1. Science 1.1 Biology 1.1.1. 1st Term 1.1.2. 2nd Term 1.1.3. 3rd Term 1.2 Chemistry 1.2.1.

1st Term 1.2.2. 2nd Term 1.2.3. 3rd Term 1.3 Physics 1.3.1. 1st Term 1.3.2. 2nd Term 1.3.3. 3rd Term 1.4 Others 2. Math 2.1 Algebra 2.1.1. 1st Year 2.1.1.1. 1st Term 2.1.1.2. 2nd Term 2.1.1.3. 3rd Term 2.1.2. 2nd Year 2.1.2.1. 1st Term 2.1.2.2. 2nd Term 2.1.2.3. 3rd Term 2.1.3. 3rd Year 2.1.3.1. 1st Term 2.1.3.2. 2nd Term

College Entrance Exam Notes

2.1.3.3. 3rd Term 2.2 Statistics 2.2.1. 1st Term 2.2.2. 2nd Term 2.2.3. 3rd Term 2.3 Trigonometry 2.4 Geometry 2.4.1. 1st Term 2.4.2. 2nd Term 2.4.3. 3rd Term 2.5 Others 3. Eng 3.1 1st Year 3.1.1. 1st Term 3.1.2. 2nd Term 3.1.3. 3rd Term 3.2 2nd Year 3.2.1. 1st Term 3.2.2. 2nd Term 3.2.3. 3rd Term 3.3 3rd year 3.3.1. 1st Term 3.3.2. 2nd Term 3.3.3. 3rd Term

Bolded is finished. lso remem!er these are my notes from !efore. "ay !e #rong or incom$lete.

1 Science
1.2Biology 1.2.1. 1st Term
D e to the disa!!eared o" my bio noteboo# in 1st year$ the only thing % can add to this !art is ta&onomy Ta&onomy it is the st dy o" science in 'hich aims to classi"y the di""erent !lants and animals and other organisms into gro !s in this order (ingdom )hyl m *lass Order +amily ,en s S!ecies

1.2.2.

2nd Term

Scientists -. .oo#e cytology coined the term /cell0 A. 1an 2ee 'enhoo# bacteria cell str ct re o" animals and !lants +. -edi and 2. S!allan3ani dis!ro1ed Theory o" S!ontaneo s ,eneration -. 4ro'n !resence o" n clei +. D 5ardin "o nd the thic# 5elly "l id called sarcode M. Schleiden and T. Sch'ann introd ced the idea o" all !lants and animals are made ! o" cells 6. ) r#in5e term !roto!lasm to re"er to the li1ing matter o" cell -. 7ircho' cells di1ide to "orm ne' 2. )aste r s !!lied !roo" "or 7ircho'8s theory o" 4iogenesis

Schleiden "o nder o" cell theory !lants and animals are made o" cells 193: Sch'ann said Schleiden8s theory a""ected all li1ing things. 4elie1ed ne' cells "orm o tside$ li#e a crystal *ell Theory 2i1ing things are made o" cells .as str ct re and " nction *ell di1ision .ereditary in"ormation Same chemical com!osition$basically energy "lo'

)ro#aryotic and E #aryotic )ro be"ore E

 tr e (aryote #ernel or n cle s Similarities made o" !lasma membrane some re!resentai1e organisms ha1e a cell 'all )ro#aryotes bacteria bl e;green algae E #aryotes animal cells !lant cells " ngi !roto3oans Di""erences )ro#aryotes < clear Membrane D<A < cle s -<A and )rotein *yto!lasm Absent 2oo! in cyto!lasm =itho t Synthesi3ed in same area <o cytos#eleton "e' organelles

E #aryotes )resent Thin$1ery long and organi3ed into chromosomes =ith -<A is made in the n cle s> )rotein in the cyto!lasm *ytos#eleton is !resent many organelles

-ise o" *ells =arm elements and mi&t res o" chemical com!o nds !rimordial so ! Energy ions th nder t rn into gases then hot s!rings 1olcanic mo1ement .eat;?7 radiation According to cell e1ol tion theory$ the "irst li"e arose s!ontaneo sly o t o" the inert chemicals o" the !lanet$ s!eci"ically com!o nds containing carbon @li!ids$ s gar and !roteinA and sel";re!licating com!o nd o" !olyn cleotide B -<A )arts o" a *ell Mitochondria energy ma#er -ibosomes

 !rotein translation < cle s mind o" the cell contains genetic material Endo!lastic -etic l m "orms interconnected net'or# o" t b les ro gh in1ol1ed in synthesis o" !roteins membrane "actory smooth synthesis o" li!ids incl de oil$ !hos!holi!ids$ steroids$ etc. ,olgi com!le& !ac#ages !roteins be"ore being send !rocessing !roteins "or secretion )rotein in"ormation "rom the cell *ell Membrane se!erates the cell "rom the o tside en1ironment 2ysosomes brea#s do'n 'astes and debris < cleol s "o nd 'ithin n cle s ho ses -<A and D<A Energy brea# bonds o" AT) to se "or energy sed to do 'or# and !rocesses ses hydrolysis to brea# the bonds in short *ell brea#s ! AT) does 'or# =or# ha!!ens *ell Trans!ort mo1ement o" !articles in cells "actors Si3e o" Molec le smaller !articles can easily !ass across the membrane large andCor charged molec les@ionsA "ind it harder to mo1e across the membrane large molec les !olymers !olysaccharide li!ids small molec les monosaccharide

monomer *oncentration gradient di""erence o" amo nt o" molec ses in t'o !oint aimed to reach eD ilibri m O2$ .2O$ *O2$ Amino Acids di"" sion !assi1e trans!ort %on can8t charged )rotein large molec le -ed Dye in =ater di"" sion high concentration to lo' =ater mo1es to balance thro gh membrane osmosis lo' concentration o" sol te to higher de!ending on concentration hy!ertonic lo'er amo nt o" 'ater o tside higher amo nt o" sol te o tside shrin#age hy!otonic lo'er amo nt o" 'ater inside cell e&!lodes nless there is a cell 'all isotonic e1en o tside and inside in !lants one end o" the cell is hydro!hobic and the other is hydro!hilic T rgor )ress re osmotic !ress re %on *hannels charged !ores to allo' correctly charges and si3e ions *arrier )rotein binds to sol te -ece!tor )rotein to recei1e hormones and messages can change to im!enetrable member @s!erm to eggA en3ymes to s!eed ! reactions *holesterol Molec les !re1ents !hos!holi!ids "rom contact *arbohydrate *hain

 hel! cells connect "or tiss es EndoCE&o "orm 1esicles to trans!ort molec les acti1e endocytosis !hagocytosis e&ocytosis .omeostasis steady state by 'hich organisms s r1i1e sel";reg lating ad5 stment Steady State %n! t -a' Materials O t! t =astes *ell lar -es!iration *E.12OE F O2 G .2O F *O2 F AT) ,lycolysis @cyto!lasmA G (rebs *ycle@matri& o" mitochondrionA G Electron Trans!ort *hain @1istae inner membrane o" mitochondrionA ,lycolysis brea# do'n o" ,l cose tili3es O2$ )hos!hate$ <AD and AT) !rod ces <AD.$ .2O$ !yr 1ic acid molec les and AT) (rebs *ycles tili3es <AD$ Acetyl *oA$ AD) and +AD !rod ces <AD.$ +AD.2$ *O2$ and AT) Electron Trans!ort *hain tli3ies AT)$ <AD. and +AD.2 !rod ces .2O$ AT)$ <AD$+AD readies the en3ymes to be sed again Terms En3yme AT)ase is sed to s!eed ! AT) brea#do'n AT) Synthesis rema#es the AT) AT) Adenosine Tri!hos!hate stores energy in bonds AT);AD) cycle cycle o" brea#ing and reb ilding to create energy O&idation loses electrons$ o&idi3ed -ed ction gains electrons$ red ced

 <AD <icotinamide Adenine Din cleotide coen3yme becomes <AD. 'ith 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen ion +AD +la1in Adenine Din cleotide becomes +AD.2 'ith 2 electrons and hydrogen ions . hydrite hydrogen 'ith 2 electrons +eeding .abits A totro!h sel" "eeders .eterotro!h other "eeders +ermentation 2actic or Alcoholic no o&ygen 'ine or yog rt 2actic Acid is "ormed d ring streno s e&ercise li1er ma#es lactic acid to !yr 1ic acid 2actic ra' materials gl cose !yr 1ic acid AD) <AD !rod cts lactic lactic acid <AD. AT) alcohol <AD. AT) *O2 )lastids organelles 'hich !er"orm synthesis and storage o" "ood in !lants and algae )hotolysis .2O brea#s do'n d e to light O goes to stomata to be released .2 is !ic#ed ! by <AD) to become <AD).

)hos!horylation changes AD) to AT)

)rocess S nlight energi3ed electrons )hotolysis )hos!horylation )roblem Too m ch S nlight stomata @o!eningA !re1ent esca!e o" O and enter o" *O2 )hotosynthesis 2ight -eaction ha!!ens in gran m de!endent on s nlight ra' materials .2O *O2 ) AD) )rod cts <AD). AT) Dar# -eaction ha!!ens in stroma %nde!endent -a' Materials <AD). *O2 AT) atmos!here@stomataA )rocess *O2 )ic#ed ! by - 4)@ -ib tose;1$5;4i!hos!hateA ?nstable ),A@)hos!hoglyceric AcidA AT) 4),A @4i!hos!hoglyceric acidA <AD).

 ),A2 @!hos!hoglycerahydeA *al1in *ycle - 4) !rocess -e!eats )rod cts ,l cose 19 AD) 12 <AD) - 4) @1H ),A2 storageA *ell Trans!ort in a )lant 'ater &yloem "ood !hloem

1.2.3.

3rd Term

Terms *hromosomes in charge o" carrying data to a ne' cell *homatid co!y o" a chromosome one arm Di!loid 2 sets o" data .a!loid 1 set o" data *ell )late di1ides a !lant cell *entrioles and *entromere in charge o" s!lit o" cell eD ator intersection o" chromatids *lea1age + rro' di1ides the organi3ed cell into 2 Somatic and germ cell ma#es ! the body o" the organism (inotochore 'here the microt b les go Mitosis a cell s!lits into 2 identical Meiosis se& al a cell di1ides into 4 ha!loids 'ith hal" chromoses o" each !arent Mitosis )ro!hase Early Middle s!indle "ibers are "ormed 2ate no more n clear membrane Meta!hase Ana!hase Telo!hase Ty!ical Animal 2i"e*ycle a M lticelled body e&!eriences Mitosis @di!loidA Meiosis ha!!ens ,ametes are sed @ha!loidA +ertili3ation occ rs

 a Iygote is "ormed @di!loidA ,ro's into a body and cycle contin es Meiosis 2 stages se& al cells stages %nter!hase gro's )ro!hase chiasmata !oint 'here the chromatids intersect mi&ing o" genes genetic combination o" chromosomes crosso1er e&change o" genes !airing ! o" homolog es chromosomes syna!ses Meta!hase nonidentical cells alignment o" homolog es chromosomes %nde!endent assortment o" homolog es choromosomes inde!endent mi&ingC!ositioning alignment !ossible tangling more D<A on 1 side Ana!hase does not s!lit sister choromatids still 2 co!ies Telo!hase % 2 !airs each )hase %% Mitosis 'ith Mi&ed *hromosomes Telo!hase %% 4 da ghter cells ha!loid sister chromatids are homologo s chromosomes 2 di1isions> Mitosis only ndergoes 1 Ana!hase does not se!erate chromosomes O1erall se!erate homologo s !arts$ not chromosomes *hiasmata does not s!lit Oogenesis occ rs in the o1aries

 Oo )arent *ell 1 da ghter cell and 3 !olar bodies Oogonia )rimary oocyte Secondary oocyte and 1 !loar De"initi1e oocyte and 3 !olar body S!ermatogenesis occ rs in the testes S!erma )arent *ell 4 da ghter cells Stermatogonia )rimary S!ermatocyte Secondary S!ermatocyte S!ermatids S!erma and Oo di!loid 4< Meiosis % .a!loid 2< Meiosis %% .a!loid < *hiasmata !ro!hase % 1ery im!ortant e&change o" genes Ad1antages o" Se& al e1ol tion di""erent genes Meiosis red ction di1ision S!ores nderside o" lea1es s!ots or !ods !lants and " ngi com!lete set "ern and mosses

Ase& al !arts are sed to re!rod ce <at ral or Arti"icial

 <at ral 4 lb onion$ lily$etc "leshy lea1es stores "ood *orm large stem scaly lea1es thin gabi$ gladiola T ber modi"ied rhi3ome "rom eyeCb d !otato -hi3ome ginger$ birds o" !aradise gro's hori3ontal iris gro's "rom nodes - nner and Stolon stra'berry$ berm da grass hori3ontal on gro nd -oots carrot$ radish$etc. +rom root 2ea" #ata#ata#a$ begonia "rom lea1es Arti"icial * tting c tting ne' roots c t to e&!ose more 2ayering c t r nners and !lant as indi1id al ,ra"ting c t 1 stem and !lace on another !lant 'oody !lants 4 dding !ro!agation Marcotting cocon t h s# e&!osed stem *loning 4ene"its "aster gro'th

+lo'ers )arts accessory Se!als s ally green !hotosynthesis lea" li#e to !rotect caly& )etals inside the se!als attracti1e lea";li"e to !rotect corola Together called the )erianth Stamen male 5 st remember staME< anther holds !ollen "ilament holds anther )istil "emale stigma catch !ollen style holds stigma trans!orts the !ollen o1 le contains o1ary )edicel "lo'er stem -ece!tacle 'here the "lo'er is attached to Te!als cannot tell !etal "rom se!al *om!lete has all 4 %ncom!lete less than 4 )er"ect has both male and "emale %m!er"ect

 has only one )ollen n clei generati1e gameto!hyte t be n cle s !ollen t be 2 n clei O1 le 2 n clei 2 n clei F 2 s!erm One becomes "r it Other becomes seed All are < S!erm F Egg < cle s Embryo 2 < clei F S!erm endos!erm "ood "or embryo Se& al Ad1antages !ro1ides characteristics genetic change or m tation control on s!read 1ariability Disad1antages ta#es more time co rtshi! needs 2 organism Male 1 cell 4 S!erm mat res in e!ididymis constant a"ter ! berty S!erm head n cle s ha!loid middle mitochondria energy ma#er tail "lagell m 'hi!;li#e

 Testes needs moderate tem!erat res hence o tside needs to be cool in 1 day$ !rod ces abo t 3H million E!ididymis storage and trans!ort S!erm m st !ass thro gh a sol tion that is basic in nat re +rom e!ididymis to 1as de"erens to rethra )asses thro gh 4 lbo rethal gland also #no' as *o'!er8s gland al#aline "l id l bricate rethra ne trali3e rine still there )rostate ,land clotting en3yme to ma#e semen a gelatino s sol tion to ma#e en1ironment in ter s more "riendly Seminal 7esicle !ro1ide "ood 7asectomy c ts 1as de"erens -ole o" gonads Male !rod ction o" testosterone !rod ct o" !otential s!erm +emale !rod ction estrogen !rod ction o" egg cells recei1e s!erm ha1e a !lace "or "ertili3ation +emale )arts o1aries release !rogesterone and estrogen release egg cell o1id ct system +allo!ian T bes 'here egg cells !ass Ecto!ic )regnancy "et s "orms here one 'ill die "or s re ?ter s @'ombA egg attaches to lining

 *er1i& connects ter s and 1agina @birth canalA 7agina o!ening to the inner genitilia 1 l1a or e&ternal genitilia e&ternal organs O1 lation ,i1es blood to ter s blood in ter s is released in menstration discharge o" egg cell "rom cor! s l te m egg cells are being !rod ced be"ore birth only de1elo!s a"ter ! berty *om!arison Male 2H;3H million s!erm in a day +emale 4HH in a li"etime Menstr al *ycle +ollicle o1arian "ollicle gro's to " ll mat riry O1 lation ri! "ollicle releases an o1 m *or! s 2 te m ter s changes in !re!aration "or im!lantation Menstr al +lo' lining o" ter s disintegrates and "lo's o t ?sed as a de"ense mechanism to cleans organ and blood ,enetics ,regor Mendel +ather o" ,enetics )henoty!e ad5ecti1e ,enoty!e ,ene .etero3ygo s di""erent genes .omo3ygo s same genes Allele one o" 2 alternati1e "orms Dominant Trait al'ays sho's -ecessi1e Trait doesn8t sho' i" dominant is !resent

 .eredity !assing o" traits 2a's 2a' o" Dominance One trait 'ill sho'Cmas# another 2a' o" %nde!endent Assortment Assortment o" 1 trait does not a""ect other traits 2a' o" Segregation games gene se!erates to ma#e "emaleCmale cell ) nnett SD are li#e a m lti!lication table "or alleles to sho' !ossible o tcomes

1.3Chemistry 1.3.1. 1st Term

States o" Matter Solid 2iD id ,as )lasma ma#es ! s!ace aro nd stars can be core o" star e1en magnetic "ields can be sed as magnetic treatment 4ose;Einstein *ondensate@4E*A "o nd at H( sed in D ant m !hysics !ossess D ant m !ro!erties 2iD id *rystal "lo's li#e a liD id b t molec les are arranged li#e a solid

 sed in tele1ision sets @2*DA biological @!hos!holi!idsA )ro!erty Density Sol bility Sha!e and 7ol me Di"" sion Motion )article Arrangement *om!ressibility Solid .igh 7ery Slo' +i&ed 7ery Slo' 7ery 2ittle *losely )ac#ed E&tremely Di""ic lt 2iD id Medi m Slo'er than ,as ,as 2o' -eadily sol ble

+i&ed 7ol me$ no sha!e +ills container$ no "i&ed 1ol me Slo'er than ,as +reely <ot 'idely !ac#ed Di""ic lt Easily 7ery +reely =idely Se!erated Easily

Ty!es o" *hange )hysical *hange change in a!!earance "olding$ cr m!ling$etc *hemical *hange change in com!osition changes in odor$ color$etc. Acid F 4ase J Salt F =ater <e trali3ation$ e&othermic Energy *hange 2a' o" *onser1ation Energy can only be changed ne1er made or lost *hange ha!!ening in the System and S rro nding E&K Sol tion and *ontainer$ res!ecti1ely Ty!es E&othermic releases heat to the s rro ndings remember EL!losi1e ELothermic Endothermic absorbs heat "rom the s rro ndings All dis!lacement and ne trali3ation reactions are e&othermic in nat re E1a!oration is endothermic in nat re Matter )hysical )ro!erties based on ob5ect

 si3e etc *hemical )ro!erties based on *hemical *om!osition *omb stion etc Other Ty!es %ntensi1e not based on amo nt density$etc can be sed to disting ish com!osition E&tensi1e de!ends on amo nt 1ol me$ length$ etc can8t be sed to determine ratio o" 2 e&tensi1e !ro!erties @grams$ literA gi1es an intensi1e

*lassi"ication o" Matter Matter ) re S bstance cannot be bro#en by !hysical means *om!o nds 4ro#en by *hemical means matter that has a "i&ed com!osition and distinct !ro!erties Element 1 atom Mi&t re )hysically *ombined each s bstance retains res!ecti1e !ro!erties .omogeneo s Sol tion Sol te F Sol1ent does not settle smallest !article ?ni"orm loo# .eterogeneo s S s!ension one or more com!onents are large largest !articles 'ill settle @ 1 JM com!onentsA !articles seen 'ith na#ed eye *olloid

 !article si3e bet'een s s!ension and sol tion does not settle Se!eration TechniD es Mi&t res .etero Decantation let coarse !articles settle mechanical trans"er solid and liD id s s!ension +iltration )or os Membrane "iltrate can be liD id or solid heterogeno s mi&t res *entri" gation s!in "ast centri" gal "orce li"ts the lighter s bstance 'eightCdensity colloid .omo E1a!oration remo1es liD id get resid e Distillation @sim!leA liD id;liD id or solid;liD id getting the liD id di""erences in boiling !oint e1a!oration G condensation +ractional Distillation small di""erences in boiling !oint getting many liD id *hromatogra!hy se!eration o" !igments sol bility and absor!tion Sol1ent sho ld not to ch sol te sol ble J mo1es "aster *rystalli3ation ) ri"y liD id;solid mi& se!erate solid s !er sat rated sol tion more sol te than sol1ent can handleChold a"ter$ "ilter$ then brea# the nstable bonds o" the s !ersat rated sol tion Meas rement

 ho' many n nits in something D antitati1e in"ormation

Scienti"ic <otation < & 1H& < J 1M < M 1H L J e&!onent Mo1ing decical !lace to the le"t !ositi1e e&!onent right negati1e e&!onent to get original "rom S< !ositi1e mo1e to the right negati1e mo1e to the le"t Signi"icant +ig res all non;3ero 3eroes bet'een non;3ero not 3eroes leading a"ter the last non;3ero$ 3ero may or may not i" a"ter decimal$ then trailing are signi"icant i" no decimal !lace$ not signi"icant e&act has in"inity in short i" there is a decimal !oint$ "rom "irst non;3ero "rom the le"t then co nt to the right i" there is no decimal !oint$ "rom "irst non;3ero "rom the right then co nt to the le"t System %nternational @S%A +rench bases o" 1H N + ndamental O antities 2ength meter m Mass #ilogram #g Time second s Tem!erat re

 (el1in (

Amo nt mole mol Electric Am!ere am! 2 mino sity candela cd )re"i&es "or the nits ,iga : , Mega E M (ilo 3 # .ecto 2 h De#a 1 D or d# Deci ;1 d *enti ;2 c Milli ;3 m Micro ;E P

<ano

 ;: n )ico ;12 ! =hen dealing 'ith these$ remember than mo1ing do'n'ards$ 5 st get the di""erence o" the t'o nits 'hile 'hen mo1ing !'ards$ get the negati1e di""erence Area

SD are s&s s2 -ectangle l' *ircle Qr2

7ol me * be s3 -ectang lar )rism l'h *ylinder Qr2h S!here @Qr2A 4C3 Density mass J density & 7ol me Tem!erat re ( J * F 2N3.15 * J 5@";32AC: + J @1.9A* F 32 Ancient Theory on Elements Aristotle 4 elements can only be di1isible to smallest !iece the atom Dalton Tiny s!heres indestr ctable "ission )roton$ ne tron R electron

 Same element J same atoms> Di""erent element J di""erent atoms isoto!es Matter is ne1er lost De"inite -atio 3 2a's o" *hemical *ombination *onser1ation o" Mass 'hen 2 reactants combine the !rod ct has the same mass De"inite )ro!ortion no matter 'here it came "rom$ the com!o nd 'ill al'ays ha1e the same !ro!ortions M lti!le )ro!ortions same elements$ di""erent combination$ di""erent !ro!ortions Scientists Dalton 4illiard 4all Model Atomic Theory 1st !ost late indi1isible atom th s his model +araday atoms ha1e charge Thomson disco1ered electrons )l m ) dding Model cathode ray e&!eriment "rom cathode electron ray is a !article that8s charge and mass Milli#an oil dro! e&!eriment charge o" electron together 'ith Thomson mass K charge ratio ,oldstein anodeCcanal ray !ass thro gh holes ions$ !ositi1e chage 4eD erel radiation )ierre and Marie * rie radioacti1ity )oloni m and -odi m - ther"ord al!ha @FA !article$ beta@;A !article and gamma ray@ne tralA

 n clear model n cle s atom is em!ty s!ace !roton *had'ic# ne tron no charge same mass as !roton in n cle s 4ohr solar system model electrons "ollo' an orbit at a "i&ed distance Schrodinger D ant m mechanics !article and 'a1e D antim mechanic modelC electron clo d model not e&act !lace D ant m !hysics can8t ha1e !lace and mo1ement e&actly orbital !robable !lace o" electron %soto!es same e; and !F di""erent n mber o" ne trons di""erent mass @nHF!FA Di""erent n mber o" !rotons J sed to di""erentiate elements %ons are atoms 'ith charge A J Mass < mber Mass o" the element I J Atomic n mber < mber see abo1e the element on the !eriodic table I J !F J e ; A J !F F nH *ation

!ositi1e ion e ; M !F negati1e ion e;S!F

Anion

O ant m < mbers !ro!erty o" electrons and orbitals

4 < mbers 1st small n total energy le1el o" electron any !ositi1e integer main energy o" orbital nd 2 small l ang lar moment m sha!e H M & M n;1 relation T shell T s bshell rd 3 small m orientation o" orbital any n mber "rom ;l to F l s H H ! 1 ;1$H$1 d 2 ;2$;1$H$1$2 " 3 ;3$;2$;1$H$1$2$3

A "ba )rinci!le electrons starts 'ith the lo'est energy le1el )a li8s E&cl sion )rinci!le electrons m st ha1e o!!osite s!ins i" in the same orbital . nd8s - le the "irst s!in to be "illed is al'ays ! %n other 'ords 4ottom to ?! A "ba Singles +irst . nd8s O!!osite s!ins )a li

1.3.2. 2nd Term )eriodic Table systematic organi3ation by atomic n mber and chemicalC!hysical !ro!erties )eriod reg lar inter1al ro' .istory Do"einer triads <e'lands la' o" octa1es increase in atomic mass

 Meyer increase in atomic mass Mendelee1 "irst !eriodic table Moreley increasing atomic n mber A "amily re!resentati1e s and ! bloc# 4 "amily transitional d and " bloc# *ol mns s "irst 2 col mns al#aline ! last E col mns d 3rd; 12th col mn transitional " lo'est 2 ro's inner transition or synthetic +amily the name "or the col mn "amily or gro ! 1 al#aline metal most metallic e&ce!t "or . reacts 1iolently 'ith 'ater 2 al#aline earth not as metallic 13;1E combination o" metal$ non;metal and metalloids named by 1st elemen

 1N halogen "amily salt "ormers 19 noble gas nreacti1e Ty!es o" Elements Metals cond ctors lose electrons dense corrodes <on;metal not malleable tends to gain electrons !oor cond ctor not l stro s lo' density Mentalloids solid can be shiny or d ll li#e metal and non;metal middle gro nd these are namely 4oron Silicon ,ermani m Arsenic Antimony Teller m )oloni m )eriodic Table R Electron *on"ig ration !eriod J main energy le1el bloc# J s ble1el "amily J n mber o" electrons )eriodic Trends

Metallic )ro!erty to! to bottom increase d e to lo'er elements ha1ing an easier time losing electrons le"t to right decreases d e to easier to gain electrons Atomic si3e radi s distance o" n cle s to 1alence electron to! to bottom increase beca se o" increase in energy le1el decrease in attraction bet'een n cle s and 1alence le"t to right decrease beca se o" increase in n clear attraction %onic Si3e charged atoms metals !ositi1e charge cation non;metals negati1e charge anion more negati1e larger ionic si3e e&am!le <a S <aF1 %oni3ation Energy energy needed to remo1e an electron ho' strong yo r atoms holds on to an electron to! to bottom decr ease in n clear attraction le"t to right increase in energy Electron A""inity ability to attract electrons to! to bottom decrease d e to metallic !ro!erty le"t to right increase Electronegati1ity

the ability to attract electrons in a bond to! to bottom decrease le"t to right increase

*hemical 4onding ho' interaction o" electrons 'hy attain stability 1alence shell has 9 electrons con"ig ration o" noble gases 2EDS 2e'is Electron Dot Str ct re O&idation < mber the n mber o" electrons lostCgained by an atom to become stable ,ro ! 1A needs to lose 1 some goes "or gro ! 2A @needs to lose 2A and 3A@needs to lose 3A ,ro ! 4A can need or lose 4 ,ro ! 5A needs to gain 3 same goes "or gro ! gro ! EA@needs to gain 2A and NA@needs to gain 1A - les Octet - le 9 7alence electrons D et 2 7alence electrons 4onds %onic Metal F <on;Metal there is a gain and lose o" electrons electrostatic

 has charge *o1alent <on;Metal F <on Metal sharing o" electrons eD al sharing Metallic Metal F Metal sea o" electrons %ntramolec lar bet'een elements Electrostatic o!!osite charge strong bonds )ro!erties o" 4onds %onic high melting and boiling !oint lo' therman and electric loc#ed in crystal solid in liD id disassociates ma#es "ree ions *o1alent non !olar eD al share .2$ *l2$ etc same element$ same eletronegati1ity !olar non eD al di""erent electronegati1ity lo' melting and boiling !oint no strong bonds to brea# Metallic sea o" electrons loose electrons "lo' delocali3ed

 shared by all cond cts 'ell energy$ heat -esonant Str ct re 'hen dra'ing the 2EDS$ there is a certain ncertainty on ho' bonding 'or#s th s in cases li#e <O2$ there are more than 1 !ossible str ct res E&ce!tions on - les o" 4onding Odd n mber o" electrons %ncom!lete Octet 4oron 4eryli m .alides more than octet S l" r )hos!hor s Anything a"ter !eriod 3 this is beca se o" the e&tra s!ace in the d and " s b le1el *hemical -eactions
1. %ndications o" chemical change 1. color change 2. odor change 3. "ormation o" 1. !reci!itate 2. ne' s bstance 4. energy abosrbedC "ormed 5. !rod ction o" solidCgas *hemical ED ation * F O JS *O2 solid carbon reacts 'ith o&ygen gas to "orm carbom dio&ide gas describing chemical change reactants JS !rod cts indicate states *a@O.A2 F . *l JS *a*l2 F .2O Dissol1ed calci m hydro&ide reacts 'ith hydrochloric acid to "orm dissol1ed calci m chloride and liD id 'ater =hen nonmetal they cannot e&ist alone namely

O2 *l2 %2 +2 4r2 .2 <2

O&ygen gas reacts 'ith solid co!!er to "orm co!!er@%%A o&ide$ solid O2 @gAF * @sA JS * O@sA Ty!es o" *hemical -eactions Synthesis or *om!osition or *ombination A F 4 G A4 Decom!osition A4 G A F 4 Single Dis!lacement A4 F* G A* F 4 or 4* F A Do ble Dis!lacement A4 F *D G AD F *4 or A* F 4D Dis!lacement "ollo's this only things abo1e an element can re!lace it .alogen + *l 4r % -eacti1ity Series 2i @most reacti1eA ( 4a *a <a Mg Al Mn In *r +e *o <i Sn )b .

 * Ag .g )l @least reacti1eA *omb stion *om!lete *&.y F O2 G *O2 F .2O %ncom!lete *&.y F O2 G *O F .2O )redicting )rod cts 4ased on ty!es o" reactions 4alancing 2a' o" *onser1ation o" Mass ma#e s re all the elements are eD al Translating ma#ing elements into 'ords and 1ice 1erse @stateA@elementA reacts 'ith @stateA@elementA to "orm @stateA@!rod ctA

1.3.3.

3rd Term

A1ogadro8s n mber "or e1ery 1 mole E.H2 & 1H23 molec lesCatomsC"orm la nits ionic "orm la nit co1alent molec le element or metallic atom Molar +orm la #gCmol or more commonly$ gCmol moles !er amo nt o" s bstance ty!es +orm la Mass

 mass o" an ionic com!o nd Atomic Mass mass o" an element or metallic com!o nd Molec lar Mass mass o" a co1alent com!o nd in atomic mass nit @am A relati1e molec lar mass mass K 1C12 o" *arbon 12 Moles o" S bstance & Molar Mass J Act al Mass +or doing any con1ersionK

mole mole mass x x mass mole mole

2imiting -eactant bet'een t'o reactants$ it is the one that 'ill !rod ce less !rod ct the other is said to be in e&cess$ e&cess reactant Ste!s =rite the com!leted balanced eD ation con1ert reactants to !rod ct Determine the 2- by the res lts @less !rod ctA )ercent Yield ratio o" ho' m ch
PY =

actual x 1HH theoretical

act al doing the e&!eriment theoretical this is the !rod ct gotten by sol1ing the eD ation ma&im m !ossible amo nt o" !rod ct "rom gi1en reactants E&!ressing *oncentrations *oncentration sol te amo nt in sol1ent meas rement Dil te less sol te *oncentrated more sol te )ercentage *om!osition !arts !er million !!m ( mg solute ) ( L solution )

*olloids medi m si3ed !articles Tyndall E""ect allo's light thro gh o!aD eCclo dy *lassi"ication dis!ersed !articles @sol teA and dis!ersed medi m @sol1entA classi"ied based on state o" sol1ent Ty!es )hase o" colloid ,as ,as 2iD id 2iD id 2iD id Solid Solid Solid Medi m ,as ,as 2iD id 2iD id 2iD id Solid Solid Solid )article 2iD id Solid ,as 2iD id Solid ,as 2iD id Solid Ty!e 2iD id aerosol Solid aerosol +oam 2iD id Em lsion ,elCSol Solid +oam Solid Em lsionC,el Solid Sol

4ro'nian Motion ra!id$ random$ 3ig3ag motion interaction o" !article mo1ement Adsor!ti1e )ro!erty ability to hold on s r"ace Electrical *harge E""ect attract same charge li#e charge re!el does not aggregate or !reci!itate

1.% Physics 1.%.1. 1st Term

)hysics The 4asic Science the interaction bet'een mass and energy )hysics G *hemistry G 4iology +act obser1ed in agreement by com!etent obser1ers .y!othesis reasonable e&!lanation becomes "act al !on re!etiti1e testing 2a'C)rinci!le relationshi! o" nat ral D antities

 general hy!othesis tested o1er and o1er in a sit ation Scienti"ic Method organi3ed !ossibly serendi!itio s Theory 1eri"ied hy!othesis abo t certain as!ects !ossible e1ol tion Scienti"ic Attit de 'illing to abandon ideas acce!t "indings des!ite di""erence e&!erts at changing minds Science$ Art$ -eligion Science G cosmic order Art G cosmic art -eligion G cosmic ! r!ose Scienti"ic <otation e&!ress D antities n & 1Hn i" o1er 1HHH$ or less than .HH1 E&am!lesK S!eed o" light G 3 & 1H9 mCs Distance o" nearest star G 1.5 & 1H11 m -adi s o" neon atom G 3.5 & 1H;11 m O!erations Addition or S btraction only !ossible i" the same e&!onent "or 1H M lti!lication m lti!ly the base$ then add the e&!onents o" 1H Di1ision D otient o" base$ then s btract the e&!onents o" 1H )hysics R its 4ranches Mechanics s!eed$motion and the "orces Thermodynamics heat So nd R =a1e Motion so nds and 'a1es Electricity R Magnetism charges$ electrons

 O!tics light Modern )hysics D ant m> s!eed o" light$ relati1ity Motion is relati1e se!eration "rom a re"erence !oint -e"erence "i&ed !oint 'here 'e re"er motion can be anything 9HHH mCs G rotation o" earth (inematics the branch o" mechanics 'itho t re"erence to the "orces that ca se motion distance$ dis!lacement$ s!eed$ 1elocity )hysical O antities Scalar magnit de only distance !ath ta#en 7ector magnit de and direction dis!lacement shortest straight line "rom initial !osition and "inal !osition

Motion is -elati1e S!eed ho' "ast an ob5ect is mo1ing distance C time 1J dCt G distance 1 J dCt G dis!lacement %nstanteneo s S!eed 'hat yo read in that instant A1erage S!eed a1erage J total distance co1eredC time inter1al 7elocity s!eed 'ith direction s!eed is scalar$ 1elocity is 1ector *onstant 7elocity same s!eed$ same direction

 it is !ossible to ha1e constant s!eed and not 1elocity Acceleration increase and decrease o" s!eed change in state o" motion s!eeding ! G 1elocity and acceleration are in the same direction slo'ing do'n G o!!osite direction a!!lies to change in direction rate o" changing 1elocity *hange in s!eed no directional change change in s!eedC time inter1al J acceleration in a straight line s!eed !er time gra1ity increase !er second :.9mCsCs J :.9mCs2 -ate at 'hich 1elocity changes aJU1CUt J @1" ; 1iACt" ; ti "J "inal> % J initial +ree +all dro!!ed or thro'n do'n are "ree "alling -ed ctio;ad;Abs rd m +ree +alling Ob5ects "alling "ree o" air resistance b t only beca se o" gra1ity acceleration beca se o" gra1ity is at :.9 mCs2 7JgCt > 1J s!eedC1elocity$ gJ gra1ity$ tJ time dJ1C2 gt2 G distance )ro5ectile Motion .ori3ontal and 7ertical Motion are inde!endent o" one another .ori3ontal Motion is constant$ does not change MotionCTra5ectory has 2 !arts. 7ertical and .ori3ontal *om!limentary angles ha1e the same distance$ b t di""erent "light time 4igger 7y $ longer "light time 45H has the most range :HH has the highest distance C SE 1 & 'ori(ontal Pro)ection d& J 7&t dy J V gt2 7y J gt ; 'e can se this beca se 7y starts "rom HmCs

This is li#e a ball "alling o"" a table

Or thin# o" a canon then ! t it on to! o" a !lane then shoot at HH So 5 st remember that this is at H degrees C SE 2 & ngled Pro)ection .ori3ontal is constant -J 7&t"light

7&J 7icosW

7ertical is !resent 7y J 7isinW t !J 7yCg dyJ V gt !2 Acceleration is :.9 mCs2 or sim!le 1H mCs2

<E=TO< 1st 2a' B 2a' o" %nertia Aristotle B )hiloso!her @ belie1ed the air behind the ob5ect mo1ed itA ,alileo B Modern )hiloso!her @ stated that a mo1ing ob5ect stays mo1ingA <e'ton ;)hysicist @e&!anded the detailsA 2a' o" %nertia An ob5ect remains at rest or in ni"orm motion in a straight line nless it is com!elled to change by an e&ternally im!osed "orce. More MassK More %nertia Mass is constant$ =eight de!ends on gra1ity 2a' o" Acceleration Acceleration is directly !ro!ortional to "orce and in1ersely !ro!ortional to mass. The direction is al'ays the same as the nbalanced "orce +netJ ma < J "orce$ or #g & mCs2

2a' o" Action;-eaction +or e1ery action done to an ob5ect$ there is an eD al and o!!osite reaction this means that i" the Earth is ! lling an a!!le do'n$ then the a!!le is ! lling the Earth !

1.%.2.
%m! lse

2nd Term

it is a change in moment m m V =I F t=I m V =F t Moment m m1 inertia o" an ob5ect to stay in motion P 1= P 2 m1 v 1= m2 v 2 The 2a' o" *onser1ation o" Moment m %n the absence o" an e&ternal "orce$ the moment m o" a system remains nchanged Moment m be"ore the collision sho ld be eD al to the moment m a"ter P( net a) = P( net b)

m1 v 1+ m2 v 2 =m2 v ' 2+ m1 v ' 1

Ty!es o" *ollisions Elastic a"ter collisions$ the ob5ects do not stic# together %nelastic a"ter collisions$ the ob5ects stic# together m1 v 1+ m2 v 2 =V f ( m1+m2 ) ( m 1 v 1+ m 2 v 2 ) Vf= ( m 1+ m 2) E&!losions ; m1 v 1=m2 v 2 +rom rest to o!!osite direction =or# and )o'er =or# in1ol1es a change in a system sing energy

W = F d cos

= J 'or# + J "orce in <e'tons d J distance in meters cos J the angle bet'een + and d 6o le is the nit o" 'or# meas res e""ects o" a "orce acting o1er a distance motion in the direction o" the "orce 3ero i" there is no motion or i" motion is !er!endic lar to "orce

=or# is ma& 'hen =H or =19H most amo nt o" "riction 'hen "orce is !arallel to dis!lacement Min$ no 'or# is done$ 'hen =:H or =2NH 'hen "orce is !er!endic lar to dis!lacement ?nits o" =or# 6o le <e'ton;meter @< mA "oot;!o nd @ "t lbA (( kg ) m2 ) s2 =or# done by gra1ity li"ting an ob5ect or going ! stairs W = mgh m J mass

 g J gra1ity @:.9mCs2A h J height

W = K

=or# scalar since it is only a gain or loss o" energy <egati1e 'or# is "orce a!!lied o!!osite to dis!lacement 6o le

named a"ter 6ames ). 6o le "irst la' o" thermodynamics s!inning 'ater "ast increases tem!

=or# can be done at di""erent rates in1ol1es trans"er o" energy "aster 'or#$ D ic#er energy )o'er meas re o" ho' "ast 'or# can be done rate at 'hich energy is trans"erred nit is in 'att or horse!o'er 'hich is N4E 'atts )o'er J time J
Work

( F d cos ) ( m g h ) J J F V cos time time

=or# in relation is (inetic Energy +orm la <egati1e "orce J :H <<2NH =or# e""iciency ho' e""icient the machine is ( work output ) x 1HH ( work input ) the "raction m st be less than or eD al to one times a h ndred to ma#e it !ercentage Energy ability to do 'or# Mo1ement is energy comes "rom /en0@inA and /ergon0 @'or#A literally means 'or# in able to !rod ce a change in the en1ironmnt

 meas red by amo nt o" 'or# one is ca!able to do meas red in 6o les +orms mechanical radiant chemical thermal electrical n clear All "orms are #inetic in some 'ay

Energy can only be trans"ormed$ ne1er created nor destroyed. Mechanical (inetic energy o" motion
1 K = mv 2 2

)otential stored energy relati1e gra1itational !otential "orce d e to !osition !P = mgh s!ring energy li#e a r bber band Adding energy G !ositi1e -emo1ing energy G negati1e Same moment m$ di""erenet energy ; biased on 1elocity *onser1ation o" Mechanical Energy -ecall )E J mgh (EJ V m12 (E J )E V m12 J mgh

v = ( 2gh )

=J +D =J mgh Also 1Jgt

t= (

2d ) g V = ( 2dg) V =g (

2d ) g

Mechanical Ad1antage F output d input = "# = F input d output Total Mechanical Energy TME J (E F )E K i+ P i= K f + P See also K E&!eriment Egg Dro! *ollision %nclined )lane

1.%.3.

3rd Term

=a1e Motion the energy trans"erred by a 'a1e "rom a 1ibrating so rce to a recei1er is carried by a dist rbance in a medi m +reD ency ho' many cycles !er second denoted by " ( number of c$cles ) f= 1s meas red in hert3 )eriod ho' seconds "or a cycle denoted by T ( number of seconds) %= ( 1 c$cle ) -elationshi!

1 % 1 %= f f=

(inds Electro Magnetic tra1els in a 1ac m e&K light Mechanical needs a medi m to tra1el e&K so nd$'ater Ty!es Trans1erse motion o" the medi m is !er!endic lar to the direction in 'hich the 'a1e tra1els Yo mo1e the slin#y ! and done$ the slin#y mo1es to the le"tCright 2ongit dinal !articles oscillate !arallel to or along the direction o" the 'a1e =a1es can bo nce bac# 1 'a1e J ! lse <o air@medi mA$ no so nd =a1es trans"er energy 'itho t trans"erring matter

S!eed o" a =a1e

it is 'a1elength@ m A m lti!lied to "reD ency@ s A V = f So nd s!eed de!ends on the !ro!erties o" the medi n in the same medi m 'a1elength and "reD ency 1ary in1ersly as 'a1elength increases$ medi m decreases and 1ice 1ersa So nd !rod ced "rom 1ibrations mechanical 'a1e longit dinal 'a1e tra1els in all normal states o" matter cannot tra1el in a 1ac m since nothing 'ill 1ibrate "reD ency o" so nd J "reD ency o" 1ibrations Terms *om!ression !art o" the 'a1e 'here molec les are together -are"action

 !art o" the 'a1e 'here molec les are s!read o t -esonance 'hen t'o ob5ects ha1e the same nat ral "reD ency Sonic S!ectr m all so nd 'a1es %n"rasonic =a1es cannot be heard by . man Ears belo' 2H hert3 @M2H.3A A dible -ange heard by h mans range decreases as one ages "rom 2H hert3 to 2H$HHH hert3 @2H.3M&M2H(.3A ?ltrasonic cannot be heard by h mans abo1e 2H$HHH hert3 @S2H(.3A )itch s b5ecti1e im!ression o" the "reD ency high "$ high !itch S!eed o" So nd 1aries 'ith the tem!erat re meaning the energy o" the molec les in the air hotter$ mo1e more and colder$mo1e less Thin# ho' 'hen it8s cold$ it8s easier to be la3y At normal tem!erat re @2Ho*A and !ress re @ 1 AT)A 343mCs %ncrease o" .EmCs !er degree di""erence "rom 2Ho*

V s=

343m (( % 2H & ) .E m ) + s s

V s=

331m (( % ) .E m ) + s s

So nd %ntensity sD are o" the am!lit de meas red in 'atts !er sD. meter w m2 lo'est intensity heard by h man ear threshold o" hearing
1 x 1H
12

W m2

s!read o1er greater area$ red ce intensity !o'er o1er distance

The Decibel Scale based on !o'ers o" ten logarithmic intensity scale 12 W =1 ' =1H d' 1 x 1H m2 1 bel J 1H decibel Di""erence in bells J 1Hn times greater 5Hd4C54 1HH times greater than 3Hd4C34 1HHH times greater than 2Hd4C24 2o dness h man !erce!tion ro ghly decibel s b5ecti1e res!onse +orced 7ibrations tendency o" an ob5ect to "orce another into 1ibrational motion "orce others to 1ibrate <at ral +reD ency i" an elastic material is dist rbed "reD ency at 'hich minin m energy is reD red to "orce 1ibration ) re Tone 1ibrates at 1 "reD ency ca ses a sine 'a1e that is smooth M sic 1ibrates at m lti!le$ related "reD encies many !ea#s <oise 1ibrates at m lti!le "reD encies 'ith no relation 1ery 5agged -esonance 'hen one ob5ect 1ibrates at the same 1ibrational motion o" a second ob5ect and "orces the second ob5ect to 1ibrate as 'ell leads to dramatic increase in the am!lit de s m o" the am!lit des can ca se geometric sha!es %nter"erence occ rs in longit dinal and trans1erse 'a1es in !hase same com!ression

 leads to constr cti1e inter"erence 'ill increase intensity s m o" am!lit des o t o" !hase di""erent com!ressions destr cti1e inter"erence decrease intensity 4eats slightly di""erent "reD encies does not maintain a constant !hase relationshi! alternating rein"orcement and cancellation higher "reD ency B lo'er "reD ency J beats !er second

Do!!ler E""ect mo1ing 'ith a constant "reD ency closer 'a1es@seemingly higher "reD encyA in same direction as mo1ement "arther 'a1es@seemingly lo'er "reD encyA in o!!osite direction o" mo1ement greater s!eed$ greater e""ect change in !itch

Electromagnetic@EMA S!ectr m electrical "ield region in 'hich charged !articles can be ! shed and ! lled electromagnetic 'a1es tran1erse does not need a medi m 1ibrations in electrical and magnetic "ields S!eed o" EM =a1es 3HH$HHH$HHH mCs
3 x 1H 9 m s km 3 x 1H 5 s

=hen electrons 1ibrate$ they !rod ce Electrical "reD encies 'hich in t rn !rod ce Magnetic "reD encies th s it being electromagnetic 'a1es =a1e )article D ality

 'a1es or stream o" !articles D ant m le1el 2ight can be a !article )hotoelectric e""ect light can #noc# o"" electrons EM =a1es Ty!es -adio'a1es longest lo'est "reD ency Ty!es AM am!lit de mod lation bo nces o"" ionos!here (h3 +M "reD ency mod lation straight line into s!ace i" sent to ionos!here M.3 micro'a1es can be considered !art o" radio 'a1es com!ared to radio 'a1es shortest highest "reD ency -ADA radio detection and ranging 4read b rnt to s!eed o" light in"rared rays belo' red sed to heat things Thermal Energy Thermogram !ict re sho's di""erent tem!erat res o" the body 1isible light shorter higher "reD ency 'e see longest red shortest 1ioletC! r!le most sensiti1e to yello' and green -OY,4%7 ?ltra1iolet com!ared to 1isible light shorter

 higher "reD ency more energy than 1isible sed to #ill bacteria ca ses s#in to !rod ce 7itamin D@+or teeth and boneA treat 5a ndice can ca se s#in cancer L;ray com!ared to ?7 shorter higher "reD ency great amo nt o" energy !enetrate most matter bones and teeth absorb &rays ,amma ray shortest 'a1elength highest "reD ency greatest amo nt o" energy !enetrate most matter radiation treation harm" l in 'rong hands can ca se cells to m tate All o" these tra1el at the same s!eed %n1erse "reD ency and 'a1elength higher "reD ency$ more energy

So nd De"raction bends aro nd corners hence need to o!en door to hear 'hat is o tside S!eed o" 2ight ni1ersal constant lightyear distance light tra1els in a year 2ight emitted "rom 1ibrating electrons 'a1e is !artly electric and !arty magnetic Abso!rtion o" 2ight 'hen light it at same "reD encies as electrion$ resonance occ rs large am!lit de 1ibration leads to heat light has been absorbed in"rared is absorbed by 1anadi m

Transmission o" 2ight not same "reD encies no resonance only 1ibrates "or short time 2ight in ,lass glass absorbs ?7@ 1ibrates atomA and %n"rared@1ibrates glass str ct ceA d e to resonant "reD encies transmits 1isible Transl cent Materials !artial transmission has distortion or di"" sion O!aD e Materials no light is transmitted light is either absorbed or re"lected Shado' ca sed by interce!tion o" light 'a1es by o!aD e materials light tra1els in a straight line Ty!es ?mbra com!letely bloc# )en mbra only a region a#a !artially bloc# Ant mbra 'ithin disc o" light so rce !art o" the so rce is act ally bloc#ed +og Shado's dense "og gi1es 3D e""ect ca se by ga!s in str ct re Ecli!se astronomical e1ent sy3ygy alignment o" 3 celestial bodies body co1ers light$ lea1ing a shado' on another Ty!e Solar moon bet'een earth and s n 2 nar earth bet'een moon and s n

)olari3ation ma#ing light tra1el in 1 !lane non;!olari3ed means that light is scattered once !olari3ed$ has !olari3ation a&is a&is 'hich the light tra1els on Ty!es o" )olari3ation Transmission se o" a "ilter by only allo'ing light to tra1el in 1 !lane and absorbing the rest sed in s nglasses to red ce glare and !olari3ation "ilm -e"lection re"lection o" light on a s r"ace$ li#e 'ater !olari3ation is !arallel to the re"lection -e"ratction ha1ing the light !ass thro gh a medi m or !rism !olari3ation is !er!endic lar to the re"lection Scattering 'hen light hits molec le$ the molec le reemits the resonant light in all direction smaller molec le$ higher "reD ency Additi1e intensity adds ! mi&ing di""erent light so rces /a1erage0 o" t'o colors *olor S!ectr m *om!limentary *olors 'hen t'o colors add ! to 'hite s ally a !rimary color and the secondary made by the other t'o !rimary red and cyan$ yello' and bl e$ magenta and green can be "o nd by staring at a color "or a !eriod o" time$ then loo#ing at a 'hite 'all )rimary *olors -ed$ ,reen$ 4l e ends !l s center o" color s!ectr m together they "orm 'hite Secondary *olors combination o" 2 !rimary colors yello'@redFgreenA$ magenta @redFbl eA$ cyanCaD a@ bl e F greenA S btraction adding o" absor!tion .o' =e See 2ight

the light 'e see i" the light -E+2E*TED by the ob5ect 'hen 'hite light hits a green shoe$ the shoe A4SO-4S e1erything@-OY4%7A b t green -E+2E*TS green

Are 4lac# and =hite colorsX 4lac# no light is re"lection =hite all "reD encies o" light is re"lected =e only see things by their re"lection 4lac# 4ody absorbs all light =hy %s The S#y 4l eX Atmos!here made ! o" tiny air molec les hit by s nlight 2ight tra1els in a straight line lest dist rbed by molec les longer J lo'er "reD ency B less energy 4l e mostly scattered Molec les absorb the light and radiate it once more .igh " J hit more J stay in area 4l e midday scattered -ed s nrise s nset ,reen s nset %n short$ the s#y is bl e beca se 'hen the light "rom the s n reaches the earth$ the closest !art is "illed 'ith molec les 'hich are hit by bl e8s high "reD encyCn mero s 'a1es. Th s it scatters bl e. As the light contin es to tra1el$ the longer 'a1elengths start hitting molec les$ scattering them$ ma#ing s nsets red since na bos na y ng bl e sa mala!it sa s n. -e"ration bending o" light as it changes medi m O!tical Density meas re o" ho' m ch absorbtion A1erage s!eed di""ers beca se o" changes in absorbtion and transmission +ermat8s )rinci!le 2ight ta#es the shortest !ath thro gh a medi m

 longer J less de1iation +ish Eye 7ie' Total %nternal -e"lection mo1ement is "rom more to less dense medi m angle o" incidence is greater than critical *ritical Angle right angle 'hen re"lection is !arallel to medi m 2ight )i!ing and O!tical +ibers -ainbo's o!tical and metereological !henomena o!!osite s n a!!ears to s as a bo' angled re"raction act ally circ lar best seen aro nd the moon or lightb lb Ty!es o" -e"lections Di"" se re"lection on ro gh s r"ace ca ses distortions mo1ement is not ni"orm longer 'a1elengths ha1e higher tolerance on ro ghness -eg larC S!ec lar smooth s r"ace light tra1els in ni"orm direction can ca se increase in glare 2a' o" -e"lection Terms <ormal 2ine line dra'n !er!endic lar to s r"ace Angle o" %ncidence angle "ormed by light hitting and normal line Angle o" -e"lection angle "ormed by light being re"lected and normal line Angle o" %ncidence J Angle o" -e"lection Mirage bending o" light d e to di""erence in tem!erat re Ty!es

 in"erior cold o1er hot ca ses "arther to seem closer s !erior hot o1er cold ca ses higher to seem lo'er =e only see in a straight line =hy are things shinyX in metals$ they are held together by metallic bonds meaning$ in chemistry$ the electrons don8t stay to a molec le b t s'im aro nd in a sea 'hen light hits this sea$ it releases the electrons$ ma#ing it shiny Di""raction 1s -e"raction Di""raction 'hen 'a1es bend in one medi m going aro nd something -e"raction 'hen 'a1es bend 'hen going thro gh medi ms going thro gh 2 medi ms

2ens R Telesco!es 2ens o!tical de1ice !er"ect a&ial symmetry transmits and re"racts light also called a re"ractor Ty!es *on1erging con1e& !ositi1e !arallel to a !rinci!al a&is large in center$ gets smaller going to the edge Eli!tical H brings light together reachs "ocal !oint$ in1erted ma#es things bigger Di1erging conca1e

 negati1e !arallel to !rinci!al a&is large at the ends$ smaller at center .y!erbolic A@ brings light a!art ma#es things smaller Telesco!e instr ment that aids obser1ers collects EM radiation Ty!es -e"raction bends light to "orm image ses both lens ob5ecti1e end o" telesco!e con1e& eye!iece 'here yo ! t yo r eye conca1e )lacement %" a"ter "ocal !oint real and in1erted i" be"ore 1irt al and !right -e"lection re"lector single or more mirrors Terms )rinci!al a&is center o" lens center o" diagram line at center o" c r1e +ocal !oint !arallel to !rinci!al a&is image !oint 'here light con1erges +ocal =idth distance "rom center o" lens to "oc s *on1erging 1s Di1erging *on1erging larger in1erted real smaller erect

 1irt al Di1erging al'ays smaller 1irt al erect 1ie'"inder %mages only occ r 'hen light con1erges . man Eye organ o" sight and light 1H mil colors merged 2;!ieces Tears clean li#e a camera Main "oc s cornea gets di1erging iris and ! !il a!ert re )arts *ornea !rotects allo's light to !ass %ris eye color bet'een cornea and lens ) !il control light entrance AD eo s . mo r "l id !lasma li#e -etina 2ight -ece!tor O!tical <er1e send to brain De"ects +arsighted sD ee3ed eyeball behind retina sol tion con1e& <earsighted stretched

 "ront o" retina sol tion conca1e better nder'ater Astigmatism not same "oc s 'hat 'e see is act ally in1erted -ay Diagram sho' !rinci!al rays that can be sed to determine si3e and location The Three )rinci!al -ays 1st ray be"ore lens !arallel to !rinci!al a&is re"racted at lens a"ter lens !asses to "ocal !oint a"ter lens nd 2 ray straight line "rom ob5ect to center o" lens no a!!eciable change in direction 3rd ray be"ore lens !asses thro gh "ocal !oint ntil lens re"racted at lens a"ter lens !arallel to !rincical a&is Their intersection is 'here the image is at -eal or 7irt alX -eal %" light act ally goes there 7irt al i" /dotted line0 light doesn8t act ally go there$ 'e only imagine beca se 'e see a straight line -es lts *on1e& )ast 2+ small$ real$ in1erted 2+ same$ real$ in1erted 4et'een 2+ and + larger$ real$ in1erted + no image 4et'een + and lens larger$ 1irt al$ erect

 *onca1e 1irt al$small$erect 2aser 2ight Am!li"ication by Stim lated Emission o" -adiation )ro!erties <on chromaticity same color Directionality barely di1erges *oherence same !hase =or# )hoton b ndle o" light Atom emits light resonanace cycle o!ening 2ASE-YKO )arts O!tic -esonator mirrors 2aser gain medi m light am!li"ier light emitter ) m! So rce energy ?ses *DCD7D constr ction medicine military .ologram tili3es Di""raction %nter"erence 2aser *oherence .ologra!hy !rocess o" sa1ing 3D images .ologram 3D image .olo 1s )hoto

 .olo all directions )hoto 1 direction Ty!es Transmission light behind the hologram -e"lection light is on the hologram

1.%.%.

*thers

2. "ath

3.4 lge!ra 3.4.1. 1st Year 3.4.1.1. 1st Term 3.4.1.2. 2nd Term 3.4.1.3. 3rd Term

3.4.2. 2nd Year 3.4.2.1. 1st Term 3.4.2.2. 2nd Term 3.4.2.3. 3rd Term

3.4.3. 3rd Year 3.4.3.1. 1st Term

Algebra SeD ence n mbers in a de"inite order r le on ho' terms are "ormed !rogression a1 J 1st term an J nth term e1en random order o" n mbers is a seD ence Series s ms o" terms o" a seD ence Ty!es o" SeD ences +inite %n"inite SeD ence terms J elementse arithmetic seD ence B addition and s btraction geometric B m lti!lication and di1ision Arithmetic SeD ence a seD ence 'here each term a"ter the "irst is achie1ed by adding a "i&ed amo ntCcommon di""erence @dA to the !re1io s term a 2 ( a1= d a n+ 1 ( a n = d a n ( a n1= d +inding the <th term a 1+(n 1) d =a n Se1illaK a )= a $ +( ) $ ) d Arithmetic Series

; * n = 2 ( 2 a 1+( n 1) d )
n ; * n = 2 ( a 1 +a n )

,eometric Series s m o" terms in a geometric seD ece +inite n ( a 1 ( 1 r )) *n= ( 1 r ) %n"inite
*n = a1 ( 1 r )

O<2Y %+ r M 1 .armonic recir!rocals "orm an arithmetic seD ence 1 a n= ( a +( n 1) d ) 1 )olynomials term in 'hich the e&!onent is a 'hole n mber and not a negati1e n mber "raction AdditionCS btraction o" )olynomials addCs btract li#e terms.. M ti!lication m lti!ly n mbers as s al add e&!onents o" 1ariables S!ecial )rod cts SD are o" a binomial 2 2 2 (a + b) =a + 2ab+ b )rod ct o" S m and Di""erence o" a 4inomial 2 2 ( a + b)( a b )= a b * be o" a 4inomial 3 3 2 2 3 ( a + b) =a +3a b+ 3ab + b Di1ision la' o" e&!onents m n mn (a ) = a m n ( m+ n) ( a )( a )= a m a (m n) =a n a long di1ision

 synthetic di1ision 'rite the coe""icients "actor theorem (x) =P (r) P ( x r) 'here & is 'hole n mber and r is the remainder remainder theorem ( P ( x )) =H ( x r ) then &;r is a "actor

3.4.3.2.
+actorial

2nd Term

+or !ositi1e integer n$ 'e de"ine the "actorial o" n denoted at nY as nY J n@n;1A@n;2A...@3A@2A@1A 4inomial *oe""icient combination coe""icient in the e&!ansion o" @&F1An can be sol1ed tho gh n*r ( n +) n&r = (( n r ) + r + ) Terms @&F1An G nF1 terms degree o" each term is n 1st 1ar G start 'ith n$ ntil it decreases to H 4inomal E&!ansion e&!anding @&F1An 4inomial Theorem "rom nF1th ro' o" )aschal8s Triangle n n H ( n 1) 1 H n b +... +n & n a b ( a + b) =n & H a b +n & 1 a Matrices rectang lar array o" real n mbers organi3ed manner determined by dimensions denoted by m & n m J ro' n J col mn organi3e data systematically named by a ca!ital letter

@SomeA Ty!es o" Matrices *ol mn Matri& only 1 col mn8 -o' Matri& only 1 ro' SD are Matri& ro' J col mn Iero Matri& all elements are H Each n mber is an element ai5 ith ro' 5th col mn Matri& ED ality t'o matrices are eD al i" and only i" they ha1e the same dimensions and eD al and corres!onding elements. Sim!ly$ co!yC!aste )ro!erties Addition and S btraction only i" they ha1e the same dimensions Matri& %dentity Matri& added to a 3ero matri& Additi1e %n1erse 'hen the s m o" t'o matrices is a 3ero matri& Scalar M lti!lication distrib te )ro!erties Associati1e @AF4A F * J A F @4F*A *omm tati1e AF4J4FA Distrib ti1e s@A F 4A J sA F s4 does not a!!ly "or matri& m lti!lication Matri& M lti!lication )rod ct dimension is m & n 'hen Am & ! and 4! & n any element in the ith and 5th col mn o" the !rod ct matri& is the s m o" the !rod cts o" the ith ro' o" A and the 5th ro' o" 4

Determinant assigned matri& n mber achie1ed by adding certain n mbers only "or sD are matrices not niD e to one matri& +or 2 & 2 S btract the !rod ct o" 12 and 21 "rom the !rod ct o" 11 and 22 +or 3 & 3 criss cross *ramer8s Method sol1ing a system o" linear eD ations thro gh the se o" determinants #x x= det
$= #$ det

*oe""icient Matri& matri& made ! o" n merical coe""icient o" the system

3.4.3.3.

3rd Term

*onic Sections 2. a c r1e obtained by the intersection o" a cone @Do ble -ight *irc lar *oneZA 'ith a !lan 3. Do ble -ight *irc lar *one 1. a cone and it8s mirror image 4. Ty!es 1. )arabola@AA 1. ? or !side;do'n ? 2. !lane c ts thro gh only one na!!e@*oneA b t does not clear the other na!!e 2. *ircle@4A 1. O 2. !lane is !er!endic lar to the a&is$ c ts thro gh 'hole cone 3. Elli!se@*A 1. H 2. )lane c ts thro gh cone b t at an angle 4. .y!erbola@DA 1. A@ 2. )lane is !arallel to cone b t does not c t thro gh 1erte&

A 2oc s

set o" !oints that satis"ies a gi1en condition many geometric "ig res can be de"ined by the se o" a loc s

)arabola

loc s o" !oint eD idistant "rom a !oint and a line on a !lace Terms "oc s "i&ed !oint directri& line 1erte& !oint mid'ay "rom "oc s and directri& distance o" ! "rom either "oc s or directri& A&is o" Symmetry line that !asses thro gh the 1erte& and the "oc s !er!endic lar to directri& ) "ocal 'idth distance o" "oc s to 1erte& 2at s -ect m line segment !assing thro gh "oc s end!oints are on the !arabola !arallel to directri& !er!endic lar to a&is o" symmetry length is 4! 2! "rom "oc s

Standard ED ations 1erte& is at the !oint o" origin o!ens !'ard

x = 4!y x 2=4!y $ 2= 4!& $ =4!&

2

o!ens do'n'ard

o!ens right 'ard

o!ens le"t'ard

1erte& is at !oint @h$#A o!ens !'ard

( x h ) = 4! ( $ k )
( x h )2=4! ( $ k )

o!ens do'n'ard

o!ens right 'ard

( $ k ) = 4! ( x h )
( $ k ) = 4! ( x h )
2

o!ens le"t'ard

o!ens in direction o" 1al es

,eneral +orm o!ens !'ardCdo'n'ard #x 2+&x + ,$+ =H o!ens right'ardCle"t'ard '$ 2+&x + ,$ + = H

*ircle loc s o" !oints eD idistant "rom a center )ro!erties Tangent 2ine a line that intersects the circle at one !oint radi s and tangent line are !er!endic lar Secant 2ine line that !asses thro gh circle at t'o !oints Diameter t'ice the radi s t'o !oints "o nd on the cicle that are on a line that !asses thro gh the center -adi s line segment 'hose end!oints are the center and a !oint on the circle *hord line segment 'hose end!oints are on the circle *enter !oint at 'hich the loc s is eD idistant "rom Standard ED ations 1A center is at the origin 1. x 2+ $ 2=r 2 2A center is at @h$#A 1. ( x h )2+( $ k )2= r 2 Elli!se 2A loc s o" !oints s ch that the s m o" the distances "rom t'o !oints@"ociA is constant 3A elongated circle 4A )arts 1. Ma5or a&is 1. longer a&is 2. Minor A&is 1. shorter a&is 3. "oc s 1 and 2 1. "oci 2. !oints at 'hich the s m o" distances are based "rom 3. lie on the ma5or a&is 4. *enter 1. mid!oint o" the t'o "oci 2. distance denoted by c

1. c 2= a 2b 2 5. Semi ma5or a&is 1. V the ma5or a&is E. Semi minor a&is 1. V the minor a&is N. 1erte& 1. intersection o" ma5or a&is and elli!se 2. t'o 1ertices 9. co1erte& 1. intersection o" minor a&is and elli!se 2. t'o co1ertices Standard ED ations center is at the origin elongated hori3ontally 2 2 x $ + =1 2 2 a b elongated 1ertically x2 $2 + 2 =1 2 b a center is at @h$#A elongated hori3ontally ( x h )2 ( $ k )2 + =1 a2 b2 elongated 1ertically ( x h )2 ( $ k )2 + =1 b2 a2

2.2Statistics 2.2.1. 1st Term 2.2.2. 2nd Term 2.2.3. 3rd Term

2.3Trigonometry

2.%Geometry 2.%.1. 1st Term

,eometry *onditional i" and then statement i" J hy!othesis J ! then J concl sion J D i" !$ then D 1erb se!erates ! and D *on1erse re1erse o" conditional i" D$ then ! <egation [ <ot trans"orms statement so it 'ill be the o!!osite o" the tr th 1al e %" [! $then D O- %" !$ then [D %n1erse negate both ! and D %" [!$ then [ D *ontra!ositi1e in1erse o" con1erse %" [D$ then [! 4iconditional combination o" a conditional and its con1erse ses i" and only i" tr e or "alse biconditional same tr th 1al e o" conditional and con1erse ?nde"ined Terms )oint has no si3e and dimension indicator o" !osition re!resented by a dot 2ine set o" in"inite !oints e&tends in both directions 'itho t end no 'idth b t has inde"inite length

)lane "lat s r"ace 'ith no thic#ness that e&tends in all directions

De"inition S!ace set o" all !oints !lane is called "ace sides are called hal";s!aces *o!lanar )oints set o" !oints that lie on the same !lane lines di1ide s!ace called edge sides are called region or hal";!lane *ollinear )oints set o" !oints that lie ont the same line di1ided by a !oint sides are called hal";lines )ost lates and Theorems )ost late statements considered to be tr e 'itho t !ro1ing Theorem !ro1en statements )ost 1K 2ine )ost le T'o !oints determine e&actly one line )ost 2K 2ine %ntersection )ost late T'o distinct lines intersect in only one !oint )ost 3K )lane %ntersection )ost late %" t'o !lanes intersect$ then they8re intersection is a line )ost 4K )lane )ost late Three collinear !oints are contained in at least one !lane Thee non;collinear !oints are contained in e&actly one !lane )ost 5K T'o )oints;)lane )ost late +or t'o !oints$ there are in"initely many !lanes that can contain them )ost EK T'o )oints 2ine )ost late %" t'o !oints o" a line are in a !lane$ then the line is in the !lane Theorem 1K 2ine )lane %ntersection Theorem %" a line not on the !lane intersects 'ith the !lane$ then the intersection is at one !oint Theorem 2K 2ine;)oint Theorem E&actly one !lane can contain a gi1en line and a !oint not on the line

Theorem 3K T'o %ntersecting 2ine )lane Theorem E&actly one !lane contains t'o intersection lines )ost NK S!ace )ost late +o r non;co!lanar !oints determine a s!ace S bsets o" a 2ine - ler )ost late There e&ists a one to one corres!ondence bet'een the !oints on a lines and the set o" real n mber E&actly one !ositi1e n mber corres!onds to any t'o gi1en !oints. This !ositi1e n mber is the distance bet'een t'o !oints Distance bet'een t'o !oints A4J TA;4T or T4;AT i" no gi1en$ it is in nits Segment set o" !oints on a line consisting o" t'o end !oints and all in bet'een segment length distance o" t'o end !oints Only one 'ith length t'o segments are congr ent i" and only i" they ha1e the same length Segment Addition )ost late a#a bet'eeness ,i1en 3 collinear !oints$ 4 is only in bet'een i" and only i" A4 F 4* J A* -ay set o" !oints on segment A4 and all a"ter * s ch that 4 is bet'een A and * T'o rays are o!!osite rays i" and only i" they are collinear common end!oint o!!osite directions no other !oint that the end !oint Mid!oint Theorem %" M is a !oint o" A4$then 2AMJA4 2M4 J A4 Mid!ointK E1ery segment has e&actly one mid!oint Segment 4isectorK line$segment$ ray or !lane that intersects at mid!oint )er!endic lar 4isectorK 4isector that "orms a right angle The geometric 'orld is "lat Angle

 nion o" t'o rays 'hich only ha1e a common end!oint and are non collinears bet'een H and 19H Sets interior e&terior on the angle ?nit is degrees Angle Meas rement )ost late +or each angle$ there is a real n mber "rom 1 to 1N: Angle Addition )ost late %" D is in the interior o" 4A*$ then 4AD F *AD J 4A* *ongr ent Angles They are congr ent i" and only i" they ha1e the same meas re *om!limentary Angles add ! to :H S !!lementary Angles add ! to 19H S !!lementC2inear )air )ost late %" t'o angles "orm a linear !air$ then they are s !!lementary 2inear )air common 1erte& common side non;common sides are o!!osite rays Angle 4isector only rays 7ertical Angles t'o angles are 1ertical angles i" and only i" they are non ad5acent angles "ormed by t'o intersecting lines Ad5acent Angles common 1erte& common side no common interior !oints co!lanar 7ertical Angle Theorem %" t'o angles are 1ertical angles$ then they are congr ent

-ight Angle Theorem @-ATA ;All right angles are congr ent *om!lement Theorem 5. %" t'o angles are com!liments o" congr ent angles$ then the angles are congr ent *om!lement *orollary %" t'o angles are com!limentary to the same angle$ then they are congr ent S !!lement Theorem E. %" t'o angles are s !!liments o" congr ent angles$ then the angles are congr ent *om!lement *orollary %" t'o angles are s !!limentary to the same angle$ then they are congr ent -ight S !!lement Theorem %" t'o angles are both congr ent and s !!lementary$ then each is a right angle 2inear )air Theorem %" t'o angles are collinear and s !!lementary$ then the angles "orm a linear !air 7ertical Angle Theorem %" t'o angles are 1ertical angles$ then they are congr ent )ro1ing Ty!es 2. +lo' *hart 3. )aragra!hCEssay 4. T'o *ol mn 1. 1st K Statement 2. 2nd K -easons 1. gi1en in"o 2. !ro!erties 3. de"inition 4. !ost lateCtheoremCcorollary )ro!erties o" Alg -e"le&i1e ; %" &J3$ then &J3 Symmetric ; %" &J3$ then 3J& Transiti1e ; %" &Jy and yJ3$ then &J3 Addition )ro!erty o" ED ality B %" &Jy$ then &F3 J yF3 M lti!lication )ro!erty o" ED ality B %" &Jy$ then &cJyc Distrib ti1e )ro!erty B %" 3@&FyA$ then 3&F3y Per$endic+lar ,ines Theorem 1 %" t'o lines are !er!endic lar$ then the !air o" ad5acent angles are congr ent

*orollary 1 %" t'o lines are !er!endic lar$ then the 4 angles are congr ent Theorem 2 %" t'o lines intersect and "orm congr ent ad5acent angles$ then they are !er!endic lar Theorem 3 %" there is a gi1en !oint on a line$ then there is e&actly one !er!endic lar line that !asses thro gh it *orollary 2 %" there si a gi1en segment on a !lane$ then there is e&actly one !er!endic lar bisector Theorem 4 %" the e&terior sides o" t'o ad5acent ac te angles are !er!endic lar$ then the angles are com!limentary Theorem 5 %" there is a !oint not on the line$ then there is e&actly one line that 'o ld !ass thro gh the !oint to ma#e a !er!endic lar line Parallel E clid8s )arallel )ost late Thro gh a !oint not on a line$ there is e&actly one line !arallel to the line that !asses thro gh it )er!endic lar )arallel 2ine Theorem %" t'o lines are !arallel$ then a !er!endic lar line in 1ie' o" one line is !er!endic lar to the other line on the !lane Trans1ersal 5A a trans1ersal o" t'o co!lanar lines is a line that intersects it at t'o di""erent !oints *orres!onding a !air o" nonad5acent @One e&terior$ one interiorA angles on the same side o" the trans1ersal )*A B corres!onding angles are congr ent )A% B Alternate interior angles@o!!osite sides o" the trans1ersalA are congr ent )AE B Alternate e&terior angles are congr ent )%ST B %nterior angles on the same side o" the trans1ersal are s !!lementary )EST B E&terior angles on the same side o" the trans1ersl are s !!lementary Z) J %" t'o !arallel lines are di1ided by a trans1ersal

2.%.2.
)olygon

2nd Term

closed "ig re 'ith "inite co!lanar segments common end!oinr$ non;collinear intersects 2 segments at end!oint Ty!es *on1e& 'hen the lines are e&tended$ there is no line in the interior *onca1e there are diagonals in the e&terior 'hen the lines are e&tended$ it intersects 'ith another side

+orm la Diagonals ( n ( n 3)) ,= 2 Total diagonals in a 1erte& d =n 3 < mber o" triangles 'ithin the "ig re = n 2 S m o" angles o" con1e& @interiorA * n =( n 2) 19H S m o" all e&terior angles o" a !olygon$ one angle !er 1erte& xterior #ngles=3EH

 Each interior angle

Interior angle =
ach exterior =

(( n 2) 19H ) n
3EH n

Each e&terior angle

-eg lar )olygon con1e& !olygon 'hose siges and angles are all congr ent Triangle 3;sided !olygon E main !arts 3 angles 3 sides 4 secondary !arts 4isectorZ bisects an angle$ "rom 1erte& to o!!osite side MedianZ di1ides the o!!oside side into 2 eD al !arts$ "rom 1erte& to mid!oint o" o!! side Altit deZ +orms !er!endic lar lines$ "rom 1erte& to o!!osite side )er!endic lar bisector o" a side "orms a lines !er!endic lar to o!!osite side and eD idistant "rom end!oints Al'ays !asses thro gh a !oint o" conc rrence *onc rrence !oint 'here in 2 or more co!lanar lines intersect %soceles Triangle Theorem The angles o!!osite the congr ent legs are said to also be congr ent %" a median is dra'n "rom the 1erte& angle o" an isoceles triangle$ then it is also the altit de and angle bisector *enters o" a Triangle *onc rrent 2ines %ncenter made ! o" Angle 4isector ser1es as center o" incircle largest circle that can "it inside eD idistant "rom sides al'ays inside *irc mcenter made ! o" )er!endic lar 4isectors ser1es as center o" circ mcircle smallest circle that can circ mscribe the triangle

 circ mscribe is s rro nd the circle eD idistance "rom 1ertices de!ends on triangle ac te G inside right G mid!oint o" hy!oten se obt se G o tside *entroid made ! o" Medians center o" mass o" triangle i" to ma#e a real triangle$ it is the balance !oint di1ides median into 2K1 ratio 2 is the !art "rom the matri& al'ays inside Orthocenter made ! o" Altit des de!ends on triangle ac te G inside right G on 1erte& o" right angle obt se G o tside S!ecial -ight Triangle 3H;EH;:H triangle x K x 3 K2& ratio 45;45;:H triangle x K x K x 2 ratio Mid;segment segment made ! o" the mid!oints o" the t'o sides o" the triangle Triangle Mid;Segment Theorem The mid!oint is !arallel to and hal" the third side O1erla!!ing Triangles t'o triangles sharing a common area$ line or triangle *orres!ondence it is a one;to;one relation bet'een t'o triangles Order o" 2etters relate to corres!ondence symboli3ed by \G *ongr ent Triangles T'o triangles that are eD al in sha!e and si3e !ro1en thro gh theorems o" SSS$SAS$ASA$AAS ASS does not immediately relate to congr ence

*)*T* *orres!onding )arts o" *orres!onding Triangles are *ongr ent

 *ongr ent triangles ha1e the same sha!e and si3e Similar TrianglesC)olygon same sha!e$ not si3e scale "actor same "or corres!onding sides %n general$ i" t'o !olygons are similar and their scale is aKb$ then area is a 2 K b2 %" t'o solids are similar and their scale "actor is aKb$ then 1ol me is a 3 K b3 )-O7%<, -ight Angle Triangle =ays to !ro1e the congr ency o" a -AT .2 22 .A 2A -atio and )ro!ortion -atio D otient o" t'o n mbers ,i1en & and y YJ H$ then & is to y$ &Ky or &Cy )ro!ortion eD ality o" t'o ratios each n mber is a term ,i1en aKbKKcKd a and d are e&tremes b and c are means Scale +actor set ratio E&tended )ro!ortions three or more ratios are eD al )ro!erties o" b = d ad =bc
b d = a c a b = c d

( a + b ) ( c +d ) = b d

Similar [ @SimilarA 'hen t'o !olygons are similar

 angles J congr ent sides J !ro!ortional shortest to shortest =ays to be s re SSS AA ASA SAS AAS Shado' *asting

2.%.3.

3rd Term

)ythagorean Theorem c 2= a 2+ b 2 %n a right triangle$ the sD are o" the hy!oten se is eD al to the s m o" the sD ares o" its legs A!!lication o" the *on1erse %" c 2= a 2+b 2 then the triangle is right %" c 2> a 2+b 2 then the triangle is obt se %" c 2< a 2+b 2 then a triangle is ac te Triangle %neD ality Theorem The s m o" any t'o sides o" a triangle is longer than the remaining side -ight Triangle Similarity Theorem 1 %" an altit de is dra'n$ then it ma#es t'o triangles similar to one another and the original Theorem 2 The length o" the altit de is the geometric mean o" the segments o" the hy!oten se Theorem 3 %" an altit de is dra'n$ the leg "rom the original triangle becomes the geometric mean o" the entire hy!oten se and the segment nearCad5acent to it 4ase )ro!ortionality Theorem %" a line is !arallel to one side o" a triangle and it intersects the t'o other sides at t'o distinct !oints$ then it se!erates these sides into segments o" !ro!ortional length Theorem %" t'o triangles are similar$ then their secondary !arts @Median$ Altit de$ Angle 4isectorA are also !ro!ortional The area o" similar triangles is the sD are o" the scale "actor Triangle; Angle 4isector Theorem

 %" a ray bisects an angle o" a triangle$ then it di1ides the o!!osite side into segments !ro!ortional to its ad5acent$ ndi1ided side E&terior Angle Theorem The e&terior angle$ the angle "ormed 'hen yo e&tend the side$ is eD al to the s m o" the remote interior angles$ the angles not ad5acent to it The e&terioir angle is s !!lementary to its interior angle *orollary The e&terior angle is al'ays greater than either o" its remote interior angles .inge Theorem =hen t'o triangles ha1e t'o sides 'hich are congr ent$ the one 'ith the bigger incl ded angle has a bigger side !arang door The 'hole is greater than its !arts O adrilateral 4 sided Tetragon )arts Sides Angles 7ertices Diagonals S m o" interior angles is 3EH O adrilateral +amily Tree O adilateral )arallelogram @t'o !airs o" !arallel sidesA -ectangle @congr ent anglesA -homb s @congr ent sidesA SD are @congr ent angles and sidesA Tra!e3oid @one !air o" !arallel sidesA %sosceles @legs are congr entA ,eneral Tra!e3i m 4oomerang @conca1eA *he1ron @conca1e$ 2 !airs o" consec ti1e sides are congr entA (ite@ con1e&$ stretched rhomb s$ 2 !airs o" consec ti1e sides are congr entA )arallelogram t'o !airs o" !arallel sides o!!osite sides are congr ent o!!osite angles are congr ent consec ti1e angles are s !!lementary diagonal ma#es it into t'o congr ent triangles

 diagonals bisect each other -ectangle has !ro!erties o" !arallelogram Angles are all right Diagonals are congr ent )erimeter ; 2l+2' Area ; lw -homb s has !ro!erties o" !arallelogram All sides are congr ent Diagonals are !er!endic lar Diagonals are angle bisectors )erimeter B 4s ( d 1 d 2) Area ; or s 2 sin c 2 SD are has !ro!erties o" !arallelogram$ rectangle and rhomb s )erimeter ; 4s Area ; s 2 Tra!e3oid e&actly 1 !air o" !arallel sides !arts base !arallel sides legs non;!arallel sides 'hen congr ent$ tra!e3oid becomes isosceles 4ase Angles consec ti1e angle 'here common side is a base o" the tra!e3oid )ro!erties o" an %sosceles Tra!e3oid !!er base angles are congr ent lo'er base angles are congr ent diagonals are congr ent An !!er base and a lo'er base angle are s !!lementary Median o" a Tra!e3oid leg segment 'hose end!oints are mid!oints o" the legs a1erage o" the s m o" the t'o bases bases and median "orm an arithmetic seD ence (ite

D adrilateral e&actly t'o !airs o" congr ent ad5acent sides li#e stretched rhomb s )ro!erties diagonals are !er!enic lar angles o" short diagonal are congr ent longer diagonal is an angle bisector and a !er!endic lar bisector

Area o" a (ite 'hen gi1en diagonals ( d 1 d 2) 2 'hen t'o sides and incl ded angle ab sin c Tri1ia named a"ter a bird in1ented and !o! lari3ed in *hina made o" sil# and bamboo )ractical ?ses Military #ite aerial !hotogra!hy Science +ran#lin8s Electricity -adio hold antenna )o'er ,eneration *he1ron conca1e #ite aFbFcJd

2.-*thers

3. Eng

3.5 1st Year 3.5.1. 1st Term 3.5.2. 2nd Term 3.5.3. 3rd Term

3.E 2nd Year 3.E.1. 1st Term 3.E.2. 2nd Term 3.E.3. 3rd Term

3.N 3rd year 3.N.1. 1st Term

English Mythology .istory R 4elie" Origin o" h manity R tradition the daily acti1ites o" the deities =hy grant stability and contini ty o" a c lt re g idelines "or li1ing 5 sti"y c lt ral acti1ities meaning o" li"e e&!lains the n#no'nC ne&!lainable role model

*reation symbolic narration o" the beginning ho' the 'orld came to be "irst as oral tradition Oya and Shi1a "eat res deity !rimordial being 1ast nothing cosmic egg earth di1er

 Ty!es E& <ihilo /O t o" nothing0 *reation "rom *haos =orld )arent Emergence or Metamor!hosis Earth Di1er ,ods o" Mt. Olym! s Artemis the . nter archer chaste Tro5an side de"ies con1ention$ liberal thin#er A!hrodite the Se& al a!!eared as an ad lt$ 'itho t a childhood 'on the /6 dgement o" )aris0 Tro5an side has hy!notic bea ty Demeter the .ar1ester "east and grain heals the land$ e1en Tro5an =ar soil seasons .era the +aith" l "idelity ,ree# " ry Athena the Artist intelligent string ,ree# =ise =arrior Domestic Arts Ares the +ighter ,rie"$ Stri"e$ )anic and Terror aided .ector co'ard chaos and !ain .e!hese s the Artist cri!!led ob5ects o" bea ty "ire R "orge Achilles !eace> cra"t and archers Dionys s the =ild ecstasy !arty and 'ine

demi;god blessing R r in A!ollo the M sical m sic$medicine$!oetry$ s n .ector )oseidon the Angry tem!ermental sea and horses Ie s the 6 dge order and 5 stice scales$ no side no 1irt e$ all 'omen .ermes the Messenger tra1elers R thie1es lyre$ Odysses

Dedahatheon @ no need to rememberA aA Ie s$ )oseidon$ .era$ Demeter eAA!ollo$ Artemis$Athena$ A!hrodite$Ares$ .e!haet s$ .ermes$ Dionys s added mA.ades$ )an$.estia and .ebe aA 6 dgement$ chic#s$ 6 !iter bA <e!t re$ trident cA 6 no$ marriage$ bea ty dA*eres$ har1estCagric lt re$ nym!ths eA A!ollo$ chariot$ arro'$ oracles$ .yocin "A Diane$ strong$ moon$ alone$ Orian gA Miner1a$ Ie s8 head$ Athens$ oli1es hA 7en s$ se& ality$ Eros %A Mars$ blood$ "laming horse 5A 7 lcan$ 1olcano$ gly #A Merc ry$ s!eed$ thie" lA 4acch s$ energyC!arty$ 1ine mA )l to$ nder'orld$ *haron@dri1erA$ Thanatos@ yayaA nA +a n s$ 'ild oA 7esta !A Yaya$ Ambrosia <orse Aesir !eo!le o" the <orth <othern ,erman tribes s#illed 'arriors$ traders R sea "arers harsh en1ironments

 elite gods Asgard <ine 'orlds Midgard 6otenheim 4 d'ar1es 4 cardinal directions )hili!!ine Mythology relationshi! 'ith near co ntries nat re centric A. As'ang 4. Ti#balang B horse !$ man do'n *.(a!re B big$ smo#e D.Tiana# E. M lto +.D 'ende ,.< no ..4atibat %.Santelmo 6.Di'ata A ] J !l ral The ] J sing lar Denotati1e dictionary meaning *onotati1e im!lied meaning *on"lict Man 1s Man e&ternal internal Man 1s <at re Man 1s Society Man 1s +ate <arrati1es narrare seD ence o" e1ents Mood %ndicati1e

 D estions$ almost e1ery 1erb %m!erati1e command$ ad1ice$ S b5 ncti1e do bt or contrary to "act 'ish Shi"t inconsistency in one o" the "ollo'ing Ty!e 7erb Tense 7oice @ acti1eC!assi1eA Mood )erson @ )rono nA Metamor!hosis he t rns into a 1ermin the "amily slo'ly starts to hate him .e changes "rom a hard 'or#er to an animal And his "amily changes "rom a seless "amily to one 'ho m st s !!ort themsel1e A!!le that #ills him re!resents destr ction Araby 4oy 'ants to go to "air 'ith girl ,irl can8t go and the "air 'asn8t 'hat he e&!ected So his dreams are gone )arallelism 'hen listing$ the same !art o" sentence i" ad5ecti1e$ e1erything is an ad5ecti1e Electi1e =illing S s!ension o" Disbelie" Sam el *oteridge in order to see " ndamental h man tr ths in a di""erent light De"amiliari3ation 6ose Dalisay the best stories ma#e s see things in a di""erent light The best stories don8t bl rt o t

+act is stranger than "iction$ "iction a"ter all needs to ma#e sense Mar# T'ain *atharsis The ! rging o" the sel" thro gh intense emotions s ch as "ear and an&iety -eal mother 1s mother on the !age Sho' don8t tell 7erb 1s Ad5ecti1e and ad1erb Mise en scene$ the en1ironment o" the dramatic action Element o" S r!rise *himay *hismis method e&!lanation setting ! re shoc# Essential conce!ts$ e1ents or scenes that bring abo t abstract conce!ts that need no e&!laining beca se they are ni1ersal *onseD ential e1ents or scenes that need e&!lanation research and e1en negatiations regarding historical and !hiloso!hical ideas that are cr cial in stories

3.N.2.

2nd Term

)ablo <er da <e"tali 4ascano Ode to Salt *lair1oyance clear 1ision "oresee <ostradam s %;ching Oedi! s Tragic .ero S'ollen "oot Teiresia blind !ro!het doesn8t see$ yet #no's all *orinth )olyb s M3 Mero!e ado!ted !arents o" Oedi! s Thebes 2a is M3 6ocasta birth !arents o" Oedi! s Oedi! s de"eated the S!hin&

 =al#s on 4 "eet in the morning$ 2 in the noon and 3 at night Antigone and %smene Three im!ortant details The Eyes 7ision and 4lindness =hat yo see doesn8t let yo #no' the tr th The Scars on Oedi! s8 "oot The Three B =ay -oad Tragic .ero learn "rom "alls "rom grace di1e to !ride star in a tragedy

Dramatic %rony character is ma#ing a mista#e beca se a dience #no's more +a lty )rono n -e"erence !rono n re"ers to nothing )rono ns sho ld 'or# 'ith their antecedents @no nsA - les o" relationshi!s there can only be one !rono n "or one antecedent one !rono n can ne1er re"er to an n#no'n antecedent a !rono n has to be s re o" 'hat its antecedent is /A 2a Di1ina *omedia0 The Di1ine *omedy by Dante Aligheiri E!ic " sion o" math$ lit$ !olitics$ religion$ science$ etc. !ro"o nd se o" symbols 3 beasts$ days *anticles 34 @'C introA F 33 F 33 @*antosA J 1HH ends 'ith stelle @starsA !ersonal in1ol1ement ,ates o" .ell co'ards chase "ore1er

 2asciate ogne s!eran3a$ 1oi ch8intrate *ircles o" .ells *ircle 1 2imbo )er"ection "ore1er *ircle 2 2 st 4lo'n "ore1er *ircle 3 ,l ttony *erber s eat "ore1er 'aste

*icle 4 ,reed ?!!er hoarders carry on yo r bac#s )l to 'atches o1er +ort na ,reedy ! sh bo lders *ircle 5 =rath ri1er Sty& "ight "ore1er or b rning ri1er =all o" Dis g arded by "allen Stygian Marsh solemn or acti1e anger *ircle E .eretics 'orld o" b rning dead tomb is closed mindedness *ircle N 7iolence g arded by Minota r -ing 1 M rder and Tyrant centa rs !hylegethon

 ri1er o" boiling blood -ing 2 S icide thorny b sh .ar!ies chased by dogs -ing 3 ,od and <at re "laming sand and "la#es s r!ers$ blas!hemers and sodomites Abominable Sands *ircle 9 Malebolge e1il ditches "ra d 1H ditches 4olgia 1 !anderers march 'hi!!ed by demons dri1en by !assion 4olgia 2 "latterers 'al# in shit 4olgia 3 Simony "lames on "eet head in gro nd 4olgia 4 !ro!hets$ sorcerers 'al#ing 'hile "ace is t rned aro nd 4olgia 5 *orr !t immersed in boiling !itch Malebeanche Malacoda 4olgia E hy!ocrites 'earing cloa#s o" lead 4olgia N Thei1ery dragon 'ith sna#es and li3ards bitten

 trans"orm on bite reborn steal someone8s identity bite to steal 4olgia 9 Ad1iser$ *o nsellor "lames 4olgia : So'ers o" Discord c t them ! by demons heal and re!eat 4olgia 1H +alsi"iers alchemists$etc. A""licted by disease

*ircle 1H lo'est le1el *ocyt s Satan tries to "ly a'ay beating 'ings "ree3es e1erything Traitors no light Satam eats 6 das$ *assi s and 4r t s *ain named "or *ain$ the "irst traitor "ro3en at the nec# traitors to #indred Antenora named a"ter Antenor traitors to co ntry "ro3en to chin )tolomea named a"ter )tolemy traitors to g ests "ro3en to the eye 6 decca named a"ter 6 das "ro3en to the head ) rgatorio made ! o" cornices mirror o" hell

at the end$ 7irgil lea1es and 4eatrice ta#es charge 1irt es instead o" sins each le1el 'rites a ) on yo r "orehead @!enetanceC !eccat mA based on the 4eatit des and the 7irgin Mary8s li"e

Terraces )er1erted 2o1e +irst Terrace The )ro d . mility 4end o1er d e to h ge stones on their bac# Ann nciation 2ord8s )rayer Second Terrace The En1io s ,enerosity =ears !enitential grey cloa#s 'ith their eyes sh t =edding o" *ana Third Terrace The =rath" l Mee#ness =al#s aro nd in acrid smo#e +inding at the Tem!le 2amb o" ,od De"icient 2o1e +o rth Terrace The Sloth" l Ieal ta#e !art in ceaseless acti1ity The 7isitation Misdirected +i"th Terrace The *o1eto s +ortit de 2ie "ace;do'n on the gro nd )salm 11:K25 4irth o" *hrist Si&th Terrace The ,l ttono s Tem!erance +r it that is "ore1er o t o" their reach )salm 51K15> 2it rgy o" the .o rs =eeding o" *ana and 6ohn the 4a!t st Se1enth Terrace The 2 st" l *hastity

 =all o" "lame> circle the terrace S mma De s *lementiae @ ,od o" S !reme *lemencyA "rom 2it rgy o" the .o rs The 7irgin Mary8s *hastity To! o" Mo nt ) rgatory Earthly )aradise ,arden o" Eden Matilda ready Dante "or 4eatrice -i1er 2ethe erases the memory o" !ast sin -i1er E noe restores good memories !re!ares "or )aradiso T.E +%<A2 6O?-<EY )A-AD%SO )aradiso , ide is 4eatrice 7irgil goes bac# to 2imbo Di1ided into S!heres based on )tolemy8s geocentric theory Earth is the center o" the ni1erse The So l8s Ascent 4ased on *ardinal and Theological 7al es *ardinal )r dence 6 stice Tem!erance +ortit de Theological +aith .o!e 2o1e S!heres Moon abandoned their 1o's change 1o's li#e !hases o" the moon the "aith Merc ry The Ambitio s did good o t o" desire "or "ame 7en s The 2o1ers

 i" yo die o t o" lo1e yo 8ll meet yo r lo1e here s!end eternity 'atching the hea1ens The S n The =ise light o" #no'ledge Solomon Mars =arriors o" +aith 4attle o" Angels *r sades Martyrs 6 !iter The 6 st - lers (ing Da1id Sat rn The *ontem!lati1es +i&ed Star +aith St )eter .o!e St 6ames 2o1e St 6ohn )rim s Mobile The Angels abode o" Angels nine rings o" angels Em!yrean On +ire$ 2atin Abode o" +ire non;!hysical =here ,od resides ,od is made o" three large circles occ !ying the same s!ace .oly Trinity the 2o1e that mo1es the s n and the other stars - n on Sentences and +ragments - n;on " sed no ! nct ation +ragment no com!lete idea * res

 - n;on > semicolon . !eriod con5 nctions re'rite +ragments incom!lete gro ! o" 'or#s ! nct ated as i" a sentence Ty!es Missing S b5ect Missing )redicate De!endent *la sesCS bordinate *la ses 'ritten as a sentence

3.N.3.
Electi1e

3rd Term

*omics #om8i#s no n !l ral in "orm$ sed 'ith sing lar 1erb 6 &ta!osed !ictorial and other images in deliberate seD ence intended to con1ey in"ormation andCor !rod ce an aesthetic res!onse "rom the re1ie'er *los re obser1ing !arts b t !ercei1ing the 'hole *omic !anels "ract re time and s!ace$ o""ering a 5agged staccato rhythm o" nconnected moments it means that comic !anels are not contin o s b t gi1e actions and it is ! to yo to ma#e the clos re Ty!es o" )anel Mo1ement Moment to Moment Action to Action S b5ect to S b5ect Scene to Scene As!ect to As!ect <on seD it r @no relationA The art o" comic is as s btracti1e as it is additi1e it means that in comics$ yo can tell the same story by adding !anels or s btracting -eaders m st assemble a single moment sing scattered "ragments =estern 1s Eastern *omics

 =estern getting there the destination Eastern being there the moment =ord S!eci"ic !ict res s!ea# no more than its 'ords )ict re S!eci"ic 'ords "orm so ndtrac# D o S!eci"ic 'ords and !ict res send the same message Additi1e am!li"y or elaborate the image or 1ice 1ersa )arallel 'ords and !ict re do not relate they /don8t intersect0 %nterde!endence yo need both to con1ey message English E !hemism eu 'ell pheme s!ea# s bstition o" ino""ensi1e "or the e&!licit E&am!les Disabilities 2ame handica!!ed Dea" hearing im!aired %nsane !sychiatric disability Mongoloid Do'n %m!air damage Disability

 restriction .andica! social disad1antage Society )regnant in the "amily 'ay )oor Third =orld emerging Old )erson senior )orn ad lt Toilet 'ash hands Death room tem!erat re dirt na! ! shing ! the daisies !assed on deceased e& stone dead demised no more e&!ired meet the ma#er -esting %n )eace #ic#ed the b c#et mortal coil c rtain choir 6ob 6anitor c stodian S bstit te g est teacher =indo' =asher 7ision *learance Engineer Dog *atcher Dog -elocation ,arbage Man Sanitary Engineer .ostess , est -elation O""icer

*onditional i" main cla se can only ha!!en i" de!endent cla se @'C i"A$ the condition$ ha!!ens Ty!es Ty!e H already !ossible generally tr e !ro1en i" can re!lace 'hen sim!le !resent tense !hos!hor s b rns i" blah blah blah "irst i"X Then comma Ty!e 1 !ossibilities in the " t re i" F !resent F " t re@'illA Ty!e 2 im!ossible " t re i" F !ast F conditional @'o ldA Ty!e 3 im!ossible !ast i" F !ast !er"ect @hadA F !er"ect conditional @hadA %" % 'ere yo s b5ecti1e 'ish %" % 'as yo !ast )hrasal 7erb 1erb F !re!osition changes meaning o" 1erb Some are intransiti1e loner no need "or ob5ect 'a#e !$ sho' ! Some are transiti1e need somebody needs ob5ect made ! ^ Some Transiti1e are se!erable ob5ect bet'een 1erb and !re!osition tal#ed @my motherA into Some Transiti1e are inse!erable ma#es no sense a!art

 ran into Ad1ertisement addresses needs 'ants "ears emotional relation Ty!es 4and'agon 5oining a trend beca se a ma5ority is 5oining it =easel named d e to a 'easel eating an egg to ma#e it seem " ll e !hemism ,littering ,eneralities e&aggerating 'ords more than it is Testimonial C Endorsement said by a #no'n !erson or s r1i1or Snob i" yo don8t ha1e it$ then !eo!le 'on8t li"e yo Are yo cool eno gh Only cool !eo!le #no' this *on" sing =ord !airs 'ords that loo# or so nd the same that can ca se con" sion E&am!les *ome 1s ,o +e' 1s 2ess Stationary 1s Stationery En1elo! 1s En1elo!e ,rad ate 1s ,rad ate *om!liment 1s *om!lement Among 1s 4et'een Amoral 1s %mmoral *o ncil 1s *o nsel 2ay 1s 2ie +lammable 1s %n"lammable