include the following aspects: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Confirmation of approved and correctly calibrated and tested flammable gas detectors prior to and during the work. Safe work procedures. Physical barriers to delineate the work site in public areas. The perimeter of hazardous areas to be determined and delineated. The following to be prohibited in hazardous areas: (i) (ii) Smoking. The presence of matches, lighters and naked flame.
(iii) Electrical equipment, including radios, flashlights and hand lanterns, unless safe for use in Zone 1 hazardous locations as defined by AS 2430.1. (iv) Any sources of ignition to the work area (e.g. spark-ignition engines, motor vehicles and mobile phones).
Where there is a likelihood of a gas or vapour leak, the area should be monitored continuously by a competent person using appropriate gas detection equipment to ensure that personnel on site are fully aware of the situation and the level of hazard. 4.9.2 Tunnels, shafts, and casing Licensee shall ensure that the atmosphere in a tunnel, shaft, or casing, including those that are too small for human access are made safe before any work is carried out on the pipeline within that tunnel, shaft, or casing. Specific requirements for the entry shall be considered in the JHA.
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4.9.3 Electrical safety To prevent an accidental ignition of possible hazardous concentrations of flammable vapour or gas inside a pipeline, appropriate precautions shall be taken and, where relevant, the following requirements shall apply: (a) Adequate training and instruction shall be given to operating and maintenance personnel regarding the possibility of electric surges (sparks) occurring across insulated joints. Static electricity shall be safely discharged, in accordance with AS/NZS 1020. Where two joining flanges are to be separated or a pipeline cut, an electrical connection shall be installed across the proposed separation.
(b) (c)
Where a coated pipeline is exposed to threats from induced a.c. voltage (low frequency induction), earth potential rise effects, direct lightning strikes or d.c. voltage conduction (interference bonds to d.c. traction systems) an off-site JHA shall be completed prior to any site works. Procedures shall be developed in accordance with AS/NZS 4853, to ensure that the mitigation equipment installed as part of the design is maintained and, if necessary improved, to protect personnel from excessive touch voltages. 4.9.4 Welding onto an in-service pipeline 4.9.4.1 Welding Welding onto an in-service pipeline shall be in accordance with the relevant requirements of AS 2885.2. 4.9.4.2 Monitoring of operating conditions The Licensee shall ensure that the welding procedures used are appropriate for the task and that the required operating conditions and controls are implemented. Whilst any welding is in progress, the requirements of the approved welding procedure shall be adequately monitored. Welding shall be discontinued at any time when the pressure, flow rate or heat sink capacity measurement is outside the specified limits. 4.9.4.3 Resumption of normal operation
The pressure in a pipeline following a repair shall not be increased until the repair has been inspected in accordance with this Standard and AS 2885.2 and after the inspection has confirmed that it is safe for normal operation to be resumed. 4.9.5 Working on pipeline where fluid is escaping A JHA shall be conducted to determine the most appropriate action for the specific circumstance and to determine any necessary mitigation to ensure the safety of operatives, third parties and the surrounding area. Any cutting of pipelines that contain or have contained liquid petroleum or HVPL that has not been purged shall only be carried out by non-sparking mechanical means, and any heat generated shall be controlled below the product flashpoint. 4.9.6 Hot-tapping operations The Licensee shall ensure that any hot-tapping operation is carried out in accordance with an off-site JHA and an approved written procedure. On-site operating personnel shall be competent to undertake the procedure and participate in the on-site JHA before the hot-tap operation is commenced. The procedure shall be based on shop tests, experience, practice runs and other relevant information and shall be followed throughout the operation.
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The procedure shall address the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Safety of personnel, public and the environment. Product containment. Site control. Specific welding and non-destructive testing (NDT) requirements as specified in AS 2885.2. Testing requirements. Coating and backfill. Emergency procedures. Testing and operation of hot tapping tool and fittings. Traceability of materials.
NOTE: See WTIA Technical Note 20 and AS 2885.2.
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S E C T I O N
5.1 GENERAL
P I PE L I N E ST RU CT U RA L I N T E G R I T Y
Pipeline structural integrity is achieved when the pipeline is leak-tight, operating within the design parameters and able to safely withstand all identifiable forces to which it may be subjected during operation, including the MAOP. Effective management of structural integrity is a key component of successful pipeline integrity management. The objective of maintaining structural integrity of a pipeline is to ensure that the operation and maintenance of the pipeline will not cause injury to the public, pipeline personnel, damage to the environment, or disruption of service. The Licensee shall establish systems and processes based on the safety management study to ensure pipeline structural integrity for the design life of the pipeline. The Licensee shall describe these systems and processes in the SAOP and be able to demonstrate that appropriate systems are established, implemented and maintained.(See Appendix D). The continued structural integrity of pipelines relies on elements of pipeline design, construction and operation and maintenance. Procedures shall be developed to ensure structural integrity of the pipeline infrastructure including compressor and pump stations, regulator stations, and metering facilities (see Section 7) are maintained during operation and maintenance activities. The procedures shall be approved. The Licensee shall address structural integrity issues of at least the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Protective coatings systems. Cathodic protection systems. Inhibition/internal corrosion control. Pipe wall integrity. Joints.
NOTE: For integrity management of Station components see Section 7.

5.2 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW To ensure the structural integrity of the pipeline, the Licensee shall review pipeline operating conditions both time-dependent and time-independent factors, through integrated operation controls and maintenance activities that include managing (a) (b) (c) (d) pipeline operation and control; corrosion protection systems; pipe wall integrity including anomaly assessment and defect repair (Section 8); and station integrity (see Section 7).
The measures to address structural integrity shall be described in the pipeline integrity management plan (see Clause 2.6). The data and information identified and collected during these activities and assessments and reviews should form the basis for ongoing assessment of the risk and integrity of the pipeline. The findings of such a program will determine what responses are necessary to ensure continuous safe and reliable operation of the pipeline. Structural integrity activities records shall be identified, collected and retained to enable safety management studies to identify new and emerging threats and to determine effectiveness of controls. (See Section 10.)
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5.3 PIPELINE OPERATION AND CONTROL 5.3.1 General Pipeline operation shall be continually monitored to ensure that pipeline integrity is maintained. The major areas in pipeline operations include (a) (b) operating parameters; and MAOP verification and MOP adjustment.
5.3.2 Operating parameters Operating parameters should be established and communicated to enable pipeline control personnel to operate within desired limits. Operating parameters and alarm limits established for SCADA systems shall have appropriate change control measures in place. In order to maintain structural integrity, the Licensee shall ensure that a pipeline meets the following applicable requirements: (a) Operate a pipeline only when it conveys the fluid or fluids under the conditions (including subsequent changes) for which it was designed, constructed, tested, and approved. Ensure that during normal operation, the operating pressure at any point in the pipeline does not exceed the MAOP, and that transient pressure does not exceed 110% of the MAOP. Ensure that the operating temperature is such that the coating temperature rating and the thermal stress limits used in the pipeline design are not exceeded. Ensure that operating conditions are assessed and mitigate the likelihood of stress corrosion cracking initiation or growth. An appropriate overpressure control system to ensure that the pipeline pressure does not exceed the MAOP during normal operation. Review the adequacy of operating and maintenance procedures as referenced in the safety and operating plan.
(b)
(c) (d) (e) (f)

5.3.3 MAOP verification and MOP adjustment Where an existing pipeline is operated at an MOP that is at a lower pressure than the MAOP for a significant period since pipeline commissioning or the last MAOP review, and is planned to be operated at a higher MOP or to its approved MAOP, a PSMS and engineering assessment shall be undertaken to confirm pipeline operation at the higher pressure, taking into account reliability of supply, public and environment safety. Pipeline MOP adjustment validation shall confirm pipe integrity and include (a) (b) (c) (d) confirmation of pipeline physical conditions by reviewing operating and maintenance records; investigation of pipe strength for the planned operating pressure; review of pipeline location class, taking into account both current land use and future known land use changes; and review of existing protection measures, both physical and procedural, against potential external interference in the new operating conditions.
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5.4 PIPELINE CORROSION PROTECTION 5.4.1 General Pipeline corrosion protection systems provide protection of the pipe wall against corrosion. Adequate monitoring and maintenance shall be carried out to ensure that corrosion protection systems perform as required. The Licensee shall have processes and procedures defined in the pipeline IMP which ensure the coating system and cathodic protection system is maintained and performs the required function of protecting the pipeline from threats, such as corrosion and physical damage, to ensure the pipeline remains fit for purpose during the operating life. 5.4.2 Corrosion mitigation strategy The pipeline shall be operated with the required thickness for pressure containment. Metal loss from corrosion shall be investigated and mitigated by an approved corrosion monitoring strategy to maintain pipeline integrity. The corrosion mitigation strategy shall include protection criteria, applicable principles and procedures in accordance with AS/NZS 2832.1 and as outlined in AS 2885.1. 5.4.3 Pipeline coating systems 5.4.3.1 General Coatings provide primary level of corrosion protection. Licensee shall assess, monitor and maintain any pipeline coating system in accordance with safety management study. 5.4.3.2 Above-ground pipework Above-ground pipework is likely to be subject to atmospheric corrosion where the poor coating condition allows water and/or moisture coming into contact with the steel surface. The pipe coating should be inspected, assessed and monitored at crevice areas such as pipe supports, interface of above and below ground pipe section, and on the underside of the pipework. The pipe wall should also be inspected for corrosion at areas of blistered or disbonded coating. The applied pipe coating shall be maintained to a condition that water cannot reach and collect next to the pipe surface. Records of the coating condition shall be kept.
Coating inspection of ground entry locations, especially at fluctuating immersion zones, need to be specifically addressed. 5.4.3.3 Below-ground pipework The condition of below-ground pipework coating shall be evaluated based on the data gathered from any planned coating surveys. The data shall include (a) (b) (c) cathodic protection data; special coating defect surveys (e.g. Pearson or DC-pulsed method surveys); and visual inspection at selected locations in bell-hole excavations and where the pipeline is exposed for any reason.
The coating and/or the cathodic protection system shall be maintained to a standard such that (i) (ii) the cathodic protection system effectively maintains protection at all coating defects; and coating disbondment is minimized.
Records of coating condition shall be kept.

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5.4.3.4 Coating maintenance strategy Where, after inspection (see Clause 5.7.1), the pipe coating integrity is identified to be affected, the Licensee shall take appropriate remedial action. The corrective action may include coating repair or renewal. Where a repair is made to a pipeline coating, the material used for repair shall be compatible with the original coating and shall have been demonstrated by test, investigation or experience to be suitable for the method of installation, the service conditions and the environment. Procedures for application of the repair shall be developed so that the desired physical and chemical qualities are obtained. Thereafter, the application shall be in strict accordance with the procedures. Surface preparation, application and testing of the coating shall be subject to an approved quality control program. 5.4.4 Pipeline cathodic protection system Operation, maintenance and monitoring of cathodic protection systems shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZS 2832.1. AS/NZS 2832.1 contains information in the following areas: (a) (b) (c) Criteria for cathodic protection. Measuring techniques and equipment. Operation of cathodic protection systems.
Where any inspection indicates that satisfactory protection is not fully achieved on the pipeline, timely and appropriate action shall be taken to restore full protection or to instigate other measures that monitor corrosion. Items (i) to (iv) specify personnel, instrument, test and record requirements (i) Personnel, experience, qualification and required training The parties responsible for the monitoring, survey, inspection, testing and maintenance of the cathodic protection system shall have the requisite experience and qualifications in cathodic protection as approved by the Licensee. Instrument and equipment Only approved measuring equipment and techniques in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZS 2832.1 shall be used.
(ii)
(iii) Interference testing Interference testing shall be conducted in accordance with AS/NZS 2832.1. (iv) Records Records complying with the requirements of AS/NZS 2832.1 shall be retained for the life of the pipeline.
5.4.5 Other corrosion mitigation measures Where the design of the pipeline in accordance with AS 2885.1 includes the use of inhibitors and biocides as the method of corrosion mitigation, the Licensee shall confirm the suitability of the design on a regular basis via the safety management study process. Where the mitigation method is found to be unsatisfactory, the method shall be revised to achieve the required level of corrosion control in accordance with AS 2885.1. 5.4.6 Corrosion monitoring and remediation The internal/external surfaces of the pipeline shall be monitored for corrosion in accordance with the pipeline integrity management plan. Where corrosion is confirmed, it shall be assessed in accordance with Section 8. Where a pipe section is removed from the pipeline, the internal surface of the removed pipe section shall be inspected to assess the effectiveness of the internal corrosion control program.
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Whenever any part of a buried or submerged anti-corrosion-coated pipeline is exposed, it shall be inspected for corrosion and evidence of damage to, or deterioration of, any anticorrosion coatings. If corrosion is found, it shall be evaluated to determine if the corrosion is systemic in the rest of the pipeline. A repair procedure shall be established and implemented to rectify the corroded pipe sections where applicable. The corrosion mitigation measures in the pipeline IMP shall be reviewed to determine if additional requirement and/or measures will be necessary for controlling the identified corrosion in the pipeline. This review should consider the cause and rate of corrosion and recommend suitable actions which may include a reduction of the design life. 5.5 PIPE WALL INTEGRITY A key element of pipeline integrity is maintaining the integrity of the pipe wall. The Licensee shall ensure that processes and procedures are implemented to monitor and assess pipe wall integrity. To ensure pipe wall integrity, the following shall be addressed: (a) Sufficient wall thickness at all locations to contain fluid at the system MAOP. The minimum allowable wall thickness shall be assessed as follows: (i) For a new pipeline, and for an in-service pipeline containing no corrosion anomalies or uniform general wall thickness loss, the minimum wall thickness shall be calculated in accordance with AS 2885.1. For a pipeline with anomalies, the minimum wall thickness shall be assessed in accordance with Section 8.
(ii) (b) (c)
Sufficient structural integrity at joints to prevent leakage at the MAOP. Environment related cracking, HIC, corrosion fatigue. Pipelines shall be inspected for evidence of both longitudinal and circumferential cracks in accordance with the Pipeline IMP, and the rate of cracking determined. Pipelines shall be inspected for evidence of material and construction anomalies in accordance with the pipeline IMP, and the rate of deterioration determined.
(d)
5.6 INSPECTION MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES 5.6.1 Periodic inspection Periodic inspections shall be carried out to identify actual or potential problems that could affect the integrity of the pipeline in accordance with the Pipeline IMP. The inspection and assessment of a pipeline shall include the following: (a) (b) A full visual survey of all above-ground sections of the pipeline, including supports and associated equipment, to locate and assess any defects. An audit of corrosion control facilities to assess their effectiveness in accordance with the corrosion-monitoring program required by this Standard. This includes cathodic protection systems, pipeline coatings, surge protection systems, static earth systems, and inhibitor dosing facilities. Inspections of actual or potential problems identified in the safety management study such as river or creek crossings, areas prone to ground instability and pipe supports at bridge crossings.
NOTE: Where available, intelligent pigging results should also be considered when assessing pipeline integrity.
(c)
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(d)
Inspections of any sections on the pipeline identified in the safety management study as being of higher propensity for the development of environment related cracking.
5.6.2 Frequency of inspection assessment The frequency of inspection and assessment shall be documented and approved in the pipeline IMP and based on the SMS, past reliability of the pipeline, historical records, current knowledge of its condition, the rate of deterioration (both internal and external corrosion, coating degradation and the like), and statutory requirements. 5.6.3 Leak detection Based on the SMS the Licensee shall include in its pipeline IMP a leakage detection approach, which may include leakage detection system or periodic leakage surveys of the pipeline. The selected types of surveys or system shall be effective for determining whether a potentially hazardous leakage exists. The extent and frequency of the leakage surveys shall be based on operating pressure, piping age, class location, and whether the pipeline transports unodourized gas. Location of any leaks should be determined by reviewing pipeline operating data, undertaking field leak detection in any suspected pipeline section, and/or mainline valve facilities. Where delay to make good of the fluid leak occurs, a SMS shall be undertaken to evaluate the risk to public. When a significant fluid leak occurs in sensitive areas, an emergency response shall be in place to eliminate gas ignition by isolating or eliminating all ignition sources. 5.7 REFURBISHMENT Where the remaining life of a pipeline has been evaluated as less than its design life, or is assessed as not adequate for continuous safe operation, a refurbishment program shall be planned and implemented to reinstate the pipeline structural integrity. Pipeline refurbishment includes pipe and pipe coating replacement, pipeline valves and facilities renewal. The materials for the refurbishment shall be confirmed and approved. In addition, the refurbishment shall be carried out in accordance with approved procedures, performed by trained and experienced persons, and assessed to meet all OHS&E and SMS requirements. Material for the replacement may be one of two categories as follows: (a) Like for like replacement Materials used for replacing existing pipe and associated equipment shall comply with the original design specifications subject to further requirements of revisions and amendments of AS 2885.1. Material other than the original design Material and components qualification shall meet the requirements of AS 2885.1.
(b)
All materials for the refurbishment shall be provided with material certificates and test records for material traceability that meet maintenance requirements. All work records shall be maintained for system periodic review and analysis.
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SE C T I O N
6.1 GENERAL
E X T E RN A L I N T E RFE R E N CE MANAGEMEN T
The Licensee shall establish and implement pipeline management procedures to ensure that all external interference threats to the pipeline identified in the safety management study are managed effectively. The effectiveness of the physical and procedural measures that are implemented to manage all identified threats and the corresponding risks shall be monitored, reviewed and actioned as necessary to maintain effectiveness. 6.2 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PREVENTION DETECTION, AND CONTROL The safety management study, carried out in accordance with the requirements of AS 2885.1, requires that the Licensee identifies and assesses the risks associated with threats to the pipeline and instigates appropriate measures to manage those threats. To adequately manage risk, the Licensee shall develop, implement and monitor the effectiveness of the threat mitigation measures and management procedures that have been identified in the safety management study, and documented and approved in the SAOP. The minimum areas relating to external interference, identified in the safety management study to be included in the safety and operating plan, shall be the following: (a) Physical protection measures (i) (ii) separation by burial (depth of cover); separation by barriers (e.g. crash barriers);
(iii) separation by exclusion or isolation (e.g. fencing); (iv) (v) (b)

resistance to penetration due to wall thickness; and resistance to penetration by barriers (e.g. concrete slabs).
Procedural protection measures (i) (ii) Dial Before You Dig or One Call services; third-party awareness programs;
(iii) landowner and emergency service liaison; (iv) (v) (vi) pipeline marking; marker tape; patrolling;
(vii) permit to work; (viii) approved procedures; and (ix) (c) (d) inspection or supervision of third-party activities or proposed activities near the pipeline.
Licensee reviews f class location in accordance with Clause 4.9.8. Control measures associated with the Licensees activities such as (i) (ii) coating assessment and repairs; pipe wall assessment and repairs;
(iii) joint assessment and repair;

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(iv) (v) (vi)
loss of cover repair; incident response, review and prevention; and in-service modifications.
6.3 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PREVENTION 6.3.1 Community and stakeholder awareness Regular communication with the community and stakeholders and the relevant authorities is required to raise and reinforce awareness of the presence of a pipeline and the constraints with respect to the use of the land on and near the pipeline. Consultation between the parties should ensure minimal impact on the pipeline. The Licensee shall establish a liaison program to communicate to the community and stakeholders the importance of the integrity of the pipeline to the safety of the public and the environment. The Licensee shall include the constraints set out on land adjacent to the pipeline, when communicating with the relevant parties. 6.3.2 Land use planning 6.3.2.1 General The Licensee shall identify groups such as land use planners, developers, property and service designers, owners and operators, construction organizations, excavators, drillers and borers and the general public on the basis of the requirements identified in the safety management study. The liaison program with these groups shall ensure that, preferably in the concept stage, any changes in planning development or other activities that pose a threat to the pipeline are advised to the Licensee. Third parties responsible for development work should be made aware that certain developments near the pipeline could require additional protection, as detailed in AS 2885.1. 6.3.2.2 Landowner and occupier liaison
Landowners and other occupiers of land through which the pipeline passes shall be vistied, at approved intervals, to provide the landowner or occupier with information to ensure that their activities do not endanger the pipeline and its appurtenances.
NOTE: Where it is not possible to personally contact the identified parties consideration should be given to providing a package of information and contact details to the parties. Advice should be issued concerning the dangers of interference with the pipeline and its appurtenances.
6.3.2.3 Emergencies The Licensee shall take all reasonably practical steps to inform people and organizations such as emergency services, environmental agencies, landowners and occupiers of the following: (a) The hazardous properties of the fluid and the effects of any accidentally discharged fluid on the safety of the public and the environment so that, in the event of an emergency, prompt joint cooperative action can be taken. Protocol for cooperative action shall be established and maintained in the emergency plans required by Clause 2.7 of this Standard. (b) The methods of recognizing threats to the pipeline and emergency situations.
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The Licensee shall provide 24 h contact telephone numbers of the appropriate responsible persons or organizations to be notified in the case of an emergency. 6.3.3 Pipeline marking Signs shall be maintained so they are legible and visible along the route of the pipeline to ensure the pipeline can be located and identified from the air, ground, or both, as appropriate to each particular situation, and as identified in the safety management study and AS 2885.1. 6.4 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE DETECTION 6.4.1 Pipeline patrolling The Licensee shall ensure pipeline patrolling is conducted in accordance with the outcomes of the safety management study and pipeline IMP. Pipeline surveillance is undertaken to identify any new or changed threats to the pipeline, particularly any unnotified external interference near the pipeline and to ensure the pipeline is free from identifiable leaks. The type of patrolling and the frequency should be determined and reviewed during the safety management study performed in accordance with AS 2885.1 and incorporated into and pipeline IMP. The boundaries and responsibilities for patrolling shall be clearly understood and defined in the safety and operating plan to eliminate any gaps in coverage. Where a pipeline is decommissioned or its operational arrangements change, the frequency and type of patrolling shall be reviewed in SMS. 6.4.2 Patrol of pipeline During a patrol, attention shall be given to excavation, directional drilling, boring activities, including the use of an auger, and drains or ditches that are maintained and cleaned by an independent party. The following shall be considered: (a) (b)
Variations to surface conditions such as erosion or earth movement. Changes to watercourse, steep terrain and crossings. Indications of leaks such as dead vegetation or evidence of liquid. Construction activity or evidence of construction activity on or near the pipeline. Impediments to the access, for authorized personnel to the pipeline, valve stations, pressure regulator stations, compressor stations, pump stations, cathodic protection sites, communication installations, and the like. Deteriorating condition, visibility, adequacy and correctness of route markers and signs installed in accordance with the relevant requirements of Clause 6.3. Security of sites and evidence of unauthorized entry. Any relevant action identified in the safety management study. Any other factors affecting the safety and operation of the pipeline. Any factors likely to initiate a review of the safety management study such as urban encroachment and new developments.
(c) (d) (e)
(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
The person conducting the patrol shall (i) (ii) be issued with written patrolling procedures; be appropriately trained and competent in the procedures;
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(iii) know the extent of the pipeline easement and the location of the pipeline; (iv) (v) be in radio/telephone communication with the control centre; and maintain a patrol log.
Natural events such as flood, and ground slips have the potential to affect the pipes integrity. Uncontrolled ground movements can impact and/or displace the pipe resulting in higher pipe stress and/or coating damage. All patrol records shall be retained for the minimum period of 10 years and maintained as specified in the record management plan. These records shall be available to determine procedural measure effectiveness during future Safety Management Studies. 6.4.3 Dial Before You Dig or One Call services Licensees shall register their assets with Dial Before You Dig or One Call services, where available, to provide third parties intending to work near the pipeline the location of pipeline assets prior to that activity.
NOTE: Third parties excavating in areas for which Dial Before You Dig or One Call services are available should be encouraged to seek from that service information about pipeline assets, at least 48 h prior to excavating.
6.5 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE CONTROL 6.5.1 Controlling activities near pipelines The Licensee shall bring to the attention of relevant parties the following in relation to activities near pipelines: (a) The minimum notice of intended activities near a pipeline to be given to the Licensee or operators so that arrangements can be made to have a Licensees representative on site during the work. Typically this is not less than 48 h. Where third-party works are to be conducted in the proximity of a pipeline so that the integrity of the pipeline is potentially under threat, the need for the site to be inspected and, where determined necessary, a work plan specified and approved. The need for a representative of the Licensee to be present during excavation near a pipeline, to minimize the risk of pipeline damage. The closest approach distance for mechanical equipment shall be specified. Typically, no mechanical equipment is used within 1 m of the pipeline in any radial direction, even after the pipeline location has been proven, except when approved by, and under explicit on-site direction from the Licensees inspector. Normally, mechanical equipment is not used closer than 0.3 m to the pipeline. Exposure of the pipeline is performed by hand digging, to minimize the risk of damage to pipeline or coating. (d) (e) (f) The minimum separation from a pipeline to any buried structure, typically this is not less than 0.3 m. The minimum cover and maximum vehicle load limits for the protection of the pipeline. Backfill requirements around the pipeline, typically no less than 150 mm and in accordance with AS 2885.1.
(b)
(c)
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(g)
The notification requirements in relation to any damage to the pipeline and its coating and equipment.
NOTE: Apart from incident reporting to the regulatory authority where required by legislation, the circumstances of any incident, as defined in the Australian Pipeline Industry Association (APIA) Pipeline Operators Database, should be reported to APIA to enable statistics of pipeline incidents to be gathered.
The Licensee shall consider the following when determining appropriate separation distances of pipeline to other buried structures: (i) (ii) Corrosion protection interference. Penetration resistance.
(iii) Rupture or explosion interaction. (iv) (v)

1
Access for maintenance. Additional third-party activity.

Separation distances from the metallic structure forming part of electrical power generation, transmission and distribution systems should be determined on an individual basis as large currents can be discharged into the ground under fault conditions. Radiated heat may also impact pipeline coating systems. Where boring or directional drilling is to take place under or over a pipeline, approved measures should be employed to ensure that the pipeline or its coating will not be damaged and a separation of at least 0.3 m between the pipe and bore is maintained.
NOTES:
Whenever the pipeline is exposed, a record should be kept of location, coating condition and any other pertinent information that can be used for integrity assessments. 6.5.2 Placement of material on or near the pipeline The Licensee shall ensure material is not placed on or near the pipeline without approval. Inappropriate placement of material on or near the pipeline can result in unacceptable soil loading, restricted access to the pipeline, changes in the pipe environment (corrosion) and increases the risk of cave-in during subsequent excavation.
NOTES: 1
Any landscaping material should be level within the easement or a minimum of 3 m (but preferably 6 m) each side of the pipeline, to permit excavating equipment to operate without having to destroy the adjacent landscaping. The addition of material on or near the pipeline should only be clean (preferably the same as the natural soil in that area) and should not contain ash, salt or chemicals, which could have a deleterious affect on the pipeline or coating.
6.5.3 Power and telegraph poles, fencing, seismic and land disturbance activities The Licensee shall ensure that the following activities are appropriately controlled: (a) The placement of a new or replacement power and communications services poles and fencing across or along the easement or pipeline route.
NOTE: Holes should only to be drilled and poles or posts placed after the Licensee has marked the exact pipeline location and has decided if supervision of the activity is required.
(b)
Land disturbance activities deeper than 300 mm, such as deep ripping, and the installation of drainage systems on the pipeline easement, or where no easement exists, a minimum of 3 m (but preferably 6 m) each side of the pipeline.
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(c)
Any seismic surveys near the pipeline, which need to be planned, and crossings designed to ensure that these activities do not affect the pipeline.
The Licensee should advise seismic contractors of restrictions on working near the pipeline including maximum velocity level and the advance notice required enabling calculations and designs to be produced for actions to protect the pipeline during seismic work. The Licensee should ensure that it is able to respond within a reasonable time to requests for seismic crossings.
NOTES: 1
6.5.4 Vegetation on and near the pipeline Unless approved, vegetation shall be managed to allow free passage along the pipeline route. Vegetation, whose roots may damage the anti-corrosion coating of the pipeline, should not be permitted in the vicinity of the pipeline. 6.5.5 Encroachment/location class Any change of land use near the pipeline requires the Licensee to review the pipelines safety management study to assess the impact as a result of the change in land use. Pipeline operation may need to be changed to meet the more stringent conditions particularly the No Rupture criterion and minimum gas release rate requirements where the location class becomes T1 and T2 as defined in AS 2885.1. The Licensee shall establish the necessary management procedures for all known and proposed land use changes around the pipeline and be ready to implement changes for future planned land use. When a known proposed development is identified, the Licensee shall confirm the pipeline integrity, both its structural strength and coating condition, to ensure continuous safe and reliable pipeline operation for the proposed new operating environment. 6.5.6 Vehicle load limits Loads imposed by vehicles on the pipeline shall be assessed and managed if these loads are considered to exceed the design conditions of the pipeline at any specific location. The induced pipe stress shall be confirmed to comply with the total pipeline stress and strain limits as per AS 2885.1. Where the pipeline stress due to external loads is assessed to exceed the specified limits, appropriate and approved load restrictions and/or stress limitation measures shall be provided to ensure the pipelines safe and reliable operation.
6.5.7 Access to the pipeline easement The requirement for access to the pipeline easement by a third-party shall be assessed. Where access is determined necessary, the easement shall be maintained to allow appropriate access by pipeline personnel and authorized contractors. 6.5.8 Explosives The Licensee shall ensure adequate liaison with any person intending to use explosives near the pipeline. Any use of explosives in the vicinity of the pipeline shall be fully evaluated prior to granting approval.
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SECT ION
7.1 GENERAL
STAT I ONS OPERAT I ON S MA I NT E N A N CE
AND
Stations shall be operated within the limits of their process design. Maintenance of stations shall ensure that all devices and systems required to ensure the station operates within these limits are operable. Maintenance shall also ensure that the structural and pressure integrity of stations is not compromised over time. Stations operations and maintenance activities shall be documented in the SAOP, and effectiveness of these activities reviewed in accordance with Clause 4.3.10. 7.2 SAFETY OF CRITICAL EQUIPMENT Equipment, devices or systems that maintain station operations within the constraints of their process design shall be maintained and tested to ensure their operation is reliable. Such systems include, but are not limited to the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Regulators. Pressure-control valves. Pressure- and temperature-sensing and control circuits. Safety or relief valves. Slam-shut or emergency shut-off valves. Pressure and temperature switches. Emergency shutdown systems.
Such systems shall be identified and maintained in accordance with the maintenance plan as specified in Clause 7.7. Records of the maintenance and testing of these systems shall be kept. The maintenance of these systems shall ensure the systems are (i) (ii)
in good electrical, mechanical or hydraulic condition; set to function at the correct level;
(iii) properly installed and protected from foreign material or other conditions that might prevent proper operation; (iv) (v) (vi) installed in a manner so as to prevent unauthorized operation or alteration; operating correctly; and adequate from the standpoint of capacity and reliability of operation.
Safety valves shall be maintained and tested in accordance with AS 1271. 7.3 PRESSURE VESSELS Pressure vessels within stations shall be operated within the limits of their design parameters. Maintenance of pressure vessels shall ensure the pressure integrity of the vessel is not degraded over time. Internal and external inspections shall be performed at regular intervals to ensure corrosion or other degradation is detected before it threatens pressure containment capability. Pressure vessel inspections shall be in accordance with AS 3788. Pressure vessels shall be identified and maintained in accordance with the maintenance plan. Records of the maintenance and inspection of pressure vessels shall be kept.
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7.4 STATION OPERATIONAL CHECKS Operational checks shall be performed at regular intervals to ensure stations are functioning correctly and are operating safely. The frequency and scope of these checks shall be established as part of the PSMS, and shall be based on the safety management study in accordance with AS 2885.1. Station checks may also be required as part of a pipeline isolation or emergency response plan, to ensure systems required to control or isolate the pipeline are operable. Where a change to a maintenance frequency or scope is proposed, this change shall be approved, and may require reference to, or revisiting of the safety management study in accordance with AS 2885.1. Station operational checks shall include the following items: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) Remote and/or local actuation of main line valves. Detection and repair of leaks of process or ancillary fluids. Examination of the condition of safety critical equipment. Inspection for coating conditions and corrosion. Inspection of cathodic protection systems. Checking of filter vessels and pig traps. Checking of station ancillary systems. Recording key operating data and status. Reviewing local alarm indications or control panels. Checking communications systems. Checking huts, compound gates, fencing and vegetation growth.
7.5 STATION STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY Stations are subjected to additional threats to structural integrity which require particular attention and inspection at regular intervals. Such threats include: (a)
Corrosion at pipe supports or braces. Fatigue, corrosion, fretting or cracking induced by vibration. Erosion of pipe work caused by gas flow. Corrosion where pipe enters the ground. The effects of thermal and pressure cycling. Corrosion in low lying or zero flow piping. Accumulation of liquids in piping. Effects of lightning strikes. Incorrect maintenance or operation
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
Threats to station structural integrity shall be defined in the safety management study conducted in accordance with AS 2885.1. All such threats shall be identified and inspection intervals defined and documented in the maintenance plan.
NOTE: A hazard and operability study and safety management study prepared during pipeline/station design or construction may provide source of information on possible threats and mitigation actions.
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7.6 COMPRESSOR AND PUMP STATIONS Compressor and pump stations shall be operated and controlled within the limits of their process design. The process design limits are established in the safety and operating plan (see Clause 2.3.1). Safety critical equipment shall be maintained according to Clause 7.2 and pressure vessels according to Clause 7.3. In addition, other pressure and temperaturecontaining, relieving or controlling devices shall be operated, maintained and tested to ensure reliable and safe operation. Compressor and pump stations generally contain more complex equipment than other pipeline stations. Compressor station pipework may be designed to AS 4041, ASME B31.3 or other approved Standards. Compressors, pumps and their drivers generally have vendor documentation describing maintenance requirements. Compressor and pump stations may have a design basis manual compiled during design which describes the process design and safety critical systems. Compressor and pump station safety critical equipment shall be identified and inspection and testing procedures documented. Particular attention should be paid to validating systems where control circuits form the first layer of safety critical systems. The following general requirements apply to stations for pumps, compressors, meters, mainline valves, pressure-regulators, odourizers, and similar devices. (a) (b) (c) (d) The area around stations shall be maintained in a clean and safe condition. Entries, exits, and escape routes shall be kept free from obstruction at all times. Fences and gates shall be maintained to prevent unauthorized access to the station area. Start-up, operating, and shutdown procedures for all equipment shall be established and followed. The procedures shall include details of the measures required to ensure that all equipment, including any shutdown control or alarm circuits, functions correctly. Warning signs shall be maintained to ensure their accuracy, legibility and adequacy. When deviations from the normal operating conditions that affect the safety of the pipeline occur, corrective action shall be initiated immediately. Where determined necessary, firefighting equipment shall be kept on site and maintained in good condition.
(e) (f) (g)

NOTE: When the site is attended, sufficient personnel trained in the use of the firefighting equipment should also be in attendance.
7.7 MAINTENANCE PLAN The station maintenance shall be conducted in accordance with the maintenance plan (see Clause 2.5). The maintenance plan for stations shall also include, as a minimum, the following: (a) (b) (c) Safety critical system testing. Piping inspections. Pressure vessel inspections and maintenance.
7.8 STATION LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEMS Most stations are remote from their point of operation and are generally designed for unattended operation. Each station with a local control system to manage the safe operation of the station shall be operated and maintained to ensure the station operates within the limits of its process design.
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The local control system shall (a) (b) either continue to operate safely in the event of a communications failure or fail in a safe manner; where electrically powered, in conjunction with an uninterruptible power supply, maintain the design capacity to ensure continuous operation throughout a reasonable power outage; use reliable technology; be maintained to fail in a safe manner; and be maintained with appropriate security.
(c) (d) (e)
Each facility may also be configured to enable remote monitoring or control of the facility. Where remote monitoring or control of a facility is possible, the system shall be resistant to external electronic interference or monitoring by unauthorized third parties. Any changes to the local control system design shall be approved. 7.9 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) Where a pipeline is provided with a SCADA system, it shall be operated and maintained to the design to enable the safe operation of the pipeline. The following features, incorporated in the design, shall be maintained during the operational life of the pipeline: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Security and reliability. Supervision of the operation of the pipeline system. The capability of issuing operating and control commands. The capability of collecting, storing and displaying data, facility alarms and status. Ensuring safe operation of control systems at remote facilities, irrespective of the condition of the SCADA system.
Any changes to the SCADA system design shall be approved. 7.10 SITE SECURITY
The security of a station against unauthorized interference shall be subjected to safety management study in accordance with AS 2885.1, shall include a risk assessment of any residual risk to determine if it is acceptable. Where security enhancements are included in station design or operations these shall be maintained. Consideration shall be given to securing key items such as valves, huts and control cabinets against unauthorized interference, particularly where such interference may produce fluid releases, interruption to fluid flows or hazards within the site. Changes in local land use, population density, construction or improvement of nearby roads, urban encroachment, or other similar factors may increase the security risk to a station and result in an update to the safety management study, requiring changes to site security. 7.11 STATION EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS 7.11.1 General In addition to the pipeline itself, station equipment and components shall be maintained in accordance with the maintenance plan.
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7.11.2 Valves Valves and actuators shall be inspected and maintained to ensure that (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) each valve is properly supported and that corrosion problems at support points are not occurring; valves are secured to prevent unauthorized access and usage; corrosion on fittings is not occurring; valves are not leaking; and valves and actuators are fully operable.
Valves, including mainline valves and the emergency hand-operated equipment of remotely controlled valves, shall be tested or operated at approved intervals to confirm operability. 7.11.3 Pipe supports All pipe supports, for above-ground portions of lines, shall be inspected to establish the physical condition of each support, and to verify that they are providing the required support for the pipe at that point. Where applicable, the interface between the carrier pipe and the pipe support shall be inspected for corrosion. 7.11.4 Ground entry locations Locations where pipelines enter and leave the ground shall be inspected, in accordance with the maintenance plan, for coating deterioration and associated corrosion.
NOTE: The inspection intervals are dependent on the coating type applied to the pipeline.
7.11.5 Insulated above-ground pipeworkPig trap inspection and maintenance Inspection and maintenance of pig traps, including end closure seals, bleed locks, electrical bonds, locking rings, pig signallers and fasteners, shall be undertaken in accordance with the maintenance plan. In addition, temporary or removable pig traps shall be inspected before use for mechanical damage (due to handling) and for evidence of corrosion. Quick opening closures shall be operated and maintained strictly in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, particularly with regard to the yoke adjustments and pressurewarning devices.
7.11.6 Tunnels and valve pits Tunnels and valve pits shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the maintenance plan to confirm (a) (b) (c) (d) the structural integrity of the tunnel or pit; the structural integrity of any pressure-containing equipment; the absence of leaks in the pipeline; and valve pits are free of all matter that could interfere with the operation of the valve.
Corrective action shall be initiated as warranted. AS 2865.1 defines confined space. Where a tunnel, shaft or valve pit is determined to be a confined space, entry shall be controlled by confined space entry procedure and permit in accordance with Section 4. 7.11.7 Structures housing equipment Structures housing equipment containing hydrocarbons, such as compressors, pumps, valve/regulator/meter pits or buildings, instrument rooms and laboratories, shall be inspected and maintained in a safe condition in accordance with the maintenance plan.
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Intervals for inspection shall be determined from the safety management study carried out in accordance with AS 2885.1, and experience with the equipment involved. The inspection shall include, as minimum, the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Testing of the atmosphere in the structure for toxic or combustible atmosphere. Proving the operation of ventilating equipment. Proving the operation of any fire or gas detection systems. Structural integrity of pit covers. Testing of any alarms. Testing of any emergency exits. Inspection of gas bottles housed within structures.
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SECT ION
8.1 GENERAL
ANOMA L Y ASSESSMENT D E F E C T R E P A IR
AND
The Licensee shall establish procedures to assess anomalies and repair defects. The Licensee shall describe these procedures in the pipeline IMP. The objective of establishing anomaly assessment and repair procedures for the pipeline is to ensure that the continued operation of the pipeline will not cause injury to the public, operating personnel, damage to the environment and infrastructure, and/or disruption of service. This Section (a) (b) (c) (d) outlines the direct assessment process; stipulates an anomaly assessment process: describes acceptable repair strategies/considerations; and suggests recommended repair methods.
8.2 DIRECT ASSESSMENT 8.2.1 General Direct assessment has a four-element approach and includes (a) (b) (c) (d) a pre-assessment; indirect inspection; direct examination; and a post-assessment.
These elements need not be conducted sequentially. The Licensee shall confirm/verify that the intent of each element is met taking into account historical data.
The pre-assessment is the first element within the overall direct assessment process. This requires the compilation of past and present pipeline data. This data may include pipeline physical characteristics as well as operational history. The second element is indirect inspection. This element incorporates the equipment and practices utilized to take measurements above ground or near a pipeline to locate and characterize anomalies. These surveys could typically include coating and cathodic protection surveys and acoustic emission monitoring for example. The third element is the direct examination. This process is based on the equipment and the practices used to take measurements on or at the pipeline to locate and characterize anomalies. These may be done with direct methods such as ILI, corrosion protection data, non-destructive examination on the pipeline (including excavations), strain measurements, deposits and coating assessments. Once these three elements are confirmed, a fourth element, namely post-assessment, is required. The output of the post assessment is based on the data collected from the three previous elements and is utilized to (e) (f) support engineering assessments of the pipeline; and determine the need for any re assessment of indirect inspection intervals.
Figure 8.1 depicts this process.

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INPUT
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Steps Output
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e.g. Historic data, legacy
1. Pre-assessment
Compiled understanding
e.g. DCVG, CP audits, CIPS, acoustic emission
2. Indirect inspection
Results and defect characterization
e.g. ILI, NDT, deposit analysis, strain measurements
3. Direct examination
Results and defect characterization
Steps, 1, 2 and 3
4. Post assessment
Engineering assessment to review effectiveness and reassessment inter val
FIGURE 8.1 DIRECT ASSESSMENT PROCESS NOTE: NACE RP0502-2002, and NACE SP0206-2006 provide additional guidance on direct assessment methodologies. These reference standards do not incorporate methodology associated with stress corrosion cracking. For more guidance on this subject, NACE RP0204-2004 may be used.
8.2.2 Personnel
Persons responsible for undertaking direct and indirect monitoring, inspection and assessment activities shall have the requisite experience and qualifications and shall be approved as competent. The parties responsible for the Levels 1, 2 and 3 engineering assessments (see Clause 8.6) of anomalies and determination of repair methods for defects shall have the requisite engineering experience and qualifications. These persons shall be approved as competent. 8.3 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR 8.3.1 Initial assessment and remedial action Where the integrity of a pipeline, or a section of a pipeline, is assessed as being inadequate or at immediate risk, the operator shall immediately take steps to prevent loss of containment of the pipeline until the integrity of the pipeline is restored. Interim measures shall be taken to mitigate the risk of a failure. This may include a pipeline pressure reduction, bypassing, or carrying out temporary repairs and appropriately adjusted surveillance intervals and methods.
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A permanent repair shall be planned and implemented following the temporary repair. The repair shall reinstate the integrity of the pipeline for the service conditions. The repair shall be subject to a SMS and all work activities shall be risk assessed to ensure safe construction and pipeline operation. The repair shall be approved. 8.3.2 Repair plan All reasonable care and precaution (including appropriate planning and risk assessments) shall be taken when work is carried out on a portion of a pipeline (see Section 4). The operating pressure shall either (a) (b) not exceed the pressure at which the anomaly was subjected to at the time of identification; or be reduced to a safe level as determined by approved engineering assessment.
NOTE: As safe level is typically 80% and subject to SMS or pipe anomaly assessment before excavation begins (see Clause 8.5).
The anomaly assessed derated pressure should not be exceeded until such time as the anomalous area has been cleaned and inspected, the extent and depth of anomaly has been confirmed via verification activities (e.g. dig-ups) and an assessment has been made using the verified anomaly dimensions. Prior to the commencement of any activity, an approved repair plan shall be prepared. Where the contents of the pipeline are liquid and locked in between valves, consideration shall be given to any increase in pressure that may be caused by changes in temperature. 8.4 INTERNAL SURFACESCORROSION MITIGATION REVIEW Where the design of the pipeline in accordance with AS 2885.1 includes the use of inhibitors and biocides as the method of corrosion mitigation, the Licensee shall review the suitability of the mitigation design on a regular basis (review intervals should be contained within an operators approved pipeline IMP). Where the mitigation method is found to be unsatisfactory, the method shall be revised to achieve the required level of corrosion control in accordance with AS 2885.1. 8.5 PIPE WALL ANOMALY ASSESSMENT
8.5.1 General This Clause addresses anomaly assessment. The objective of anomaly assessment is to determine whether a pipeline has sufficient structural integrity to withstand all identifiable influencing factors which it may be subject to during operations (within prescribed safety margins). Where a pipeline anomaly is detected, it shall be investigated to determine its nature, extent, depth and cause. The anomaly shall be evaluated to confirm acceptability and the current MAOP shall be confirmed. In the event that the MAOP is determined to have been compromised, a safe operating pressure shall be determined by assessment in accordance with Section 5 and, if necessary, either a new MAOP shall be established or the affected portion of the pipeline shall be repaired or replaced. Upon completion of approved engineering assessments (see Clause 8.6) carried out on a pipeline anomaly, the Licensee may decide to deem such anomaly as acceptable (damage, not requiring repair). For all anomaly types, all known applicable stresses and bending moments to which the anomaly area may be subject to, shall be considered in the assessment. If deemed as a defect, repair or remediation shall be carried out, in accordance with Clause 8.8.
NOTE: For guidance on detailed assessment of pipeline anomalies, see Clause 8.6.
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8.5.2 Anomaly types 8.5.2.1 Corrosion anomalies Corrosion anomalies on pipelines are generally of the following types: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Localized corrosion such as pits. General corrosion either axial or circumferential. Axial groove or slotting corrosion. Circumferential groove or slotting corrosion. Hybrid corrosion (e.g. pits within general corrosion areas).
NOTE: For guidance on detailed assessment of pipeline anomalies, see Clause 8.6.
Corroded pipelines shall be protected against further corrosion in accordance with AS 2885.1. Dents containing corroded areas deeper than 10% WT shall undergo detailed engineering assessment to determine acceptability.
NOTE: See CSAZ662 and Clause 8.5.1.4.
8.5.2.2
Interaction of corrosion anomalies
Adjacent corrosion anomalies can interact to produce a failure pressure that is lower than the individual failure pressures of the isolated anomalies treated as single anomalies. If two or more anomalies are close to one another, they can be combined into a single equivalent anomaly for the purpose of analysis. If the separation distance is sufficient to avoid interaction, then the anomalies can be analysed independently. Combined pipe wall anomalies shall be subjected to detailed assessment.
NOTE: Rules for combining interacting anomalies into a single equivalent anomaly are detailed in various documents and recommended practices including API RP 579, RSTRENG and DNV RP F101.
The Licensee shall ensure that due consideration is made for the interaction of anomalies in corrosion anomaly engineering assessments. Areas that have coincident internal and external corrosion anomalies shall be acceptable regardless of the length of the corroded area, provided the sum of the maximum internal anomaly depth and the maximum external anomaly depth is 10% or less of the nominal wall thickness of the pipe.
NOTE: Suggested corrosion anomaly interaction rules are presented in Appendix B.
8.5.3 Gouges, grooves and notches 8.5.3.1 General Anomalies such as gouges, grooves and notches less than 0.25 mm depth are not considered defects unless otherwise determined by the Licensee. Gouges, grooves and notches above 0.25 mm depth are considered defects and shall be removed, replaced or otherwise repaired. Gouges, grooves and notches above 0.25 mm and up to 10% of wall thickness may be removed by grinding provided they are not associated with dents or micro-cracking. The requirements for non-destructive testing (NDT) for dents and micro-cracking associated with gouges, grooves and notches shall be assessed by the Licensee. Wall thickness loss due to grinding shall be assessed in the same manner as for corroded pipe wall.
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Detailed engineering assessment shall be carried out to confirm acceptability of gouges, grooves and notches outside of the criteria described in this Section.
NOTES: 1 2 For guidance on detailed assessment of pipeline anomalies, see Clause 8.6. Gouges, grooves and notches are considered severe anomaly types as it is difficult to establish the pipes strength and ductility at the location of maximum deformation. Therefore, in the absence of adequate understanding of material condition data, the requirements set out in this Section shall be followed.
8.5.3.2 Dents and buckles Anomalies such as dents and buckles shall be inspected using visual and mechanical measurement methods capable of determining the depth and shape of the anomaly, the location of the anomaly with respect to seam welds and the presence of gouges, grooves or other anomalies within or in close proximity to the dents/buckles. Where considered necessary, non-destructive methods capable of detecting cracks and internal corrosion anomalies within dents and buckles shall be employed. Acceptability of anomalies such as dents and buckles shall be subject to detailed engineering assessment, the criteria set out in AS 2885.1 or equivalent industry accepted Standards. Dents containing corroded areas deeper than 10% and up to 40% WT are not acceptable unless engineering assessment determines otherwise. 8.5.3.3 Pipe body surface cracks Crack-like anomalies found on pipe body surface are considered defects unless fracture mechanics analysis Appendix B (Table B1) including fatigue cracking assessment indicates that such anomalies are acceptable. The engineering assessment shall include consideration of service history and loading, anticipated service conditions (including the effects of corrosive and chemical attack), the mechanism of crack formation, crack dimensions, crack growth mechanisms, failure modes, and material properties (including fracture toughness properties). Crack-like defects shall be removed, replaced or otherwise repaired. Crack-like defects may be removed by grinding provided appropriate measures, in accordance with Clause 8.3.2, are put in place.
The requirements for detailed non-destructive testing (NDT) for cracks should be assessed by the Licensee. Wall thickness loss due to grinding may be assessed in the same manner as corroded pipework. 8.5.3.4 Environmentally assisted cracking Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) and hydrogen-assisted cold cracking (HACC) are environmentally assisted forms of cracking that shall be assessed as crack-like anomalies in accordance with Clause 8.5.1.5.
NOTE:Environmental cracks typically occur in multiples and may be branched. The assessment procedures in Appendix B should be applied to such cracks provided a predominant crack whose behaviour largely controls the structural response of the material can be identified. The predominant crack in the presence of multiple or branched cracks can be defined through characterization rules that allow multiple crack geometry to be modelled to a simpler one in order to make the actual crack geometry more manageable to fracture mechanics analysis. These characterization rules account for anomalies shape, orientation and interaction. These rules used to characterise crack-like anomalies are necessarily conservative and intended to lead to idealized crack geometries that are more severe than the actual crack geometry they represent. The suggested interaction rules in Appendix B are from API RP 579.
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When a predominant crack cannot be defined even after re-characterization, more advanced assessment techniques such as damage mechanics may be used. Multiple crack-like anomalies do not have to be combined into an equivalent anomaly for evaluation if a stress intensity factor and limit load solution can be obtained for the interacting anomaly geometries.
8.5.3.5 Anomalies on field welds and seam welds Anomalies found on field and seam welds, HAZ or areas near welds shall undergo NDT to determine the extent and origin of the anomaly. The extent of non-destructive testing should be assessed by the Licensee to ensure the chosen inspection method (or combination of methods) is capable of detecting cracks. Such anomalies shall be accepted, provided they comply with the workmanship criteria set out in AS 2885.2, or based on engineering assessment involving consideration of service history and loading, anticipated service conditions (including the effects of corrosive and chemical attack), anomaly dimensions, and weld properties (including fracture toughness properties). Engineering assessments of these anomalies shall be carried out to suitable anomaly assessment methods.
NOTE: Suggested anomaly assessment methods are given in Appendix B.
Pipe containing welds anomalies that are unacceptable shall be removed, replaced or otherwise repaired as specified in this Standard, AS 2885.1 and AS 2885.2
NOTE: Seam welds include longitudinal and spiral seam welds.
8.5.3.6 Anomalies on fibreglass pipelines Anomalies detected on the surface of fibreglass (glass reinforced) material pipelines shall be inspected using visual and mechanical measurement methods capable of determining the depth and shape of the anomaly. Table 8.1 provides guidance for assessment of anomalies commonly found in this type of material. In the absence of adequate understanding of material condition data, the requirements set out in this Section shall be followed.
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TABLE 8.1 ANOMALY ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR FIBREGLASS PIPELINES

Anomaly type Shallow scratches Light surface abrasion Coin marking Deep scratches Description Depth <0.1 mm No exposed fibres Resin surface intact 0.1 mm < Depth < 0.5 mm Deemed as defectsurface requires repair. Hot patch repair may be used Acceptable Assessment
Surface abrasion
Fibreglass decolouration (i.e. whitening)
Light mechanical damage Resin surface damage visible (i.e. gouges, grooves, notches) Gouge, grooves, notches Dent Depth >0.5 mm Fibreglass exposed Laminate strength compromised Deemed as defectsection requires replacement
NOTE: Detailed analysis of anomalies in fibreglass pipelines may be undertaken using CSA-Z662 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems. Appendix (Interaction rules). ISO 14692-4 and Shell Manual DEP 31.40.10.19-Gen., provide additional guidance in regards to operation of fibreglass (glass reinforced) pipelines.
8.6 FITNESS FOR PURPOSE (FFP) LEVEL ASSESSMENT 8.6.1 General This Standard presents various methods for the assessment of pipeline anomalies in a framework of levelsLevel 1, 2 and 3. Level 1 being most conservative, empirical and having the least data requirements and Level 3 being detailed, reliability based and having the most data requirements. The level assessment methodology shall be approved and shall be applied to both parent metal/mother pipe and weld anomaly assessments.
NOTE: Examples of methods are given in Appendix B.
The Licensee may undertake anomaly assessments using other approved/industry accepted methods. Regardless of method chosen, the MOP of the pipeline shall always be lesser or equal to the safe working pressure (SWP) ascertained for the detected anomaly(ies), as follows: MOP = P f SF MAOP MOP where Pf SF = failure pressure of anomaly = safety factor The safety factor ( SF) may vary as determined by engineering assessment and shall be approved. An overview of the level assessment method is presented in Figure 8.2. Due consideration (sound engineering and documented process) shall also be given to anomaly degradation rates when using the level assessment framework in determining remaining life.
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Internal degradation rate considerations typically include, but are not be limited to (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) theoretical and actual flow conditions; product content including CO2 , H 2S and water content; bathymetry and temperature profile that will facilitate water pooling; pressure cycling; presence of sulphate reducing bacteria or microbially induced corrosion; and predicted and confirmed (through successive anomaly-matched inspections) anomaly degradation rates.
External degradation rate considerations typically include, but are not limited to (i) (ii) hydrogen evolution rates through CP; stress cycling due to external influences; and
(iii) coating degradation rates.

NOTE: Where design factors described by these Level assessment methods are more conservative than AS 2885.1, the stipulated design factors for the assessment methods prevail over AS 2885.1, as these methods have been empirically and physically qualified for a given design factor(s).
Where design factors described by these Level assessment methods are less conservative than AS 2885.1, the Licensee shall approve the application of these methods by proving due diligence and sound engineering judgement.
NOTE: As an example allowances (e.g. corrosion allowances) applied during design and quality levels of line pipe fabrication and construction exceed requirements of AS 2885.1 design factors.
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Inspection data
Pre level assessment (workmanship standards)
Fail Pipeline data Inspection tolerances
Pipeline loading and environmental data Level 1 assessment Fail
Anomaly degradation rates (remaining life assessments only)
Pass Cost -benefit analysis Level 2 assessment Fail Pass
Fail
Level 3 assessment
Repair, rerate, or remediate
Fit for service
FIGURE 8.2 ASSESSMENT FLOW CHART
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TABLE 8.2 ASSESSMENT APPLICABILITY MATRIX

Method/RP/Standard vs Failure mechanism API RP 579 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ASME B31G Level 1 BS 7910 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 DNV OS F101 Workmanship standards Level 3 DNV RP E305 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 DNV RP F101 (revised versions) ASA (Level 2) PSF (Level 3) DNV RP F105 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 FEA Level 3 N/A
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General/Local Gouges/Dents metal loss
Out of roundness/ ovality/weld misalignment
Fatigue
Complex defects/ Interaction
Crack-like flaws
Brittle fracture
Freespans
Stability
Buckling
N/A Guidance
(1)
N/A
N/A
Guidance N/A
(1)
Guidance N/A
(5)
(1)
(4)
Guidance N/A
(1)
Guidance N/A
(2)
Guidance N/A
(3)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
(5) (5)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Guidance
Guidance
75
N/A
N/A
N/A
Guidance
Guidance
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A N/A Guidance
N/A (6)
N/A (6)
N/A ( continued)
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TABLE 8.2 (continued)

Method/RP/Standard vs Failure mechanism NG-18 Level 1 RSTRENG (Simplified) Level 1 RSTRENG (Detailed/ Effective area) Level 2 Shell 92 Level 2 Fatigue analyses Level 3 NOTES: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 This method provides guidance on the Level 3 assessment but does not provide detailed assessment guidelines/equations for this failure mechanism. The guidance provided for crack-like flaw analyses is extensive especially with regards to methods Level 3 (B) and (D). Level 3 brittle fracture assessments could include API RP 579 (Ref. 1) Section 9, Crack-like flaw assessments or detailed FEA of stress state or more detailed determinations of flaw size and material toughness. API RP 579 provides guidance for fatigue assessments of all the failure mechanisms detailed in the RP. BS 7910 provides specific guidelines if weld misalignment is present. Not used in assessment methods for general ovality/out of roundness. Whilst FEA does not specifically address susceptibility to brittle fracture or instability, FEA can help provide a better understanding of the stress state (Level 3 Brittle fracture) and thermal state of a pipeline. In this document, fatigue as a failure mode is differential from fatigue as an analysis method. General/Local Gouges/Dents metal loss Out of roundness/ ovality/weld misalignment N/A Fatigue Complex defects/ Interaction Crack-like flaws Brittle fracture Freespans Stability Buckling
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
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N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A
N/A N/A N/A

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8.6.2 Pre-level assessment For certain anomaly types (e.g. out-of-roundness, ovality, weld anomalies), the Licensee shall ascertain whether detected anomalies are fabrication or installation anomalies that have satisfied workmanship standards (as set out in AS 2885.1 and AS 2885.2). If the detected anomaly is ascertained to be an anomaly that satisfies workmanship standards for the pipeline, no further assessment or remediation is required. 8.6.3 Level 1 assessment Level 1 anomaly assessment shall be carried out by qualified engineers. Level 1 has the following characteristics: (a) (b) A limited level of anomaly assessment expertise required. Pipeline and anomaly information requirements limited and generally involve the following: (i) (ii) Basic pipeline design and operational data including MAOP, wall thickness, OD, material grade and temperature. Coarse/gross inspection data normally consisting of axial/longitudinal dimensions and minimum wall thickness data (in the case of metal loss) for the anomaly in question. These methods are usually based upon empirical validation methods and the methodologies/equations are deterministic in nature. 8.6.4 Level2 assessment Level 2 anomaly FFP assessment has the following characteristics: (a) (b) Specialist engineering knowledge is required to ascertain the correct inputs to these assessment methods. A greater level of linepipe material mechanical property data (e.g. Charpy V-notch data for crack-like flaw analyses) and inspection data (e.g. a longitudinal profile of the anomaly in question to a specified increment) is required.
8.6.5 Level3 assessment

Level 3 anomaly FFP assessment has the following characteristics: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Specialist engineering knowledge is required to ascertain the correct inputs and methods to be used in the assessment. In-depth knowledge of and/or access to materials information (e.g. mill certificates). A thorough understanding of environmental, operational and upset conditions (including cyclic operations). Finite element analysis methods to determine detailed stress states in the vicinity of an anomaly or failure mechanism. Incorporate elements of probability or partial safety factors that statistically account for variables such as material strength and inspection tool accuracies. Fatigue analyses normally play a role in this level of assessment.
8.7 ASSESSMENT OF ILI RESULTS The Licensee shall identify anomaly indications with reported characteristics and dimensions that might indicate the presence of defects, taking into account allowances for errors in the reported anomaly dimensions (see Clause 8.8).
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The Licensee shall rank the severity of reported anomalies and perform excavations and additional verification inspections until there is confidence that any remaining anomalies do not pose a threat to pipeline integrity.
NOTE: An anomaly growth assessment should be undertaken and a pipeline reinspection interval determined and the integrity management plan revised. Additional repairs required, based on anomaly growth assessment, should be identified to ensure all indications posing a threat to pipeline integrity over the reinspection interval are addressed.
8.8 NDT/INSPECTION TOLERANCES 8.8.1 General The Licensee shall take into account the allowances for errors in the chosen NDT verification inspection technique (see Clause 8.7). Pipelines with verified indications of anomalies shall be subject to detailed inspection if needed, to determine the nature and dimensions of the anomalies required for assessment. using the interaction rules as described in Appendix B. If not able to verify anomaly dimensions, the Licensee shall undertake the anomaly assessment using the criteria as described in Applicability Matrix (Table 8.2) to the worst case anomaly dimensions detected during ILI. 8.8.2 Field inspection tolerances Engineering assessment of damage identified by field inspection shall consider flaw sizing tolerances in NDT. All elements of the inspection method for different defect parameters shall be considered. The choice of NDT method shall be assessed for its ability to adequately detect and size flaw dimensions. Review of parameters, including flaw depth and length, shall consider inspection limitations such as flaw orientation, access constraints, material limits, flaw complexity and number. Reliable flaw sizing by NDT is highly dependent on operator experience, operating conditions and inspection tool accuracies. Availability of calibration shims and suitable surface preparation are critical for sizing. Accuracy shall be considered in damage assessment.
NOTE: For some damage mechanisms, such as cracks, the damage visibility alters with operating pressure and increased tolerances such as on length measurements will be required when an MOP restriction has been implemented. Furthermore, for complex defects such as SCC an increased tolerance on depth compared to single crack flaws may be necessary.
8.8.3 Inline inspection (ILI) tolerances Where assessment of ILI results is undertaken, the Licensee shall consider the inspection tool tolerances. Inspection tools state confidence limits on inspection, such as location tolerance and x mm at xx% confidence. Preliminary assessment shall consider the conservative case for 9% confidence minimum. An additional safety factor may be considered if appropriate.
NOTES: 1 Where validation inspections of ILI results have been made, reassessment of reported results should be undertaken considering results of field findings of damage tolerances. Assessment should consider reliability based assessment where sufficient information is available. Where inspection results have been found to understate damage, consideration of additional validation inspections and revision of assessment tolerances should be made.
8.9 MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE (MOP) RESTRICTION When inspection identifies a temporary condition that impacts pipeline integrity, the Licensee shall perform a safety management study to determine if an MOP restriction needs to be implemented until remediation can be completed.
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Where ILI or NDT inspections and assessments indicate defects, MOP restrictions shall be implemented. These restrictions shall be in place until such time that follow-up inspections, further anomaly assessment and subsequent safety management studies suggest otherwise (see Clause 8.3.2). An MOP restriction shall be formally considered, documented and approved. The utilization of a MOP restriction for extended periods may be employed (a) (b) (c) the extent of anomalies identified by investigation requires significant repairs or additional investigations; the confidence in inspection results is not high requiring reinspection, investigation of all reported anomalies or proof test by pressure testing; or additional condition monitoring is necessary.
Where an MOP restriction shall be in place for a period of more than 3 months, an engineering assessment of the MOP restriction shall be undertaken, formally documented and approved. Lifting of an MOP restriction shall be approved, and shall be documented in the pipeline SAOP. Where an MOP restriction has been in place for 12 months or longer, an engineering review (MAOP review) shall be completed and documented prior to lifting of an MOP restriction. Where damage and defects are deemed permanent and not actively managed, they shall be addressed by a MAOP review. An MOP restriction notification process for operating personnel shall be outlined in the pipeline SAOP.
NOTE: The purpose of a MOP restriction is to provide a margin of safety over that present when the damage was identified. Pressure reduction is usually temporary until remediation is completed. Typically the pressure is reduced to 80% of the peak pressure at that location within the previous 6 months for gas pipelines and 2 months for liquids lines (subject to risk assessment and/or anomaly assessment).
8.10 PIPELINE REPAIRS 8.10.1 Repairs general

The objective of repair is to ensure that the repaired pipe is fit for service over the remaining pipeline life having sufficient structural integrity to withstand all the identifiable forces to which it may be subjected during operations, including the MAOP and cyclic pressure fluctuations with an acceptable safety margin. Defects in pipelines shall be repaired by a number of methods.
NOTE: Table B1 of Appendix B provides general guidance on applicable type of repair methods for typical pipeline damage.
Repair procedures shall be formally documented, verified and approved. The repair methods, equipment and consumable batch numbers shall be recorded along with NDT verifications of welding and damage removal acceptability. The following parameters (but not limited to) shall be considered in repair selection: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Pipe material. Pipeline operating characteristics. Pipeline configuration and stress state. Pipeline location. Nature and Extent of anomaly.
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For all types of damage, replacement of a defective section may be considered as an acceptable repair method.
NOTE: Additional information on repair methods and their applicable limits can be found in: (a) (b) (c) PRCI Pipeline Repair Manual. CSA Z662Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems. UK HSETemporary/permanent pipe repairGuidelines.
Caution shall be exercised when conducting weld repairs on hydrogen charged-steel to prevent crack growth and/or subsequent re-cracking. A hydrogen bake-out shall be considered prior to welding or grinding. The application of a suitable coating after blend grinding or weld repairs shall be considered.
NOTE: All areas repaired by grinding should be rechecked using either magnetic particle testing or dye-penetrant testing as per requirements of AS 2885.2.
8.10.2 Initial response When a leak is detected, corrective action shall be initiated immediately. Damage shall be evaluated promptly. Where a pipeline is damaged or corroded to the extent that continued operation would be unsafe, the Licensee shall ensure that the pipeline is shut down or the operating pressure reduced to a safe level (see Clause 8.3.2) until necessary repairs have been completed and inspected and it is safe to resume normal operation. Only when immediate shutdown is not practicable, temporary repairs may be made, provided that as soon as possible they will be made permanent. 8.10.3 Repair strategy The Licensee shall plan a repair strategy taking into account but not limited to the following: (a) (b) (c) (d)
Considerations when placing out of service. Type of repair, replacement or remediation. Lead time for repair capability. Risk assessments for various elements of the repair strategy. Stakeholder management. Regulatory approvals/management. Temporary repairs that may need to be in place, (if required) (see Section 9). Contractor/resourcing strategy. Considerations when bringing back into service.
(e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
8.10.4 Permanent repairs Permanent repairs shall be made to a pipeline, subject to the following conditions: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) On a liquids pipeline, the defect has been sealed or suitably vented to prevent leakage during repair. The internal pressure is at a low enough level to ensure safety during the repair operation. Grinding in the area containing the defect is limited to a depth that will ensure safety during the repair operation. Safety precautions comply with AS 2885.1 and Section 4. Cutting and welding comply with AS 2885.2. and welding procedures ensure that pipe walls are not reduced in thickness or weakened.
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(f)
Where a section of pipe or reinforcement containing a defect is replaced, the replacement pipe is pretested and its properties verified such that the integrity of the pipe is not less than that of the section to be replaced, and the repaired section does not impede the passage of the type of pig for which the pipeline was designed. Pressure-containing full-encirclement welded split sleeves used to effect repairs have design pressures determined in accordance with AS 2885.1, subject to the MAOP of the pipeline not being reduced. The use of mechanical devices other than full-encirclement welded sleeves to repair pipeline defects have the type, installation and pressure rating approved, operators installing such devices have been trained and approved to conduct such work.
NOTES: 1 The use of reinforcement sleeves or mechanical devices for permanent repair of pipeline internal corrosion defects is not recommended as (a) (b) (c) the passivation of the internal corrosion cannot be guaranteed; establishing the internal corrosion mechanism is required. A fully welded encirclement sleeve is the recommended method of repair; and the carbon equivalent of materials, which are to be welded into the pipeline, conform to that specified in the certified weld procedure in accordance with AS 2885.2.
(g)
(h)
Guidance on methods for the repair of pipelines is given in WTIA Technical Note 20.
8.10.5 Qualification of new or alternate methods Alternate repair methods, materials or components may be used subject to qualification. Repair methods shall be approved. Qualification may be achieved by one of the following means: (a) Repairs methods that have gained regulatory approval and code acceptance outside this Standard, provided the approved method does not vary materially or philosophically from the requirements of this Standard. Tests and investigations to demonstrate their safety and reliability provided this Standard does not specifically prohibit their use. Repair methods that are not covered by nominated Standards/procedures or not covered by design equations or procedures in this Standard may be used provided the suitability, reliability and safety has been proven satisfactory by successful performance under comparable service conditions. In the absence of such service experience, the repair suitability shall be based on engineering analysis consistent with the general philosophy of this Standard and substantiated by one of the following: (i) (ii) Proof tests as described in AS 1210 or an equivalent international Standard. Experimental stress analysis.
(b)
(iii) Theoretical calculations. (iv) Function testing.
The results of tests and findings of investigations shall be recorded. The repair and chosen repair technique shall be subject to peer review by an independent third-party with recognized qualifications and expertise, and shall be approved. Repair methods or techniques shall be fit for purpose for the conditions under which they are used. They shall have the pressure strength, temperature rating and design life specified by the engineering design. Engineering design of a repair shall take into consideration the damage mechanism and environment, service conditions and properties of existing materials.
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8.11 REPAIR METHODS 8.11.1 General The primary repair methods are described in Clauses 8.11.2 to 8.11.6. 8.11.2 Replacement Where a section of pipe is identified with significant extent of damage the replacement of the defective section of pipe may be desirable. The pipe used for replacement is recommended to be the same grade, wall thickness and diameter as the defective section. Where differences from original are proposed consideration should be made of future maintenance and operability of the repaired section. The replacement pipe shall be pre-tested and welds subject to inspection in accordance with AS 2885.2 or the replacement section hydro tested post replacement in accordance with AS 2885.5. Pipe replacement methods include (a) (b) (c) pipe section depressurization; hot tap and stopple; and localized isolation using other techniques.
NOTE: A safety management study of pipeline replacement methods should be undertaken as part of repair procedure development.
Pipeline blow-down, purging and filling shall be in accordance with Section 3. 8.11.3 Grinding Grinding may be used to repair a defect or damage in a pipeline, including elimination of stress concentrators and microstructurally damaged material, provided the amount of material removed is determined to be acceptable. Where the extent of metal removal is determined to be unacceptable, grinding repairs may be supplemented by reinforcing sleeves . Grinding repairs shall be carried out to the criteria set out in AS 2885.2. Where grinding is used in combination with other repair methods, such as the removal of defective material, verification of damage removal shall be undertaken prior to completion of repair.
NOTE: Grinding should be undertaken at a reduced pressure of 80% maximum (typical), or as deemed acceptable through risk or anomaly engineering assessments (see Clause 8.6).
The grinding procedure shall minimize heat input and limit introduction of surface grooving. Caution shall be taken when grinding repairs are to be undertaken pre 1970 ERW pipe which may be subject to low toughness seam weld. 8.11.4 Repair sleeves Full encirclement repair sleeves are used to repair a wide range of pipeline defects, including reinforcement of damage removed by grinding and pressure containment of leaks. Consideration should be given to the response of repair sleeves to repeated pressure cycling to ensure fitness for service over the expected repair life. With the exception of pressure containing sleeves it is recommended that defects be removed by grinding and verified prior to sleeve application.
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There are four generic types of repair sleeve: (a) Steel-reinforcing sleevesconsist of two circular shells placed over the carrier pipe and joined by welding the side seam. The sleeve is installed on the pipeline without welding to the carrier pipe; the sleeve provides reinforcement to the defect but is not pressure containing. It is recommended that a hardenable filler material be used to ensure a tight fit between sleeve and carrier pipe and restrain bludging in the vicinity of a defect. These sleeves are generally installed at a reduced operating pressure. Composite reinforcing sleevetypically consist of composites of fibreglass or carbon fibre these sleeves are applied to non-leaking defects <80% wall thickness. Composite reinforcing sleeves are used as an alternative to split steel sleeves discussed in Item (a) above. The advantage of composites is the ease of handling and versatility compared to steel sleeves, such as the application to bends and complex shapes. Sleeve applications is typically limited to operating temperatures <80C and may not be suitable for repairs in hazardous areas. Pressure containing sleevethe ends of these sleeves are fillet-welded to carrier pipe creating a leak-tight repair. These sleeves are suitable for application to leaking defects. Consideration of weld design is necessary when considerable longitudinal stresses are present. The sleeve typically consists of 2 half shells with a butt-welded side seam and end fillet. Compression sleevethese sleeves are designed so when applied the repaired section of the carrier pipe is placed into compressive hoop stress at the operating pressure. The sleeves are fabricated in two sections and applied using a clamping and/or thermal contraction process at a reduced operating pressure to induce a compressive stress during operation. These sleeves are typically used for longitudinal crack-like defects but are generally unsuitable for circumferential cracking.
(b)
(c)
(d)
8.11.5 Bolt-on clamp A mechanical clamp typically bolted in two halves with pressure. These sleeves may be installed on leaking defects. temporary repairs or considered a permanent repair provided seal welded to the carrier pipe and contain pipeline pressure requirements.
elastomeric seals to contain These sleeves may be used as they are have the ability to be in accordance with the design
8.11.6 Weld deposition repair Approved repair may be carried out by weld metal deposition to rebuild pipe wall metal loss due to the corrosion or defect removal by grinding. Weld repair is limited by minimum wall thickness remaining to prevent burn-through. Weld deposition as a repair method requires specialist welding knowledge and repair procedure development. Consideration of HAZ hardness and susceptibility to hydrogen cracking is required.
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SECT ION 9 CHANGE OF OPERAT I NG COND I T I O NS AND REMA I N I NG L I F E R E V I EW

9.1 GENERAL The Licensee shall ensure that where any changes to the originally approved design conditions occur or are proposed, these changes are fully assessed and a safety management study review carried out, to ensure the integrity of the pipeline is not impaired, the safety of the public and operating personnel is not diminished and the environment is protected. Changes to operating conditions include suspension of operation, decommissioning and abandonment. 9.2 CHANGE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS 9.2.1 Design conditions changes Design condition changes shall be subject to an assessment in accordance with appropriate change management procedures and may require the modification and approval of operating, maintenance and emergency procedures and to the MAOP and design life.
NOTE: The following list is given as a guide to items of change that should initiate an assessment: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k)
Process fluid. Pressure and temperature. Surrounding or adjacent land use. Pipeline damage or deterioration. Pipeline modification. Pipeline raising/lowering. Pipeline route relocation. Pressure control and protection systems including logic changes. Design life. The action that is required for the approval of a revised MAOP. MAOP upgrade (SEE AS 2885.1).
The assessment shall include, as appropriate, a review of the following: (i) (ii) The location class. The boundaries of the location class and the location of physical barriers or other features that could restrict the movement of these boundaries.
(iii) Management of risk to the public, property, environment or to the pipeline in accordance with AS 2885.1. (iv) (v) The protection measures, both physical and procedural, required against third-party damage in accordance with AS 2885.1. The physical characteristics of the pipeline, including the diameter, wall thickness, SMYS, fracture toughness properties, strength test pressure and leak test pressure.
NOTE: These may be determined from records or, in the absence of records, by testing.
(vi)
The physical condition of the pipeline, as determined from records of the operation and maintenance and from reports of examinations, inspections and monitoring, including those pertinent to corrosion mitigation.
(vii) The design pressure.
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9.2.2 Pressure testing of design condition changes Where a change in a design condition occurs, and where a pipeline that has been strengthpressure tested previously to an appropriate pressure is in good physical condition, the results of that strength test shall be used to determine the MAOP. Where a pipeline has not been strength-pressure tested previously, the pipeline shall be tested in accordance with AS 2885.1 and the results of that pressure test used to determine the MAOP. The condition of the pipeline shall be determined through a formal engineering review in accordance with Clause 9.3.
NOTES: 1 2 Pressure testing does not identify penetration defects. Refer to AS 2885.5 for field pressure testing requirements.
9.2.3 Pipeline modifications Where a pipeline is modified and the modifications may result in a change to the MAOP, (e.g. the addition of a branch line or the inclusion of a pressure-containing component) the MAOP of the modified pipeline shall be determined in accordance with AS 2885.1, and approved. 9.2.4 Review of pressure-control and over-pressure protection systems Pressure-control systems, including compressor supplier packages control software, shall be suitable for and effective at the intended range of operating pressures. Over-pressure protection systems shall be subject to a safety and integrity level (SIL) analysis to determine the systems integrity, reliability and suitability for effective protection at the MAOP. Any changes to pressure-control and over-pressure protection systems shall be approved. Suitability of systems shall be reviewed at approved intervals and in conjunction with changes to supply capacity. 9.2.5 Review of location classes At approved intervals not exceeding 5 years and at any time when pipeline patrolling activities indicate the possibility of a need to change the classification of a location, the classification of the locations along the route of the pipeline shall be reviewed and, if necessary, changed. Appropriate corrective action should be taken, including a review of the safety management study carried out in accordance with the requirements of AS 2885.1. 9.2.6 Review of safety management study As part of any remaining life review for change of use or extension of remaining life and at a period not exceeding 5 years (or lesser period as approved) an identification shall be made of the threats that could result in hazardous events affecting the pipeline. Threat mitigation procedures, failure analysis and risk evaluation shall be reviewed at those times. The safety management study is an active document, and systems and processes shall be in place to identify new or changed threats, and implement methods for their mitigation in accordance with the requirements of AS 2885.1. Any changes arising from the review of the safety management study shall be included in an update of the safety management system. 9.2.7 Operation of a suspended pipeline The operation of a pipeline shall be considered as suspended where the pipeline is maintained in a non-flowing condition for an extended period beyond the established maintenance routine.
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Where a pipeline is suspended for an indefinite period for a later alternative use, the following conditions apply: (a) Where in accordance with AS 2885.1, the pipeline is considered as not being subject to internal corrosion, the hydrocarbon contents of the pipeline may be stored within the pipeline for the duration of the suspension. Where in accordance with AS 2885.1, the pipeline is considered as being subject to internal corrosion, the pipeline shall be purged or flushed to remove all hydrocarbons, and filled with an approved fluid (with inhibition as necessary) to an aboveatmospheric pressure.
NOTE: Where the suspension fluid is water, the period of suspension should not exceed 18 months, after which the pipeline shall be purged, dried and resuspended with an approved gas.
(b)
(c)
The SMS shall be reviewed to determine if the normal pipeline operating functions of patrols, cathodic protection monitoring, corrosion and coating surveys are to be maintained to control threats and any reporting is to continue in accordance with the operating procedures, and Sections 2, 4, 5, 6 and 9 inclusive. The level of pressurization shall be monitored. Maintenance shall be completed to preserve the structural integrity of the pipeline in accordance with Section 5.
(d) (e)
The suspension of above-ground pipelines shall be subject to a SMS. The suspension shall be approved and subject to an annual review to determine if the pipeline should be abandoned. The decommissioning and preservation of associated plant shall also be completed. 9.3 REMAINING LIFE REVIEW The integrity and remaining life of an existing pipeline shall be reviewed at approved intervals and immediately following pipeline failure. The first review should be completed in accordance with the anticipated corrosion rates detailed in the design but not later than 10 years after commissioning, with the interval of subsequent reviews to be determined by the preceding assessment. The data required for the review should include the following:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
Pipeline integrity degradation data from in line inspection (ILI) surveys or metal loss defect assessments. Integrity reviews Remedial action(s) taken for identified defects (e.g. refurbishment profiles or MAOP reductions). Operating records such as operating pressure and temperature cycles. Corrosion protection records including coating system integrity and CP monitoring. Threat assessment Change in environmental factors. Equipment functionality and reliability. Changes in location class Outcomes from any root cause analysis undertaken (see Clause 9.4).
The engineering review shall include verification of the following issues: (i) Demonstration of structural integrity in accordance with this Standard, to confirm the pipeline can continue to contain the fluids at the design conditions.
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(ii)
The type and configuration of any defects, the rate of corrosion and the minimum remaining wall thickness.
(iii) The fracture control plan in accordance with AS 2885.1 and the identification of any changes required to the fracture control methods. (iv) The completion or review of a safety management study (SMS) conducted in accordance with AS 2885.1 and the identification of any changes required to the mitigation methods. Review of the adequacy of the safety and operating plan, operating and maintenance, emergency response, and safety and environmental procedures.
(v)
Where the review is being completed at the design life, the engineering review process shall include verification of the following additional issues: (A) The identification of any additional requirements that enable the pipeline to comply with the latest versions of AS 2885.1 and AS 2885.2 current at the time of the review; and The identification of any tenure issue (i.e. permit to occupy expiry) or statutory requirements (i.e. pipeline licence renewal).
(B)
Upon completion of the review, and prior to the expiry of the approved review interval, all issues identified in the engineering review shall be addressed, and the pipeline records amended in accordance with the requirements of this Section. The pipeline shall be operated only under the conditions and the limits so established and approved. 9.4 PIPELINE FAILURE Where a pipeline failure is incurred a full and detailed root cause analysis shall be completed, in conjunction with a SMS review, and a mitigation strategy approved prior to the pipeline being returned to full operation.
NOTES: 1 2 3
The threats identified in the root cause analysis should be used in the remaining life review. The mitigation strategy may include a pipeline repair program. Collection of data from the investigation should be collected and recorded for future reference in SMS and remaining life reviews.
9.5 FITNESS FOR PURPOSE ASSESSMENT Where non-propagating defects (seam or girth weld defects, construction features) are detected in the pipeline, which do not comply with the limits as defined by AS 2885.3 Section 8, a fitness for purpose assessment should be completed in accordance with BS 7910 or AP I579. The fitness for purpose assessment shall be approved. 9.6 ABANDONING A PIPELINE 9.6.1 General When a pipeline is to be abandoned, an abandonment plan, including an environmental rehabilitation plan, shall be compiled and approved.
NOTE: The sequence of decision making required to develop and implement the plan should be in accordance with Figure 9.1.
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When a pipeline is abandoned, it shall be disconnected from all sources of hydrocarbons that may be present in other pipelines, processing plant, meter stations, control lines and other appurtenances, and shall be purged of all hydrocarbons and vapour with a nonflammable fluid. Disposal of the purging fluid shall meet all relevant environmental and safety requirements.
D e c i s i o n to abandon pipeline
R ev i ew s t a ke h o l d e r r e q u i r e m e nt s
A b ove - g r o u n d pipeline No C o m p l e te segment a n a l ys i s
Ye s
D e te r m i n e a b a n d o n m e nt plan
C o nti n u o u s s t a ke h o l d e r di s c u s s i o n D e te r m i n e r e m ova l a c tiv i te s a n d procedures
D e te r m i n e abandonment i n p l a c e, a c t i v i te s a n d procedures O bt a i n s t a ke h o l d e r a p p r ova l s
Pr o d u c t c l e a n a n d r e m ova l
C o m p l e te a b a n d o n m e nt a c tiv i t y
C o m p l e te d o c u m e n t a ti o n
M o n i to r i n g a n d m a i n te n a n c e ac tivitie s
Secure final release
FIGURE 9.1 FLOWCHART-PIPELINE ABANDONMENT

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9.6.2 Abandonment in place When abandonment in place is approved the pipeline section shall be abandoned in such a way to ensure that ground subsidence and the risk of contamination of the soil or ground water is minimized. Where cathodic protection is applied, to prevent the eventual collapse of the pipeline, the responsibility for maintenance of the system shall remain with the Licensee and appropriate records shall be kept. NOTE: Consideration should be given to filling the abandoned pipeline with an inert substance. 9.6.3 Abandonment by removal When abandonment by removal is approved, the removal of the pipeline section shall meet all relevant safety and environmental requirements. The requirements for pipeline removal shall be considered as similar to pipeline construction, and shall comply with the relevant requirements of AS 2885.1. 9.6.4 Abandonment of above-ground pipelines Aboveground pipelines shall be abandoned by removal of the pipeline. 9.6.5 Additional requirements for abandonment When a pipeline is abandoned, the following additional requirements shall be completed: (a) (b) (c) (d) The cutting of all buried pipelines at a minimum of 750 mm below natural surface or at the pipeline depth, whichever is the lesser. The removal of all associated buildings, fences and equipment. The removal of all signage associated with the pipeline on completion of the post abandonment maintenance period. Except where cathodic protection is required in accordance with Clause 9.6.2, removal of the cathodic protection system including buried cables, impressed current units, power lines, solar arrays and batteries. Anode and earthing beds shall be disconnected at 600 mm below the natural surface level. The removal of all interference mitigation bonds with third-party structures, that is the pipeline has to be mechanically and electrically disconnected from all other structures. Obtaining landowner releases for the completed abandonment. The relinquishing of the easement where no future or continuing use of the easement is proposed.
(e)
(f) (g)
9.6.6 Abandonment records Where abandonment in place is approved, on completion of the abandonment of the pipeline section in situ, abandoned drawings, complying with AS 1100.401, identifying and locating sections of the abandoned pipeline, shall be prepared as part of the relinquishment procedure. These records shall be made publicly available to prevent possible mistakes in identifying an abandoned pipeline as an operational pipeline. Records of approved changes of operating conditions, all engineering assessments and work carried out in connection with any change in the operating conditions shall be maintained until the pipeline abandonment or removal process is complete.
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SECT ION
10.1 GENERAL
10
RECORDS
MANAGEMEN T
The Licensee shall obtain and maintain records that are necessary to (a) (b) (c) (d) safely operate and maintain the pipeline; demonstrate compliance with AS 2885; identify decisions made and actions taken by the Licensee; and confirm the fitness for purpose of the pipeline at any stage of the pipeline operating life.
10.2 DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING RECORDS During the design stage, receipt of materials for the pipeline, and pipeline construction, the Licensee shall obtain, prepare and keep current, records of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Safety management studies conducted in accordance with AS 2885.1. Hazard and operability study records. The traceability of all materials and components including all test results and inspection reports. All tests and inspections that are required to verify the integrity of the pipeline in accordance with AS 2885.1 or AS 2885.2. The MAOP that is required by Section 8. All drawings, as built and alignment (developed in accordance with AS 1100.401) relating to the pipeline and facilities. Charts and maps showing the location of cathodically protected pipelines, cathodic protection equipment and structures affected by or affecting the cathodic protection system. Cathodic protection potential readings, cathodic protection unit outputs and interference current readings. The condition of the internal and external surfaces. A list of the authorities that have granted easement rights or other operating permits, and land-holders through whose land the pipeline passes, including contact history and title information. A list of other easements (especially easements in gross for other pipelines, power lines and communications cables) through which the pipeline passes, their contact details and other relevant information. Records of pipeline sections or components identified as potentially high risk in an emergency. Commissioning records (see Section 3). Quality assurance records and traceability. Safety and environment records. Approvals and correspondence with regulatory authorities.
(h)
(i) (j)
(k)
(l) (m) (n) (o) (p)
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10.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE RECORDS The Licensee shall prepare a records management plan. The records management plan shall detail the records to be obtained, the records to be retained, storage methods and procedures to maintain currency of the records, until the abandonment of or removal of the pipeline. This plan shall be approved. Records that shall be included in the plan are the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) Records required under Clause 10.2. Historical PSMS plans and procedures including previous approved versions of the SAOP. Any approved change to operating conditions, engineering investigations and any work carried out in connection with any changes to operating conditions. Any modifications to the maps, charts, plans, drawings and procedures, which are required to allow the procedures to be properly administered (e.g. exposure to the public, changes in design and operating conditions). Details of any corrosion, dents or other anomalies. Details of the cathodic protection system as required to be recorded by AS/NZS 2832.1. Details of any leaks, ruptures or other loss of containment events. Routine inspections, and inspections and testing carried out when cutting a pipeline or making hot taps. Repairs and maintenance work to pipelines and stations. Details of inspections of internal or external pipeline condition. Details of any coating inspections and repairs. Correspondence with statutory and regulatory authorities. Safety management study reviews. Incidents and subsequent preventative actions. Operation and maintenance personnel competency details and training records. MAOP review documents. Location class review documents. Reports on landholder and third-party liaison and the information given. Records of emergency response exercises, the actions arising, and the completion of those actions.
(e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o)
(p) (q) (r) (s)
The Licensee shall also prepare and retain for a minimum of 5 years records of the following: (i) (ii) Necessary operational data. Pipeline surveillance patrol reports.
10.4 ABANDOMENT RECORDS The Licensee shall document the archiving or disposal of records associated with an abandoned pipeline. A record should be kept of all abandoned pipelines that remain in situ, to prevent possible mistakes in identifying an abandoned pipeline as an operational pipeline as required by Clause 8.12 .
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Where cathodic protection is applied, to prevent the eventual collapse of the pipeline, the responsibility for maintenance of the system shall remain with the pipeline operator and appropriate records shall be kept.
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APPENDIX A
PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

(Informative)
Pipeline safet y management system

O r g a n i s a ti o n a l s t r u c tu r e a n d r e s p o n s i b ili ti e s Pip e l i n e sys te m d e s c r ipti o n
Pl a n n i n g Implementation
Management
Safet y and oper at ing plan
Safet y management study Measurement a n d eva l u a t i o n Operating p h i l o s o p hy A p p r ova l s
Consultation, communication and reporting
Competence
Commissioning plan Pip e li n e IM P Env i r o n m e n t a l m a n a g e m e n t sys te m /p l a n M a i n te n a n c e p l a n Em e r g e n cy p l a n R e c o r d s m a n a g e m e nt p l a n
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APPENDIX B
ASSESSMENT AND REPAIRS OR PIPELINE ANOMALIES

(Informative) This Appendix sets out information for the assessment and repair of corrosion anomaly including anomaly interaction rules (see Figures B1 to B5). It also includes a repair matrix (see Table B1) listing type of repair methods for various damage.
2cm
2
2c m
2
(a) D r aw a r e c t a n g l e a r o u n d th e af fe c te d a r e a
1
( b) I d e a lize th e a r e a a s a p l a n a r f l aw w i t h l e n g t h e q u a l to th e l e n g th of th e r e c t a n g l e ao t
2c
2
t (c) D ef i n e a n ef fe c tive f l aw l e n g th o n a p r i n c ip a l s tr e s s p l a n e ( 1 2)
a = 1. 2 a o
(d ) D ef i n e a n ef fe c tive f l aw d e pth a s 1. 2 ti m e s th e m a x i m u m d e pth of th e b r a n c h e d n e t wo r k
FIGURE B1 CRITERIA FOR TREATING BRANCHED CRACKING
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2c1
2 2
2c2 2c3 (a) I n i t i a l c o n f i g u r at i o n ( b) Af te r a p p li c ati o n of th e e q u i va l e n t f l aw l e n g t h r u l e s i n p a r a g r a p h 9. 3.6. 2
2c1
2
2c t
2c3
2c2
(c) Af te r p r oj e c ti n g i nte r a c ti n g f l aws o nto a s i n g l e p l a n e
(d ) D ef i ni ti o n of ef fe c tive di m e n s i o n s of f l aws th at ove r l a p af te r p r oj e c ti o n o nto a s i n g l e p l a n e
FIGURE B2 TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE CRACK-LIKE FLAWS
Multiple crack-like flaw configuration

2c1 s 2c 2
Criterion for interaction
Effective dimensions after interaction
c1 + c2 s
a1 a2
2 c = 2 c1 + 2 c2 + s a = max. [a1 , a2 ]
2a2
2c2
2a1
a1 + a2 s
2 a = 2a 1 + 2 a2 + s 2 c = max. [2 c1 , 2 c2 ]
2c1
2a2
2c2
2c1
2a1
c1 + c2 s
2 c = 2c 1 + 2 c2 + s 2 a = max. [2 a1 , 2 a2 ]
2c1 s a 2c2 a1 2a2
a1 + a2 s
a = a1 + 2a 2 + s 2 c = max. [2 c1 , 2 c2 ]
FIGURE B3 INTERACTION OF COPLANAR FLAWS
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Multiple crack-like flaw configuration

2a2
Criterion for interaction c 1 + c 2 s2 and a 1 + a2 + s1
Effective dimensions after interaction
2c2
s1
2a1 2c1
2 c = 2c 1 + 2 c2 + s2 2 a = 2a 1 + 2 a2 + s1
s2
a
c s
s c a
c 1 + c 2 s2 and a 1 + a2 + s1
2 c = 2c 1 + 2 c2 + s2 a = a1 + 2a 2 + s 1
s 2c 2c2 2c1
Project flaws onto the same plane c1 + c2 s 2c = total length of projection based on cracks defined by 2 c1 and 2 c2
s 2c2 s2
c 1 + c 2 s1 and
2c1
Project flaws onto the same plane 2 c = 2c 1 + 2 c2 + s2
c 1 + c2 + s2
FIGURE B4 INTERACTION OF COPLANAR FLAWS
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s c
2s c 2c c
S h e ll
s S te p 2 D r aw a s e c o n d b ox t wi c e th e s ize of th e f i r s t b ox (2s x 2c) a r o u n d e a c h LTA .
S te p 1 D r aw a b ox th at c o m p l e te l y e n c l o s e s e a c h LTA . M e a s u r e t h e m a x i m u m l o n g i tu d i n a l (a x i a l ) ex te nt, s ( i n o r m m) a n d t h e m a x i m u m c i r c u m fe r e n ti a l ex te nt, c ( i n o r m m) of thi s b ox. T h e s e will b e th e di m e n s i o n s of th e thi n n e d a r e a u s e d i n th e assessment. 2s
s c 2c c
s S te p 3 If o n oth e r LTA i s wi th i n th e l a r g e r b ox, th e di m e n s i o n s s a n d c s h o u l d b e a d j u s te d to i n c l u d e th e a d di ti o n a l t h i n n e d a r e a . G o b a c k to s te p 2.
FIGURE B5 SIZING OF A REGION WITH MULTIPLE AREAS OF METAL LOSS FOR AN ASSESSMENT
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TABLE B1 REPAIR MATRIX

Method/ Damage Corrosion GeneralPipe body Pitting <0.8 d/t Seam weld attack Circ. weld attack General Weld seam attack Gouge, groove or notch Smooth Pipe body Seam weld Circ weld Axial Circumferential SCC Others Leak Weld defects (see AS 2885.2) LEGEND: Generally acceptable within the limits of guidance notes. x Not acceptable. % Possible acceptable within limits, specialist advice should be sought. x x x x x (a) (a) x (b) (d) x (b) (c) (d) x Internal corrosion x (a) x (l) (l) (o) (i) (b) (j) (k) (m) (m) (p) (i) (b) (c) (j) (k) Dents with gouge/mechanical deformation (m) x Crack-like (p) (q) (q) (p) (n) x x x x (d) (e) Dents (j) (k) x x (CSA o.k.) (i) (b) (f) (i) (g) x (b) %
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Grinding repair
Steel reinforcing Composite reinforcing sleeve (1) sleeve (2)
Pressure containing sleeve (3) External corrosion (d) (e)
Compression sleeve (4)
Bolt on clamp with sleeve (5)
Weld deposition
Hot tap
(b) (f)
(g) (h)
(b) x x
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NOTE to Table B1: Repair types: 1 2 3 4 5 Steel reinforcing sleeve. Examples include: PRCI Type A, BG Epoxy Sleeve Repairs (ESR). Composite reinforcing sleeves including: Fibreglass, carbon fibre wrap or similar. Pressure-containing steel sleeve (e.g. PRCI Type B). Steel compression sleeve (e.g. petrosleeve, results in pipe in compression). Split shell steel sleeve with polymer seals (e.g. plydco sleeve).
Repair method Notes: (a) Grinding up to 40% d/t is acceptable provided all damage removed and metal loss is determined to be acceptable, Application of a reinforcement sleeve over grinding is acceptable. (b) Acceptable for damage up to 80% d/t provided straight pipeline section and damage removed by grinding and verified. Consideration of pressure restriction during repair is recommended. (c) Consideration should be given to fire rating in hazardous areas and repair performance at elevated pipeline operating temperatures. (d) Recommended that damage be ground smooth and verified. (e) Combination pressure-containing sleeves available for damage minor field bends, expert assistance should be sought for such repairs. (f) Consideration should be given to the suitability of repair method for circumferential damage when pipeline subject to high longitudinal stress.
(g) Consideration should be given to removal of damage by grinding prior to application and life expectancy of seal material. (h) Consideration should be given to the need for sleeve pressurization after application. (i) (j) (l) Repair of internal corrosion has to consider, address, or implement monitoring of future corrosion. Ongoing corrosion may reduce the effectiveness or life expectancy of repair. Not recommended for damage on circumferential welds. Acceptable, provided dent within code acceptance and mechanical damage/gouge ground smooth and verified. A fatigue analysis has to be undertaken as part of repair procedure validation.
(k) A fatigue analysis should be undertaken as part of repair procedure validation.
(m) Damage <0.8 d/t, fatigue assessment should be completed, dent acceptable. (n) Gouge/mechanical damage should be ground smooth and verified prior to repair application. (o) Applicable for <0.4 d/t subject to defect removal verification and general metal loss acceptability. (p) Cracks <0.8 d/t, damage to be removed by grinding and verified prior to repair application. Circumferential cracks to be removed by grinding, defect length to be verified as subcritical.
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APPENDIX C
LIST OF APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS

(Informative) C1 CONCEPT OF APPROVAL The concept of approval is a central element of this Standard. Approval requires a conscious act to be performed in formally reviewing the item to be approved, as defined by this Standard, recording the review has taken place and accepting responsibility for the implications of acceptance. Throughout this Standard items are identified as requiring approval. These items are considered crucial to the objective of providing and retaining safe and reliable pipeline infrastructure. The principles that follow detail the types of items that have been designated as requiring approval. C2 PRINCIPLES The following constitutes the principles of approval: (a) (b) Parameters, acceptance criteria or values that are not explicit in AS 2885.3 (this Standard) which have to be determined by the Licensee and have to be approved. Parameters, acceptance criteria, values or answers derived from processes required by AS 2885.1 or AS 2885.3 (this Standard) have to be approved. In the case where other approved methods are allowed by the Standard, these have to be demonstrably no less stringent than the recommended methods. Deviations from the Standard or exemptions from the Standard or the application of Clause 1.3 have to be approved. This includes the use of Standards not expressly nominated in the AS 2885 series. Items where AS 2885.3 does not define a unique requirement, but provides a generic basis or guideline, have to be approved. Unique or unusual technical items for which AS 2885.1, AS 2885.2 or AS 2885.3 (this Standard) do not have specific or complete requirements.
(c)
(d)
(e)
C3 LIST OF APPROVED ITEMS The following list of items is considered to be the minimum requirement for compliance with this Standard:
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TABLE C1 LIST OF APPROVED ITEMS

Description (a) (b) Scope and applicability Fundamentals for operation Relevant section and clause number Section 1: Clauses 1.2, 1.4 Section 2: Clauses 2.1, 2.2 2.2.1.4, 2.2.2.2, 2.2.2.3, 2.2.3.2, 2.2.4.4, 2.2.4.5, 2.3, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, 2.3.5, 2.5, 2.6.1 Section 3 Clauses 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 3.2.4, 3.2.7, 3.3.2, 3.3.3 Clause 3.6 Section 4: Clauses 4.8, 4.9.1, 4.9.4.1, 4.9.7 Section 5: Clauses 5.1.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, .4.2, 5.4.3.3, 5.4.4, 5.6.2, 5.7 Section 6: Clauses 6.2, 6.3.1.2, 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.5.4, 6.5.6, 6.5.8 Section 7: Clauses 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, 7.9, 7.11.2 Section 8: Clauses 8.2.1, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.4.1, 8.5, 8.6, 8.9, 8.10.1, 8.10.3, 8.10.4, 8.10.5, 8.12.6 Section 9: Clauses 9.6, 9.2.1, 9.2.3, 9.2.4, 9.2.5, 9.2.6, 9.2.7, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6.1, 9.6.2, 9.6.3, 9.6.6 Section 10: Clauses 10.2, 10.3
(c)
Commissioning Precommissioning Post Commissioning
(d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
Safety and environment Structural integrity management External interference management Station integrity Anomaly assessment and repair
(i)
Change of operating conditions and remaining life review Records management
(j)
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APPENDIX D
SAFETY AND OPERATING PLAN AND SAFETY CASE

(Informative) D1 DOCUMENTING A PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM This Standard requires the documentation of pipeline Licensee or operators pipeline SMS. The document title in the Standard is referred to as a safety and operating plan (SAOP) (the Plan). In some jurisdictions the SMS is required to be described in a document called a safety case. This Appendix has been developed to provide guidance on those requirements of safety case where description or definition differs from those in this Standard. During development of this Standard, the requirements of a safety case were considered and are consistent with the requirements of a safety and operating plan. The requirements of an SAOP have been reviewed and compared with the requirements of safety case and where jurisdictions require a safety case by legislation, the applicable requirements of an SAOP as required by this Standard may be considered to be met. D2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF SAFETY CASE A dynamic record of the case for safe operation of the pipeline. A safety case may be for any stage connected to the life of the pipeline: construction, operation, variation, decommissioning (see Clause 2.1). A safety case generally consists of 3 related parts: (a) Facility description This describes the activities, or operation, and configuration of the pipeline, and details technical and other control measures identified as a result of the formal safety assessment of the pipeline. Formal safety assessment The formal safety assessment for the pipeline operation is an assessment, or series of assessments, conducted by the Licensee for the activities, or operation, that (i) identifies all hazards to the safety and health of persons engaged in, or in the vicinity of, the operation that have the potential to cause a major accident event (MAE); is a detailed and systematic assessment of the risk associated with each of those hazards, including the like hood and consequence of each potential MAE; and
(b)
(ii)
(iii) identifies the technical and other control measures that are necessary to reduce that risk to a level that is as low as is reasonably practicable (ALARP). (c) Safety management system (SMS) The safety management system for a pipeline has to be comprehensive and integrated, specify the performance standards that apply and provide for the following: (i) (ii) The continual and systematic identification of hazards to safety and health of persons engaged in, or in the vicinity of, the activities, or operation. The continual and systematic assessment of the following: (A) The likelihood of the occurrence, during normal or emergency situations, of injury or occupational illness associated with those hazards.
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(B)
The likely nature of such injury or occupational illness: (1) The reduction to ALARP of risks to safety and health of persons engaged in, or in the vicinity of, the operation including, but not limited to, risks arising from equipment and hardware. Inspection, testing and maintenance of the equipment and hardware that are the physical control measures for those risks. Adequate communications between the relevant areas of the operation including transport and other support facilities.
(2) (3) (d)
Major accident event (MAE) Any event connected with work activities that could cause multiple fatalities arising from hydrocarbon releases, or other events whether immediate or delayed.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY API RP 5709 AS 4041 ASME B31.3 CSA 2662 DNV RP-F101 NACE RP0204 NACE RP0206 NACE RP0502 PRCI RSTRENG UK HSE WTIA Recommended practice for fitness-for-service Pressure piping Process piping Oil and gas pipeline systems Corroded pipelines Stress corrosion cracking (scc) direct assessment methodology Internal corrosion direct assessment methodology for pipelines carrying normally dry natural gas Pipeline external corrosion direct assessment methodology Pipeline repair and manual Pipeline software Temporary/permanent pipe repairGuidelines Technical note 20Repair of steel pipeline
*** END OF DRAFT ***
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PREPARATION OF AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS Australian Standards are prepared by a consensus process involving representatives nominated by organizations drawn from all major interests associated with the subject. Australian Standards may be derived from existing industry Standards, from established international Standards and practices or may be developed within a Standards Australia technical committee. During the development process, Australian Standards are made available in draft form at all sales offices and through affiliated overseas bodies in order that all interests concerned with the application of a proposed Standard are given the opportunity to submit views on the requirements to be included. The following interests are represented on the committee responsible for this draft Australian Standard: APIA Research and Standards Committee Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Corrosion Association Australian Institute of Petroleum Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association Australian Pipeline Industry Association Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Department of Consumer and Employment Protection WA Department of Mines and Energy (Qld) Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines (NT) Department of Water and Energy (NSW) Energy Networks Association Energy Safe Victoria Gas Association of New Zealand Primary Industries and Resources SA Welding Technology Institute of Australia Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:
Independent Chairman
Standards Australia Standards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishes most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties are invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth government, Standards Australia is recognized as Australias peak national standards body.
Australian Standards Australian Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers and other relevant sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received from other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry experience. Australian Standards are kept under continuous review after publication and are updated regularly to take account of changing technology.
International Involvement Standards Australia is responsible for ensuring that the Australian viewpoint is considered in the
formulation of international Standards and that the latest international experience is incorporated in national Standards. This role is vital in assisting local industry to compete in international markets. Standards Australia represents Australia at both ISO (The International Organization for Standardization) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Electronic Standards All Australian Standards are available in electronic editions, either downloaded individually from SAI Global, or via on-line and CD ROM subscription services. For more information phone 131 242 or visit www.saiglobal.com/shop
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COMMITTEE ME-038

DR AS 2885.3 (Project ID: 2885.3)

Draft for Public Comment Australian Standard

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Draft for Public Comment Australian Standard

Accessed by NEPTUNE MARINE SERVICES on 10 Jul 2012 [DRAFT]

SAI GLOBAL Customer Service Centre

mailto:sales@saiglobal.com Internet: http://www.saiglobal.com/shop

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Draft for Public Comment STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Committee ME-038Petroleum Pipelines

Accessed by NEPTUNE MARINE SERVICES on 10 Jul 2012 [DRAFT]

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(f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k)

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Specification for line pipe Recommended practice for fitness-for-service

API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 BS 7910 DNV RP F101 RP F105

OS F101 RP E305 PRCI

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NOTE: It is emphasized that failure is not restricted to loss of containment.

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SCC SIL SMS SMYS SSCC SWP

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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)

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(iii) recovery and restoration of operations; and (iv) environmental remediation.

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(a) (b) (c)

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2.3.7 Operating philosophy

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I d e nti f y i n g a n d c o ll e c ti n g r e l eva nt data

FIGURE 2.1 PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS

2.6 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 2.6.1 Emergency plan

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Pe r s o n n e l S u f f i c i e nt nu m b e r of s t af f tr a i n e d to a p p r o p r i ate l eve l s C o ntr o l p e r s o n n e l tr a i n e d a n d e m e r g e n cy readiness A ll p e r s o n n e l c o nve r s a nt wi th th e c h a n g e m a n a g e m e nt p r o c e s s

FIGURE 3.1 COMMISSIONING PROCESS STAGES

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3.2.7 Safety and operating plan/Commissioning SMP

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