1.0 OBJECTIVE 1.1 To examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load. 1.

2 To examine how shear force varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading condition.

2.0 INTRDUCTION Moving loads on beams are common features of design. Many road bridges are constructed from beam, and as such have to be designed to carry a knife edge load, or a string of wheel loads, or a uniformly distributed load, or perhaps the worst combination of all three. The method of solving the problem is to use influence lines.

3.0 THEORY
Part 1

cut a L RB

RA

Figure 1 Shear force at left of the section, S c

W ( L a) .equation 1 L

Shear force at right of the cut section, S c Part 2 This statement is used:

Wa ...equation 2 L

The shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the force acting to the left or right to cut

4.0 APPARATUS 4.1 Shear force machine

4.2 Digital force display

4.3 Beam

4.4 Load

5.0 PROCEDURES Part 1 1. Digital Force Display meter reads zero with no load is checking. 2. Hanger with any mass range between 200g to 500g was placed at the first grooved hanger support at the left support and the Digital Force reading recorded in Table 1. 3. The procedure to the next grooved hanger until to the last grooved hanger at the right hand support was repeated. 4. The calculation in Table 1 was completed. Part 2 1. Three load hangers with 100g. 200g and 300g mass respectively placed at any position between the supports. The positions and the Digital Force display reading recorded in Table 2 2. The produce with three other locations was repeated. 3. The calculation in Table 2 was completed.

140 mm W1

RA

cut RB

Figure 2

220 mm W1 RA 260 mm W2

cut RB

Figure 3

220 mm

W1

cut RB

400 mm RA W2

Figure 4 6.0 RESULT Length, L = 440mm Table 1 Mass (g) Load (N) Force (N) Experimental Shear Force (N) 0 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 1.96 2.45 2.94 3.43 3.92 4.42 4.90 0 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 0 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 Theoretical Shear Force (N) 0 1.07 1.34 1.61 1.87 2.14 2.41 2.68 Area, A = 200mm

Table 2

Force No W(N) W(N) (N)

Experimental Shear Force (N) R (N) R (N)

Theoretical Shear Force 1.292 2.586 1.048 - 0.311 3.3 3.858 - 0.311 3.3 0.424

1 2 3

0.981 1.962 1.472

0 3.924 3.434

- 0.2 1.6 0.4

- 0.2 1.6 0.4

Part 1 Figure 1

cut a L RB

RA

Part 2 Figure 2

140 mm W1

RA

cut RB

Through experiment ; W1 = 0.981 N + MA = 0; Thus: ( -RB x 0.44 ) ( 0.981 x 0.14 ) = 0 -0.44RB - 0.137 = 0 -0.44RB = 0.137 RB = -0.311 N

Fy = 0; Thus: RA + RB = 0.981 RA 0.311 = 0.981 RA = 1.292 N

THEORITICAL SHEAR FORCE : AT LEFT OF CUT ; SC = RA W1 = 1.292 0.981 = 0.311 N

Figure 3

220 mm W1 RA 260 mm W2

cut RB

Through experiment ; W1 = 1.962 N and W2 = 3.924 N + MA = 0; Thus: (1.962 x 0.22) + (3.924 x 0.26) (RB x 0.44) = 0 0.432 + 1.02 0.44RB = 0 1.452 0.44RB = 0 -0.44RB = -1.452 RB = 3.3 N

Fy = 0; Thus: RA + RB = 1.962 + 3.924 RA + 3.3 = 5.886 RA = 2.586 N

THEORITICAL SHEAR FORCE AT LEFT OF CUT ; SC = RA (W1 + W2) = 2.586 (1.962 + 3.924) = -3.3 N

Figure 4

220 mm

W1

cut RB

400 mm RA W2 Through experiment; W1 = 1.472 N and W2 = 3.434 N

+ MA = 0; Thus: -RB (0.44) + 1.472(0.22) + 3.434(0.40) = 0 -RB (0.44) = - 1.697 Nm RB = 3.858 N

Fy = 0; Thus: RA + RB - W - W = 0 RA + 3.858 1.472 3.434 = 0 RA = 1.048 N

Theoretical Shear Force - At left of cut; S = R = 1.0 W 1. 2

= - 0.424 N - At right of cut; S = 3.858 3.434 = 0.424 N

Part 1 1. Derive equation 1

cut a L RB

RA

MB = 0;

R A ( L) W ( L a ) 0 R A ( L) W ( L a ) RA W ( L a) L

S c = RA However, S c
W ( L a) , which is equation 1. L

2. Plot a graph, which compare your experimental result to those you calculated using theory. 3. Comment on the shape of graph. What does it tell you about how shear force varies at the cut section as a load moved on the beam? 4. Comment on the experimental result compared to the theoretical result.

Part 2 1. Comment on how the results of the experiments compare with those calculated using the theory.

The result that we obtained from the table is quite different. The result of experimental shear force was originally taken while doing the experiment compare with theoretical shear force obtained from the calculation. Therefore, perhaps during the experiment being carried out, there are some errors due to equipment experiment or environmental interference. As we all know, the equipment not only use by us, but also used by other students in FKAAS. There is probability that the accuracy of the machine is affected. 2. Does the experiment proof that the shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces acting to the left or right of the cut. If not, why?

Yes for calculation for Figure 2 and 4 but Not in Figure 3. Shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the force acting to the left or right of the cut. The shear force can be calculating based on the data distance. Proof by our experiment, distance effect the shear force. For Figure 3, the theoretical shear force and experimental shear force was not the same because there is an error while doing the experiment. This may due to less accuracy of the equipment or when the equipment is being disturbed by other student.

3. Plot the shear force diagram for load cases in Figure 2,3 and 4.

cut + 0.311 N

0N

RA

RB

W1 0.981 N -

Figure 2

cut + 2.586 N 0.624 N 0N RA W1 W2 RB

3.3 N -

Figure 3

Figure 4

4. Comment on the shape of the graph. What does it tell you about how Shear Force varies due to various loading condition?

The Figure 4 indicate about that the total shear force occurring in the beam that was balance and there existed with no extra or displaced forces on the beam. However, the reaction force at RA are due to the loading of W1 that was equivalent to 0.424 N when the reaction in 1.048 N. At point W2, additional loading downwards is applied where the value in 3.434 N and reaches the maximum shear force of 4.858 N. From here, notice that the shear force at the cut is affected by the continuous shear force of 0.424 N and therefore the shear force at the cut is equals to 0.424 N The value of shear force will be in positive or negative where these values will influenced the diagram either the diagram located at the above or below. The Condition of the load also has influenced the value of shear force. From this result, it helped us to draw the diagram.

Conclusion