CENTRAL

ROY

ASIATIC
CHAPMAN

EXPEDITIONS
ANDREWS,
Leader

The

Mammals
AND

of

China

Mongolia

BY

GLOVER
MUSEUM

M.
CURATOR
OF HARVARD OF

ALLEN,
MAMMALS ZOOLOGY

Ph.D.

COMPARATIVE UNIVERSITY MASSACHUSETTS

CAMBRIDGE,

With

22

Dislrihution

Maps
and

and with

I other Illustration 9 Plates

in

the Text

NATURAL

HISTORY
VOL.
WALTER

OF
XI, PART

CENTRAL
1

ASIA

GRANGER,

D.Sc,

Editor

THE

AMERICAN

MUSEUM
F. TRUBEE
NEW

OF DAVISON.
YORK

NATURAL
President

HISTORY

1938

TUE

.MAMMALS

OF

miVt

A.""D

MO"4;ULIA

Copyright, by
The American Museum

1938

of

Natural

History

Publiibed

September

2,

1938

Pint

Edition

All

righu
be

reserved.

Thi* in

book,
any

or

parts without

thereof,

must

oot

reproduced

form

permission.

157'

'SI

Mad*

In

th"

United

Sut"

ol

Amarica.

PUBLICATION

NOTE

Because

of

the

size

of

this

report,

treating

it
as

does
more

than 500

forms

of

mammals,

it

has

been

found
sary neces-

to

issue

the

volume

in

two

parts,

of

which

this

is

the

first.

Part
2,

ning begin-

with

the

typical

rodents,

will

be

brought

out

possible.
as soon as

The

Bibliography

of

the

entire

work

appears

at

the

end

of

Part
i

the
;

Index

will

be

at

the

end

of

Part
2.

THE

MAMMALM

Of

UI.XA

Th

AUrii
not

U"d"

in

Um

Uoitad

Suta

ol

AoMrlca.

PREFACE

The

collections
the

of
work

Chinese of
the any also

and Asiatic

Mongolian Expeditions
made,
of

mammals
of
not

brought
American
in the

together
Museum number and
a

through
of
Natural

field

The

History
sectu-ed,
of

exceed
but

previously
the excellence

only

of the

specimens diversity
adequate
short
group
races

in

their

preservation
form,
of

the

localities for
a

which of brief the

The

they
the

represent.
mammalian
on

They
fauna

therefore,
countries.
been

fairly
In

basis

review

these have

preliminary by
group,
to

papers,

reports
few

this

material with

published,
of

during
be
new.

past

years,

descriptions
to

species

or

believed of for

present
fatma
of

volume China
To and

is intended

summarize
to
serve

our

knowledge
handbook
summary

the the

mammalian
use

Mongolia
this

and in

as

of

those
are

interested. for
the

end,

addition

to

brief and

chapters,
to

keys
the

given

various

orders,
while

families,
under
name,

genera,

species,
or race

facilitate
the

identification

of

specimens,
the

each

species

in

systematic description
where

portion
of
external necessary,

are

given:
and the

accepted
characters,
facts from of

Latin

important
notes

synonymy,
on

cranial
known

measurements,
occiirrence

nomenclatvire the examined units

as area

and

habits have
tin-

within

treated,

and writer.

list While of

of

localities

which

specimens
usually
limits form of

been

by

the for

political

boundaries
the

satisfactory
and
as a

the down

study
in and without maps

zoogeography,
of
the

general
have been

China

Mongolia
matter

set

past

decade
no

taken,

chiefly

of

convenience
from
are

partly
these
from

because limits.

significantly
For
these
as

large

collections Korea and of the

have

been of

available Manchuria
the

reasons,

parts

excluded

consideration is

well

as

the

island of

Formosa,

fauna mainland. be

of

which,

however,

essentially

derived

from

that

neighboring
It American
and

should
Musetmi

added

that

all

specimens
include

referred those

to

as

obtained

by
Andrews
Yunnan

the

Asiatic
in

Expeditions
course

collected in Fukien

by

Dr. and

his

associates
and

the in

of

their

explorations
in 1919.

in
were

1916-17,

again

northern
as

Mongolia
First in
and

These Asiatic the

work

two

expeditions
All
to

officially designated
collected
to

the
and

Second

Expeditions.
of the 1921

specimens
are

in

China

Mongolia Expeditions,

during
known

1930

credited

the
as

Central

Asiatic Asiatic

in

early

years

of

the

organization

the

Third

Expedition.

vi

PREFACE

In

the

preparation
so

of

this

volume,
closer been

critical

study

has
many

been
eastern

made,

to

determine,
Until
recent

far
years,

as

possible, the
to

relationships of
the custom,
at
as

forms.

it has

frequently

least
new,

among

European

naturalists,
that and

to

rank give specific

mammals

described forms closer

may

notwithstanding
those forms

the differences
the
true

in

comparison
An

with

other much

be

merely quantitative
nvmiber

relationships therefore
is thus

than of

between the

differingqualitatively.
types
or

exaggerated produced
a

conception

of distinct
but sub-

"species"
better

where

relationships are
To
must
names

really
this

and specific

expressed by
is often related
of

trinomial.
easy and

demonstrate

relationship
cases a

satisfactorily, however,
"revision"
on

not

necessitate
have

in most

of the

several

forms.

New

frequently
of
a

been

stowed be-

basis

inadequate
at

material;
first

specimens
often
or same

single species
mislead
the

prepared
appearances;

by

different
or

collectors

sight
season,

present
condition

slightly differing
may
as

differences

of sex,

age,

investigatorinto
different ties
not
or races.

regarding
in

individuals

of

the

species
show with

representing peciiliarimaterial,

Again, single specimens

large
series. A
means

sometimes

individual authentic

duplicated
topotypes,
in

comparison
of

types
are

is often earlier

the

only
of

rectifying such
Such

mistakes, which
are

inevitable
synonymy

the
a

stages

knowledge.
much forms
to correct to

steps
that here
errors

reflected

in of

the

of
and

species.
will
races

It is too
in

expect

all
are

questions
extend

relationship
solved. number

nomenclature
workers
or

the

treated many

satisfactorily
and of

Future of

be

able
to

the
and
mals mam-

species

known
a

occur

within it may
known

the

limits

China
the

Mongolia.
of

Nevertheless, in
area are now

general
in

way well

fairlybe
from
as a

said that

this

tolerably
rare

systematic
to

point
intimate

of

view

many, of life

however,

remain

collections, while

the

more

points

history we are still largely ignorant. the preparation of this volume, Throughout
of Dr.

I have

had

the

hearty
and Museum

and

unfailingcooperation
Roy
C.

H.

E.

Anthony,
of other Museum

Curator

of Mammals, of The of the American

staff.

of Dr.

Andrews,

leader
as

of the
as

Asiatic
that

Expeditions
members of

of Natural of

History,
Chinese
of Natural in the

well

The

tions collecthe and

mammals Sciences United

of
a

in

Academy
at

of

Comparative Zoology, Philadelphia, the University of Michigan,

National the
to

the

request,

States grant
in

Museum,
Milton
and

have

also

been

consulted. of Harvard British

Through
Museum,
and many other

the

aid
was

from 1933

Clark

Fund
at

University, I
in

enabled

spend
collection

several

weeks

the

the

study

of its unrivaled

of historic
been and

specimens, types,
to correct

material, without
errors

which

it would

have
my
own

impossible
of other in

previous
To

and

misconceptions of
institutions
and

workers

less

fortunate.
thanks
are

all these

their

officers

charge, grateful

due.

PREFACE

vii

In

listing specimens examined,

if

it is understood
those

that

where

no

abbreviation of Natural Sciences M. of

follows, the numbers

given,
are:

are

of the
for

American

Museum of Natural

History.
for Museum for United Museum
The
on

Abbreviations
B.

A.

N.

S. P.,

Academy

Philadelphia;

M., for British

Museum

(Natural History), London;

Massachusetts;
D.

C. Z.,

of

Comparative
National

Zoology, Cambridge,
Museum,
at

U.

S. N.

M.,

States

of Zoology,

Washington, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

at

C.

Univ.

Mich., for

Michigan.
includes
upon,

Bibliography
and

the

end

of Part
that

1 of this Volume I have

come

all literature incidental

Chinese

Mongolian

mammals

except

references, through 1937.

Three
new names are

here

proposed: Aeretes,
Eospalax,
a new a new

new

genus

for the
the

flying

squirrel Pteromys
The

melanopterus;

subgenus
of

for

mole-rats

typified by Myospalax photographic

the
course

fontanierii;and
illustrations
work
are

subspecies Roy
my
cut

Flying Squirrel.
the

selected
Dr.

chiefly from Chapman

sincere
thanks

large series
and
the
use

made Walter
them the

in

of their
to

by

Andrews
for

Dr. of of

Granger,
as

whom much

I would other

express

well

as

for

help.

The

the illustrating H.

nose-leaves

horseshoe

bats, Hipposideros armiger

Field
Museum paper

and

pratti,has

been

generously
Wilfred

lent H.

by
I

the

of

Chicago, through the kind

it first Clifford

offices of Dr.

Osgood,
am

in whose

of 1932
to

appeared.
H.

fmther

indebted Museum

Mr.

Pope
for

and

Dr.

Walter

Granger
notes, and

of the

American

of Natiiral
to
so

History

many

valuable
the the

particularly for their

mentioned
usage and
sources. as

efforts
These

standardize far
as

the

spelling of
to

place-names
most

in the found
Postal

text.

possible conform
well

modem 1932,

in the

List

of Post

Offices, thirteenth
as

issue, Shanghai,
as

the

Map

of China

(Shanghai, 1920),
of

in

other

authentic

For

many

species, outline
it should
most

maps

distribution
that
are

have

been

prepared
the in range

as

but text-figures, each in

be

well
way,

understood

these

indicate
areas so

of
and

only
in

the

general
little
or no

for there

still vast

China often
on

Mongolia
sections
scale well maps be

which

collecting has
are

been

done,

that

large
smallcannot

of the

supposed
of local

range

included

on

inference

only,

while

details

distribution, although often

such maps
areas are

sharply marked,
as

plotted.

Nevertheless,
known
or

valuable

enabling
while
them. later
at

better
same

visualization time
many

of the

supposed
extent

of distribution,
our

the No

indicating something
of these
as

of the

of

ignorance of
considerable

doubt
or

maps the

will be
mammalian

found

subject
of

to

correction in
more

elaboration detail. Since

fauna

the

region becomes
and and

known

the

present

report

was

written,

many

great changes have

taken
the
re-

place

in the

politicalorganization of China

Mongolia,

involving

VUl

PREFACE

definition their
Thus

of

certain boundaries
the
western

of

the

former

and coincide of

more

familiar
with those

provinces,
in
use

so

that few

in

some

cases

no

longer
border

only

years
to

ago.

Szechwan
that

is

now

drawn

considerably
from the well-known

the

eastward

of

its

former

course,

so

specimens
as

recorded from
the is the

locality
which
The old

Tatsienlu stretches

are

now

to

be

regarded
Tibet North

new

province,
covered
in

Hsikang,
this book. in All tional distribu-

westward of

toward

beyond
China,

area

province
the
new

ChihU,

in of
but

now

Hopei, Suiyuan
accoimt

and and

there

are

addition
these

provinces
are

Chinghai,
have
been

Ningsia,
taken

Chahar. in
the

changes
maps I
cannot

confusing,
text.

of

in

the

too

warmly
Clara

express

my Beale checked

indebtedness
and and

to

Dr.

Walter

Granger,
the

and

his
with

assistants.
which

Miss

M.

Miss

Ruth

Tyler,
the have

for

great

care

they
many

have

edited,
errors

coordinated otherwise

manuscript, escaped
me.

thereby

correcting

minor

that

might

Glover

M.

Allen.

Museum Harvard

of

Comparative

Zoology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.

University,

September

i,

1937.

CONTENTS
Preface

OF

PART

1
PACE

List

of

Text

Figures

xxi

List

of

Plates

XXV

SECTION
CHAPTER

I."

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION
....

I."

COLLECTORS

OF

CHINESE

AND

MONGOLMN

MAMMALS

3 9

II."

FAUNAL

AREAS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

III."

FAUNAL

RELATIONS

OF

ASIA

WITH

NORTH

AMERICA

20

SECTION AND

II." MONGOLIA

SYSTEMATIC

ACCOUNT

OF

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA 27

IV."

ORDER

INSECTIVORA.

INSECTIVORES
....

29

Key

to

the

Families

of

Chinese Tree Shrews

and

Mongolian
....

Insectivora

30

Family

Tupaiidae. Tupaia
to
1.

30 30

Genus

Raffles
.....

Key

Chinese

Races

of

Tupaia

helangeri J. Anderson

31 31
.

Tupaia
Tupaia

belangeri

chinensis

2.

belangeri yunalis
helangeri
modesta
and

Thomas

34 34

3.

Tupaia

J. A.
their

Allen AlHes Erinaceids

Family Key

Erinaceidae.
to

Hedgehogs
of S. Chinese MuUer

36 36
37

the

Genera

and

MongoUan

Genus
4.

Hylotnys

Hylomys
Neotetracus

suillus

peguensis

Blyth

37
39

Genus 5. Genus
6.

Trouessart sinensis Trouessart

Neotetracus Hemiechinus Hemiechinus Hemiechinus Erinaceus

40 42

Fitzinger
dauuricus dauuricus Linnaeus europceus europceus dealbatus miodon Swinhoe Thomas dauuricus alaschanictts

(Sundevall)
Satunin

43

7. Genus
8. 9.

46
47 47
52

Erinaceus Erinaceus Moles

Family Key

Talpidas.
to

....

54

the

Genera

of

Chinese

Talpidae

54 55

Genus
10.

Uropsilus

Milne-Edwards

Uropsilus
Rhynchonax

soricipes
Thomas

Milne-Edwards

57
59

Genus

IX

CONTENTS

11. 12.

Rhyvcltonax Rhynchonax Rhynchonax

Thomas

andersoni andersoni andersoni

......

andersoni
atronates

Thomas G. G. M. M. Allen
.

59
61 62

13. Genus

nivatus

Allen

Nasillns 14. 15. Nasillus Nasillus

63
....

Thomas gracilis

63 64

investigatorThomas
Milne-Edwards
....
.

Genus

Scaptonyx
16.

65
66

17. Genus
18.

Scaptonyx fusicaudatus Milne-Edwards Thomas Scaptonyx fusicaudatus affinis

......

67 69 69
71 71

Talpa Linnaeus

Milne-Edwards Talpa longirostris

......

Genus

Parascaptor Gill
19.

Parascaptor leiicurus (Blyth)

....

Genus
20.

Scaptochirus Milne-Edwards Scaptochirusmoschatus Scaptochirusmoschatus

Mogera
22.

72 Milne-Edwards
.

moschatus

73

21.

Thomas gilliesi

76
77

Genus

Pomel latouchei Itainana Thomas oweni Thomas

.

Mogera Mogera

Thomas Thomas

78
80 81
81

23. Genus

Scapanulus
24.

Scapanulus
Shrews Genera

Family Key

Soricidffi.
to

83
and
......

the

of Chinese

Mongolian

Soricidae
.

84 84

Genus

Sorex
to

Linnaeus Chinese
araneus

Key
25.
26.

the Sorex Sorex

and

Mongolian
M. Allen
.

Species of Sorex

85 85

borealis G.

Kastschenko
.

excelsus

87
88

27.
28.

Scfrex sinalis Thomas

.....

Sorex Sorex Sorex Sorex Sorex Sorex

buxtoni

buxtoni

J. A. Allen
Thomas Kastschenko

89
90
.

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Genus

bitxtoni cansulus mittutus thibetanus

91 92

Milne-Edwards cylindricaudacylindricaiida

cyliiidricauda wardi

Thomas G. M. Allen

96
97

cylindricauda gomphus Blyth

......

Soricidus
to

98
Soriculus Blanford
sacratus

Key
34. 35.

Chinese Soriculus Soriculus

Species of
macrurus

99 99 Thomas G. M. Allen
lOI 102 102

caudatus caudatus

36. Soriculus
Genus

umbrinus
.....

Chodsigoa Kastschenko
to

Key
37.

Chinese

Species of Chodsigoa
and

104

Chodsigoa hypsibia hypsibia (De Winton

Thomas

Styan

104
106 106

38. Chodsigoa hypsibia larvarum

39. 40.
41. 42.

Chodsigoa hypsibia lamula Thomas Chodsigoa parva G. M. Allen

Chodsigoa salenskii (Kastschenko)
Thomas

107 108 109

Chodsigoa

smithii

smithii

CONTENTS

XI

43.

Chodsigoa smithii
Blarinella
to Thomas

parca
....

G.

M.

Allen

no 112

Genus

Key
44. 45.

Chinese Blarinella Blarinella Blarinella

Races

of Blarinella

114

quadraticauda

quadratic aiida

(Milne-Edwards)

114 116 116

quadraticauda griselda Thomas quadraticauda

and

46.
Genus

wardi

Thomas
.

Suncus 47. Stmcus Crocidura

Hemprich
niurinus

Ehrenberg
.

118 118
121

(Linnasus)
.....

Genus
.

Wagler
and

Key

to Chinese

Mongolian

Species of Crocidura

121 122

48.
49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

Crocidura Crocidura Crocidura Crocidura Crocidura Crocidura Crocidura Crocidura

attenuata

Milne-Edwards dracula Thomas

dracula
dracula

125
128 129 130

grisescens A. B. Howell

ilensis ilensis yiWlev ilensis lar G. M. Allen Miller Allen

.

ilensis shantungensis ilensis phceopus G.

vorax

131 133 134

M.

G. G.

M. M.

Allen Allen

56. Crocidura
Genus Anourosorex 57. Genus Anourosorex

rapax

136
137

Milne-Edwards

squamipes
Anderson

Milne-Edwards
. ....

138
142

Chimarrogale
to

Key

Chinese

Species and

Subspecies
leander

of

Chimarrogale (Gray) Styan

143

58. Chimarrogale himalayica himalayica

59.
60.

143
144

Chimarrogale himalayica Chimarrogale styani

De

Thomas and

Winton

146
147

Genus
61.

Nectogale Milne-Edwards Nectogale elegans Milne-'Ed'wsxds

BATS
.

148
150

v."

ORDER

CHIROPTERA.

Key

to

the

Families

of Chinese Fruit

and
or

Mongolian

Chiroptera

151

Family Pteropidas.
Key
to

Bats

Fljang Foxes

151 152
152

the

Genera

of Chinese

Pteropids Gray]
P. L.
....

[Pteropus chinensis [PteropusformosHS

Genus
62.

Sclater]

152
153

Cynopterus

F.

Cuvier
.

Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl)

Rousettus

153
.

63. Cynopterus brachyotis angulatus Miller

Genus

156
157

Gray

.....

64.

Rousettus

leschenaulti

(Desmarest)
Bats
....

157

Family

Emballonuridce.

Sheath-tailed

158 158

Genus

Taphozous 65.

Geoffroy

Taphozous melanopogon
Peters
.....

Temminck

159 i6i 162

Family Megadermidse.
Genus
66.

Big-eared Bats

Lyroderma Lyroderma

lyra sinensis
Leaf-nosed

(Andersen
Bats
.....

and

Wroughton)

162

Family Rhinolophid^.

164

xu

CONTENTS

Genus

Rhinolophns Lac^p6de
to Chinese

....

165 165
166
168

Key

Species of
roHxi

Rltutoloplius
Andersen

67. Rhiiwlophus
68.

sinicus

Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus

himalayaiius Andersen affinis

Andersen
.

69.
70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

macrurus Rhinolophus affinis

170 171 172 174 175

affinishainanus

J. A.

Allen Temminck

Rhinolophus ferrum-equiuum nippon

tragatus Hodgson ferrtim-eqtiinum Rliinolophus Andersen Rhinolophus lepidusshortridgei

Rhinolophus

cornutus

pumilus
G. G.

Andersen Andersen M. M. Allen

.

176
177

Rhinolophus blythi szechwanus

Rhinolophus blythi parcus

76. Rhinolophus blythi calidus

77.

178
179
181 182

Allen

78. Rhinolophus pearsoniipearsoniiHorsfield

79.
80. 81. 82.

Rhinolophus

pearsoniichinensis

Andersen M. M. Allen Allen

.

Rhinolophus episcopus episcopus G.

Rhinolophus episcopus caldivelli G.
lanosus lanosus
rex

182

184 184
186

Rhinolophus

lanostis Andersen spurcus M.

Allen

83. Rhinolophus 84. Rhinolophus

G.

M.

Allen

G.

187
188
.

Family Hipposideridae.
Key
to

Horseshoe

Bats

the

Genera

of Chinese

Hipposideridae
....

189 189
190 190
.

Genus

Hipposideros
to

Gray

Key

Species of Hipposideros 85. Hipposideros armiger armiger (Hodgson)

the Chinese
86.

Hipposideros armiger

sunnhoii
.

(Peters)

192 193

Thomas 87. Hipposideros pratti

88.
.

Hipposideros poutensis J. Trianops

Dobson
.....

A.

Allen Andersen
.

196
197 199 199
200

89. Hipposideros genlilissinensis Tricenops wheeleri

Genus 90. Genus

91. 92.

Osgood
.....

CaelopsBlyth C"lops
Genera sinicus G.

Ccelopsinflata M.\\\tr
M.

....

201 202
.

Allen
.

Bats Family Vespertilionidae.Vespertilionine

203

Key

to

the

of Chinese
.....

and

Mongolian

Vespertilionids

204 205 206 206 207

Genus

Myotis Kaup
to

Key
93. 94. 95.

the

Chinese

and

Mongolian Species of Myotis

Thomas chinensis luctuosus

Myotis myotis ancilla Thomas

Myotis

altarium

Myotis chinensis

(Tomes)
G. M. Allen
.

208
210 211 212

96. Myotis chinensis

97.

Myotis formosus rufo-niger (Tomes)

Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl)

98. Myotis pequinius Thomas

99.
100.
loi.

213 214 215

Myotis fimbriatus (Peters) Myotis mystacinus mystacinus (Kuhl)

CONTENTS

xni

102.

Myotis mystacinus przewalskiiBobrinski

Myotis laniger (Peters)
kWen
.

217 218
220

103. 104. 105. 106.

Myotis jraterG.M. Myotis miiricola Myotis davidii

Bianchi

monpinensis (Peters)

(Milne-Edwards)

221

223
224

Genus

Rickettia
107.

Rickettia

pilosa (Peters)
.

224 226 227 227 229 231 231 232

Genus

Kaup Pipistrellus
to

Key

Chinese

Species of Pipistrellus

108. 109.
no.

Pipistrellus pulveratus(Peters) (Temminck) Pipistrellus abramus

tralatititts tramatus Pipistrellus Thomas Thomas
....

Genus
111.

la

laio

Thomas Bowdich
.

Genus

Nyctalus
to the

233

Key
112.

Chinese

Forms

of Thomas

Nyctalus

233 234 23s

Nyctalus

aviator noctula

113. 114.

Nyctalus

plancyi (Gerbe)
G. M. Allen

Nyctalus vehitinus

236
237

Genus

Eptesicus Rafinesque
to

Key

Chinese

and

Mongolian Species of Eptesicus

.

238 238
240

115. 116. 117. 118.

Eptesicus nilssoiiii gobiensis 'Eohnnskx Eptesicus serotimts Eptesicus alashamicus Eptesicus andersoni
Vespertilio murinus
murinus Vespertilio

pallens Miller
^dhnns]d
.

242

(Dobson)
" . . .
.

243 244 245

Genus

Linnsus Vespertilio
119.
120.

murinus siiperans

Liirmceus
.

Thomas
.

246
247

Genus
121.
122.

Tylonycteris Peters

.....

Tylonycteris pachypus fulvidus (Blyth) Tylonycteris robustula

Thomas Dobson
.....

248
249 249

Genus

Scotomanes
123.

Scotmnanes

ornatus
.....

sinensis

Hhova.a.5

250 251

Genus

ScotophilusLeach
to Chinese

Key

Species of

Scotophilus
Leach insularis

252 252

124.

Scotophiluskuhlii Scotophilusheathii
Gray

125. 126.

J. A.

Allen

253

Scotophilus temminckii
.....

consobrinus

J. A.

Allen

254

Genus

Barbastella
127.

256 256 258

Forms of Plecotus

Barbastella

(Hodgson) darjelingensis
.....

Genus

Plecotus
to

Geoffroy
and

Key

Chinese Plecotus Plecotus Plecotus

Mongolian

258 258
260 262

12S. 129. 130.

auriius auritus auritus

auritiis (Linnjeus) kozlovi Bobrinski ariel Thomas

....

Genus

Miniopterus Bonaparte Key to Chinese Species of Miniopterus

263 263

XIV

CONTENTS

131.
132.

Miniopteritsschreibersii
Miniopterus
schreibersii

chinensis

Thomas Allen

264 264
266

parvipes G. M.

133. Genus

Miniopterus pusillus Gray

picta
.....

Dobson

Kerivoula
to the

268

Key

Chinese

Species

of Kerivoida Thomas

268 268

134. 135. Genus

Kerivoula Kerivoula

bellissima

hardivickii
.....

depressa Miller

269
270

Muriiia
to

Gray

Key

Chinese

Species of
aurata

Murina
.

271 271 272 273

.

136. Mttrina
137. Murina

Milne-Edwards

cydotis Dobson leucogaster Milne-Edwards

hiittoni rubella Mastiff
Bats
....

138. Murina
139.

Murina

Thomas

273 274 274 274 275

Family Key

Molossidae.
to

Genera

of Chinese Dobson

Molossidae
....

Genus

Chcerephon
140.

Chcerephon plicatus (Buchanan-Hamilton)

E.

Genus

Nyctinomus
141. 142.

Geoffroy
teniotis

276

Nyctinomus
Nyctinomus

insignis Blyth (Thomas)

276
278

teniotis cwcata

VI."

ORDER

PRIMATES.

LEMURS

AND

MONKEYS
.

279
280

Key

to

the

Genera

of Chinese

Primates and

Family

Lorisidaj.

Slow

Lemurs

Galagos
....

280
280

Genus

Nycticebus E. Geoffroy
143.

Nycticebus

coitcang Baboons

cinereus and

Milne-Edwards

281 281 282 282

Family Cercopithecidae.
Key
to

Guenons

Genera Macaca
to

of Chinese

Cercopithecidae
.

Genus

Lac6p^de
Chinese

Key

the

Species of Macaca
(McClelland) (Zimmermann)

282
282

144.

Macaca Macaca

assamensis mulatto

145. Genus

284 289. (Milne-Edwards)

290 291 293 293

Lyssodes Gistel 146. Lyssodes speciosus thibetanus

147.

Lyssodes speciosus melli (Matschie) Langur

of Chinese

Family Key

Colobida;.
to Genera Pithecus to

Monkeys
Colobidas
and

Genus

Geoffroy

Cuvier
.

294 294 294 297 297

Key

Chinese

Species of
obscurus

Pithecus barbei

148. Pithecus
149. 150.

(Blyth)

Pithecus Pithecus

frangoisi (Pousargues)
nctnceus

(Linnaeus)
.

Genus

Milne-Edwards Rhinopitiiecus
to the

299 300 300 302 304

Key

Chinese

Species

of

Rhinopithecus (Milne-Edwards)

151. 152.

Rhinopithecus roxellance Rhinopithecus brelichi

Rhinopithecus bieti Milne-Edwards

Thomas

153.

CONTENTS

XV

Family Hylobatids.
Genus

Gibbons
.... .....

305

Hylobates lUiger
to

305
.

Key

the

Chinese

Species of Hylobates (Harlan)

concolor
.

306
306
309

154. 155.

Hylobates hoolock

Hylobates concolor
CARNIVORES

(Harlan)

VII."

ORDER

CARNIVORA.

....

312

Key

to

the

Families

of Chinese Raccoons

and

Mongolian
and their Kin

Camivora
.

312

Family Procyonidas.
Genus Ailurus

313 314 314

F. Cuvier
.....

156. Ailurus
Genus

ful gens
The

styani Thomas
Giant Panda
.

Family Ailuropodidas.
Ailuropoda
157.

317

Milne-Edwards melanoleucus
......

318

Ailuropoda
Bears of Chinese Linnaeus

(David)

319 324

Family
Key

Ursidae.
to

Genera Ursus
to

and
.....

Mongolian

Ursidae
.

325 325

Genus

Key

the

Chinese

and

Mongolian

Species of Ursus

326

158.
159. Genus

Ursus Ursus

pruinosus Blyth
arctos

326
.

lasiotus
.....

Gray

328
330

Euarctos
160. 161.

Gray

Euarctos Euarctos

thibetanus thibetanus

thibetanus melli
....

(G. Cuvier)

333

{yintschie) (Lydekker)
Canidas

336
339 339 341 341 341

Genus

Helarctos
162.

Horsfield

Helarctos

malayanus

wardi

Family
Key

Canidae.
to

Wolves,

Dogs, and
and
.....

Foxes

the

Genera

of Chinese

Mongolian

Genus

Cams

Linnseus

163. Canis
Genus

lupus

chanco

Gray
....

...

342 345

NyctereutesTemminck

164. Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides (Gray) 165. Nyctereutesprocyonoides

Genus
orestes

346
349
350

Thomas

Vulpes
166.

Oken
....

Vulpes vulpes

hoole

Swinhoe Matschie

350

167.
168.

Vulpes vulpes

tschiliensis

353
355

Vulpes vulpes fkaragan (Erxleben)

Hamilton
corsac

Genus

Cynalopex
Cuon 170.

Smith

356 356 358 358 361 362 363 363 367

Mustelidae

169. Cynalopex
Genus

(Linnaeus)
....

Hodgson

Cuon

javanicus lepturus Heude Martens,

of Chinese

Family
Key

Mustelidae.
to

Weasels, Badgers, Otters

and
.....

the

Genera

Mongolian

Genus

Charronia 171.

Gray
Pinel
......

Charronia

flavigulaflavigula(Boddaert)
and

Genus

Martes
to the

Key

Chinese

Mongolian

Species of Martes

367 368

172.

Martes

zibellina

sajanensisOgnev

ZVl

CONTENTS

173. Genus

artes

foina foina (Erxlehen)

.....

Mustcla
to

Linnasus
and

Key

Chinese Mustela Mustela

Mongolian

174. 175.

sibirica

Species of Mustela (Milne-Edwards) fontanierii

(Milne-Edwards)

sibirica davidiana sibirica

176. Mustela
177. Mustela

moupinensis (Milne-Edwards)
Pallas

altaica altaica altaica kathiah rixosa pygmwa

178. Mustela
179.
180. 181. 182.

Hodgson

Mustela Mustela Alustela Mustela W.

(J.A.

Allen)

russelliana erminea eversmanni Blasius

Thomas

mongolica Ognev
tiarata
....

Hollister

Genus

Vormela

183.
Genus

Vormela

peregusna
.....

negans

Miller

Helictis
to

Gray
Chinese moschata

Key

the

Species of

Helictis

184.

Helictis

moschata

Gray

185. Helictis moschata

186.

Hilzheimer ferreo-grisea M. Allen

Helictis

taxilla sorella G.
.....

Genus

Meles

Brisson meles Milne-Edwards leptorynchtis

....

187. Meles
Genus

Arctonyx
188.

F. Cuvier

Arctonyx collaris collaris ". C\xvieT

collaris leucolmnus

189. Arctonyx
Genus Lutra
to

(Milne-Edwards)

Brunnich Chinese

Key

the

Species of

Lutra

190.

Lutra Lutra Lutra

lutra chinensis lutra nair

Gray

191. 192. Genus

F. Cuvier

tarayensis Hodgson J. A. Allen

cinerea and

Micraonyx
193.

Micraonyx
Civets

(Illiger) Mungooses
Viverridae

Family Key

Viverridae.
to

the

Genera

of Chinese Linnaeus zibetha

Genus

Viverra 194.

Viverra

ashtoni

Swinhoe

Genus

Viverricula 195.

Hodgson
malaccensis malaccensis F. Cuvier
....

Viverricula Viverricula

malaccensis

(Gmelin)
.

196.
Genus

pallida (Gray)

Paradoxurus
to

Key

Chinese

Species of
minor
.....

Paradoxurus
.

197.

Paradoxurus

hermaphroditus
exitus

laotum

Gyldenstolpe

198. Paradoxurus
Genus

Schwarz

Paguma
199.
200. 201.

Gray
larvata larvata lan^ata

Paguma Paguma
Paguma

larvata

(Hamilton Smith) Wroughton

Thomas
.

intrudetis hainana

Genus

Herpestes Illiger

CONTENTS

xvii

Key
202.

to

the

Chinese

Species of Herpestes

441 441 443 445

203.

Herpestes rubrifrons (J. A. Allen) Herpestes urva (Hodgson)

.

Family
Key

Felidae.
to

Cats
.....

the

Chinese

and

Mongolian
....

Felidae

447 449
449

Genus

Felts

Linnaeus Felts Linnaeus

Subgenus
204.

Felts chaus Poliailurus

affinisGray Lonnberg
.

449 451 451 454 455 457

Subgenus
205.

Felis bieti Milne-Edwards Trichalurus Felis manul Prionailurus Felis Satunin manul Pallas

Subgenus
206.

Subgenus
207.
208.

Severtzov

Kerr bengalensisbengalensis

458
.

Felis bengalensis chinensis

Gray

459

Subgenus
209.

Profelis Severtzov
Felis temminckii

464 465
470 470

tristis Milne-Edwards

Subgenus
210.

NeofelisGray
Felis nebtdosa Panthera Felis Felis Griffith
...

Subgenus
211. 212.

Oken F. A. A.

472

pardus fusca

Meyer

473 477

pardus fontanierii

Milne-Edwards

213.
214.

Felis tigrisamoyensis Felis tigrisamurensis Kerr

....

Hilzheimer Dode

480 487 488

Genus

Lynx
215.

Lynx

lynx isabellina
SEA-LIONS

(Blyth)

489
490

VIII."

ORDER

PINNIPEDIA.

SEALS,

Family

Otariidae.

Fur-seals

and
.

Sea-lions

491 491

Genus

Callorhinus
216.

Gray

Callorhinus

curilensis
.

Jordan

and

Clark

491 492
492

Family

Phocidae. Phoca 217.

Hair-seals Linnaeus frichardii DOLPHINS, Cetacea Whales

Genus

Phoca WHALES,

(Gray)
PORPOISES

493 494 495 495 495

IX."

ORDER

CETACEA.

Key

to

Families

of Chinese

Suborder

Odontoceti. Iniidas. River

Toothed

Family

Dolphins

Genus

Lipotes Miller

496 496
497

218. Miller Lipotes vexillifer Family Delphinidas Dolphins and Porpoises

Key

to

Genera Sotalia 219.

of Chinese

Delphinidas
(Osbeck)

498 498
499 500 501 501

Genus

Gray

Sotalia

chinensis Linnasus

Genus Genus Genus

Delphinus Tursiops
Neonieris

Gervais

Gray

XVIU

CONTENTS

220.

Neomeris

phocmtoides (G. Cuvier) griseus{Cuvier)

502 504

Genus

Grampus
221.

Gray
.

Grampus

504 505

Genus
222.

GlohicephalaLesson Glohicephalascammonii
Orcinus 223.

(Cope)

506
507 507
509

Genus

Fitzinger
orca

Orcinus

(Linnasus)
Whales

Family Physeteridae. Sperm

Genus

Physeter Linnaeus
224.

509 Linnaeus Whales

.

Physeter catodon
Whalebone
to

509 510 Seas 510 514 514

Suborder

Mystacoceti.
Whalebone Whales
SCALY

Key
X." ORDER

to

be

Expected
OR
.....

in Chinese
PANGOLINS

NOMARTHRA.

ANTEATERS

Family
Key

Manidae.
to

Pangolins
and Linnaeus

the Genera Manis 225.

226.

Species of
.....

Chinese

Nomarthra

515 515

Genus

Manis Manis

pentadactyladalmanni
Sundevall
....

Sundevall

516
519 521

pentadactyla pusillaJ. A. Allen

crassicaudata
MAMMALS

Genus

Phatages
227.

Phatages
GNAWING

(Geoffrey)

521 523

XL"

ORDER

RODENTIA.

Suborder

Duplicidentata.
Families of Chinese

Rabbits, Hares, and

and

Mouse-hares

523 524 524 525

Key

to

Mongolian
....

Duplicidentata

Family

Ochotonida;. Ochotona
to

Mouse-hares Link
.....

Genus

Key

the

Chinese

and

Mongolian

Species of

Ochotona

526 526

228.

Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona

pallasiipallasii (Gray) pallasii pricei Thomas

.

229.
230.

529 530 531 532 533 534 537 542 544

hyperborea mantchurica
alpina alpina (PaWas)

Thomas

231.
232.

alpina argentata A. B. Howell gloveriThomas erythrotis(Buechner)

thibetana thibetana thibetana thibetana thibetana thibetana
cansus

233234.

235-

(Milne-Edwards)
.

236.
237.

Lyon

huangensis

(Matschie)

238.
239.
240. 241. 242.

sorella Thomas stevensi Osgood

546
547

forrestiThomas roylei chinensis

dauurica dauurica dauurica dauurica dauurica and Thomas

548
549 550 554 555

dauurica altaina

(Pallas)
Thomas

243. 244. 245.

bedfordiThomas
annectens

Miller

556 556
557

246.

melanostoma Rabbits

(Buechner)

Family Leporidas.

Hares

CONTENTS

XIX

Key

to

the

Genera

of

Chinese

and

Mongolian

Leporidae

558 558

Genus

Caprolagus
247.

Blyth
.....

Caprolagus

sinensis sinensis cuniculus

sinensis

(Gray)
G. M. Allen

558 560 561 562

248.
249. Genus

Caprolagus fOryctolagus

flaviventris

(Linnffius)

Lepus
to

Linn^us
.....

Key
250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255.

the

Chinese

and

Mongolian
tolai swinhoei Pallas

Species

of

Lepus

563 564

Lepus

europcBus europcBus europcEus europceus centrasiaticus hainanus oiostolus oiostolus oiostolus

Lepus Lepus
Lepus Lepus Lepus

Thomas Matschie Hollister

567 568 569

570 571

filchneri aurigineus
Satunin Swinhoe oiostolus G.

256.
257.

Lepus Lepus Lepus

Hodgson
M. A. B. Allen Howell
.

573 575 577

comus

258.

grahami

SECTION

III

XII."

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

COMPLETE

579

TEXT
IGURI

FIGURES
PAGB

I.

"

Distribution

Map
............

31

Tupaia
1.

T
.

belangeri

chinensis

2.

T. T.

belangeri yunalis belangeri Map

............

3.

modesta

2.

"

Distribution Erinaceus
1.

42

E. E.

europcsus
europmus

dealbatus miodon

2.

Hemiechinus
3. 4.

H. H.

dauuricus dauuricus

dauuricus alaschanicus

3.

"

Distribution

Map
............

eg

Uropsihis
1.

U.

soricipes

Rhynckonax
2.

R. R. R.

andersoni andersoni andersoni

andersoni nivatus
atronates

3.
4.

Nasilhis 5.
6.

N. N.

gracilis investigator

4.

"

Distribution

Map
............

74

Scaptochirus
1.

S. S.

moschatus moschatus

moschatus

2.

gilliesi

Scapanulus
3. 5S.
oweni

"

Distribution

Map
.

'

.77

Mogera
1.

M. M.

latouchei liainana

2.

6.

"

Distribution Sorex
1
.

Map

........,.'..

94

S. S. S.

cylindricauda cylindricauda cylindricauda

cylmdricauda
wardi

2.

3.

gomphus
xxi

xxii

TEXT

FIGURES

'"*"^ riGURE

7.

"

Distribution

Map hypsibia hypsibia hypsibia Ian-arum hypsibia lamiila Map quadraticauda quadraticauda quadraticauda griselda quadraticauda wardi Map

I03

Chodsigoa
1. 2.

C. C. C.

3. 8.
"

Distribution
Blarinella
1.
2.

"3

B.

B. B.

3.

9.

"

Distribution Crocidura
1. 2.

126

C. dracula C. dracula

dracula

grisescens
130

10.

"

Distribution
Crocidura
1. 2.

Map

C. ilensis lar C. ilensis shantungaisis C. ilensis

3. Distribution

phceopus
139

II.

"

Map

Anourosorex
I.

A.

squamipes
of

12.

"

Nose-leaves

Hipposideros armiger,
(center),natural
of Natural

male

(left),and
After Dr.

Hipposideros pratti,male
H.

(right) and
of Field

female

size.
........

Wilfred

Osgood (courtesy
194

Museimi

History)

13.

"

Distribution Pithecus
1. 2.

Map
P. obscurus P. P. barbei

295

frangoisi
neinwus

3. Distribution

14.

"

Map

............

299

Rhinopithecus
1. 2.

R. roxellancB R. bieti R. brelichi

3. Distribution Ailurus
1.

15.

"

Map

............

315

A. fulgens styani

16.

"

Distribution

Map

.321

Ailuropoda
I.

A.

tnelanoletictis

TEXT

FIGURES

xxiii

FIGURJC

PAGE

17.

"

Distribution Mustela
1.

Map
............

370

M. M. M.

sibirica sibirica sibirica

fontanierii
davidiana

2.

3. Distribution Viverra
I.

moupinensis
424

18.

"

Map
............

V.

zibetha

ashtoni

19.

"

Distribution

Map
............

434

Paguma
1.

P. P.
P.

larvata larvata larvata

larvata intrudens hainana

2.

3.

20.

"

Distribution Manis
1.

Map
. . . . . . . . . . .

.518

M. M.

pentadactyla

dalmanni

2.

pentadactyla
Map
............

pusilla

21.

"

Distribution Ochotona
1.
2.

541

0. 0. O. 0. 0.

thibetana thibetana thibetana thibetana thibetana

thibetana
cansus

3. 4. 5. Distribution Ochotona
1
.

huangensis
sorella stevensi

22.

"

Map
............

553

O. 0. 0. O.

dauurica dauurica dauurica dauurica

dauurica
annectens

2.

3. 4. Distribution

bedfordi
altaina

23.

"

Map
............

562

Lepus
1.

L. L. L. L.

europceus europceus europcBus europceus

tolai sunnhoei

2.

3.

filchneri

4.

atirigineus

FLATES
FACING PLATE PAGE

I.

"

Upper
of Lower of

figure:
Urga,

The

southern

edge

of

the

mixed

forest

zone,

forty

miles

northeast

Outer
:

Mongolia.
larches
at

figure Urga,

Outpost

the

edge

of the

forest

zone,

forty

miles

northeast
6

Outer

Mongolia
.........

II.

"

Sainnoin

Khan,

Outer

Mongolia.

Hills

with

patches

of

timber
...

III.

"

Upper
Lower

figure: figure
:

Pass

to

the

Mongolian
Plateau above

Plateau

at

Kalgan.

Mongolian

Kalgan,

showing

Chinese

cultivation
.

lo

IV.

"

The

Gobi.

Looking
Outer

out

over

the

valley

of

Tsagan

Nor,

from

just

below

Baga
12

Bogdo,

Mongolia
..........

V.

"

Yenchingkou
ridge
edwardsi

near

Wanhsien,
the

eastern

Szechwan. the haunt of

Site

of

bat

caves;

the Rat

stone lime-

in

background
. . .

is

Edwards's

Giant

{Raiius
.16
.

gigas)
. . . . . .

VI.

"

Upper
12,000

figure:
feet.

Dr.

Andrews's

camp

and

the

Snow

Mountain,

western

Yunnan,

Lower

figure

The

Mekong

valley,

western

Yimnan
. . . .

.18

VII.

"

Upper

figure:
at

tame

Long-eared
in the of
a

Hedgehog
about
to

(Hemiechinus
fold
up.

dauuricus

alasckan-

icus)
Lower Artsa

Tsagan
:

Nor,

Gobi,

figure

The in

hay-pile
the Gobi.

Pallas's

Mouse-hare

{Ochotona

pallasii pallasii)

at

Bogdo,

.........

46

VIII.

"

Upper

figiu-e:Hoolock
Ytmnan.
:

Gibbon Profile view of

(Hylobates
view. the
same
........

hoolock),

female,

killed

near

the

Burma

border,
Lower

figure

Front

306

IX.

"

Upper
crest

figure:
of
erect

live hair.

Civet

{Viverra

zibeiha

ashtoni).

Yunnan.

Note

the

dorsal

Lower

figiire: Head

of

Civet

{Viverra

zibetha

ashtoni).

Mucheng,

Yunnan
.

420

XXV

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA
AND

MONGOLIA

SECTION

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

SECTION

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

Pago

CHAPTER

I"

COLLECTORS

OF

CHINESE

AND

MONGOLIAN

MAMMALS
....

CHAPTER

n"

FAUNAL

AREAS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA
9

CHAPTER

UI"

FAUNAL

RELATIONS

OF

ASIA

WITH

NORTH

AMERICA
20

CHAPTER

COLLECTORS

OF

CHINESE

AND

MONGOLIAN

MAMMALS

The

first
dates

knowledge
from
the

of

the

mammals
of the

of China Venetian
to

and

Mongolia
Marco

by
Polo,

Etiropeans
who in the

probably
thirteenth back the

days

traveler
court

centiiry
of
the

journeyed
Musk of
a

overland

the

of Kublai
he
seems

Khan
to

and
met

brought
with
mals mamon

parts
western

Deer those

{Moschus)
countries.
works of

which Brief

have

borders in

mention
such
as

of
Du

other Halde's time

Chinese

is found
de la

few

early

travel,

"Description
the Peter

Chine,"
and
to et

1735, the China

Flora

which "Great and

notices Black
the East

apparently Ape"
or

for

the

first

Mongolian
Osbeck's contains
a a

Gazelle

gibbon (English
Thunberg

of

Hainan;

"Voyage
"Faimula fifteen

Indies" which "Simla too,

edition,

1771) copies

Sinensis," mammals,

from

(1823)
"Sus in
number that

list "Cervus

of

species
and

of

including
Pallas,

nemcea,"
who

sinensis,"
eastern

alces,"
the
near

"Cervus half of the of

elaphiis." eighteenth

traveled
a

Siberia

in from first

latter the

century,
that

described
range did into
not

of

species
The

borders

northern

Mongolia
China,
of
these
sent

country.

important
later. while

collections
the
at

from earliest

however,
was

reach
of

Europe
R.

till much

Among
stationed of

perhaps
to

that British named

John
Museum

Reeves,
a

who of

Canton,

back

the and

number

mammals,
Indian

which

J.
Canis

E.

Gray

figured

in

his

"Illustrations

of
and
are

Zoology,"
sinensis.

procyonoides,
work
soon

Viverra date

pallida,
but

Rhizomys
some

sinensis,
of
the

Lepiis
lettered

This

bears after

the

1830-34,
described reevesii
from
to
a

plates
and

1829.
and

Gray Ogilby,

(1837)
Cervus
made
two

Felis the

chinensis
same

Lutra
The

chinensis,
botanist
the last

in

1838,
who

source.

R.

Fortune

(1853)

visits back
or

China
few

before

the
to

middle
the

of

century
which

(1843,

1844),

also

brought
new

mammals

British

Museum,

subsequently
about
a

proved
Robert interest

valuable. while
on

Beginning
in time the North

1858,
active
or

Swinhoe,
in
to

British
of that

consular

service
and

China,
to

took

very
notes

the the

zoology Zoological
to

country
of
London

from
or

time

sent

specimens
work the

Society
Chefoo,
later

to

British

Museum.
as

His
well
as

took island

him
of
3

Peiping,
while

and he
was

Kalgan
for
some

in

China,

to

Formosa,

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

time

in residence in

at

Amoy

and His

again

at

Ningpo

in South

China, and
on

also made of

collections
eastern

Hainan.
and Formosa

published communications
extend
over new a

the

mammals years
to

China

period

of

some

sixteen

1874,

and

include

descriptions of various
most

species.
collectors of Chinese in

By
is the

far the

outstanding figure among

Armand have
In

mammals

Jesuit missionary, Pere

at
once seems

David.

He
to

arrived
make

Peiping in July,
at

1862, and
collections kilometers
was

to

begun
he in

actively
spent

investigations and Jehol, 200 journey into what

added

of

the

fauna. of

1864
and

several

months
a

north

Peiping,
he

1866-68
some

undertook time
at

then

Chinese
The

Mongolia, residing for

made,
French

Saratsi, in northwestern

Shansi. M.

collections
the

together with
at

various
sent to

specimens
the

by

Fontanier,

Consul

Peiping,
most

were

Paris

Museum,
various
was

where
new

they
about

were

studied
them. the

by Alphonse
David's

Milne-Edwards,
remarkable

who

described

species among
part of
in the
eastern
course

journey, however,
then
to

made
as

1870 into
of

principalityof Muping
He
a was

in Szechwan,
reach

regarded highlands,
of
as

Tibet.

the

first naturalist made

an

these
nary unknown

and

nearly

year's work
many

extraord
new

collection

mammals,
well
as

large and
other
genera

small, including

wholly

and

types
the
new

species previously
Anoiirosorex,

undescribed.

These and

included

inthe

sectivore Golden collector mammals

were on were

Uropsilus, Nectogale,
The
at

Scaptonyx,

and

Monkey,
resulted

Rhinopithecus.
in

extraordinary zeal of this indefatigable

Paris
In
a

bringing together previously

the made. the
to

representation of Chinese
1, these

excelling any specialview

made

August, 187
d'Histoire
a

collections
at

public
the

at

Museum

Naturelle
volume

Paris with David

and
an

by Milne-Edwards plates"
several well

the

subject of

magnificent

atlas

of colored

known
on

"Recherches"

(1868-74).

himself

published
1872-73,
were

brief reports

his
had

collecting journeys (see David, A.,

many
narrow

1867-71, attempts
way. In

1872,
to

1872a).
"

He

escapes, in
a

"

several

made
course

poison him,
of

^but he he
was

survived

all

dangers by
a

miraculous Chinese

the

his work
whose

accompanied
Milne-Edwards

faithful
to

servant,

"Yellow

Tom,"
a

memory
new

essayed mainly

perpetuate
David

by naming in his honor

visited
than

supposed
he

rat, "Mus

htiang-thomcE"!
half months

Later

Chekiang
not

and In

Kiangsi
1873

Provinces, but spent

three and

collected
a

in other

branches

mammals. far

in the
and

mountains in the
same

of

Shensi,
year

from
to

Sianfu, making
in the

additional
of

collections,
northwestern

journeyed
he the

Kuatun various

mountains
of

Fukien,

where

again

obtained

species
genus

specimens of
still unknown

curious
other

exceptional interest, including the first and Typhlomys, described by Milne-Edwards,

of

from
the

parts
later

China.

Here,
Thomas the

too,
as

he

collected

the

first

examples columns,

of and

microtine
on

named
one

by

Microtus

tnelanogaster

notes

the

label of

(now in

British

Museum),

"rubigin-

COLLECTORS

OF

CHINESE

AND

MONGOLIAN

MAMMALS

osus

n.

sp.," but
a

for
one

some

reason

the

name

never

was

published.
and

The D. La

localityTouche
p.

became had
and

famous

for

naturalists:
for Mr. Museum made
not

both

C. B.
years

Rickett

J.

collectors later

working
was

there

several

(see Thomas, Pope,

who

O., 1898,
an

769),

it

visited American
be
was

by

Clifford

H.

secured

excellent

collection

for the

in the

course

of the of
the in
course

Asiatic

work.
to

Mention

should David foremost

of alone

the in

services his
who

French the

missionaries
of

science,

for the

interest
in the

mammals

China.
of years de
on

Perhaps
from

is P.

M.

Heude

of

number

1885-1901

published
a

in his "Memoires
on

concernant

I'Histoire of China in
the many

Naturelle
as

I'Empire Chinois,"
the bears
and led
structure

series of papers

the

ungulates
interest

well of

as

other him
to

species.
bestow the skulls

His

intense
names

details minor

tooth

technical
he

freely on
of these
at

and

dividual in-

variations in greatly
Museum

in

brought together, resulting unfortunately

of many

burdening (now
known

the
as

nomenclature the have work Heude

animals. contains

His
most

Sikawei of his

Museum)
been been French

Shanghai by

type specimens,
account

which life and

since
has of the

studied

by Sowerby,
have

while

of

his

published
missionaries

Courtois from

a general (1906). In

Tatsienlu, Szechwan,
sent

several
to

time
the

to
name

time of

valuable

specimens
Biet
that of R.

the
with

Paris his

Museum.

Among
of
a

others,

Monseigneur pithecus and

For visited
the many

is linked
P.

discovery
the

striking species of
Sambar China
R. Deer.
was

Rhino-

Dejean

with

Yunnan
western

years

following
In E. and

David's the

time,
late

very

little

by

naturalists.
traveler of

1907-08
Wilson

Walter
and

Zappey

accompanied
extensive

veteran

H.

into
for and

Hupeh
the the

Szechwan,
of

making
Tibetan

collections
and
at

birds

mammals

Museum
extreme

Comparative
of the

Zoology, plateau

eventually
Ramala Our first

reached

Tatsienlu

edge

Pass.

important knowledge
to

of the

mammals
who the
as

of extreme naturalist

southwestern and

China officer
in

is due
on

Dr.

John
made

Anderson from

(1879),
India
in
a

medical Yunnan later

two

British

expeditions
of his work

to

borders branches volume

of western

1867-68

and the and

1875,
results

collections
in

various

of with
of

zoology,

embodying

sumptuous

atlas, giving
were

descriptions
known
Toward
a

colored
in part from

figures of many
Indian

species.

Most

these

viously pre-

representatives.
centiu-y. Prince
Yimnan
to

the

close

of the

nineteenth
across

Henri

d'0rl6ans

took under-

joiuney
on

from

Tongking,
but in done

northern
recent

India, collectinga
years has

few

mammals

the way,

not

until

comparatively
The the

atic system-

collectingbeen
Ward
in

this

province.
among of

explorations
snow

of F.

Kingdon
in many

191 1, 1913-14, and the

1921-22, work

great

peaks
in 1922,

of southwestern
resulted

Yunnan,

subsequent
which

George
lists

Forrest the

interestingdiscoveries,

with

of

species

obtained

have

been

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

published by Oldfield
C. Andrews tindertook

Thomas
the
a

(1922b, 1923).
first of his

Meanwhile

in

916-

17, Dr.

Roy

Chinese

expeditions, and
Yunnan collections
the

accompanied
to

by Mr.
small work

Edmund with
one

Heller,
of the
made years.

skilled field naturalist, crossed

Burma,
and

returning

largest
in Dr.

and

best

prepared
In

of

large

mammals

ever

this part
Andrews of

of China. and

prosecution of this
have done northern Mr.

in subsequent

his associates

intensive

collecting in various
northern

parts
the

China:
Shan

eastern

Szechwan,
in

Hopei,
Clifford

Shansi,
has

in

Taipai
the work

of Shensi, and last-named

made. of Mammals he aroused

Fukien.

H.

Pope
To

continued

in the
were

area,

visitingalso the island

in the among

of Hainan
the

where late

large collections
Oldfield

Thomas,
the

Keeper
interest
or

British

Museum,

must

be

given high credit for

in various from from

his countrjTnen
that for
to

stationed
years
to

parts of China
various time built
1904

traveling through it, so

of this
vast
area

many

correspondents
British
In

parts
to

continued small

send
mals. mam-

the

Museum

time
a

specimens of large and

the
more

this way

Thomas until in
of
a

up

considerable
Duke

representation
of Bedford

of Chinese
to

species at London,
finance services
the work

His

Grace for

undertook

trained
P.

collector
were

systematic exploration.
and
the

The

of Malcolm
and

Anderson
then

secured

he

was

sent

first to

the

Japanese islands

Korea,

to

Shantung,
Yunnan.

Mongolian
The resvilts

plateau, Hopei,
were ported brieflyre-

Shansi, Shensi, Kansu,

upon

Szechwan,
in
a

and

by Thomas
a

series of papers of Chinese

Dr. and

from

1906
In

to
some

1912

and

added

greatly
Anderson who

to

general knowledge

mammals.
and

of this work Carle The

was accompanied by helped with the collection

J. A. C. Smith
both

Arthur

de

Sowerby,
latter has
and the

preparation of specimens.
the

himself

done

considerable

collecting for
and

British
books

Museum
and
more

U. S. National
papers
as

Museum,
as

through

various
in the

popular
China
an

technical

well

in

general articles
greatly
in
to

Joiimal
interest
to

(which
in

he

helped

to

found)
natural

has

contributed

furthering
successful

Chinese
a

natural

history, culminating history

native
museum

his
at

recent

attempt
active
be

establish

public
fauna Mc-

Shanghai.
now

Several
of

Chinese

zoologists are
among made

taking

an

interest
made

in

the

their

land,
who

whom several
"

mention

should

of Chausu the

Amicus

Shih,

has

collectingjourneys Kwangsi region by

These
and R.

into

less-known

provinces of
collections
and
were

southern made

China,
in the
years

Hunan,

Kwangtung.
Mell,
an

Important
botanist
on

last-named

Austrian

naturalist, in the
in 1922.
as

from

1916-21.

were

in part
led

reported
in

by

Matschie
was

Another
naturalist

expedition into China

by Dr. Hugo
and then
were

by Stotzner,
collections

1916,

accompanied
reached the

Weigold whose
reported
on

ally eventu-

Dresden

Museum

by Jacobi (1922).
the

Weigold

collected

in northern

Hopei,

proceeded

up

Yangtze

to

the

PLATI-:

The

southern

edge

of the

mixed

forest

zone,

forty

miles

northeast

of Urga,

Outer

Mongolia

Outpost

larches

at

the

edge

of llie forest

zone,

forty

miles

northeast

of

Urga,

Outer

Mongoha

COLLECTORS

OF

CHINESE

AND

MONGOLIAN

MAMMALS

Wa He

Shan

region
has

of

Szechwan,
and

previously
northern

visited

by
at

Wilson

and

Zappey.
east to

finally reached
China
thus less often

Batang
been

Szechwan many

Sungpan.
to

traversed

by

collectors, chiefly from

west, the but

in the

opposite direction.
who
out

It is the

impracticable
from the

mention

here

names

of all those be

have that

added
there

to
are

knowledge
areas

of Chinese

mammals,
little is

it may

pointed

still large

which

known,
and the

particularly in the
northeastern The Field

southern of the

provinces, although
country
W. may H.
now

western

highlands
as

parts

be
on

thought
the

of

fairlywell
obtained

worked.

excellent
Museum

report of Dr.

Osgood
and

mammals Asiatic

for the

by the Kelley-Roosevelts
that
many

Delacour
to

tions, Expedialong
but
a

chieflyin Tongking, indicates

the short
extreme

species are
hitherto

be expected been
taken

southern

border
across

of China,

which

have

distance

only
Russian

that

line. likewise
Pallas done in the

Various
of the

explorers have
of Mongolia.
his

much
latter
to

to

advance
of the north of

our

edge knowl-

mammals

half the

eighteenth
Mongolia.

century

traversed the years

Siberia, but 1855-59,

times

journey
Radde

was

mainly

During

Gustav

(1862)
His

traveled

baikalia, extensively in Trans-

several

crossing the border

on

into northeastern volume

on

Mongolia, making
the Mammalia
of many named of

collections

and
as

observations

the
on

fauna.
the

is of

importance
common

giving much
went to

data

habits
several

and

distribution which
he

species
as new.

to

both

countries, including
the

forms of the

His St.

specimens
The

Zoological Museum
Nikolai

Academy

Sciences

at

Petersburg (now Leningrad).

four

expeditions of
of many of the
new

M.

Przewalski which

into central
were

Asia

resulted
to

in

the

discovery
Museum

mammals,

likewise
return

given
the

the

logical Zoothese

Academy.
of these

After
was

his
held

from
new

last the

of

jotimeys,
and
a

special exhibition
of the

in the
was

wing of
His

Museum 702

catalogue
5,010

collection
and
i
,

(in Russian) reptilesand

northern Kansu

printed, which
and

included

mammals,
from

birds
extended
was

199

amphibians.

first
to

expedition,
the

1871-73,
the

across

Mongolia
of

Kalgan;
Tien
to
was

second,
area;

1876-77,
third
and

chiefly concerned
Alashan;

with

an

exploration
to

the
was

Shan
Nan the The

expedition, 1879-80, slightlymore

southern

the

south,

the
to

Shan, Kansu,
country
between

while

the

fovu-th,in 1883-85,
and

the plateau
of these

of northeastern

Tibet in part in part

the

Tarim

basin.
the E.

zoological
but with
course

results

explorations were
the

published by completed by
German,
is

Academy,
Buechner,
in the

of the
a

mammals

only

rodents

were on

later of the

monograph
third
a

by Zalensky
The of colored him

Przewalski's
and

Horse, discovered

journey.

text, in Russian

magnificently tions exploraeditions

illustrated
were

by

number

plates.
with the

Accounts
later

of Przewalski's and translated

published by

in Russian also

German

English

"

(see Przewalski, N. M., 1884;

English edition

by Morgan).

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

In undertaken

1884-87,

an

expedition
Potanin visited and
the

to

Kansu

and

northwestern for and

the northern his and efforts

Szechwan Russian

was

by
The

G. former

M.
Ordos the

Berezovski Desert
latter

Geographic touching
to

Society.
also

Shansi,

Kansu
about

and

Mongolia,
and obtained
and the

while

confined
of Kansu

mainly

the

region
for
be the

Ssigu

adjacent by

parts

Szechwan.
were

Except
the first
to

specimens
in

Przewalski,
among other

these

collections
the

made Giant

Kansu

included

rarities,
native of

Golden
hunters.

Monkey

and

the
who
museum

Panda,
on

apparently
the

secured

through
that
most

Buechner,

reported
at

mammals,
rather than P.

regretted
to

them
at

were

given

to

the

Tomsk

the

larger

institution
in 1909
to

Leningrad.
1924,
as

Other
as

Russian brothers
1907, have

explorers,

including
who
a

K.
made

Kozlov
a

and

well

the

Grum-Grzimailo,
collected in
1910-11
a

journey

western

China
extreme

shortly
western

before
golia, Mon-

number

of

interesting

species

in

while

Douglas
collecting
and

Carruthers,

accompanied
British

by

J. H.

Miller
work

and
at

M.

P.

Price,

made

trip

for

the

Museum,

starting
the

Minussinsk,
crossed
Tannu and

Siberia,

working

southeastward then

through proceeded

Syansk

tains, Mounthe

northwestern
to

Mongolia,
Altai
to

westward northwestern

through

Ola

the

Great Shan

and

Barlik

Mountains,
and

Dzungaria,
to

along

the

Tien
and

the

Hami
to

Mountains,

thence

back

the

Muzart

valley,
Of

Kuldja,
the

Yarkand work

India.
on

extended

carried
in where
a

by

Dr. of

Roy
fine the

C.

Andrews
of the

in

eastern

and

central
and in

Mongolia,
northern

resulting

the

collection
the

series
northern

desert

species,
in
an

Mongolia
set

edge
account

of

forest the is

brings

entirely
the
first

different
volume who
a

of
the

species,
present

full

is

given

in

narrative due Dr.

forming
Walter and

of
in the

series.
between

Especial
his many of

credit
other

Granger,
prepared
small

intervals of the

duties,
and
to

collected
also

large
in

part
the

splendid
of
in

series

Mongolian
work;
also

Chinese H.

mammals

coiu"se

several
and

years'
Fukien

Mr.

Clifford collections

Pope,
of

whose

intensive
mammals

work from

Hainan

resulted
Dr.

in

large
Andrews

small in

these

important
with back
as a a

localities. aid of
Mr.

himself
in

worked

Fukien

and and
areas

in

Yunnan

the

Edmund

Heller of
the

his

earlier

expedition
from
these

brought
as

magnificent

collection of the

smaller

species

well

representative

series

larger

mammals.

PLATIC

o M

C
o

2
c

'o

CHAPTER

II

FAUNAL

AREAS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

The

vast

area

included
some

within
2,000

the

political
and

boundaries constitutes
22

of
about

China

and

Mongolia
of the

is

roughly
of
and

miles

square

one-third
of north

continent
and 90 is thus and

Asia,
120

between

approximately
of
east

and A

52

degrees
range but of

latitude conditions

degrees

longitude.
not

wide

climatic
also with
malian mam-

presented,
other
many another such
as

correlated

only

with

latitudinal
north
to

topographical
fauna
of
one

factors.

Proceeding
contrasts

from

south,

the

shows
and

striking
of these

between

associations

teristic characare

areas.

On

the

other and

hand,
occur

some

wide-

ranging

species,

tiger

and

black

bear,

with

but

slight

modifications
of of the fauna

under is to both
be

varying
looked
and
more

climatic
upon
as

conditions.
the end
some

The
of them The many

present

distribution
of years

result of

millions
slow

changes,

climatic
others

geographic, rapid
and of other

and

by

ceptible imperof the

degrees,
fauna
and in
at

spectacular.
the

composition
area

any
a

time result

is in part
of the

result and

history
habitat

of the

where of the

it is found

part

food

preferences
or

component
the the

species.
have three

If the
courses

local

conditions

undergo
may off
to

marked

gradual

change,
to

species changes

open: may

(i) they
move

gradually
other
areas

become where

adapted
the

(evolution)
still
may
more

(2) they

preferred
is

conditions

continue
remain

(emigration)
and

; or

(3)
as

if

appropriate changing

response

impossible,
more

they
and

slowly

die

out

the

conditions

become

unfavorable The

(extinction).
of the

history
in
for
seven

mammalian
out

fauna
the

of

eastern

Asia its
of

during
and

the
must

long past
be the
left

may

be

part
the

worked

through
The

study

of

fossils the
area

largely

palaeontologist.
chief divisions:

present
northern the the
east

fauna

shows forest Mountains

lowing fol-

(i)
and

the
to

transcontinental
of
to not

which
tends ex-

borders

northern around the the

Mongolia,
eastern

the

Khingan
and

edge Gobi,

of

Gobi

Manchuria

northeastern that form

China;
a

(2)

intervening loop
arid
around and

including
northern desert southern
area

only

the

grasslands edges
Gobi
;

long
also

east-west

the

and of the

eastern

of

Mongolia,
the eastern north-

but

the

more

strictly

central

(3)

part
and

of and

China, Kansu,

including
southward

Hopei,
to

Shantung,
the

northern

Shansi

Shensi,

approximately
9

borders

of the

Yangtze

10

THE

MAMMALS

OP

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

basin the
many

or

roughly
from

latitude
the

34" ; (4)
milder

South
to

China,
the

including

the

eastern

part of

country

Yangtze
a

basin

southern
many

border,
of them,

characterized
as one

by

species
south,

that

prefer begin
at

climate,

proceeds
western eastern

farther

of chieflytropical and
about latter the

subtropical distribution; longitude

from of
western

(5) the
or

highlands,
Szechwan,
Shensi

which and

Hupeh
of

include

the

province
and

the

borders of

Kansu

and

south

through

Yunnan

probably
China;

parts
and where

Kweichow;
the

(6)
edge
the

the

subtropical border
Tibetan

of extreme

southern
eastern

finally(7)

of the

plateau along
of Szechwan. Northern

its extreme

border,

it meets

western

highlands
I.

The of north

Forest

Fauna:

"

The

mixed

evergreen

and
across

hardwood

forest

temperate
from
are

latitudes limit

is

practically continuous growth

by
broken. southward. the

northern
the of
east

Exirope and
southward

Asia limits

the

of tree

In conditions

the

somewhat
more

restricted
or

arid The
way

central forest
to

Asia,
follows the

so

that

it the

becomes

less

edge
rather

of

this

along

northern
and

edge
the
more

of

Mongolia, giving
barren

abruptly
but
down
to

open

grasslands
of the
to

stretches

of the

Gobi;

the

eastward Manchuria
to

north-south
and

Khingan
central Canadian northern
as

Range

it continues

farther
way

across

northern
forest among

Hopei.
Zone
trees

In
in

general

it

corresponds
forest it
a

the

boreal

of the the well

North

America. this mixed

with
are

Prominent

composing
with

larch,

fir and

pine

as

oaks

and

birches.
of them and in

It carries

rather

characteristic

series of mammals,
and

many

closely similar
few, chiefly two
and

tatives represen-

in northern

central

Europe,
borealis
but

diminishing number,
are

in northern

North
of

America. shrews
not
as a

Among

these, the
araneus

insectivores and
S.

species

small

{Sorex
from of the of

buxtoni)

(as yet
as

known
race

Mongolia European
the and

recorded

slightlynorth
bats

probably Neomys of its borders),

are

well

hedgehog

(Erinaceus) ;

represented
the genera

by

several

species
forms;

family Vespertilionidae,belonging
include
and

to

Plecotus, Myotis, Eptesictis,

Vespertilio, closely resembling corresponding

the
Brown

European ranging
These

the

carnivores

Bear,

Red

Fox,
rixosa

the

wide-

Wolf,

the

Ermine,

Pygmy
northern

Weasel

(Mustela Lynx

pygmcea),
of the

Badger (Meles), Otter

are

(Lutra Intra chinensis) and

with various

{Lynx lynx isabellina).

the

associated
Tufted-eared

rodents, including varieties

small
and in the

European

Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and

volans

northern in the
.

flying squirrel {Pteromys

more

buechneri)

mixed

forest,

open

parts
reach

the the

Eversmann's

Spermophile Mongolia
more

eversmanni {Citellus southern

In

jacutensis)
of the

Beaver but

just
doubtless

edge

of

in the

extension suitable

forest,
the this

were

formerly
but the

widespread.
although

situations into

Mouse-hare

{Ochotona

hyperborea mantchiirica) is
genus,

found

southward

part

of

Mongolia,

represented

in

western

Europe

PLATE

III

Pass

to

the

Mongolian

Plateau

at

Kalgan

'0C

Mongolian

Plateau

above

Kalgan,

showing

Chinese

cultivation

FAUNAL

AREAS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

ji

in

glacial times,
are:

has

since

died

out

in

that

continent.
the

Other Field

characteristic
Vole

rodents

the

Red-backed
the

Lemming European
three the forms M.

{My opus),

{Microtus
mice

mongolicus

representing
of two
,

arvalis), the

red-backed
to

{Cle-

thrionomys) Europe,
and

and

perhaps

speciescorresponding
Pig,
Elk
or

those
the

of northern Red

while

of

larger ungulates,
are

"Moose,"
very
across

Deer,
their Pacific
golia. Mon-

the Roe

Deer

represented by
Most northern the of these forest limit from

but differing

from slightly
to

European
coast

relatives.
the

species
and

continue
the

the

following
To the

skirting
of them
wastes
as

edge

of northern

southward

for most the

is fixed

by

the

intervening
and

Gobi
an

which
effectual

extends barrier.

eastward A

arid
such in

of central
one

Asia,

forms

few, however,

of the China
on

red-backed
the other the

mice,
side of

roe flying squirrel,

deer, appear

again
into

northern
eastern

the

desert, having
east

perhaps
of

skirted

its

end,
and the

following
northern

forested
To

parts
the and such
to

of and forest

the
west

Khingan

Range
or

Manchuria

Hopei.
are more

south the
a

Peiping perhaps

thereabouts,
in

conditions

arid

broken,
more

due

part
the the

to

human

destruction, making
fauna southern appears range

passage about

difficult.

Here, too,
meets

northern-forest

reach

its natural

limit, and

species of

more

that

find their bounds

2.

in these The

latitudes. that
most

The

Gobi: of
are

"

fact

of
do
not

the

boreal

forms
on

of

mammals side of

characteristic
the
seems

the
not

Mongolian
found
these
to
cross as

forests

reappear
at

the

south farther

Gobi

and

relict colonies

high

altitudes
the cold

south,

evidence
were

that unable

species,if driven
the

period,
have

south by intervening desert, which,

an

of the

glacial
must

therefore,
to

existed

for

very those

long period, forming

that
were

effective

barrier
end.

the The

forestGobi Asiatic that

very
more

living types
forms
a

except

able

to

circle the
eastward

eastern

long tongue
in

of desert with
it
a

extending
series
of
a

from

the

central

deserts, bringing
have
become

mammals,
remarkable

particularly rodents,
degree, implying
This
of the
a

adapted
of evolution
from

for desert
in that northern The

life in

long period
or are

type

of environment. but
most

arid

area

is

less continuous
of Asiatic

Africa,

genera

represented
mountain
in

affinities.
the
western

general
end of the

east-west

trend

of the
a

higher

chains
this

enclosing

Gobi
a

is

perhaps

factor

permitting against
and the

extension

of the
to

desert

by interposing
their moisture.

less

effective

barrier

prevailing winds
In the

extract

narrative

volume
out

of these
that the

reports.
Gobi
a

Dr.

Roy

C.

Andrews
desert

Dr.

Walter
but that

Granger
a

point
belt of

is not

equally
border

throughout,
its northern,
more
"

broad

grasslands forms
ends, while
in the from

wide, flat
central

around
are

eastern
or

and

southeastern Thus

portions
to

much

arid
to

truly
"

desert.

crossing
the

southeast

northwest

Kalgan

Urga

one

first passes

through

southern

grassland belt, then

traverses

the

12

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

dry edge

desert

country

of the

central which

Gobi
the

to
caravan

Tuerin,

where

one

emerges

upon the

the forest

northern

grasslands, over
in northern Characteristic
and

track three
are

proceeds
divisions
the

until

is reached

Mongolia.
southern small

These

diflfer in their Gazelle

,

fauna.

of the
the

grasslands
parts

Mongolian
China.

{Prodorcas gutturosa)
which
northern extends its

dauuricus spermophile {Citellus

over

mongolicus)
In the

range

southward

of
a

northern

grasslands the spermophile is replaced by

It is

cauda).

here,

also, that

the the

colonies form Masked

the

of Bobac

Marmot

larger species (C. pallidi(Marmota bobak

while
,

sibirica) are
them and the

found

(relatedto
this relation colonies
as

of central
Polecat

Europe)
{Mustela
Ferret

preying

upon

spermophiles
in

is the
to

eversmafini

tiarata),
America,

corresponding
that

Black-footed

of North Field Vole

frequents

the

of
as

"prairie dogs."
M. Both

Brandt's
a

{Microtus
tian-

brandti) is
shanicus Stenocranius.

abundant

well

while poliakoffi, the latter

are

third

species {M.
of the

angustus)
The

is

rarer.

members
gar us

subgenus
a

small

hamster both

{Cricetiscus son
the southern
and

campbelli) is
several

teristic charac-

grassland species of
Extreme
seem

the

northern

portions. species
vole

northwestern absent from

the

Mongolia
rest

is inhabited

by
and

that

to

be

of the
area

country.
farther
so on

Among
west,

these the

are

Przewalski's

Horse, which

just

reaches

this

from

{Microtus
with
The

agrestismongol) representing
an

the

group

widespread
middle of

in North

America,

additional

postero-internal loop
found
over

the

upper but

molar.
the

large
genus
try coun-

jerboa {Allactaga) is {Alactagulus)has only.

from
The the

much taken

Mongolia,
also

smaller
the of

thus

far been

in the

far northwestern reaches

part of
this
end

Mouse-hare
west.

(Ochotona alpina)
also

golia Mon-

Notable
the

is the
Ibex

extension

of the

Mountain
the

Sheep
central into that

{Ovis

ammon

darvini) and
the

Siberian

{Capra
of

sibirica)into
mountain
these

Gobi, following
the the into
are

northwest-southeast
desert. northern

trend

the

chains
ranges

central

part
crossed

of the
to

It

was

perhaps by following
and

sheep
found
The

Shansi,

perhaps
not

in

former
so

times

extended both

Shantung,

but

the

ibex

apparently
Gobi.

did

penetrate
central Dr.

far, although

together

in the

western

typical

desert

country
as

occupies
described

the

part of Mongolia
C. and
are

and the

is

largely barren
volume
over

and

dry,

well

by

Roy

Andrews
cover more or

in

first
able avail-

of this series.

Water

is scarce,

forage

is sparse

hardly

great stretches.
desert.
Of

Yet

number

of mammals

less confined

to

this

gutturosa

larger species the wild ass and the gazelle {Gazella subconfined the former to this environment, hillieriana) sometimes are
into
rare,

gathering
Wolves Red
are

considerable
and
two

herds,

but

the
one

latter
a

consorting
Fox,

in small the

groups.

species of fox,
the

representative of
Kit
are

widespread
in

Fox,

the

other
or

resembling
two

American

present
and

small

numbers.

One

types

of

desert-livingcats

{Felis tnanul

probably

PLATE

IV

"a
o

FAUNAL

AREAS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

13

Felis

hieti

pallida) must
as

find

at

times

abundant
and

food

in the

rodents, such

the

various

species of jerboa adaptation

closely
this into
of the allied

Przewalski's

shape of small Vole (Lagunis

is found
and in the

przewalskii)
.

burrowing
of

microtine
to

type
of western
have

genus

Ellobius,
have
an

which

forms

those

central
shelter ilarly simlation corre-

Asia

penetrated
underground

well

desert,
The small

where

they

sought

through

existence.

hamsters,
in the

Phodopiis, have
and hills, in

developed
with these

subterranean

habits, burrowing nearly

all
are

sand
are

habits

have

lost

the

tail and genera with

extremely

pallid in
that have

color.
have become

Most

interesting of
the foot of and

the

various

of

leaping

rodents

developed
long

saltatorial

habit

in correlation

desert

living,and
in

limb,

with

long
with
in

tails

and,

usually, much
ears as

enlarged
Allactaga

audital and all

toes

bullae, sometimes
or

associated short
ears as

long

external

Eudwreutes,
are

with of

Dipus, Salpingotus

and

Cardiocranius;
under the

characteristic

sandy deserts, developing stiff hairy pads footing

desert. Mouse-hare the
on

for

giving
common

secure over

the

shifting sand.
as

Hares in

(Lepus europceus
China, with
the

tolai) are

parts of the

Gobi

well

as

North
camp

palest
caravan

of the

races

in the

They

often

haunt

old

sites along the

among
race

track.

Pallas's
as

{Ochotona pallasii) lives {Alticola)and

while the
a

rocks

in the northern
makes

desert,
bat burrows
,

does

also

Cliff Mouse

desert

of

{Eptesicus nilssonii
out

gohiensis)

Dauurian

Mouse-hare
group

in open

grassy

places.
the

Hedgehogs place
lar)
of the

of the

long-eared

(Hemiechimis)
of the
northern of at
a

very

pale
of

in

color, take
shrews
are

short-eared
a

Erinaceus

fauna,
form

while

almost ilensis

lacking, although
was

singlespecimen expedition

pale
Nor.

Crocidura

{C.

taken

by

the

Tsagan
3.

North

China:
of the

"

South

of the

Gobi

and the

its extension

the of the

Ordos

Desert, Shensi,
are

is
and

wide

stretch

country
southern

comprising
mountain
p.

northern
over

parts
which

Kansu,

Shansi, and
with

portion of Hopei,
ranges,

conditions Malcolm
of

semiarid,
Anderson Shen-si
as a are

occasional

partly
"The former

wooded.

P. and

(in Thomas,

1909,

964) writes:
The

provinces
may be

Shan-si

quite

different

in character.

brieflydescribed
peaks
with

nnountainous rise above thin

country
10,000

with

occasional
are

large upland

plains. Some

in Shan-si

ft., and
of of loess

massive
Where that

rocky
the of of

mountains
loess

only
that in

comparatively
in the Hsiu-clou

coating
that best the
a

soil.

figures mostly
and

is of the
on

plains, of
are

which

Tai-Yuen-Fu,
The

Ta-Tung-fu,
Shan-si
flow

the

examples. exception
of loess mountains
as

streams

only
the

rainy
the
of

season,

with is

of the

larger

rivers.

Northern

Shen-si,

other

hand,
seen

region
the

hills of almost
of its eastern from north
to

uniform

height ;
is
Of
a

skyline

Shen-si,

from

neighbour,
south."

straight line
mammals
may have

declining very
of this
area,

gradually
some are

it passes northern

the

of

transcontinental

types,

which

14

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

reached
the

this
or

area

either
case

by extending their

range

around
more across

the

eastern

edge of
by parts

Gobi,
been

in able

of

species

with
east

slightly
and
west

southern the less

tendency,
barren

having
An of the the

to

spread widely
or

of central

Asia, in

recent

earlier is

times.
one

interestingexample
red-backed forests
mice of northern

Clethrionomys rufocanus shanseius, the only

in the
area

yet found

south

of the

Gobi, occurring
northern

in

spruce

Shansi.
,

Another
which

example
occurs

is the

flying
golia, Mon-

squirrel (Pteroniysvolans
but hitherto
area. are

buechneri) only

probably
and the

in northern of southern rather

is recorded The found

in Kansu

forests have
a

Shensi

of the

present
for

chipmunks
in the
to

(Eutamias)

similar
around

tribution, disthe In
a

they
of these

open

forest of northern

Mongolia,
and in their

eastern

parts
way,

the and

country,
a

Hopei,

Shansi,

Shensi,
limited
Shan
"

Kansu.

general
range and the

number

of other ranges
"

species are
the

southward

by

the

east-west

mountain
southern with

Min

in southern
the northern

Kansu,
borders with

Tsingling of
Yangtze
basin,

Shensi

and

Shansi

and in

of the

slightly differinglimits
Thus of among the northeastern

accordance
the

their
genus

particular requirements. Scaptochirus region is

the
are a

Insectivora,
China;
the

mole

is characteristic relative

hedgehog
europcBUS,

of

this while

close of both

of the

Eurasian

species Erinaceus
and

shrews
rare,

red-toothed

(Sorex)
known latter from

white-toothed
the small

(Crocidura) types
Crocidura
The

Sorex

sinalis

being

Kansu,
in and the the

ilensis

shantungensis

representing
south and M.

the

genus

northeast. smaller the

two

hamsters,
races,

including
do
not

the

larger Cricetulus
of
these

triton group limits.

are

C. barabensis

extend

Gerbils
both

of
common

species Meriones
North
are

unguiculatiis
are

psammophilus
The northern northeastern south

in

China,

and

partial

to

semi-desert.
the
more

mole-rats

of

two

types

characteristic

northern

animals,
from

Myospalax Mongolia Hupeh

Other
zone

myospalax
into

psilurus extending
the
more

southward
M.

extreme

Hopei,

southern
at

fontanierii ranging
in in the

into

and

northern

Szechwan

high
range

tudes alti-

slightly differing races.

north

northern and Deer

species,
extends
to

whose northern

is

transcontinental include
the

temperate
,

China,
,

the

Roebuck

(Capreoliis) the
meles
,

Red
the Boar

{Cervus elaphus kansuensis) {Lutra

Intra

Badger {Cams
such Brown small
a

{Meles lupus
as

leptorynchus)
the

Otter

chinensis),the
and

Wolf
rodents

chanco),
of

Wild

{Sus scrofa subsp.)

various
,

voles

the the have

Rat House
more

Microtus two one or flaviventris) species (e.g., ratticeps Mouse {Rattus norvegicus socer),the Harvest (Micromys) and
,

Mouse

{Mus
range,

bactrianus
at

races). Other
in modern
once a

species of North
and
are

China
to

restricted

least

times,
wider

peculiar
Such
are

this part River Deer

up

of

with China, though no doubt {Hydropotes), confined in China

more

range. River the

the
but

to

the

Yangtze

bottoms

turning

once

in

Korea;

David's

Deer

(Elaphurus)

antlers

of which

FAUNAL

AREAS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

15

are

associated

with

ancient

human of

culture

in Honan On the

and

the

Groove-toothed

Flying Squirrel
whose the
Tree

of the
is

forests

Hopei.
southern
s.

other find

hand,

sundry

species
limit,
as

distribution

essentially

here

their

northern

Squirrel {Tamiops Striped Squirrel (Trogopterus), the common R. other races) and ckihliensis and
and

the vestitus), Rat

Large-toothed
This
some

Flying
of the North

Yellow-bellied
nitidus is humiliatus.
to

{Rattus confucianiis

meeting
degree
in

northern

the

southern

faunas

paralleled

America.
4. marks South the about

China:

"

In

general
the North the
to

way

the

parallel of
fauna,

about

34"
of

north

southern
the

limit

of

China

while and

south
the

that,

from

northern this is

edge

of

Yangtze
a more

drainage
in

Tsingling
of

Range,
whose the
across

southward,
distribution

gives place
America.

numerous

assemblage
a

species

largely southern,
North

and

corresponds
of others the
are or

austral the
to

fauna
whole the

of
of

Many
while
eastern

to general way wide-ranging species are

more

southern

China,
of
thus the

strictlyconfined highlands
fauna and of the that

either
western

lower

country
One
may

parts

to

the

portion.
western

distinguish the species that

to

South
are

China

of

the

highlands.

Of

those

nally wide-ranging longitudihighlanders represent

lower
a

and
more or

it is usual altitudinally,

find those

that

the

less differentiated China. South

as

race are

from thus

of the
of

coastal
bats

districts
in the

of

southeastern

There

subspecies
and
west

various

lower

country
in the

of west,
and
c.

China

differing subspeciiicallyfrom
R.

their

representatives
R.

Rhinolophus blythi calidiis

R.
e.

b. szechwanus,

episcopus
chinensis of

caldwelli
and the M.

episcopus
among

of east

and

respectively, Myotis
others

luctuosus, and

rodents

many

might

be

mentioned

genera

Dremomys,

Callosciurus,
among and the among

Sciurotamias,
the

Petaurista,

Eothenomys,
Mustela and

Rhizomys, Rattus, Mus,

sibirica and M. in

Camivora

widespread
the of genera

weasels

alpina,
all of

ungulates
are

Capricornis
and
western western

Ncemorhedus,
into
races

which

examples
and genera

found

subspecific differentiation
China.
in the
are

characteristic
of other
to

of lowland

highland
are

of eastern found Such

A but genus
are

number confined

species or
and

not

uplands
of the

the

southeastern

lowlands.
the

the

moles

Mogera

of Fukien

Hainan,
the

ferret-badgers

the (Helictis),

Crabthe

eating Mungoose Scaly

Tufted

{Herpestes urva), {Manis

by
that

Clouded

Leopard
the
on

{Felis nebulosa),
of

Anteater

pentadactyla dalmanni),
of the
,

distribution

which

is

doubtless

largely governed
-tailed Dormouse
,

termites the

which

it

feeds, the curious

(Typhlomys)
Reeves's

Red-cheeked and the the

Squirrel {Dremomys
Tufted

rufigenis pyrrhomerus)
tiacus
reevesii and M.

Muntjac

Muntjac
Rhesus
across

{MunMacaque
extreme

crinifrons). Perhaps
be included reaches

common

{Macaca
southern

mulatta) might China,

and
even

here, although it ranges

altitudes
in

considerable

parts of Szechwan.

i6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

The

Sika
of

Deer

teristic example of a species charac{Cervus nippon hoschi) is another The southeastern China, although represented also in Korea.
is found in South

genus

Ratttis

chiefly in
China
basin

warmer a

countries of

of

the

Old do also

World
not

and go

is

represented beyond
With vary austral 5. the

by
in the

number

species which occurring

others.

much

Yangtze
as

east, although
R.

in the

western

highlands, such slightly in

element. The

R. losea, R.
more

edwardsi,

bowersi, and
limits

all these

southern
case,

species the
as a

of northward
a

distribution
very

each

but

whole

they

represent

distinctly

Western
divisions Kansu

Highlands:
of China
and Yunnan

"

By far the
of the

most western

interestingand
to

remarkable

of the

faunal

is that

highlands, from
include
This
up to

mately approxiSzechwan
area

southern
and well

southern and many

even

Shensi

southward Kweichow.

parts
watered
or

of

northern
and

probably
in western northern Min

great
ten to

is

mountainous,
many

of its ranges

extending
Yunnan

thousand
13,000

feet
and

more,

with

peaks

running

feet

perpetually snow-capped.
by
the
east-west
on

The

boundary
Shan

is marked and

mately approxiTsingling
and

ranges the
west

of the the

(in Kansu)
chains of the
a

(southern Shensi), but

Yunnan borders trend

mountain
thus

Szechwan

north

and

south,
moisture

opposing
these

barrier

against the producing

are

westerly
an

winds

and, by condensing
with

from

air currents, The forests

abundant

rainfall with
spruce
10,000

its consequent
at

forest
middle and

growth.
levels,
but

largely
of

of fir and

hardwoods

in the

higher parts,
by thickets
China which

8,000
small
are

to

feet, the
and

growth

is lower,
The

is characterized
ranges

bamboo
to

rhododendron.
older

north-south

of western with

believed
are

be

geologicallythan
seem

the

east-west

Himalayas
for
many

they
often

contiguous,
contact

and

to

have
not

afforded

asylum
certain in the

peculiar,
the
or

primitive, types
their

of mammals the

known allows

elsewhere
a as

to-day.

On

other
sion extenas

hand,

with
some

Himalayas
faunal

interchange
case

of range

for

of the

elements,

of such

genera and

Soriculus, Nectogale, Chimarrogale, Ailurus, Budorcas,

which Peculiar
and the
are

Ncemorhedus
the
eastern

others,

present
to

in

the
are

Chinese
the

highlands
Nasillus,
the

and

in

Himalayas.
and

the

former,

following genera:
more

among

insectivores, Uropsilus

related

Rhynchonax
and the

and

mole-like

Scapamdus,
the

the the Panda

shrews, Blarinella

Anourosorex

(the latter extending into

of

India); of
Giant

primates,

Golden

Monkey
the for

{Rhinopiihecus) ;
Rock

carnivores,
the

(Ailiiropoda) ; of (Zapus),
the notable

rodents,

Squirrel {Rupestes),and
the

Jumping
Zapus,
Fukien
of these
a as

Mouse
well

its close

relationship to
The

American
genus ranges

as subgenus although extending

Neodon in

of Microtus.

voles
to

of the
coast

Eothenomys,
of

mountainous

country
are

the

and

westward
as

to
are

the

borders the

of Burma,

essentiallycharacteristic
thibetana
and

highlands,

also

mouse-hares,

Ochotona

its races,

I'LATK

Yenchingkou

near

Wanhsien,
the haunt

eastern

Szechwan. Edwards's Giant

Site Rat

of

bat

caves;

the

liiiKsiunc

ridge

ilie

background

is

of

(Ratlus

edwardsi

gigas)

FAUNAL

AREAS

OP

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

17

forest-dwelling species, and

western

possibly
of the

0.

gloveriof

the

mountainous

parts of
is interesting,

Szechwan.
presence of
a

The
as

mole
more

genus
so

here Talpa (T. longirostris) that it

its affinities

are

western,
In the the the the

possibly entered
a

China
of

by

way

of
seem

the
to

Himalayan
have Thus in the
as

chain. into

opposite direction, region, or

well of the
as

number been

species

spread
the Bhutan

Himalayan
Goral
shrews
as

to

have

indigenous
their western

there.

Takin

and

the genera the

Serow

reach

limit
as

region;
occur

Soriculus small
Panda

and

Nectogale
is

well

Chimarrogale
also, but

in the

Himalayas;
Panda;
the

(Ailurus)

found extends
It

there

not

the

Giant

widespread

Rattus

fulvescens
and

into is

Nepal.
find
reach show that the

interesting to
that

lofty mountain
of
over

masses

of Yunnan
feet

parts of Szechwan
snow

altitudes very
even

ten

thousand way

with

perpetual

at

their

summits,

little in the

of

special alpine species. period

and there
was no

This
way the the

is

apparently
boreal
could

because

during
if

the

Pleistocene

whereby
north,
lack
as we

mammals,
the

pushed
deserts

south of

by
the
no

the

advancing
central

glaciersin
Asia, for
for

cross

east-west

Gobi
such

of north-south
see,

mountain

chains

afforded

highway
boreal
and in

tion migraof
tains, Mounof and

for

example,
occur on

in western the upper

North
levels

America,
of the

where

types

birds

and far

mammals
south of

Sierra

Rocky
part

of

their

sea-level
in part

distribution.

Perhaps
the

because

this

lack

competitors,
western
or

because

of favorable
to

conditions

of climate home Thus

food,

these

highlands
be

have

remained have
as an

present
died
out.

the

of many the genus

annectant

peculiar types
may

that of

elsewhere

Neotetracus

thought
of the and

ancestral
of

member the

of

the

Erinaceidae;
is
its

Uropsilns

is

primitive

shrew-like

member mole

Talpidas; Parascaptor
Eothenomys,
with characters intermediate

perhaps
subgenera
from the The

relative

American

Parascalops;
many

Anteliomys
more

Caryomys,
types
of

shows

which

advanced

microtines

may

have

developed,
Zapics
World,
that has in and

while

subgenus
absence

Neodon of the

is

practically a Pitymys
genus

without is

fossorial

modifications.
these the

latter

from
out

China

noteworthy.
in the Old

highlands
raccoon-like

is

relict, having died

is
an

elsewhere of the genera

Ailurus

annectant

genus The all three

occur

Procyonidse
of here the

survived

here

but

disappeared
and of the

elsewhere.

goat-antelopes {Budorcas,
as more

Capricornis,
members

Ncemorhedus)
Bovidas,

together

primitive
Mountain

represented
the musk-oxen

elsewhere in

only by
the for
at

Rocky
in south

Goat,
on

and north
source

perhaps by
and

America.
on

Hemmed east, the

the
most

by

deserts been the

or

the

west,

and

by
and of

low

country
these

has

main genera

of

intrusives,
area

include
is

part
warmer

species

whose

main the

distribution
and

lower

and

latitudes

(for example

Rhesus

Monkey

Sambar

Deer).

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

6.

The

Subtropical

Fauna:

"

While

the

mammals

of southern
and

China

are

mostly

of warmer-country
are a

types, often
number of

with

wide

longitudinal
penetrate

latitudinal

distribution, there
that

species of distinctlymore
the

tropicalpreference,
a

just reach
its which

the

southern These

edge of
may be

country

or as

short
a

distance

beyond
element,

borders. appears

regarded

constituting
Kweichow,
Of such

subtropical
and
tree-

in extreme and

southern

Yunnan,
of Hainan. of the

Kwangsi,
are

Kwangtung
shrews
Yunnan the and

Provinces

in the

island
races

the

(Tupaia), represented by
Hainan,
other
as

local
the

singlespecies T.
Hylomys
and

in belangeri,
in

well

as

shrew-like
the

Neotetracus

former;
several of

insectivores

include

peculiar mole, Parascaptor (Yunnan), (Crocidura) ;

two
a

and bats and

species of white-toothed

shrews

larger
genera,
as

number

of

tropical and

subtropical distribution, including

various

Cynopterus
an

RoHsettiis, of fruit bats; and

;

Microchiroptera, species oi
Hi

Taphozous,
and and

embaWonund of
the

Lyroderma,

megadermid; Chcerephon and

enter

pposideros
of the the

Tricenops
Kerivoula At

Hipposideridse ; Tylonycteris, Scotophilus, Scotomanes, Vespertilionidse ; and

three
and of H.

of the least

Nyctinomiis

Molossidae.

species of langur monkeys

concolor), just
the

(Pithecus),and
southern
assamensis
as

gibbons {Hylobates
the last
on

hoolock island

borderland,
and the

the

Hainan;

possibly, too,
should there be
are

Macaca

Stump-tailed

Macaque Among
Lesser

(Lyssodes)
the Camivora

regarded
a

intrusives

number

of

subtropics. subtropical species such as the

Indian of the
the

from

the

Ferret-badger
from

the {Helictistaxilla sorella),

two

Otter
genus

{Lutra tarayParadoxurus, border,

the

ensis
one

Yunnan),

species

of

palm

civets

of

which

(P. minor
in

exitus) barely
the other

reaches

southeastern
mungooses

other
of two

(P. hermaphroditus laotum) occurring in Hainan; species,one

Hainan,

{Herpestes)
across

{H. iirva)more Many

rodents Yunnan

widely spread might

and be

the

mainland

of extreme

southern

China.

added
;

to

this list, including the

giant squirrels{Ratufa, in
and

Hainan)
P. and

several

flying squirrels, large

P.

small,

as

Petaurista

hainana,

yunnanensis,
Belomys
Yunnan while other

pundatus
the

marica,
mole-rat
southern such and

Pteromys

(Petinomys)
than R.
as

electilis

(Hainan)
and its races,

pearsonii;
and is of

{Rhizomys pruinosus) just reaches

distribution
sinensis mammals members

southwestern

more

genera

include

subtropical
Hapalomys,
distribution.
in

Leggada,
the

Bandicota,

Vandeleuria,

Chiropodomys,

of the and

warm-country

Among
Yunnan,

Muridae, a tially family of essenungulates, the larger muntjacs

v.

{Muntiacus vaginalis muntjak

be

M.
as

nigripes in Hainan)
Panolia in former
Deer

may

subtropical species, as well is some platyceroshainaniis). There evidence

as

included

the that

{Rucerviis

times

elephant
southern

and

rhinoceros No
doubt

may

also have
work

reached

the

southern
to

borders this

of China.

future

will add
have
not

considerably
been

list,for

the

provinces, except

Yunnan,

thoroughly

collected.

PLATE

VI

Ur.

Andnws

camp

and

the

Snow

Mountain,

western

Yunnan,

12,000

feet

The

Mekong

valley,

western

Yunnan

FAUNAL

AREAS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

19

7.

The

Tibetan

Plateau:

"

On

its

extreme

western

border,
The traveler

China
emerges
on

includes from ancient

the
the
caravan

eastward

edge
of
upon

of
the

the

great

Tibetan

plateau.
as near

high

passes

Szechwan
more

highlands,
country,
scattered
to to
narrow

Tatsienlu,
yet

the

trail,
covered streams,

open and northwest eastward

broken,

scarcely partly
of

mountainous, by
to

sparsely
narrow

with

grass

vegetation,
southeast,
the and
some

watered

swift form

trending flowing
a

which
while

unite

the

Yangtze

River
form

Pacific

Ocean,

others,

turning

southward,
western

series This

of

deep,

nearly
and

parallel valleys
supports
a

transecting

Yunnan.

plateau
of

is

semiarid
are

characteristic include

fauna,
such there. range
as

although
can

the

species
the

mammals

relatively
conditions
the Bear that

few,
and

and find of

only

withstand

rigorous
are

climatic
known from

subsistence China
and

The westward in

following
into upon

species
Tibet:
the the

borderland

Black

Grizzly
mouse-hares is

{Ursus
it the

pruinosus)
up
;

which the
of

subsists
red-eared
western
occur

part

burrowing

digs

of

these,

species
Szechwan;

(Ochotona
the

erythrotis)
Hare

found

on

high
and

mountains
races

Gray-tailed edge
of

{Lepus
and

oiostolus)
the ;

which
Marmot

along

the

western

Szechwan if at several

Kansu

Himalayan
from the

{Marniota
of
the the
more

himalayatta
western

robiista), hardly

all

distinguishable
hoofed for
ranges

animal

Himalayas
Deer

and

larger
remarkable
,

mammals,
its

including
coat, the into

White-lipped
Gazelle where it

{Cervus

albirostris)
,

rough

Tibetan

{Procapra
is

picticaudata) by
,

which

northeastward
race,

Kansu,
Gazelle

represented

closely
the Blue

similar

Przewalski's
nayaur

(P.

picticaudata
with
occur a

przewalskii)
distribution,
the and of

Sheep
too, and
the

{Pseudois
Wild

szechuanensis)
is known
enters
was

like
to

probably
Szechwan,

Yak,
farther

which
north

to

close

borders

slightly
the

Chinese

territory
part
of

in

northwestern

Kansu.
Future

Possibly

Bactrian

Camel show
also
no

originally
the

this

fauna.

investigation species
west

will
barren

doubtless

that
enters

Snow Chinese
seem

Leopard territory
to to

{Uncia
in
the

uncia),
extreme

of

these

heights, although
as

of
in

Szechwan,

for,
so

specimens
it

have range

actually
across

been Tibet
are

taken
at

the

province

far
on

recorded,
wild No

is well and
a

known

higher

levels,
traded

preying
across

young

sheep
doubt

ibex,
few

while

the

skins

frequently
eventually

into list.

China.

additional

species

will

enlarge

this

CHAPTER

III

FAUNAL

RELATIONS

OF

ASIA

WITH

NORTH

AMERICA

A Eurasia
both go, in

CERTAIN

obvious
those

similarity
northern

between

the
has

fauna led

and

flora

of

northern
to

and
a

of

North
the

America Holarctic

zoogeographers
So boreal far
as

unite

single major
this of the of
lost.

division,
is most

Region.
the

the of

mammals the

however,
and

likeness

marked

amongst

types
southward evident connection
must

arctic which

regions
the

transcontinental mammalian This

seems

evergreen

forest
less the and

belt,
less land

of
or

community

forms
to

becomes that

is almost

completely
of
northeastern
was

indicate

last

by
have

way taken

Asia far
to

and

Alaska,
and
were

along
of

which

interchange
narrow

place, species
the
out

the

northward

relatively
to

extent,
from
one

so

that

only
to

of

northern

distribution effect
current
warm

enabled
land

cross

continent
be
to

other.
any

The arctic

of

continuous cold

bridge
from

of

this

sort

would

shut

bringing Japanese
narrow

water

the its

north southern

through
shores
to

Bering
would
a

Strait,

while

the but

Current
its

washing
southern

perhaps
moist

affect climate
and

strip along
at

edge,
the

bringing
of

it

warm,

such the
so

as

present
of

obtains

along
The

shores

Alaska,
moisture

British favors
to

Columbia,
forest

State

Washington. forest-living
to

abundant

growth,
of
off the

that

mainly

species crossing.
from

might
On

be the

expected
other

take "the

advantage shutting
marked "The

the of the

connection
warmer

make

the
currents

hand,

southern of 1910, p.
a

the

polar

region

probably
H.
a tion connec-

commencement

cooler

northern
There

climate" that
the

(Osborn,
such
of

F.,

Age
existed

of

Mammals,"
in

244).
and

is evidence
till
near

early
Asia

Pleistocene
and

times America
there of
a

lasted

end

the

glacial
At the
to

period,
an

when

North

were

again
a

completely
connection climate
southern

separated.
between farther
to

earlier

epoch,

in

the

Pliocene,

was

similar
warmer

two

continents,
which would
while many

with

evidence have enabled

generally
of
more

the

north the have

species
in the
to

latitudes

make must In

crossing,
forced

cooler these
eastern

climate
southward

north
more

during

subsequent
conditions.
to

times

of of
such

congenial
there took
seems

the

present
that
at

distribution
least
two

Asiatic of

mammals,

be
as

indication
one

periods

interchange
20

place,

and

would

FAUNAL

RELATIONS

OF

ASIA

WITH

NORTH

AMERICA

21

expect,
than

the

species of
of the later

the
one.

earlier

immigration
in northern

are

found

farther

to

the

south

those The

living species of mammals

in northern North if at all

Asia
so

are

in many
similar In in the of that other

cases

sented repre-

America
more

by
of
not

forms

closely

the
cases,

ences differever, how-

are

hardly
of be
one

than
are

subspecificvalue.
now

those there
case

continent of their
once

represented
in the

other, although fossils, as

in the
to

may

evidence

former

presence

shape
fauna
of

of the

musk-ox,
and northern

of

circumpolar
When the such

distribution, but
the forest Zone"

now

confined

Greenland
is

Canada. that
many of

of North

northern

golia Mon-

compared
number
the

with

"Canadian

America,

its
a

New

World

equivalent,

correspondences

appear,

together with

smaller

of disharmonies.

Among
is is found
or

Insectivora,

the

Saddle-backed

Shrew,
similar

Sorex

araneus

borealis,
which

represented
from
buxtoni S.

in northern Alaska

America

by

the

very

S. arcticiis group whether

the

to Nova
a

Scotia,
New

but

it

seems

uncertain

5. minutus

has

similar

World

relative.
the

Among
of

bats,

the

Eurasian which

Myotis daubentonii
tree
more

is doubtless
Alaska in
to

counterpart
but other these

M.

lucifugus,
for the short-nosed

reaches

limit from
southern

Labrador,

species are
the

great

part

distribution.
seems

Among
to

Myotis
of M.
southern
across common

f rater, described
volans of
western

from North

Fukien,
America
some so

be

the

Chinese
northward range
warmer

representative
to extreme

which
former under farther

ranges

Alaska.
an

Possibly
land
was

at

time
very

the little

was

continuous
conditions the then south and fur group latter and

ancient
ancestor

bridge
able
to

that

extend the

northward,

although
somewhat the
to

since
the

the of

increasing cold
those latitudes.

has The

forced close

modern

descendants between its

correspondence moupinensis
the
western

small-footed
dark-based nicus the

long-haired Myotis
and

muricola

with

peculiarly
M. indicates land

contrasting reddish
a near

tips, and
and

American

calif or
that

suggests
were

relationship,
this Asiatic

perhaps
at
a

again
time it

derived

from

stock the World.

when

connections

slightlywarmer
cross

temperatures
Old
a

in

north

made The

possible for the

northward
to extreme

species to
southern China
Alaskan

from
two

the

to

the

New
from

present

distribution

of the

shows
as

wide

gap

the

Chinese

highlands
latitudes

Alaska,
are now

for
more

in the

previous
in

case,

the

climatic

conditions
of the times.
occur.

in

eastern

rigorous than
to

corresponding
goes back
to

southern

coast.

The

interchange perhaps
the the

Pliocene

Turning
case

Camivora, family

similar

correspondences
the
raccoons

An

outstanding
kin.
with
to
a

is that time of

of
the

Procyonidce,
northward

and

their

At

the

present

group

is well

represented

in in

tropical America,
the

single
Panda

species
Canada

Procyon

extending
areas.

United

States

southern

in forested

Its

only representative in Asia

is the

small

22

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

to the highlands of at present confined (Aihirus ftilgens) There must the adjacent portions of the Himalayas. and

southwestern have
more

China
a

been

time,

probably
and
one a

far

back

in the

later

Tertiary,
north

when

the the

group

was

widespread,
to
cross

land

connection
to

in the

enabled
case even

ancestral

forms
to

from

continent Other
Thus

the

other.

similar
show Bear

is that closer

of Zapns

be

mentioned American
a

later.

eastern

Camivora
northern Brown

kinship
shoulder be

with

species.
relative
Euardos

the

(Ursus
similar

ardos

lasiotus)seems
other

close
and

of

the

American

Grizzly,
the

with

pale
can

markings,
than

thibetaniis, in spite of its larger size,

of representative

hardly {Euardos

the
a

Asiatic

American
northern

Black

Bear
to

americanus)
This
animal

with

comparable
the

wide

range

from
may

Mexico
that

Alaska.

latter fact and

came

marked

size difference
than
to

indicate

the American
the first

with
bears Red
to

an

older America

emigration
is

Pleistocene,
be and in the
as

although
of northern
to

presence times. The

of

in
Fox

supposed
North

relatively late
Wolf

Tertiary
Asia

{Vulpes vulpes subsp.)

of northern New World
the

are

so

similar

those

America

hardly
a

merit

specificdistinction
of

from

their

congeners,

implying
on

separation
conservative

relatively
Old

short

duration,
Ermine
M.

although {Mustela
forest

canids

are

the

whole

types. The
in
the

World

erminea

and

races)
North

finds

its counterpart
a

closely
of the
is

similar

cicognanii of northern
area,

America,
Weasel
rixosa and

species characteristic
rixosa
races

evergreen sub-

while

the
to

Pygmy
the M.

{M.
and

pygmcea)
of the
in
a same

clearly but
area.

related specifically too,

the

Probably,
to

Sable Pine

{Martes
Martens

zibellina

races)
New

stands

similar the

relation
Beech

the

American

(M.

americana
in the

and World.
in
as

races), but
The evergreen

Marten golia Mon-

(M. foina)
the Canada

is not

represented
at

lynx

of northern

is replaced {Lynx lynx isabellina)

the
a

forests

of Alaska

by
of

Lynx,
to

present
this

regarded
the
tree

distinct

species

but

perhaps

closer

relationshipthan
the

implies. squirrels show

but
a

Coming
Sciurus close relative
smaller forests red

rodents,

striking contrast,
of is

for
no

vulgaris (and races)

in the evergreen

of

the

transcontinental

forest its

Eurasia

has

belt of America,
The
.

place

occupied by
northern

the

squirrel(Tamiasciurus)
volans

flyingsquirrelof regarded
at most
as

the

Asiatic

{Pteromys

subsp.)

is currently

generically distinct
fur countries, but of

from the
On

its counterpart differences

the other
are

{Glaucomys sabrinus) probably

the
common so

of the

American

best

considered

subgeneric Mongolia
members
than

value.

hand,

ground squirrelof closely

similar
to

northern

{Citellus
of the

eversmanni C.
and

jacutensis) is
group that

the

Alaskan
be
more on

parryi
the

the

relationship can
are

hardly
near

subspecific,
sides.
of the red-

chipmunks
the

{Eutamias)
are

evidently

relatives

both

Among
backed mice

microtines

several

interestingcontrasts.
two

Thus,

{Clethrionomys),forest-living species,the

species of

northern

FAUNAL

RELATIONS

OF

ASIA

WITH

NORTH

AMERICA

23

Mongolia
caniis

are

represented
known

in

Alaska the New

by

but World.

one

(C dawsoni),
form

for the

C.

rufois of

type
In the

is not

from

meadow

mice

(Microtus),
in

the

common

of northern

Asia

the with

M. but

arvalis four

type,

represented
in the M. second

northern molar. of
not

Mongolia
This with far States

by

M.

mongolicus,
in North formed

prisms
molar.
over

upper

type
a

is found

America second

represented by
upper
most

operarius apparently
and
an

Alaska,
extended United

similarly
the

It has

into

continent, pennsylon

for elsewhere vanicus second

and Asia is the upper

of Canada

the

Microtus

dominant molar. M.

species with
This
latter which

additional
is

postero-internalloop
in northern
race.

the

type
M.
a.

represented
is the
to

Europe
The arvalis that M.
or

by
of be

agrestis,of
type

mongol
the

Mongolian
of the

abundance

this

in North
that it from
was

America
the New.

exclusion
the

type
may

may have An

evidence
the

first to

reach

New

World

it

reached

Old

the

interestingparallelin
grasslands,
Polecat which

association is
more or

is found
less

in the
and

Bobac
has In
a

Marmot

of the

Mongolian
in
the

colonial

special enemy
relation
in The it is

Masked
to

{Mustela

eversmanni

tiarata).
which

this
find

similar

the

American Ferret

prairie dogs {Cynomys)

the

the
two

related

Black-footed
are

{Mustela nigripes) a particular

allied,but

enemy.

hosts

not

very the

closely

predators
one

are.

Of

mouse-hares

(Ochotona) only
various forms

of

the North

three

Asiatic

subgenera namely,
the

is represented

by
to

the

of western
0.

America,

subgenus
The

Pika of

which

the

Mongolian
group the
on

hyperborea
sides
the of
two

mantchurica Strait

belongs.
indicates

presence
a

this northern

both

Bering
areas.

again

close

between affinity the in hoofed

livingspecies of
the genus but

Among
of Asia but
more

mammals,
America,

Sus,
a

wild group and

swine, is wholly
of the
the
warmer

represented un-

North

it is

mainly
to

parts

and

Europe, ranging
to

northward

Mongolia
Musk

Baikal ranges

region,
eastward north-

abundant
into
eastern

the

southward.
have
now are

The

Deer,

which
to

Siberia, might
the Roe but

been
common

expected

appear

in western

North also On

America,
have
been

while looked

Deer,
both

in southern in the

Siberia, might
New World.
on

for,
Red

unrepresented
the Elk and
are

the

other

hand,
near

the

Deer

and

both
Moose.

represented
western

the

American The
as

side by
Wild
as

relatives,the Wapiti

the

Horse
Bactrian

{Equus
Camel,
related where of

przewalskii), of
while
were no

extreme

Mongolia,
in in the North

well

the

longer represented

American
from

continent
that

by
area,

forms,
both both

probably immigrants
went
are

tocene early Pleistheir tionary evolu-

groups genera

through
known

mofet

of

history.
Ice

Remains

from

deposits
indicate,

of

the

Age

in Alaska. close relatives

on

These

both

sides

of

Bering

Strait

then,

24 former of
so

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

continuity
has taken

of range
recent

by
a

way date

of

land

bridge

between
at

the two

continents,
great
two

comparatively
A

that the of

in most

cases,

least, no
of the

entiation differareas. sponding corre-

place
of the

between mammals

representative
northern

forms with

comparison
latitudes indicative
at

China

those
between
a

of

of North

America
of
an

shows earlier it
was

greater differences
land connection
their thus

related
warmer

groups,

climate farther

probably higher latitudes, so

and
so

with

still

that

possible for

ancestors

to to

range
cross

north

avail

themselves older

of the

opportunity
was

afforded

in either
as

direction.

This

connection

perhaps

in the

Pliocene, when,

shown

tulip tree
and others

by fossil remains, such trees as the bald cypress {Taxodium), the (Liriodendron) honey locust (Gleditschia)sweet (Liquidambar) gum
, ,

now

found doubtless

in southeastern
across

United

States

were

present
for

also in western also

Europe
that the

and

the
In

intervening
to eastern

area,

they

persist at
recall fossil

present in southern

China.
now

this connection,

too, it is
has

interesting to
found

ginkgo
the

tree,

confined State of

Asia,

lately been
America,

in the

late

Tertiary
No

of the

Washington.
China in
in

Among
appear.

Insectivora

of North

and North

North

few

ties similarithere

hedgehogs
may

survive
occiured

America,

although
the
genus in
eastern

is

evidence is also
and
a

that

they
A

have

early Tertiary ; by
a

Crocidura China

quite lacking, although represented

further
contrast

few

species
in the

Korea.

is the

apparent
and

absence

of the

genus

Sorex,
forest close

diversified Siberia.

group

in North

America,
genus

represented
in the

Mongolian
has
no

and

Of

moles, the
but

Scaptochirus
found
not

of North

China
of

relative
and

in America,

Scapanulus,
to

highlands
related wide
to

Shensi, Kansu,
Brewer's
now

Szechwan,
of

is beheved
eastern

be

distantly
so

Mole,

Parascalops,
them Eastern
now

North

America,
A

that

the

gap

separating
is that of the

is doubtless

of

long standing. {Tamias

from The

somewhat
the
eastern

parallel case
part
of

Chipmunk
North

of striatus),

North

America,
Asia
and

generically different
America.
rather

Eutamias,
mole

its close

ally
of of the

in
the

eastern western

western

(Scaptonyx),
Neurotrichiis

Chinese northwest China

highlands,
coast.

is related
the

closely to
the

American
and

Among
little
are

rodents,

squirrelgroup
North
the

of eastern
members. the

northern The

shows

similarity to
unrepresented
and

the
in

American latter

large flying
Callosciurus,
to

squirrels

continent;
are

genera

Rupestes, Dretnomys,
Asia, the
in
mouse

Sciurotamias

also An

wholly
the forest

confined

eastern

three

last almost

wholly
in

to

China.

interesting contrast
common

is

seen

the

cricetines, for, whereas

North
and in

America

white-footed
with

{Peromyscus)
with

is

widespread
China
or

part
are

animal,

long tail,
Thus

its closest allies in North forms

the

and in
some

Mongolia

all

ground-living or burrowing
to
a mere

tails shortened Cricetulus is

species reduced
over

stump.
the

genus

widespread

open

country

and

invades

desert,

FAUNAL

RELATIONS

OF

ASIA

WITH

NORTH

AMERICA

25

while soles

Phodopus
of the feet The
mouse

is

typically desert-living
with

genus,

with
progress the in

pallid coloring
on

and which

the it

provided
niche

pads
by

of

hair

for in
may

sand

in

burrows.
the

occupied
a

Peromyscus
which
genus

New

World

is taken
the Old genera, absence

by

wood
a

(Apodemus),
cricetine.

murine,
latter

part

explain
to

of

forest-living
the
rest

The

is

confined
and

the

World
most

like
of

of the

Muridae,
types.

including
Thus

Mtis,
genus
two

Rattiis Rattus
or

related is

them

warm-climate

the

chiefly tropical
that reach the in

and

south

temperate

in distribution under

with

only

three No

species
relatives
are

north

temperate

latitudes

natural

conditions. North and

of found

abundant

pocket
their the and niches

gophers
is

(Thomomys)
in

of western
northern of

America

Asia,

but

niche

occupied
genus

China similar

parts

of northern

Mongolia
while

by

arvicoline

Myospalax

subterranean

habits,

gerbils

jerboas
taken

{Meriones,
in the New

Rhombomys,
World
case

Allactaga, Dipus, leaping jumping

so

etc.)
of

fill the

ecological
Of
the

by
the
but

desert
mouse

species

Dipodomys.
known American from

special
Szechwan
that

interest

is the
of

of

(Zaptis),
to

highlands
most

China,

closely
different.

related This

the

Zapus
a

it is at

but

subgenerically
that took

again

may

be for

remnant

of

wider

distribution from

place possibly
areas.

in Pliocene
The
tree

times,

at

present

it is unknown
on

other
are occur

intermediate

porcupines
though
of the
genera
two

of

America,
genera

the

other

hand,

unrepresented
in

in The

the

Old

World,

of

ground
at

porcupines
centers

China.

distribution with
These the three
are

"goat-antelopes"
"

present

in
Budorcas of

southeastern
"

Asia,
in

Ncemorhedus,
to

Capricornis,
upon named North
as

and

found

China.
of

doubtless
but

be the

looked
firstin

survivals reaches
the

primitive
southern the

members

Bovidae,
in

although
none

borders

of

Siberia

Amurland,

appears is doubtless
a

America,
related.
was

although
The

Rocky

Mountain also
to

Goat be

(Oreamnos)
regarded
in the
as

closely
this
now

musk-ox,

probably
in

member

of

group,

nevertheless
to

found
and be

northern

Asia

Pleistocene,

though

confined
In

arctic it may
forest

America
then
zone

Greenland.

general
of the

said

that,
in many

while
cases

the
to
more

mammals

of close

northern

Mongolia
northern northern
are

correspond
the

their

relatives

of
in

distribution
and
more

in

New
are

World,
either

those

of

southern
or

latitudes,
counterparts
the

western

China,

unrepresented
obvious conclusion
of

their is that land

much
owes

distantly similarity
been

related.
to
a more

The

former
the

group

its
has

recent
a

continuity

area,

while for

latter

group

separated
some

for and

far

longer period, allowing time

extinction time.
or

tionary evolua

changes resulting
lack of

in

types
at

the

increase

in

others, with

similarity

the

present

SECTION

II

SYSTEMATIC

ACCOUNT

OF

THE MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

SECTION

II

SYSTEMATIC

ACCOUNT

OF

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Page

CHAPTER

IV"

ORDER

INSECTIVORA.

INSECTIVORES 29

CHAPTER

V"

ORDER

CHIROPTERA.

BATS 150

CHAPTER

VI"

ORDER

PRIMATES.

LEMURS

AND

MONKEYS
279

CHAPTER

VII"

ORDER

CARNIVORA.

CARNIVORES
-

312

CHAPTER

VIII"

ORDER

PINNIPEDIA.

SEALS,

SEA-LIONS 490

CHAPTER

IX"

ORDER

CETACEA.

WHALES,

DOLPHINS,

PORPOISES
494

CHAPTER

X"

ORDER

NOMARTHRA.

SCALY

ANTEATERS

OR

PANGOLINS 514
...

CHAPTER

XI"

ORDER

RODENTIA.

GNAWING

MAMMALS 523

CHAPTER

IV

ORDER

INSECTIVORA

mSECTIVORES

The the small their and

to
stem
or

Order from
even

Insectivora which minute

the size
or

stands

nearest

among have

living mammalian
arisen.
is

groups

to

placental
;

mammals

Its of
a

members

are

of

their

reproductive
of
the full and

system

generalized
each
in

type,
above

teeth

are

nearly

quite
of

number the

(eleven
molars
in
are

in

jaw

below)
those

characteristic
the

placentals, marsupials,
and the the

similar other

structtu^e
as

of

carnivorous of the
brain
at

which
presence side of tend the

sundry
a

respects,

in

the

formation

of

distinct
of
a

perforation
the

(the they
and of of
a

entepicondylar
resemble. As

foramen)
a

inner

condyle
have in the

humerus,
snout

whole of
at

the the

Insectivora which
of of

to

tubular
an

forceps-like
anterior incisors
reduced the

action

jaws,
expense

results
the

usually
and

enlargement
arrangement
canines
may

the the
so

incisors
in
as

the

canines,
rows.

lengthwise
to

instead

transverse

The

be
a

have

disappeared
are

altogether

in
and

some

forms,
have form
as

although
double
a

in
roots.

few,

as

hedgehogs,
is

they
an

well

developed
nature,
in

may

Their The

food
group

chiefly of readily

animal

which

insects

large

part.
the in
or

falls of

into

two

divisions,
a more

by

some

regarded
the

almost

lent equivawhich
even

separate

orders,
is

namely, long,
about
at

primitive,
process

Menotyphla,
well

the

pubic
a

symphysis complete barely

The
two
as or

the the

postorbital
eye,
contact

indicated
in

forming
bones
are

ring
not

and

the and other

Lipotyphla,
the

which
processes

the

pubic
veloped. unde-

all

in

postorbital
but The

groups

differ
set

in

many

minute

significant Menotyphla

details
are

of

structure,

admirably
two

forth

by
the

Gregory

(1910).
or

represented
southeastern shrews

by

living
and of

families,

Tupaiidse
and

tree

shrews,

confined
or

to

Asia in
a

arboreal
south

habits,
of
the

the

Macroscelididae The which

well

elephant

found

Africa

mostly

Sahara.

former include

is represented
the in the

in

China
and and

by

single

species.
on

The
other

Lipotyphla,
hand,
are

moles,
eastern

shrews, Asia,
in
the

hedgehogs,
include
of
a

the

very

represented
which
show Three

few

primitive
from

forms,
the
29

as

Uropsilus,

steps
of

origin

the

mole-like

shrew-like

types.

families

30

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

this

group

are

found

in

China

and

Mongolia, representing respectively, the

and
the shrews.

hedgehogs

and

their allies,the

moles,

Key A. Form

to

the

Families well-haired

of

Chinese

and

Mongolian
; skull with

Insectivora orbit

tail squirrel-like,

and

distichous

completely
Tupaiidae

encircled
B.

by

bony

ring
orbit in
not

Form
a.

not

tail close-haired, squirrel-like, of upper

cusps,

encircled

by

bony

ring.
sub-

Crowns

molars
a

nearly
central without

square cusp
a

outline,

consisting of four

equal
b. Crowns a'. b'.

with

small

Erinaceidae
cusp.

of upper

molars arch

fifth central

Zygomatic Zygomatic
"mouse-like"

complete, form

usually fossorial
loss of the

Talpidae
more or

arch

incomplete through

jugal ; form

less Soricidae

Family
TREE

TUPAIID^
SHREWS

Tree

Shrews

are are

in squirrel-like
most

appearance

and

like

squirrels are they

with
short.

active

by day.
habits five

They
a

the

primitive
structure.

of

placental mammals, developed

and
the and
ears

retaining arboreal
have
a

with

generalized
the hand

Unlike well

however, squirrels,

all

fingers of
the

and

foot

provided
rather

sharp
In the

claw;

muzzle

is somewhat

elongated,

skull, the orbital ring is complete.

Genus

Tupaia
13, p.

Raffles
1821.

Tupaia Raffles, Trans. In

Linn.

Soc.

London,

vol.

256,

his review
in

of the
the

tree

shrews,
haired
area

Lyon

(1913)
top of the
in the and

restricts and
nose

Tupaia

to the

those
snout
across

species
not

which

tail is well
the

throughout,
on

distichous,
cut

especiallyelongated,
of
ear

naked

squarely
the lower The

instead of the formula

being slightlyprolonged
smaller of: than the upper

backward

midline,

lobe

portion,
=38.

scantily
upper

haired.
are

tooth

consists
the

i.f c.j pm.f m.f

and
molars

The

incisors above

larged, slightlyen-

lower
The

narrow

proclivous, the
show very The

canine
the

smaller

than of

the

incisors. with
the

upper

well
genus

W-shaped
A

commissures.
to

is

tropical

primitive pattern cusps, and subtropical in neighboring large

and
the

distribution, confined
islands.

southeastern
the three genus

Asia, including the

southern rather is T.
borders

singlespecies reaches
and is divisible

of China
forms

island

of Hainan,
area.

into

poorly

marked

in this wide

The

type

species of the

ferruginea

Raffles

T.

glisferru-

ginea) of

Sumatra.

THE

INSECTIVORES

31

Fig.

I.

Distribution

Map.

Tupaia
1. 2.

T. T.

belangeri chinensis belangeri yunalis Key Chinese Races

3.

T.

belangeri modesla

to

of

Tupaia

belangeri

A.

Light
a.

shoulder

stripe evident. greenish

T. chinensis belangeri
T. grayer

General General

tint above tint brownish

b. B.

belangeri yunalis
modesta belangeri

Shoulder

stripe obsolete, general tint above Tupaia

and Ann.

T.

I.

belangeri chinensis
Zool. Researches Nat. Western

J. Anderson
Yunnan,
p. 129,

Tupaia Tupaia

chinensis

J. Anderson,

Anat.

pi. 7, figs.8, 9, 1879. ibid.,vol. 14, p. 472,

1914.

belangeri chinensis

Thomas,
"

Mag.

Hist., ser.

8, vol. 13, p. 243,

1914;

Type
upon

specimens:
he

Anderson his

mentions

two

individuals
204a,

procured by
Ponsee,
Btirma,

him
in

which

founded

description: No.

from

32

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

alcohol, and
Yunnan
to

No.

204b
these

and

c,

the

skin

and

skull

of

an

adult
155,

from

Muangla,
ing Accord-

(Cat. Mammals
Dr.

Indian
are

Mus.,

Calcutta, pt.
Indian
snout

i, p.

1881).

Lyon,
"

probably
color

still in the

Museum.

Description:
of hands
back
two

General

above, from
very
more

to

tail,including
middle individual

the

backs
of the
are

and

feet, an
the
the

olive gray, hairs

are

slightlydarker
numerous.

in the

region
hairs

where

black

The
the

of

kinds:
or

shorter, with
a

slaty bases
the with

yellow
longer,

with

black

ring dividing chiefly black,

neck

terminal part pale greenish greenish-yellow portion; and slightly

or

and

stouter

hairs

without

minute
streak

tip of greenish
extends

yellow.
from and
the
more

At
ear,

the

side

of the

short, ill-defined

pale
the

back

where

the

terminal

yellowish portion of
back shaft the

hairs

is

slightlypaler
appressed

extensive.
the

The its lower

rest

tail is like the

above, becoming
is clothed
with

slightlydarker
short

toward

tip; on
The

surface,

hairs buff the

colored

like the

of the under

tail in the

apical
chin
to

third, but

paler ochraceous
the lower sides
on

basally.
limbs,
are

entire

side from
the

vent, and

of the

pale

ochraceous
the

midline similar

of the
to

chest,

hairs with buff, slaty bases except and inguinal region, the interramal arms. area,

Ears

the back, but

"

very

thinly clad

with

short

hair.
races are as

Measurements:
"

Collectors'
T.

measurements chinensis belangeri

of two

follows:

THE

INSECTIVORES

33

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

TUPAIA

Occurrence uniform.

and

Habits:

"

This

tree

shrew
as

is characterized

by
and of T.

its rather
later
firmed con-

oUvaceous-gray by
Thomas

color

above,
a

and

indicated

by Lyon
race

(1914, p. 243), is differingin

T. True b. chinensis of Yunnan.

slightly differentiated

belangeri

of southern
on

Burma,

its almost
occurs

complete
in the

lack

of

ferruginous coloring
States
and Dr.
across

the

back.

North series others

Shan
collected

the

southwestern

part
Mr. the Edmund

A
as

large
well
as

by

R.

C.

Andrews
Museum

and
and

Heller,
National
the lower feet the

collected
that

for the
a

British alti-

U.

S. from
or are

Museum,
levels
on as

indicates
at

it has River and

on

wide

tudinal

distribution,
up
east. to

Namting
Range
and three

the

Burma

border,
to

9,000

10,000

the

Likiang
River the last

the Tali

mountains

the

Others

from

Mekong
from very than

about

Lake,
show

YuninterIt

nanfu,

and

Yunnanyi.
with T. b. much
to

Specimens
in the north farther

localities
tone

gradation
does
not

yunalis

slightlywarmer
the

of the

back.

extend
seems

Likiang Range.
the habits of this

Little

be

recorded

concerning
first
he

species in China.
on

It is in part
Anderson

but tree-living,
notes

apparently also spends

the
one saw on

much

time

the

ground.
was

(1879)
The and

that
to

his Yunnan
that he
at

Expedition
first mistook

in
a

grassy

clearing close
stomach

patches of fruit, and

one

it for

squirrel.
seeds various

of

collected
a

leaves, indicating
forms

on tained conMekong by partiallyvegetable diet, although insects

Heller

the

River

and

other

of animal

life doubtless

constitute

its chief food.

34

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Specimens examined:
Yunnan
:

"

The

following thirty-seven:
of

Chiho,

twenty

miles

south
3;

Likiang,

2 ;

Fengyang,
2;

i ;

Hainkai,

i ;

Hsiohsien,
border,

Likiang, 7; Mekong
Peitai, i; Mucheng, River,
i

River,
i; Tali
i ; one

Makaihsien,
and

Namting

River, Burma
i;

i;

Lake

vicinity, 3; Wutinghsien, sixtymiles

west,
i ;

Shihku, Yangtze
5;

; Yunnanfu,

hundred

and

Yunnanyi,

Kaochiao, 6.

2.

Tupaia

belangeri yiinalisThomas
Nat.

Ann. Mag. Tupaia belangeri yunalis Thomas, Tupaiia ferruginea Shih, Bull. Dept. Biol., Sun

Hist.,

ser.

8, vol.

13, p.
no.

244,

1914.

Yatsen

Univ., Canton,

4, p. 2, 1930.

Type Specimen:
of
seven

"

skin

and
10,

skull, No.
1910,
at

12.7.25.45,

British

Museum,

one

collected
"

by Orii, July
to

Mengtsz, Yunnan.
but the upper

Description: Similar
of
a

T.
to to
more

b. the the

chinensis,
more more

parts

darker

and of the
some

much

warmer

tone,
as

due
as

ochraceous

sub terminal

rings
in

particolored hairs, specimens

darken

well rump and

a

abundant
the

black The
not

hairs shoulder

which

the

than clear

back.

stripe is less
as

conspicuous, shorter,
Measurements: Occurrence T. and
"

nearly

ochraceous,

so

pale

in chinensis.

See table under Habits:

"

T. b.

chinensis, page
Yunnan in the

33. the
tree

In

southeastern less

shrew

of

the

belangeri type
the

becomes
tone

much

pale
the

than

western

parts of the
the color
a

ince, prov-

greenish
extreme

is warmer,
who

back

darker,

and

decided

ochraceous.

Thomas,

first

recognized this difference, had

at

specimens only
also
same

from the

the Museum

southern

border,

Mengtsz,
has
one

the

type

whence locality,

of

Comparative
for

Zoology

specimen obtained
along
Shih the

by

the

collector.
border

Undoubtedly
an

this form

extends

eastward

extreme

southern

of China secured the

undetermined
a

distance, for

(1930,
Yatsen
and Hainan

p.

2) records University,
He shrew.

specimens
Canton,
observes There
seems

by

Chinese
area

expedition from
of

Sun

in

Yao
are

Shan
more

Kwangsi,
tree

at

Loshiang
than the

Chinsiu.
tree

that
to

they
be
no

above ferruginous of the shrew

record in

in extreme presence

southern

Kwangtung,
did Swinhoe

though
learn

its

occurrence

Hainan

implies its

there;

nor

of it

near

Amoy.
examined:
"

Specimens
from

Three,

namely:

from

Mengtsz,

Yunnan,

and

Tongking

(M.C.Z.).
3.

Tupaia belangeri modesta

Amer. Mus. Proc. Nat. U.

J. A.
22, vol. p.

Allen

Tupaia Tupaia

modesta

J.

A.

Allen,
A.

Bull. B.

Hist.,

vol.

481, 1906.
art.

belangeri modesta

Howell,

S. Nat.

Mus.,

75,

I, p. S, 1929.

Type
Museum
1903.

specimen:
of

"

An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull,
island

No.

26654,

American

Natural

History,

from

Leimuimon,

of Hainan,

January

5,

THE

INSECTIVORES

35

Description: Upper
"

surface hairs

of

body
and

and

tail

an

even

and

finely ticked
subterminal
T. b.

mixture ochraceous Under color

of

the

usual
muzzle

black and and

particolored slightlygrayer
white
to

hairs than
roots

with
in

ring;
of

shoulders
arms area

yunalis.

side

chin, throat,
to

buffy
of the

the

of the

hairs, this

continued the
area

the
are

central

belly and

inguinal region, where,

at most
a

however,
indicated immature is shorter

hairs
where

slaty-based.
the

Shoulder
the hairs The of

stripeobsolete,
are

barely
some

pale tips of
in winter

unmixed

with

black

in

individuals and

it is better

marked. skins

pelage
T.

of December from

specimens
the Yunnan

less full than

b. chinensis

highlands.
Measurements: Occurrence and
not
"

See tables Habits:

appear
"

on

pages

32 and

33.

Notwithstanding
to

the
to

statement

of its describer,
the

that

this

"does

be

closely
close and

related
to

any

of

previously
character

scribed dea

forms," it is really

very

indeed

chiefly in yunalis,differing
an once

slightlygrayer
From
more

tinge

to

the

muzzle

shoulders,
it is at

average

the

race

chinensis

of western the

Yunnan,

only. separated by its much

of the latter. The immature

brownish

hue, lacking
be

peculiar greenish
in

tint

shoulder

stripe may
the

hardly perceptible,but

some

specimens

it is clearly present. Swinhoe

was no

first naturalist of the

to tree

list the
shrew

mammals

of Hainan,
island. p. It

but

he

evidently fairlycommon
it for
the five

had

knowledge
and

of the

is,however,

in suitable

places.
in and

Dr.

J. A. Allen
of

(1906,
central
on

481), in recording
seven

first time from from

there of the

publishing the originaldescription,had

the
one

mens, speciHe

Leimuimon

mountains from Hoihow of

more

Hainan

(the type
coast.

one locality),

Utoshi,
is
a

the

northern in

notes

that

certain

amount

individual

variation

color, the
ochraceous. from

youngest
A.
B.

series

having
there who

the
a seem was

throat

richly colored, tawny

in the other in and U. S. National records

Howell but

(1929)
otherwise

mentions

specimen
to

Musevun

Kachek,
Mr.

be

no

of definite the

localities.
noted

Clifford from

H.

Pope,
and

successful
1922

obtaining
1923,

large

series

below,
but

Nodoa

Namfong,
little animal numbers. of

contributes

the
on

following
the

notes. interesting

"This in in
a

is of
We grass,

general distribution
first secured small
one

island,
"

nowhere

occurs

great
thicket but

it in and
at
a

trapping
bushes. time
came or

two

of them
several
same

caught
more were

high
traps
the

trees,
or

Later in the
to

caught,
The up

never

more

than
out.
were

two
we

place
and

in

spite of

dozens fact

of that

set

Those

caught
set

bait

of peanut

butter. taken

traps

nearly always
may active in

in late

noon afterour

early
for

the

following morning
seem

part

account

for
was

failure to take in the houses

Mission and I

more,

they
at

to

be

largely
if not

by day.
one

One

shot

compound,
was

Nodoa,
on a

near

actually in
one

of the been

foreigners'
in the

told that

previous occasion

had

found

36
house.
to
see

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

same

Another it

appeared
about if

to

live under
grass

the the
run

porch of
of the
under for the

one

of the in the and

houses. middle hide. hunter

I used
of the

hopping
but be

in the

by

side

house

forenoon
seem

approached,

it would
well
as

house

They
shot
a

to

largely terrestrial,as daylight.

"

diurnal,

my
a

Chinese shrill

few, all in broad

On

occasion

they
as

may

utter

cry."
23;

Specimens examined: Namfong,

5.

In all, twenty-eight,

follows:

Hainan:

Nodoa,

Family
HEDGEHOGS

ERINACEID^
AND THEIR

ALLIES

This
many

family includes
of structure

the

hedgehogs
the
tree

and

their

relatives. constitute

They
with the
a

differ in the other

details

from
the

shrews, and
the

living insectivores Lipotyphla.

of the The

(except
There instead

latter

and

elephant shrews)
more

suborder
contact

pubic symphysis
is
no

is very

short, hardly

than the

pubic bones.
shrews, but

complete bony ring surrounding postorbital zygomatic

retains
transverse

orbit
a mere

as

in tree

the

processes

are

reduced

to

point (in Neotetracus) or

skull

quite lacking.
and the

There arch
the

is

marked

constriction
The
snout

of the is not its

behind

the

orbits,
and

the

is slender.

especially elongate, posterior border

is the
The

palate
a

primitive ridge.
The in size, and

trait

of

having

bounded

by

raised

first upper

incisor

longest, the
first molars.
The
so are

canine

is somewhat
main

reduced
outer

premolar is large, its

latter
are as

cusp

usually two-rooted. extending well below the level

with the

of the
cusp

of characteristic
to

form,

postero-internal
a

(hypocone)
There

enlarged
four
five

give

the

crown

of the
a

tooth

nearly
in the
the

square
center

outline. of the ulna

crown. are

blunt

main

cusps

and

smaller
on

fifth cusp

The
the

digitsare

usually retained
are

each

foot,

radius

and

free, but

tibia and
are

fibula

fused

together.
more or

Two

subfamilies with

recognized:
normal

the

Gymnurinae, including the

and
a

tive primishorter

members

nearly
or

form, spineless coat

World
a

longer

tail; and

the

Erinaceinse

Old

hedgehogs,

with
coat.

shortened

skulls, compact,

nearly tailless bodies, and

protective spiny
Chinese

Key A. Form
a.

to

the

Genera

of

and

Mongolian

Erinaceid^

rat-

or

mouse-like, fur normal,

half the
as

tail slender. and

Tail Tail

about about

length of head
as

body

Neotetracus

b. B. Form
a.

long
with
crown as

the

hind

foot
a mere

Hylomys
stump.

stout,

back the

spiny
a as

coat, tail

Spines of

with

median

parting,ears
processes

long, the postglenoid processes

and hollowed shorter

of the b.

skull
crown

large

the mastoid
a

internally Hemiechinus
Erinaceus

Spines

of the

without

median

parting, ears

THE

INSECTIVORES

37

Genus Hylomys
S. Muller, in Temminck, Verhand.

Hylomys
Natuurl.

S. Muller
Nederl.

Gesch.

Bezitt., vol.

i,

Zoogd.

Indisch.

Archip.,

p. 50,

1839.

In external

form
ears,

the but

body
the The
as

is slender,

mouse-like, with
the

tapering
of the

snout

and

well-developed
slender first and The
and fifth has

tail is very hands

to

short, about
and reach feet the

length
each

hind

foot,
the
toes.

thinly haired.
are so

retain bases

five
three

digits but
middle
=44.

short full

barely

of the

skull

the

placental
two

tooth others

formula: much

i.f c.t
smaller
two
as

pm.i m.f
the the

The

anterior

incisor

is longest, the
and

and

shorter; the
three fourth

canine

slightly larger
are

triangular
outer

in

profile,with
and

roots;

first premolars which

all
a

small, two-rooted,

hardly

half the of

high

as

is

large with
are

prominent
in
crown

cusp,

exceeding
two

molars

in

height.

The

latter

squarish
smaller
These

view,
its outer

the

anterior much
are

nearly equal
reduced.

size, the

third

much

with

posterior cusp
and the

small

ground-living insectivores
Peninsula the is southwestern border

known Indian

from

the

more

tropical
One The

parts
forms

of the

Malay
reaches genus

larger East
Muller
and

Islands.

of the

barely

of China

in Yunnan.

type

species of the

Hylomys
4.

suillus

Schlegel, of
Blyth
1859.

Java.

Hylomys
Soc.

suillus

peguensis

Hylomys

peguensis Blyth, Joum.

Asiatic

Bengal, vol. 28, p. 294,

Type

Specimens:
from

"

The

species
where

appears

to

have

been and
to

based

upon

two

dividuals in-

Pegu, Tenasserim,
at

obtained Anderson
to

by Blyth
seems

probably
have

still in the them

Indian
and

Museum the

Calcutta,
of
one

examined

removed

skull

previous
of the

1872.
and

Description: Upper
"

surface

head, body,
a

limbs
similar

very
to
or

uniform that

pale olive yellow Tupaia

the base

and

black

mixed,

giving
are

somewhat black
or

color

of
at

b. chinensis.

Individual

hairs

either

throughout
subterminal

slaty

with

short, pale-ochraceous terminal

about the rump and below
a

band. and

The

sides

of the

face
and the

the

eye

are

slightly clearer
than the sheen middle

brighter
back,
to

ochraceous,
but otherwise

is

very

little
uniform. of

brighter
A many of

of the

coloring is

very

certain
the

is

imparted
with

the

pelage by
minute

the

burnished
The
ears,

appearance

longer

hairs
a

their

yellowish tips.
short of the

feet, and
on

tail

are

nearly naked, with

tail brownish.
with tint lower that
on

scattering of
the ing color-

hairs, those
surface

the

hind

feet and

Below,
of the
lower

upper

merges with
a

rather
very

suddenly

under

side,
and

which

is the

grayish white,
bases short of the

faint creamy
gray. The

the

throat

chest,
clad

hairs

slaty

side

of the

metatarsus

is

with

stiff hair.

The Anderson

skull and

skeleton
a

have

been

very

carefully described
up
on

and

figured by
border
near

(1874) from

specimen

he

picked

the

Yunnan

38 Ponsee,
more

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Burma.

In

form

the

skull
more a

differs

from

that brain

of

Tupaia
and the

in the

slightly
behind

elongate snout,
bony

less rounded, the

eye to

flattened

case,
on

reduction

of the
the

ring
It

about

mere

projecting point
the

frontal

eye.

is very

light
the

and

delicate, and
The

zygomatic
bones the

arch

is thin

and

slender, especially at
examined
transverse

posterior part.
minute
short median

palatal
and

in the

specimen
in
a

contain

several
with
a

vacuities,

palate
The

itself ends

ridge
teeth

projection.
found

palate

is somewhat

arched, the
The incisor is

tympanic
are

bullae

incomplete.
in

of the second
The

full number about canine

half and

placentals, 44.
and the

The about

anterior
half

largest,the
the second. upper

its

height,
latter them the

third
are

the

height of
former

fourth the

premolar
with
are

again larger, the

anterior
much cusp

in the

jaw double-rooted,
while between

its outer
other the
two
ones

(paracone)
The

much

enlarged,

three

smaller

premolars of subequal size and

molars
and
are

nearly half
below,
main the

height of
fifth that

larger teeth. squarish

central is
in

three

above of

and four

first two

upper

outline,
The

consisting
molar
has

cusps

with
so

smaller
the

cusp.

third

the

metacone

reduced,

outline

nearly

triangular.
As
on an

anomaly. No.
the

44274

(now 20687 M.C.Z.)

incisor

has

but

two

upper

incisors

the

right side,

small

third

having

been

lost.

Anderson
feet and
was

supposed
shortened

that

it was,

in part at rather

least,tree-living, although its elongate

tail would in

indicate
on

ground-living
mainland
as

habits.

The

genus

first discovered
a

Java,

but

later

the

of the

Malay

Peninsula
the

in

nearly identical
similar animal

form.

Blyth in 1859 described Pegu, Tenasserim,

and

Hylomys

peguensis

very

from

Anderson

(1874, 1879) during

THE

INSECTIVORES

39

his
at

expedition
Ponsee,
used

to

the

borders
a

of western

Yunnan,
that he

picked
to

up the

dead
same

on

the

path

Upper
as

Burma,
basis

specimen

referred of the

species and figiu-es. The

in 1888 named

later

the

of his careful

account

skeleton

with who

occurrence

of

Hylomys
H.

in Borneo

was

recorded

by Thomas,
years,

this island
been

form

suillus
as

dorsalis.

In recent

the and

form

on

Sumatra
and the

has latter

distinguished
gave
on

Hylomys

parvus

by Robinson
to
a

Kloss,

author

the

name

Hylomys
of

siamensis

specimen from
and
narrower race

Hinlap,
from

eastern

Siam,
in 1925

the

ground
named In the

paler, more
H. suillus of

buffy coloration microtinus,

for
more a

nasals, while Thai-Nien,

I have
ferred re-

Thomas

light-brown
minute
in

Tongking.
to

lack

specimens
the

comparison,
western

H.

suillus

peguensis
Asiatic
It is not

series obtained

Yunnan
who had

by the
seen

American

Museum

Expeditions, following Anderson,

at
a

the
tually even-

originalspecimens.
be

all

impossible, however,
race.

that

they

will

found

to

constitute

local

Although
very
secure

Anderson of Yunnan, He
at

(1879, p. 138) long

it remained
and the for Dr.

ago

recorded

this animal

from

the
to

border

Andrews's discovered
an

expedition actually
it at
of

it in China.

Edmund

Heller

only
1,700

one

place, on
In

the

Namting

River
191 7, There

Burma

border,
were no

at

elevation
one

feet. contained

late
two

February, embryos.
to

six
are

specimens apparently

trapped,
other

of

which the
range

records, and
whose

species seems just reaches

thus the

be

another

of

those

subtropical mammals

southern

edge of China.
examined:
"

Specimens

Six,
Genus

from

Yunnan,

Namting

River, Btutna

border.

Neotetracus
ser.

Trouessart
4, p.

NeoUtracus

Trouessart,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

8, vol.

389,

1909.

Externally
the with tail is well minute

the

insectivores
about genus

of this half the

was so

genus

resemble
of head

Hylomys
and in the

except

that

developed,
The resembles

length by

body, thinly clad

belief that

hairs.

named the
as

Trouessart
fossil

its tooth of the

structure

that

of

supposed
Thomas and

hedgehog

(Tetracus)
has

Eocene

of France.
member
a near

It is,however, of the
relative

(191 id, p. 162)

it agrees

pointed
to

out,

"strictlya
its milk

Gymnurinae,"
of

only distantly related

in the of the
so

the

hedgehogs.
of both
second

It is

Hylomys, with which

in the

formula minute that the tition den-

and p2,

permanent

dentitions, except
a more

absence

premolar,
formula there
less The
are

showing, therefore,
c.

progressive state,
adult, while
other in the

tooth

is: i. f

i- pm.
upper the that
one

m.

f =40

in the

milk

only

two

incisors.
thumb of

On

the

hand,

its tail has

gone under-

reduction,
skull

and

is very
but and have

slightlylonger.
the
rostrum

resembles

Hylomys,
premolar,
bones

is
a

slightlyshortened,
definite
vacu-

correlated

with

the

loss of
The

there

is

slightlymore

postorbital process.

palatal

better-developed

slit-like

40

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

ities,one
incisors The
are

in each, with
a

few

irregular pores
more

behind

them.

The

upper

first

trifle longer and

and

verticallyplaced.
the genus

type

only

known

species of

is the

following.

5.
Neotetracus sinensis

Neotetracus Mag.
one

sinensis Hist.,
ser.

Trouessart

Trouessart, Ann.
"

Nat.

8, vol. 4, p. 389, 1909.

Type
from

specimens: given.
the All

No

of the

original series
as

of
nor

seven are

skins

and

skulls
or

Tatsienlu,

Szechwan,
are

is

designated
to

the

type,
as

their numbers
and
are

location

therefore

be

regarded

cotypes,

presvim-

ably still in

Museum
"

d'Histoire external tail is much

Naturelle
appearance

in Paris.

Description: peguensis except mystacial

of bristles

General
that the

much

as

in

Hylomys
head and

suillus
and the

longer, slender
The
the upper

and

mouse-like,
of

somewhat olive-brown
The
;

longer.
tone,
and

svirfaces

body
a

general are a lightbuffy wash.

some

under
back then

parts
and
a are

are

gray
are

with of two

very
sorts:

individual with
the

hairs blackish

of the

sides of

entirelyblack
a

others

bases,
latter

band

light ochraceous
abvmdant

and
and

fine

black

tip. On
The

sides the and

hairs

slightlymore
a

their ochraceous

rings broader

polished,giving
head

lighterand
a

somewhat

glintingappearance.
the
more

sides of the

and
ears

neck and

have upper

richer

tint

through
tail with
are a

rusty
dark

color of the covered

light band. thinly

side is of with

The

side of the hairs visible

dusky,
lens whole with hairs.
The
as

brown,
The
a

blackish-brown
gray, the

only.
with

entire

under

pale
The

hairs

with feet
are are a

slaty bases, the thinly

few
covered

faint suffusion
among

btiffy.
on

backs

of the
area

pale hairs,

which

the

metatarsal

dark-brown

skull, while
above. and

much

resembling that of Hylomys, differs in

in addition
to

many

details,

noted

Thus, below,
is
to

the

reduction
the

of the
loss

premolars, from
of the

fovir above

three

in

each
; the

jaw by

of

one are

minute

teeth,
and

the

canine

slightlysmaller
The
rostrum

first upper

incisors

actually larger
the

more

pointed.
end and

is
and

relatively shorter
of the
nasals
; the

through

reduction
are more

of the front

of the
the

maxillaries

palatal bones
and

fenestrated,

postorbital

process

is

more

developed

distinctly

projects as

sharp spicular point.

"

Measurements: the collector:

The

following

measurements

were

made

in the

field

by

THE

INSECTIVORES

41
OF NEOTETRACUS

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

The of
a

discovery of Monseigneur
seven a

this Biet from

account
a

remarkable of the that

insectivore Mission
to

is
at

due

to

the

enUghtened
who
at

interest
sent

CathoHc

Tatsienlu, Hsikang,
E. L. Trouessart sart,

series of
latter of in

locahty
of the detailed
other

Professor

Paris. his

The

brief

animal

(Troues-

1909) announced
but those

intention
never

giving

later The who

more

description
for the the

of its anatomy,

this has

appeared.
p.

only

records

species
Bedford's male

are

of Thomas
under southwest

(191 id,
the

162),

reports
P.

that Anderson and Mr.

Duke
secured

of
a

Expedition (justsouth
a

leadership
of Yachow

of Malcolm

forty-fivemiles
Shan

(east of Tatsienlu)
in Yunnan,
feet. found

thirteen
F.

at

Omei Ward

of the
at

latter

locality) ; while
7,000

Kingdon species

obtained
The

specimen
Museum

Yangpi,
Asiatic
and

American of western

Expeditions

this

common on

in parts

Yunnan,

obtained Pass

series at

Mucheng,
at

the

Salween
on

drainage
Shweli

(7,000 ft.),Homushu
7,000

(8,000 ft.),and
a

Taipingpu
range southern

the

River,

ft.
in the

Evidently
northern
a

it has half

somewhat

restricted
and

mediate at interhalf

altitudes

of Yunnan
eastward. Omei

the

of

Szechwan,

with

probably
who away The secured

slightextension
the
water.

Anderson,
in

series

at

Shan,

notes

that of

they

are

found of

damp

forest

from

The of another

stomach

contents

one

consisted
and
a

"earthworms."

stomach

collected

by

Andrews

Heller

contained, diet,
for

on

the the

contrary,
low-crowned four

"vegetable matter,"
molar in teeth
one are

indicating perhaps
well

mixed

which

suited. in
a

Anderson

found
were

embryos by

and

five
in

another female

(August
taken

10)
10

female;
at

four

found
The
mammas

also

Andrews
2
"

and
2,
or

Heller
all

April

Taipingpu. Specimens
Yunnan: Shweli

are

8 in

(Thomas,

191

id).

examined:

"

In

all,forty-four, as
drainage,
21;

follows: Pass, 8,000 feet, 17; Taipingpu,

Mucheng,

Salween

Homushu

River, 7,000

feet, 6.

42

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Fig.

2.

Distribution

Map.
Hemiechinus
3. 4. H.

Erinaceus
1.
2.

E. E.

europaus europtBus

dealbatus miodon

dauuricus dauuricus

dauuricus alaschanicus

H.

Genus
Hemiechinus Ericius
Ann.

Hemiechinus Wiss., Wien,

for

Fitzinger
math.-nat.

Fitzinger, Sitzungsb. Kaiseri. Akad. Kongl.

Vet. -Acad.
ser.

Classe, vol. 54, pt. i, p. 565, 1866.

pp. 223, 230-237,

Sundevall, Mag.
Nat.

Handlingar
9, p.

1841, Stockholm,

1842.

Lonnberg,
a

Hist.,

9, vol.

620, 1922

(preoccupied by

Ericius

Tilesius, 1813, for

genus

of

fishes).

THE

INSECTIVORES

43

The Erinaceus the

crown,

hedgehogs
while
and in

of this
an

genus

differ from
in

the
no

typical members, parting

are

of which

europcBus is

example,
skull the

having

median

of the
as

spines on
as

the

postglenoid
but and in

processes

large
type

the

mastoids H.

hollowed

internally (Thomas, Africa,

1918, p. 193).
their
the main

The

species is they
are

platyotisof
this

northeastern
southeastern
ears are

distribution

characteristic
In group with

of

Europe
more

desert

region

of central

Asia.

the

prominent
it agrees in genus

than

in the

common on

European
both
toes

hedgehog,
hind the

which,

however,
the

having
with

five toes
with

fore

and
on

feet, and
hind
can

differs from
All the

African

Atelerix
a

four
armor,

only,

foot.

species are
into
a

provided

spiny

and

if disturbed

roll themselves

ball, presenting
shortened rostrum,

the

spines
no

in

all directions.

The

large heavy
and slits, The
=

skull, with

postorbital processes,
in
contrast to

large palatal
the

well-developed tympanic
dental The formula is the
same

rings is
as

that

of

Gymnurinae.
c.T

in

Erinaceus,
terete, incisor
as are

namely:
and

i.l

pm.f
as

m.f
as

36.

first upper and third. the

incisor

is

stout,
upper

quite
also the

twice than canine

high
third
two

the

second

The

second

is smaller

the

and

while single-rooted,

latter is two-rooted,
outer

and is

anterior
and

premolars.
in

The The

anterior
anterior

cusp molars and

of the
are a as

last upper

premolar
in the
one.

high

conspicuous.
molar,
of
like its

two

typically
central
a narrow

family, squarish
The last upper
but

outline, with
that

four

blunt

cusps

minute
to

of Erinaceus, axis nearly

Both

is reduced
the

crescent, of
m-,

instead

having

long

in line with

outer

border and

it is instead
are

nearly

transverse.

lower

incisors,the
is

canine
and

the
with

first premolar
two the

single-rooted;the prominent
last lower in oval cusps, molar
crown

second

premolar
the the inner

large
in

high

roots, and
shorter.
to
a

two

of which
lies
on

anterior

profileis slightly
tooth
row

The

side of the

and short

is reduced
cusps
at

small

view, with

indications

of two

very

its posterior border.

several it

Although
and

species of

this

group
more

have

been than
one

described

from

Mongolia
clear.

its borders,

seems one

unlikely

that

species is really represented,

is still not very

with

perhaps

subspecies, the

value

of which

6. Erinaceus
Erinaceus aurilus

Hemiechinus Kongl.

dauuricus

dautiricus

(Sundevall)
Dauuria. Erinaceus

dauuricus
aurilus

Sundevall,

Pallas, Zoographia

for 1841, Stockholm, Vet.-Acad. Handlingar p. 237, 1842. Rosso-Asiat., vol. I, p. 138, 1811; vol. I, p. 138, 1831 ed.; not Dauuria. vol. Zool. 9, pt. 2, p. 27,

Linnasus, 1758.
dauricus

Transbaikalia,
Arch. f.

Erinaceus

Wagner,

Naturgesch.,
Mus.

?Hemiechinus
1907. Hemiechinus

przewalskii Satunin, Annuaire

"Nord

Acad.

1843. Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, for 1906, vol. II, p. 181,

China?"

(?) dauricus

Satunin, ibid.,p. 185.

Ann.

?Ericius

przewalskii Lonnberg,

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

9, vol.

9, p. 626,

1922.

44

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Type specimen:
on

"

No

type
of

is

specified. Sundevall's
a

name

is based

directly
baikalia. Transcommon

the

description by
Pallas,
in

Pallas his

specimens of gives
to

hedgehog
accounts

from
of

Dauuria,
the

Zoographia,
the

both

European
Linnaeus's
group,

Hedgehog
name,
a

and

long-eared species,for
auritus,
include

the

latter of which Asiatic forms Tatarise He

makes
area are a

he

uses

Erinaceus

all the

of

this

with

general range
. . .

(op. cit., p. 138) : "In australioribus

ad

magnse

atque
mention and
naso

Sibiriae

usque

Baicalem fact that

rossicas

lacum
those

frequens."
from the

special larger
summo

(op. cit.,p. 139)

"In

of the

latter

paler:
ad
anum

Daurico

qui libr.
i".

2^

ponderabat, longitudo
i". i'".
. . . . . .

9". 7'". aures

When the

4'". cauda
vel

Dauuricis

in genere
sunt

vellus

subtus

fuscescente-cinereum,
Sundevall Dauurian

subgryseum
to
name

Mongolis
but

in

deliciis."
stated that

(1842) published his synopsis species

was

of the

hedgehogs, he
on

unknown

him

by specimens,
dauuricus.

the

basis be

of Pallas's brief whether

diagnosis,gave
this

it the

Erinaceus
the

It may

questioned
to

hedgehog
a

reaches

Transbaikalian

district,for
refers of that with

Radde them

(1862), who
E.

collected
and

series of

hedgehogs
his
a

there,
of

in his account

europceus

in his

plate figures skulls

examined p.

the

Amur

race

species. Satunin, fragmentary

Sundevall's skulls
name.

however,
and

has

original set
brief account

of five skins
of

(1907a,

186) gives

them,

reviving

Description:
"

The

spines begin
to

on

line
above

slightlybehind
the tail.

the

anterior
are

base dark

of

the

ears

and
the
a

extend

the

area

just
and

The
one

spines
half

brown with
of the

at next

extreme

base, then

dull whitish
a

for nearly

their
the

length, coloring

band of the

of brownish lower

black
very

contrasting
the

white

tip ;
but

hair

parts is
of the
brownish

pale, varying somewhat, specimens,

with
faint upper wash

apparently,
the head

from and
and

Satunin's
the

account
are

Dauurian gray and

part of
on

sides

pale
The
the

rusty

back

of snout
are

forehead.

chin, throat,
feet
are

middle

region
the gray.

of

the

belly
mixed

soiled gray.
are

white; the
In
some

tail and

chestnut
are

brown,

latter

with

of the
the

specimens the sides

dark base brown of the with

brownish
An

Young
covered
outer.

individuals
the

said to lack under white

side

spines.
dark-brown

immature
feet. Ears
on

specimen has
with

entire

grayish
on

yellowish-

hairs

inner

side and No

with

pale

brown
are

the

Measurements:

"

measurements
are:

available
and

except
244; for

those

of

Pallas,
ear,

which,

converted

into
the

millimeters,

head

body,

tail, 28;
one

34.

Satunin

gives
from

following skull tip of

width
rostrum

measurements to

of

Radde's
15.5
mm.;

specimens length
least
at

Dauuria: suture,

infraorbital

foramen,

of nasal

14; combined 13.9;

;

width

of nasals, 4;

zygomatic
;

width,
of rostrum

36;

interorbital

width,

outside
between

first molars, 22.5 antorbital

width 14.

level of first incisor, 7

distance

foramina,

THE

INSECTIVORES

4S

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

HBMIECHINUS

Locahty

Mongolia
H. dauuricus 25
28.6

alasckanicus
24 19

20683

MCZ

47

45

24

19

Mongolia

Occurrence
enormous

and

Habits:

"

-The

range

of the

long-eared hedgehogs
and

covers

an

territory from
In all this that
area

southeastern
a

Europe
of be

Egypt
been forms

to

the

eastern

parts
it is

of Siberia.
not at

number
not

species have subspecies

it may
a

recognized, but
of
one or

all certain the

they
may
can

may be

geographic
a

two

species.
auritus of

Thus

present animal
but

merely

of Hemiechinus stand
as

Europe,

until

this

be

definitelyshown evidently by Radde

Gobi. the has

distinct.
in the

The

long-eared hedgehog
Transbaikalia,
on

of Dauuria it
was

restricted

range

southern

where

taken

in the

region
it
or

about

Tarei

Nor

the

northeastern

edge

of

No

doubt
land the

occurs more

Mongolia,
tree-

and

from

his account,

either

in grass

locally usually in
desert.

across

the

and

bush-grown (1922)
Nor
has

parts,
recorded
two

probably
under
the

avoiding
name

open

Recently
hogs hedgeTsagan
from the

Lonnberg
from and
same

Ericius

przewalskii three
at

Mongolia,
These

taken

by
a

Professor

J. G. Andersson
Tabool, received
the small

Bank later

Burtun

respectively,and
he
and
was

third
as

from

collector.

regards
refers
based
to

larger than specimen

pallid race,
unknown in

iechinus Hem-

alasckanicus,

Satunin's
on a

species

Hemiechinus
an

przewalskii locality,
the year

doubtfully.
but

The
as

latter

from

labeled
he

from

"PNorth
the

China,"

collected alhulus

by Przewalski

1874,

in which
with dauuricus

procured
the

types of H.
name

alaschanicus.
best be

If it is not
as a

mous synonyof H.

latter, the
some

is

probably
can

regarded pointed
He

synonym

until

trenchant

character tell" if it is

out.

Lonnberg

admits

that

it is

"hardly possible to
of two of his

really different.

gives the following

measurements

specimens:

Tabool

The

cranial
on

measurements

of

Lonnberg'

Tabool

specimen

are

reproduced

in the

table

this page.
"

Specimens examined:

None.

46

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

7. Hemiechinus
vol. albulus

Hemiechinus

dauuricus
Mus.

alaschanicus
Zool.
Acad.

Satunin

alaschanicus

Satunin, Annuaire

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, for 1906,

II, p. 181, 1907.

Type
No.
2020,

Specimens:
male,

"

In

his

brief

description, Satunin
2018,
2019,
2021

lists four from of the

specimens:
Alashan,
all of

from

southern in

Gobi;
^.nd
now

collected

by
at

Przewalski

1874,
no

in the

Museimi
are

Academy

Sciences

Leningrad.
"

Since
to

all type is specified,

cotypes.
under

Description: usually
pure

Similar instead

H.

dauuricus

but

paler, the sides and

parts
a

white

of washed feet

pale rusty tips give

in color;

brown

; backs

of the

with grayish brown, and the dusky brown, mixed with gray.

forehead The

spiny

covering consists of spines of

a

the

usual

type
a

in the

species,but

their

long white
variation

very

pale

effect.

There
are

is

slight amount
creamy. 35
mm.,

of individual

youngish examples
"

whiter, less claws,

Measurements:

Hind

foot, with
race

without

claws,

30

mm.

See

table

under

preceding
and Habits:
that

for cranial

measurements.
as a

Occurrence there
can

"

Although
which it

described
a

form
race

of H.
of the
more

"albulus,"
Dauurian

be

no

doubt

this is merely

pale
the

desert

hedgehog
with of this

{H. dauuricus), from

white sides and
under
occiu"

chieflydiffers
the

in the

tion, pallid colora-

parts, lacking

brownish

wash.
were

Hedgehogs
secured
at

species doubtless places by the

were

locallythroughout
Asiatic
and
was

Gobi, but

only
where
young

two

Central

Expeditions, namely Bogdo,

Howell
northwest where
on

at

Tsagan
four which

Nor,
a

five adults
one

taken,

at

Artsa

July 18,

1925,

only
U.

90

mm.

long

found. from

(1929) mentions
of

mens speciagree

in the

S. National this form.

Museum,

Ningsia,

in characters
In that
in

with

his field notes

a

concerning these
at

hedgehogs. Dr.
one was

R.

C.

Andrews
a

writes

river bottom after two

Tsagan
became beetles

Nor,
very
or

captured alive in
itself to be

jured, trap, unin-

and It ate
raw

days
and

tame,
any

allowing
It drank time.

handled
as

freely.
well
as

grasshoppers

other

insects

voraciously,
once or

meat,

licking its mouth

a

afterward.

water

twice

every

day, taking cvuiosity, and

new

considerable liked The

to

quantity each
about back

It

was

possessed of great

poke
of the

object.
the
at

skin
was

into corners, investigating carefully any loose, except bearing the spines was very it stiffened, causing the
on

when
out

animal

frightened, when
It walked
toes

quillsto
the

stand

all

angles.

very and and nails

high
much

its

legs, and
ground.
to

entirelyon
In

palms
Tsagan
near as

of its feet, holding the

go
at
an

high
by

off the

running it would
At the

astonishing rate, hedgehogs

close
to
were

kept

closer
meat
or

the

ground.
into

Nor
camp,

the

attracted water's

some

thrown four
were

grass
as

and

the

edge.

Three

caught,

well

I'l.ATI';

VII

tame

Long-eared

Hedgehog

(Ilemiechinus

dauiiricus

alaschanictis)

at

Tsagan

Nor, in the Gobi, about

to fold

up

".
,

"

The

hay-pile of

Pallas's

Mouse-hare

(Ochotona

pallasii paliasii) at Artsa

Bogdo,

in the

Gobi

THE

INSECTIVORES

47 with

three

young

ones

that

came

to

traps baited

meat,

so

they

must

have

been

fairly abundant. Specimens examined:

Mongolia:
Tsagan
Nor,
"

The 6; Artsa

following
Bogdo,
i.

seven:

Genus
Erinaceus

Erinaceus
52,

Linnaeus

Linnaus,

Syst. Nat.,

ed.

lo, vol.

I, p.

1758.

The
stouter

typical hedgehogs
build, with
exceed the
in

differ and

from

the

long-eared claws,
in the

group

chiefly in
shorter
ears

rather

larger feet
two

stronger
in
a

their

which

do

not

adjacent spines, and

clusters
the blunter
a

having
or

spines of

the

occipital
not

region arranged
always
The
narrow,

with
are

parting

naked

strip between,

apparent
skull has

when
a

spines
and

spread. tapering snout;

while
the the nasals the
are

less

extremely
process

tapering

to

fine

point behind,
and
ends

tip of
than

ascending
a

of the
The The

premaxillary is broad
process

bluntly instead
out

of in

slender related and

point.
group. the

post-glenoid
teeth
are are more

is less hollowed that

behind

in the

in specialized,

all the

incisors, the

canine
the

first
have

premolar
a

usually single-rooted,although occasionally

The last molar the
row.

canine

may

double

root.

above

is much of the
formula

reduced

and

usually stands
of

with

its

long

axis in line with

to

outer

cusps tooth
to

second is
as

molar, instead
in Hemiechinus.

nearly

transverse

the
two

tooth

The
are

Probably

forms
the

only

be

recognized

from

China,

both

here

sidered con-

subspecies of

European

animal.

8.

Erinaceus

europseus CHINESE

dealbatus

Swinhoe

HEDGEHOG

Erinaceus Erinaceus
Erinaceus Erinaceus PP-

dealbatus collaris

Swinhoe,

Proc. Zool.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1870,

pp.

450,

621.

Gray,

Proc.

Soc. London,

1861, p. 390
Ann.

(part).
Hist.,
nach
ser.

europiBus

dealbatus

Barrett-Hamilton,
Wiss.

Mag.

Nat.

7, vol.
u.

5, p.

367,

1900. vol. 10, pt. I,

kreyenbergi Matschie,
135.

Ergebn.

d.

Exped.

Filchner

China

Tibet

1903-05,

138, 1908.

Shanghai

Market. 137.

Erinaceus Erinaceus
Erinaceus 1907. Erinaceus for

tschifuensis Matschie,
kanensis chinensis

ibid.,p.

Chefoo,
Hankow,
Zool.

Shantung. Hupeh.

Matschie, Satunin,

ibid.,p. 138.
Annuaire

Mus.

Acad.

Imp.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

for

1906,

vol.

11,

p.

173,

Khingan,

Tyntza-intza.
Abstract Proc. Zool. Soc.

hughi Thomas, 1908,

p.

London,

December

15,

1908,

p. 44;

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

966,

1909.

Type
British

specimens:

"

Swinhoe

specified
states

no

type

specimen
that

in

his
61
a

original
.6.2.5,

description,but
Museum,
in the

Barrett-Hamilton from

(1900, p. 367)
type
of E.
be

it is No.

Peiping.
Market,

The and

kreyenbergi was
in the

specimen
at

prociored

Shanghai

is said to

Museum

Magde-

48

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

burg, Germany.
that
and

In

recording
skull No. with

the

specimen, Hilzheimer (1908)

The shows that

(1906,
this

p.

184)
the

states case,

the head
he

was

lacking, but
the

Matschie

is not
E.

examined
and

the
in the

skin. Berlin

type

specimen of
from in the

tschifuensis Shantung,
institution

is
and

skin that

skull,

4625
a

Museum,
recorded,

Chefoo,
same

of E.

hanensis

skin,

number

not

from

Hankow,

Hupeh.
of

The

type
at

of E.

chinensis
E.

is in the

Zoological Museum
Paochi, Shensi, is
number

of the
a

Academy
dark

Sciences of E.

Leningrad.

hughi, from
any

rather

example

dealbatus, lacking

conspicuous

of all-

white

spines. Description:
"

Similar
somewhat

to

the

European

hedgehog, Erinaceus
on

europcsiis, but
groups, feet
some one on

paler
each

in color side

and

smaller;
with
toes.
a narrow

spines

the space
are

head

in two

of the claws with

a

occiput,
on

bare

between;
sorts,

large

with

prominent
or

all the

The

spines
but

of two

all white

white
a

minute of
a

brownish

point,
not

the

greater

part
then

whitish
an

basally
one

with

broad
succeeded

band

light brown,
minute
brown

sharply defined,
a

equal
gray, with

of

white,

by
The

tip,giving
and

general brownish
parts
buff hands Thus of rather
are

peppercoarse

and-salt

effect.

face, limbs, sides

in

lower

clothed
a

hair, rather

uniform

color, varying from

a

pinkish
wash
on

(as in
and
two

specimen from
There

Ichang)
however,
Central
so a

to

whitish,

with

light

brown in

feet.
taken

is,
the

much

individual

variation
one

color.

by

Asiatic
the

Expeditions,
of in dark

(from Yochow)
the
other

has

few

dark

spines,
has
a

that

paler tint predominates, while spines.

as

(from Wuhu,
the

Anhwei)

preponderance

Matschie

describes

lower

parts of

specimen bought
The in general

Shanghai
smaller
to

ochraceous.
that

skull, while form,

in is

closely resembling
on

of the and

common

European
slenderer.
are

species
The prealmost

the

average, in

much

maxillaries,
truncate
as

contrast

the

condition ends

Hemiechimis,
of

usually
The

vertically at
europcBus, vary
of

their

upper

instead

attenuate.
narrow

nasals,
combined
are

in E.

individually from

extremely
The that the

with

that twice width. to only i mm., essentiallylike those of E. europmus, except slightlylarger in proportion; the last upper

width

teeth, though
third is small
upper

smaller,
incisor
narrow

seems as

molar

and

in

the
row

latter, but
instead

in

some an

individuals

stands

more

nearly
in

transverse

to

the

tooth

of at

angle of
This

some

45"

as

it does
seems

European
to

specimens.
smaller taken than from

Measurements:

"

eastern

hedgehog
The

average
were

full-grown European
fresh

animals. the

following dimensions

specimens by

collector:

THE

INSECTIVORES

49

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

ERINACEUS

FROM

CHINA

Nomenclature:
to

"

After

careful
group, E.

consideration there
seems

of the
to
on as

various

names

applied
that
are

Chinese
are

hedgehogs
synonymous Thus

of this with

be

little doubt
that

most

of them

dealbatus, based

variations
E.

really having
nearly

only individual.
from
a

Matschie
that

(1908)
forehead

describes
a

a specimen tschifuensis

Chefoo, Shantung,

differs from
the

Peiping specimen merely

and
snout
a

in

somewhat
It

larger
the

skull, and
an

darker
account

brown,
for
an

"drab."

is, however,

aged example
darker in
not

which

would

its large

size, while
variation.
from
two

color, though

than

usual,
two

is doubtless
other
as

individual
of E.

Thomas the
same

(1909, p. 966)
does locality,

recording

specimens
The In

batus dealof

regard
me are

them

different.

skulls
the
same

other

Shantung
names on

hedgehogs
as a new

before

slightly smaller.
and E. the and

paper, former

Matschie
is based
as

species,E.

kreyenbergi
in the

hanensis.

The and

specimen
the

ptirchased
forehead
a

Shanghai
under dark

Market
side

is

characterized
the the from brown skulls chest latter the

having

snout,

sides of head

ochraceous, brown;
to

brighter ("ockerrot"), species is described Peiping specimen

with gray, and both in from

buff, feet
from

ochraceous which under

seems

skin
the

Hankow

differ hairof the

having
of

head,

feet, and

side dark is said

as

mixed of

instead
may

being pale whitish.

present
be

Nothing

either,

for the

best

regarded

identical

50

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

with

E. M.

dealhatus

of which
1912, the
as

they represent
referred
are

color E.

variations.
an

I had

previously
male from

(G.
I

Allen,
in which

p.

242)

to

hanensis

immature

Ichang,
now

lower also
exact
a

surfaces color

gray

with of the
coat.

decided for

pinkish wash, evidently

there

but is

regard this variety in

Satunin's

variation

same,

much

the

tint of the

hairy

Erinaceus
the
area

Manchuria chinensisirom'Khxnga.-n.,

("Tyntza-intza"),
here. does The
not

although outside specimen

to

covered,
is

may

be

briefly noticed large,but

present
be form.

single
appear

upon

which
what

it is based is sometimes
that he

evidently
not

in color

differ from
p.

found would

in the

Indeed, Satunin
mit
mit the der Er.

(1907a,
nach

175) admits
erweist."

surprised

"wenn

Zeit,
hatus deal-

Untersuchung
sich
eastern

grosseren

Materials, dieser

Igel als identisch

toward

It
E.

is

possibly

an

intermediate

larger and

darker

form
also

amurensis.
as a

I would examined
at

include British

synonym,

E.

hughi Thomas, unusually dark

the

type

of which

the

Museum.

It is

an

individual, nearly

lacking

the

all-white
and but

spines.
Habits:
seem or
"

Occurrence northern certain the and

These be

hedgehogs
in
as

occur

locally

over

much
common

of in in

China,
areas

to

somewhat

sporadic in distribution,
others. far south
western

and

rare

unknown

In
at

general they
least
as

are

found

northeastern
as

part of the country

as

the
on

Yangtze
the of

basin,
of

far

west

the

borders

of

the

highlands
on

frontiers

Szechwan. from

Swinhoe
where
at

(1870b) described
he

the
common,
as occur

animal

the

basis

specimens
that

Peiping,
occur

regarded
and in

it

as

adding (1870c, p. 621)

as

it

is said to

tung.

Amoy Probably, however,

its

Hainan,
not

well

"lately at
to

Swatow,"
of the
in

KwangYangtze
has The

it does

much
as on

the

south also of

basin,
never

and been

supposed

presence and been

in Hainan,
based

perhaps
reports
on

Swatow,

corroborated for its

is probably
found
to at

porcupines.
have been
were

evidence

(1864a)
for much The
sale

that in

having hedgehogs, said

market there. while the
to

Amoy
been

rests

the

statement

of Swinhoe offered

have

locally obtained,
these record well

the

Probably, however,
basis for
of the

captives
is not

from stated. little

in the
no

farther

north,
of

the

Swatow

further
so

predilection
can

Chinese

keeping pets is
based
on

known,

that

weight
markets. mention

be

given
who

locality records
several
years in the in the

animals

purchased
The it
seems

Mell,
of these

spent

collectingin Kwangtung,
mammals he found.

makes

animals

list of the
northern In

hedgehog
to

is apparently in

commonest

part of China, where

to

thrive

spite

of

man

and

his

works.

addition

Swinhoe's

record

of

its

being
from

common

about
same

Peiping (Hopei), Lonnberg

(1922) mentions

specimens
,

the

(1922,

p.

and province (Miyuanhsien, Shunihsien, and Niulangshan) Jacobi 2) records other specimens from Peiping, collected by the Stotzner

THE

INSECTIVORES

51

Expedition, while
northeast.

Dr.

R.

C.

Andrews

secured

one

at

Eastern
two

Tombs,
from

to

the

Still farther
This

east, Howell
seems

(1929,
still not
and

p.

6)

records in

Tientsin,

Hopei.
the

hedgehog
from

to

be

uncommon

Shantung,
In addition

despite
to

long period

of intensive

cultivation
made

denudation. the

the

large individual (in the

from that
also

Chefoo,

by Matschie

type
a

of his E.

tschifuensis
a

Berlin
same were

Museum), purchased
to

Thomas the

(i9o8d,
note

p.

6) records
P.

male

and the

female

the
these

locality, adding (1909, p. 966)

failed
secure

of Malcolm

Anderson,

collector,
in; he that,

alive
one

from

peasants
from
in

who

had

brought
Anderson

them says
two

mentions he

received

Swinhoe. the
cotirse

although

any

himself,
"not has
were

of
and

some

months'

collecting, they
In
the
same

were

apparently
Dr. A. where writes:

uncommon"
sent
me

strictly nocturnal.
and
a

province.
from

Jacot they

the
on

skull
the

skeleton of

of

this animal Christian

that has

Tsinan,
He

taken
are

campus of
a

Shantung region
Chinese

University.
been ago under

"We

in the

center

semiarid
and the
no

intensive

cultivation

for 2000-4000 all edible.

The Thus

years, There

have
tracts
are

long

eliminated
to my

anything

at

are

woodland and

in this

Province

knowledge.
for fuel.

hills have

been
most

deforested

grubbed
have Farther

monthly

of shrubs

only

the

mals adaptable ani-

survived."

south, Sowerby
are

(1929c)
at

who
as

has far E.
as

had

long experience (in

no

in

China,
;

says

that

hedgehogs
Matschie's

found

least

Chekiang

Province, coastwise
the

probably Museum)
Howell in the
U.

type
in the

specimen Shanghai
Erinaceiis
one

of

kreyenbergi
came

Magdeburg
distance.

purchased (1929)
lists S. National

Market,

from

great
from
and

(under

hanensis)
from

two

specimens
Chekiang,
has
a

Shanghai
from and

Museum,
also Anhwei

Ningpo,
Museum the and

others

Yochow,
addition from

Hunan,
one

whence

the
;

American
these the of

specimen,
hanensis of
at

in

from

Wuhu,

type

of E.

Matschie

Hankow,

eastern

Hupeh,
western

and

specimen
the
same

in the

Museum

tive Comparavery
are

Zoology likely indicate

perhaps
is unknown

from

the

part
southern

province,

Ichang,
limits
states

roughly
Shansi.

the

range. Anderson the

The

northwestward

in central about of it at

M.

P.
at

(in Thomas,
of the of Ordos the

1909)

that he

it

Paotehchow,
in the

edge

Desert,

but In

had
more e.

reports
arid

Ningwufu

central

parts

province.

the

Shensi

Province
proves

it doubtless

grades into
to

the

following subspecies, E.

miodon,

if that

eventually
p.

be

distinct.
on

Sowerby
that
are

(1914,
but

56),
looked the

in

brief
upon

notes
as

the

Chinese

hedgehogs, writes
the

in
not may

Hopei they
molested,
in

are on

sacred

animals
are

by

Chinese built
in

and

so

contrary,
their

little shrines

often

for them. of this that

in

This

part

account

for

comparative
eaten,
and

abundance

parts

province,

for

elsewhere

they

are

often

Sowerby

recounts

52

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Manchuria

the

woodsmen

prepare

them

for
has

eating by first encasing them

been roasted whole in the
to

in

coating
of
a

of mud,

which,

after the with

animal
the

embers the

wood
a

fire,comes
very

away toothsome

spines, hair, and

of

skin
cooked

adhering
meat." under the
the

clay,
adds

"leaving
that foxes

morsel

beautifully
"This

He

often

kill

hedgehogs
into

by thrusting their
the

snout

spiny ball,
uncurl,
vitals."

and

throwing
it

the
can

animal

and, before

curl up

hedgehog again, the fox has nipped it in the unprotected

"

air.

makes

Specimens examined:
Hopei:
Hunan: Anhwei: Eastern

In

all,sixteen,
i

as

follows:
northeastern

Tombs,
i. i. i

i;

Peiping,

(type, B.M.);

Hopei,

(B.M.).

Yochow,

Wuhu, Ichang,

Hupeh:
Kiangsu:

(M.C.Z.).
3
2

Nanking,
Tsinan,
i

(Univ. Mich.); Shanghai, (M.C.Z.),

i

(B.M., topotype
2

of E.

kreyenbergi).

Shantung:
Shensi:

(B.M.); Chefoo,

(B.M.).

Paochi,

(B.M., type of ". hughi).

9. Erinaceus
for

Erinaceus
Proc. Zool.

europseus
Soc.

miodon
Dec.

Thomas
15,

miodon

Thomas, 965,
1909.

Abstract

London,

1908,

p. 44;

Proc.

Zool.

See. London,

1908,

p.

Hemtechinus

miodon

Lonnberg,
"

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

9, vol.

9, p.

626,

1922.

Type
Museum,
Malcolm

Specimen:
from P.

An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull. No.
feet

9.1.

1.9,

British

Yulinfu,
in size

Shensi,

China,

4,000

altitude.

Collected

by

Anderson,
"

May,
and

1908.

Description:
dealbatus, present
white in
but the the

In

general proportions resembling wholly lacks the all-white

are

E.

europceus

spiny

coat

almost

spines generally

latter.

The

spines
basal

about then

22-24

for

two-thirds

their
4 the

portion,
wide,

long on the back, with blackish ringed broadly

rnrri.

brown,

the
or

ring

some

mm.

tipped with
in E.
brown

white

for The

about

an

equal
of the
a

breadth, head,
whitish

sometimes

extreme

tip minutely
as

dark.
e.

hairy

coat

sides, limbs, and

or

tail is variable, white

to

dealbatus, in

some

dull The is

brownish

distinctly

("broccoli brown").
white. The
so

belly
parts

is

usually somewhat
represent
skull
two

paler, varying
or

to

dull of

type
that

series
the

apparently in winter
may

pelage still
the old

in process latter.

changing,

paler

fur of the that

of
more

The all but

slender

differs from
the

typical quite

E.

e.

dealbatus

in

having
more

(in

of

nine

specimens)
back
to

the
or

tip of the premaxillary

meet

process

and

continued

nearly
the

the

anterior with

point
the

of the nasals.

frontal, completely shutting off

Measurements: from The
those
"

maxillary
do
not

from
to

contact be the

The

dimensions

seem

essentially different
latter
are

of E.

e.

dealbatus, although
for the

but

few
are

for
as

available.

collector's

measurements

type series

follows:

THE

INSECTIVORES

53
Hind
foot

No.
1.1.2 BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM

Head

and

body

Tail

Ear

Locality
Shensi Shensi Shensi Shensi Shensi Shensi Shensi Shensi Shensi
e.

205

35 34 35 37

39

28.0 24.0 27.0 33.0 29.0 29.0

28.0

1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5

1.

176
195 205 175 175
192

36 36 36 38

1.6

37
31 40

1.1.7
1. 1.

36
35 40 37

1.8

1.9

(type)

215
214

46
43

34.5 30.0

1. 1. 10

For

cranial

measurements

of this series, see

table does

under

E.

dealbatus. different
in and

Nomenclature: from
some

"

This
of

hedgehog
E.
e.

at

first

sight
the

not

seem

very

specimens
the

dealbatus,
of

but

entire

series
in

is uniform
that
race,

lacking
the

usual

intermixture

all-white
rather

spines, common
far back

attenuated

premaxillary extending
concluded
the

is also

different.

Lonngroup,

berg (1922)
but after

that

E.

miodon

is

really one
in the

of the

Hemiechinus
I agree

seeing
that

original specimens
after desert

British
Erinaceus

Museum,
e.

with
that

Thomas

its
a

relationshipsare
race

all with

dealbatus, and
Ordos. from the

it constitutes Occurrence

local
and

of the

country
this

bordering

the

Habits:

"

Hitherto

hedgehog
inhabited

is recorded
to

type
Ordos

localityonly, Yulinfu,
Desert,
and hence
not

in northwestern far from the

Shensi, close
area

the

border

of the

by

Hemiechinus "the

dealbatus about
seen,
save

alaschanicus. Yii-lin and

an

Clark is wild
brown tuft and

and

Sowerby

(1912, p.
sand In

22)

write

that few
of

country
are

Fu

inexpressibly dreary. yellow

scrub.
are

Very
devoid

trees any

to

be

the

bare

cliffs and of
some

vegetation,
as

occasional

sage

places, especially where,

chasms,
and the

in

the

northeast,

it rises to

any

prominence, gloomy
gape in the sandstone

with

deadly quicksands
shale. To and

lurking
north and

in their
west

depths,
the

half -formed

and

prospect
"

is

heart-breaking.
every

Sand-dunes and
a sea

sand-dunes,
every

again

sand-dunes

-shifting with
and

storm

obliterating

landmark. clusters Malcolm

was

Only
of mud P.

here

there,
some

as

tiny
the pp.

islands

in

of desolation, small
a

huts,

where who

little oasis marks series

the

site of upon "the

spring
which

or

well."
form

Anderson,
notes

collected 1909,

of nine
that

the

described,
appears

(Thomas,
like
an

964, 966)
of the

portion

of Shen-si

visited

indeed
has

extension
cut

plateau
many

of which

Ordos

is part,
a

only
process

this

extension is
now

been

into

by

great

perennial
Of
where the the

streams,

which

taking place
to

in southern in North

Ordos." China

hedgehogs,

he is is

adds, "There
not one,

appear

be

large

areas

Hedgehog
of Yu-lin-fu

found
where

at

all, and
are

some

places,

of

which

the

neighbourhood
the time
we

they

remarkably

common.

At

were

at

Yu-lin

54

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

(April to May)
upon

the

neighboiiring desert
fed.
. . .

was

alive with
name,

several

species of beetle
(tsi- a
visited
thorn the
or

which

the

Hedgehog (Clark
was

Chinese

'Tsi-wei'
who

spine)." Sowerby
on

and

Sowerby,
in

1912,

locality shortly after,

account

unsuccessful of the
season

p. 83), securing additional he

type

specimens, for
found this and

of the small

lateness

(last of October),
into hibernation.
in the

many

other

mammals
"

already
Nine,

gone

Specimens
from

examined: northern

the

original series

British

Museum,

Yulinfu,

Shensi.

Family

TALPID^

MOLES

This fossorial

family includes
life

the

mole-like

insectivores, chiefly modified

fore feet
The head and anterior

for

through
a

the

specializationof the through

loose

part

of the

body
ears

for

pushing
or are

way the

soil.
and

is
The

tapering, the
muscles

external

small
arm

absent,

neck

short

muscular.

of shoulder with the

and

enlarged and
humerus foramen.

powerful, their bones

All and five in the
seems

short the

and

strong,

clavicle its

and

especially well developed, fingers are

more

latter, however,
on

retaining

entepicondylar
with
a

present

the

fore feet, each

provided
hand
out.

stout

claw,
the

strictlyfossorial types, the entire

set
on

is

so

rotated skull

that

foot

to

be for

edge,
arch

with

the

palm turned
but

The

lacks
at
an

prominent early
retain
to

ridges
The

muscle

attachment,

its

ponent com-

bones

fuse
the

age.
a

slender, and
the the
upper

teeth

zygomatic primitive sectorial type, with

a

is still present

though
on

sharp
bone

cusps

molars

tending
a

form

W-pattern.
of the

The

tympanic

fuses

to

skull, forming
Thomas

low, rounded
a

bulla.

(1912d), in
former

discussion
the
to

family, regards it
the and southern the three

as

divisible
are

into

five subfamilies, of which

Desmaninae
western

and

Condylurinae

aquatic in
the

habits,
to

the

confined America.

Siberia

Europe,

latter
families sub-

eastern
occur

North
in

Representatives
most

of

remaining

China,

the
that the

primitive, the Uropsilinae,including species

an

of the

Chinese

highlands

retain
two
one

almost
groups,

shrew-like
the

form, without
or more

special typical
forms,

fossorial

modifications;
the
for

other

Talpinae
and

moles,
are

and

Scalopinas with underground

Key
to the

Chinese

genus

other

American

modified

life.
Genera slender canine
of

Chinese

Talpidae
not

A.

Form
upper
a.

shrew-like, with
incisors Nine much

long snout,
the

tail,feet
and the

modified

for digging;

anterior

larger than
upper

anterior lower

premolars

immediately following.
Uropsilus

teeth
upper

in the and
two

jaw, eight in
teeth. and incisors

b. Ten

nine lower
one

lower

a'.

With

three and

lower

premolars premolars

Rltynchonax
Nasillus

b'. With

only

lower

incisor

four

lower

THE

INSECTIVORES

55
twice the

B.

Form much
a.

thickset

for

burrowing,

snout

shorter, tail about

the fore claws

length of hind

foot

or

less ; fore feet broadened Anterior incisors hind foot. teeth

and

lengthened

for digging. tail about

as

small, followed

by

an

enlarged canine;

long

as

a'. Eleven b'. Teeth

1. 2.

in each eleven

jaw
in each

Talpa
jaw.
small and three
one

less than

Upper premolars three,

Both
upper
as

two

large; lower

four.

Parascaptor Scaptochirus

and

lower
but

premolars
lower the

only

3. Teeth fourth b. Anterior the hind incisors foot. teeth teeth

in

Talpa

canine

lacking, making

the

tooth

close

behind the

upper

canine
as

Mogera long
as

larger than

succeeding teeth, tail twice

a'. b'.

Upper Upper

eleven, lower nine, lower

ten

in number, in number,

fore feet less broadened. fore feet broader

Scaptonyx Scapanulus

nine

Genus Uropsilus Milne-Edwards,

Edwards,
Recherches in

Uropsilus Milne-Edwards
Arch. Mus. des d'Hist. Nat.

David,
servir

Nouv.

Paris, vol.
p. 272,

7,

Bull., p. 92,

1871.

Milne

pour

k I'Hist.

Nat.

Mammif^res,

1868-74.

The
most

insectivores
the

of this group

are

of

special interest
characteristic with
a

as

representing the bodily

form

primitive of
types.

Hving mole-like
with
none

species, in which
of the

the

is

still

essentiallyshrew-like,
The the

adaptations
well

of the
longation pro-

burrowing
and reach

snout

is very

long,
skull
;

cartilaginous tubular
ears are

beyond
the

fore the

part of the

the the

external

developed
covered toes,
hands

height of

surrounding fur;
the of
a

tail is long, slender

are

and

with
each and

rings of small
with feet
a are are

scales, while
instead

fore

feet

provided
The the

with

slender
of both of the

compressed
scaly,
entire with
and

flattened

claw.

backs
bones

according

to

Milne-Edwards
as

ungual
is

phalanges
The

instead

of bifurcate outlines the

and

in the

typical moles.
tially essen-

skull

its rounded and

and

complete zygomatic arch

those of
most

mole-like, however,

teeth

resemble

moles

in

the

enlargement
the the
extreme

of the

first incisors
of the

reduction

of the

succeeding
in the

teeth, without
soricids.
In

lengthening species, U.
the tooth

first lower

incisors, found

type

soricipes,described
formula is

by
of =34. the

Milne-Edwards
upper These

from

Muping,
lower teeth

Szechwan,
on

given

as

nine

and
are

eight
teeth:

each

side, as

follows:
p.

i.f c.t pm.f m.f

as

interpreted
i.p:';" ;
variation
be

by
Ct

Thomas
pm.

(i9i2e,
of the

129)
small

representing
seems,

following
to

1 ;: ;" ^i ; vn..\\\\
number

There

however,
lower

be

curious
that may

in

the

premolars and
of
a

incisors

present,

variations

which

are

apparently
difference.

definite
commoner

sort, although
of these lower lower

accompanied
seems

by
the

little if any
presence the of

external

The

to

be

four
one

upper

premolars
presence
are

associated
upper above.

with
and

two

incisors, while

less usual

is the
the

of four
as

four Thomas

premolars, regarded

but

in other

respects

formulae

given

has

these

56
as

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

indicating two
in the

additional

genera,

which
whether

he

names

Rhynchonax
express teeth
are

and

Nasillus

respectively. It is still
conditions
presence
a

uncertain
or

they
whether

merely

fluctuating
in process

absence

of

nearly functionless they

groups,

of with
haps per-

disappearance
other

in

differences

that

single generic type, or would distinguish related

in the
as same

correlated

which,

though

occurring together
and
so are

general
A

area,

nevertheless
course

do not

intercross

to

be

regarded

distinct.

conservative

might be either

^V^.''^*^^

50'

25

Fig. 3.

Distribution

Map.

Vropiilus
1.

U.

soricipes

THE

INSECTIVORES

57 with
of

to

consider

all three
teeth
as

described
of
a

genera

as

one,
course

definite

variations
or

among

the

disappearing
at

dentition

in

reduction,
of
a

to

recognize

all three until second

present

representing truly
is obtained
to

distinct

groups
a

primitive stock,
conclusion. treated
as

sufficient

evidence

warrant

definite
genera
so

The

alternative
can

is here
shown
to

accepted,
be

and

the The

three

valid

until they

be

otherwise.
groups be

fact that,
to
as

far

as

the

available
areas

specimens indicate,

these

three may

seem

have

fairly distinct
their

of

geographical distribution,
10.

interpreted

favoring

distinctness.

Uropsilus soricipes Milne-Edwards

in pour

Milne-Edwards, Uropsilus soricipes Milne-Edwards, fig. I, 1868-74.

Recherches

David,
servir

Nouv. k

Arch.

Mus. des

d'Hist.

Nat.

Paris,
p.

vol.

7,

Bull., p. fig.
l;

92,

1871.

I'Hist. Nat.

Mammiferes,

272,

pi.

40,

pi. 40A,

Type specimen:
which, however,
the Museum

"

No
was

type specimen

is mentioned
on an

in

the

tion, originaldescripsent

evidently
Naturelle
at

based Paris

individual
Armand

in

alcohol who

to

d'Histoire

by

Pere

David,

lected col-

it in the

principality of Muping,
"

Szechwan,
and Tail from
case,

China.
dark backs

Description: Upper
brown"
of with

surface dark hairs

of head

body
and

brown,
of feet
the

near

'Trout's

Ridgway;
minute
has

below

slaty.

dark

brown,

scaly,

blackish
a

growing
brain
is

between

scales.

The

skull
a

full, rounded
rostrum

slender

up-curved
anterior
to

zygomatic
the

arches, and
In side

tapering
as seen

which

slightly depressed
Plate the

orbits.
of

view,
is
to

in Milne-Edwards's

40A,
but
two

the
set

first incisor
with

each axis

side

above

only slightlylarger than

the

second,
the

its broad

transverse

long
the

axis of the
The

skull
two

so

that teeth

of

opposite
the second

sides together incisor

as are a

form

sharp cutting edge.

one-third
and

following
The

hardly
canine
are

size
i,

of

that and

tooth,

single-rooted, and
conical.
two

interpreted
other
one

premolar
pm^

short

bluntly
and the anterior

premolars
of

larger,practicallyin
as

contact,
two

fourth

exceeds
have

the the

in front cusps in the

it,

interpreted
molar and

The

molars
a

usual which

well

developed, forming
is reduced the

with

their
the

commissures of the

W-pattem,
lower

third

through
of the upper, the from

loss

posterior commissure
In the

of the

metacone

suppression
to

hypocone.
and last

jaw
three

the

singlelarge incisor
two

corresponds slightly in
while the

is succeeded

by
as a

unicuspids, increasing
and

size

first to is

(regarded
in

canine

premolars),
in front. number fourteen

third

premolar
the thirteen The the

larger,and

close

contact states

with
the

that

Concerning
seven

skeleton,

Milne-Edwards
seven

that five

vertebras and

cervicals, 46.
show the

dorsals,

lumbars,
sternum

sacrals,

caudals, total
but

manubrium definite
bone. keel

of the

is laterally compressed of the

are

below,
and but the

does

not

characteristic
The

typical moles,

hand

lacks

falciform

clavicles

relatively weak,

the

58 humerus,
crests.

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

though
The

slender

and

shrew-like,
of the

has

nevertheless
are

prominent
in form claws

muscle

terminal found

phalanges
in the

hand in which

normal the

without

the this

cleft appearance
extra
means

moles,

heavy

require

of support. The
measurements

Measurements: others

"

of

the

type
are

specimen
as

and
:

the

two

secured

by the Duke

of Bedford's

Expedition

follows

Occurrence

and
the

Habits:
and

"

-This
the
more

remarkable

species,
David,
sent

sort

of

annectant

type
must

between have

moles
was

primitive insectivores by
in Pere who

from in

which the
course

they
of the
to

sprung,

first discovered

his

exploration in
Museum,
record

western
were

Szechwan,
later

1870,
and
some

back

specimens
until back

Paris No

which
of the

described
for

figured by thirty years, brought

of the
very the raises

Milne-Edwards.

further
p.

animal
a

occurs

Pousargues by Prince
genus that
ber mem-

(1896a,
Henri

179) recorded

specimen
the

from

Yunnan,

d'Orleans.
as a more

However,
common

later that

discovery province

similar

Rhynchonax
in the
of the

species in
It
not

presumption
to

light of
the

recent

knowledge,
was

this

specimen might
1912 shown that Thomas

prove

be

latter

genus.

until

(i9i2e,
of formula
to

p.

129)
from

discovered from
the Pere
one more

fact that

typical Uropsilus, as
a

by examination
tooth

examples

David's
common

original series, has

in

slightly different
had

specimens
the entire

he

hitherto

referred

this the

genus, Duke

leading
Bedford's

him

to

reexamine

lot

acquired shortly
He
upper and of nine

before showed
and

by

of

exploration under
only from formula,
the taken

Malcolm
the

P. Anderson.

that

Uropsilus
teeth,

characterized soricipes, is known

the the
same

by possession originalseries from Muping

eight
two to

lower

from

males

having
of

by Anderson Sungpan

only
Ho.

short

distance
of

the

northeast

at Weichow, originallocality,
narrow

sixty miles
between
to

northwest

Chengtu,

Szechwan,
in

in the which lower

the

valley
small
are

of the

Apparently, then, this variation,

the the
two

the

upper

premolar,

large
of other

ones,

and
and

the

second

incisor

lacking, is confined
the

region
two

Muping

slightlyto
occur,

east, while which

to

southeast

and
as

southwest

variations
genera,

each

of

Thomas

has

regarded

typifying distinct

Nasillus

and

THE

INSECTIVORES

59

Rhynchonax,
all

respectively.
these variations process the in

In
as

previous

paper

(G.
and

M.

Allen,

191 of
or

2),
a

garded re-

merely
in

individual the both

an

indicative
presence The of fact

tooth

formula of
one or

in active
two
seem

of reduction teeth

through
one or

variable

absence
these ever, how-

of

minute

jaws.
area

that

variations lends external

some

degree

correlated that

with

distribution,
genera, but

color to

Thomas's the

view animals

they represent
to

distinct essential
to

the

similarity of
further

points
it

their best

specific unity.
genera

Awaiting
stand

knowledge,
a

therefore,
of

seems

let

Thomas's

provisionally as soricipesis
in Szechwan.
the

group

closely related

forms,

of which

typical Uropto
a narrow

silus
area

most

northeastern

in distribution, confined

Specimens examined:

"

Two,
Genus

from

Weichow,
Thomas Type,
G.
M.

Szechwan

(B.M.).

RhTnchonaz
1912, p. p. 129.

Rhynchonax

Thomas,

Proc.

Zool.
Zool.

Soc. London,

Rhynchonax Allen, Mem.

andersoni

Thomas.

Uropsilus Thomas,
p. 239, 19
1 2

Proc. (in

Soc.

London,

1911,

163.

Mus.

Comp.

Zool., vol. 40,

part).

This

genus

chiefly differs from

of
a

other

members

of the
and
a

subfamily in
lower

the

tention, re-

usually,
addition
lower As absence
to

minute

upper in

premolar (pm^) Uropsilus, making

the
two
a are

incisor
upper and

in (is),

the

number In external

present

in all ten

nine

teeth.

characters

alike.
whether the presence
as or

mentioned
of the
extra

under minute
a

Uropsilus, it is
tooth above and

question
below In

is to be

regarded
to to

sufficient view
that

basis it of
was

in this not,

case

for

generic separation.
a

1912,

I inclined
somewhat

the
the

especiallysince
showed
an

series

from

Wa

Shan,
in

southward the

Muping,
of the

additional
nine
me

variation
lower he

sometimes

lacking
who

minute

upper
one

premolar, although with specimens,

Thus
wrote

teeth.

Thomas,
them

later

examined
as

that that the that

regarded
latter may

all, nevertheless,
lose made
extra

Rhynchonax.
minute

it appears

sometimes
can

the
out

upper in the
one;

premolar
sent
some no

(Thomas
from Wa
to
our

writes

its

alveolus still

be the
so

specimen
or,
as

him of the

while series),

retaining
may go

lower
not

in

Shan
be the made

series, the
out,
but

reduction the space of

far that
tooth

only
is

is there

alveolus

where
the
two

the

stood

nearly
Thomas

obliterated

by
further

close the

approximation
color
of the
two

large premolars.

believes different.

that

genera

is

slightlybut

nizably recog-

II.

Rhjmchonax
Abstract
Proc.

andersoni
Zool. Soc.

andersoni London,
October

Thomas
31,

Rhynchonax London,

andersoni 1912, p.

Thomas,
130.

191 1, p. 49;

Proc.

Zool.

Soc

Uropsilus soricipes Thomas,

vol. 40, p. 239, 1912

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,
?

191 1, p.

163. G.
Bull. Mus.

M.

Allen, Mem.
d'Hist.

Mus.

Comp.
2,

Zool.,
p. 170.

(not Milne-Edwards).

Pousargues,

Nat.,

Paris, vol.

1896 (? in part).

6o

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Type
from

specimen:
Omei
"

"

Adult Omei

male,

skin

and

skull, No. Szechwan, brown,

brown

1 1.2.

1.25, British
feet.

seum, Mu-

Shan,
General
;

Hsien, southern
above
a

9,500

Description:
"bister" of minute

color
dark

dark dark

near

"clove-brown" with

to

(Thomas)

below

slaty.
are

Tail

all around, the

rings
of
a a

scales, between
toward

which
the

very

small

bristles of about
are

length
to

single ring, except

short

tip, where
formula
that
are

they
is

longer, tending

form

pencil.
As

already noted,
and
one

the

tooth
than

normally greater by
the

one

upper

molar pre-

lower

incisor
"

of

Uropsilus, and

color

is darker. Museum

Measurements:

The

following
made

measurements

of the
the

British

series, those

of the

exterior

in the

field

by

collector.

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

So

far

as

at

present known,
in its

this

seems

to

be The

slightlymore
type
and

southern

animal
were

than

Uropsilus
Malcolm
a

general

distribution. Omei
seven

eight others
Museum

taken

by

P. Anderson small

at

Shan, Omei
was

Hsien,
for the

in central

Szechwan. of

In

addition,

series of
R.

secured

Comparative

Zoology by Walter

Zappey,

in

1908,

at

THE

INSECTIVORES

6l

Wa
hokow 1929,

Shan, slightlysouth
and p. 7,

of the
same

same

place, and
area

single one
in
to

each

from
as

LiangHowell,
over

Tachiao

in the

general
the

(not Taochow,
occurs

Kansu,

suggests). Probably
into northern secured

animal but

typical
be
no

form

central

Szechwan

Yunnan,

there

seem

other

tic authen-

records.

Specimens
Yunnan
are

by

the

American
to

Museum
warrant

Asiatic

Expeditions
as

in southern

different suflficiently

separation

species. sub-

Specimens
Szechwan: Wa

examined:

"

^In all, eighteen,

i

as

follows:
9

Lianghokow,
Shan,
7 (M.C.Z.).

(B.M.);

Omei

Shan,

(B.M.);

Tachiao,

(U.S.N. M.);

12.

Rhynchonax
G. M.

andersoni
Mus.

atronates

G.
no.

M.
100,

Allen
p. 2, December

Rhynchonax

andersoni

atronates

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

28, 1923.

Type specimen:
of Natural

"

A from

female, skin and

skull. No.

44343,

American

Museum

History,
7,000 Edmund A

Mucheng,
Collected

Salween

drainage,
13,

southwestern

Yunnan,
R. C.
drews An-

China,

altitude and

feet.
Heller.

February

191 7,

by

Dr.

Description: smaller, with

General consists
of the

"

dark
upper

form,

the

rump

nearly unmixed
than

slaty black; typical R.

The slate

skull

third

premolar

less reduced

in

andersoni.

color

above

nearly "Prout's hairs, mixed

the rump
to

brown"
others

(of Ridgway).
that
are are

pelage basally,
a

shining black
hazel.

with the

blackish
or

tipped
limbs minute The teeth the
crown

with

On

latter

hairs The

few

absent, giving
of

strikinglyblackish
are

appearance

this

region.

lower and

surfaces entire tail

body

and

uniform

blackish blackish

slate.

Backs

of feet
not

scaly, with
and which half of the the in
the two

scattered

hairs; the tail usually

than in

paler

underneath.

skull

is smaller

typical
that

R.

andersoni third

of Szechwan,

are

smaller

throughout, except
or

the

upper

premolar,
about

latter
area

is minute

sometimes

wanting
the

altogether (with
level of the

of the

first and

barely reaching
animal with

cingulum
the

adjoining it),is
area as

in this Yunnan

much
and

larger, of
crown

about

same

crown

the tooth

first

premolar,
well

cingulum
the

well level.
as

developed,
In

the

tip jaw,
the

of the

standing

above

general cingulum
is
as

the lower
and

the
small

second second much

incisor, instead

of

being minute,
than in

large
than
R.

the the

canine,

premolar (pz),though
better
or

slightlysmaller typical
absent.

canine, is

theless never-

developed

andersoni, in which

it is

very

minute

sometimes
The The
10.

altogether
external

Measurements:
as

"

measurements

are

practically body, 67
mm.;

the

same

in

R.

andersoni. 14;
ear,

type

measures:

head

and

tail, 57;

hind

foot,
For

skull measiurements,

see

table

under

R.

andersoni

andersoni.

62

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Occurrence
two

and in
at

Habits:

"

Specimens
Yunnan
the
was

of this

genus

were

obtained
Museum and

at

only
at

localities

southwestern

by

the

American

Asiatic

Expeditions, Peitaiping,
are

Mucheng
a

on

Salween

drainage (sixteen),
The

again
in

where

single one probably

animal.
"

secured.
the

slight differences
condition

color
teeth

of less
more

importance
southern

than

less reduced

of the

in this

Specimens examined:
Yunnan:

Seventeen,

as

follows: drainage, Peitaiping,

9,000

Mucheng,

6,000-7,000 feet, 16; Mekong

feet,

(in

alcohol).
13.

Rhynchonax
G.
M.

andersoni
Mus.

nivatus Novitates,

G.
no.

M.
100,

Allen
p. 2, December

Rhynchonax

andersoni

nivatus

Allen, Amer.

28, 1923.

Type specimen:
Natural

"

Male,
Ssu

skin
Shan feet

and

skull,

No.

44352,

American

Museum
western

of

History,
China,
and

from

(Snow
altitude.
Heller.

Mountain),
Collected

Likiang Range,
October
22,

Yunnan,
R.

at

12,000

1916, by Dr.

C. Andrews

Mr.

Edmund
to

Description:
"

Similar

typical

R.

andersoni

but

much

paler brownish,
the

with

smaller size and

skull and cranial

larger third
characters,

upper

premolar. preceding but

of the
same

In

this

subspecies resembles
brown,
of R.

is much tint and

as

paler
our

brown

above, nearly light cinnamon

lacks the

almost

Sorex

cinereus; it

blackish
The fore

rump

andersoni

atronates,
are

the

tail is

indistinctlybicolor.

legs and
in R.

under

parts
from

"deep
above,

neutral In

gray"

(Ridgway),

much the

paler
hairs

than

andersoni

Szechwan.

certain
below.

lights the

tips of
than

appear

glistening. Tail
and

fuscous

paler
R.

The

skull is smaller
atronates.

in the third
with

typical form
small

closelyresembles
as

that

of

andersoni

The
row

upper

premolar is
level with
as

large as the first,

of the

stands

well in the tooth has

a

its

cingulum
as

those

adjacent cingulum.
much

teeth, and
The second

distinct incisor

crown

about

high
the

the

width

of the

lower

is

larger than

lower

canine, and

hence

larger than

in the

typical form.
"

Measurements:

The

type measured
table

in the

flesh:

head

and

body,

68

mm.

tail,60; hind
For

foot,

15.
see

cranial

measurements,
and
at

(p.60) under

R.

a.

andersoni.
on

Occurrence

Habits: altitudes
the known

"

The
of from

discovery of this animal

10,000 to 12,000

the

isolated

Likiang Range
No
to
a

feet

by Dr.
to

Andrews's
southwest. levels

expedition extends
doubt the

range the many

of the

genus
race

considerably
takes
seems

the
at

intergradation
but
as

with

preceding
other

place
to

lower

northward,
on

with
cut

species this
of the

have

developed resembling

local form

this range

off in the

loop

Yangtze.

While

THE

INSECTIVORES

63
the color
at
once

R.

a.

atronates

in cranial

and

tooth
can

characters,
be

is

so

strikinglydifferent
a

that

the

Likiang specimens
size of the
as

picked premolar
their

out

from second

mixed

series. in

The these
to the

large

third

upper

and

the

lower

incisor

southern

races,

contrasted color
to

with the

reduced that
we

size in the
have

typical animal
and
at

northward,

lends

argument
of these

in these

Uropsiward north-

liis

progressive series in reduction

limits of the be of range that in their
we

teeth, culminating
is here
with
as

the

loss, in what
to

called but

Uropsilus soricipes; single species, of

It is

so

that

it may

have

do be

really

this

which that

the all the

forms

Rhynchonax
taken
were

may

regarded

subspecies.

pectiliar

specimens

males.

Specimens

examined:

"

Nine,

from feet.

Yunnan:

Likiang

Range,

Ssu

Shan

(Snow Mountain),

10,000-12,000

Genus
Nasillus

Nasillus
October

Thomas
31, 1911, p. 49; Proc. Zool.

Thomas,

Abstract

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

Sec. London,

1912,

p. 129.

While

having
the

the

same

number differs lower

as

of that

teeth,
but
one

ten

above

and

nine lower

below,

as

Rhynchonax,
is present, has
or

formula
all the

in

instead
of

of two

incisors Thomas
=

with

four
teeth

premolars
follows: this genus
seem

instead

only

three.

interpreted
38 in
all. In

i.\.\.l. c.\

"pm.Xl'W^
that the

m..\\%\\\
to

general
matter

appearance

externally

is similar

Uropsilus
in

but

slightlysmaller.
is not
a

It may of

again
has be

possible
but the

variation careful
in the

tooth of

formula
the
case

generic value,
reached

Thomas,
conclusion

after that

study

three
a

types

of genus

formulae,
should

present
its type.

separate

recognized, with

Nasillus

gracilis as

14.
Nasillus

Nasillus

gracilis Thomas
London,
October
31, 1911, p. 49; Proc. Zool. Soc.

gracilisThomas,

Abstract

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1912, p. 130.

Type specimen:
from Chinfu

"

A female, skin and

near

skull. No.

11.9.1.13,

British China.

Museum,

Shan,
"

Nanchwan,

southeastern

Szechwan,
and

Description: general
dark
the
as

Externally
is
near

resembling "sepia," much

below

Uropsilus
as

Rhynchonax,
feet

the
so

color in

above

in

Uropsilus soricipes,not
Hands and

Rhynchonax
brown.

andersoni;

slaty.

pale brown,

tail
The

uniformly
skull genera,

is shorter with
a

and

decidedly
in

narrower case.

than The

in upper

either

of

the

two

related

less-expanded
minute

brain

third
has the

premolar
crown as

(absent in Uropsilus large as

the small

and

Rhynchonax
in the lower

andersoni)

anterior

premolar;

jaw the minute

incisor

stand-

64 ing just back

but there is
a

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

of the very

large anterior
minute
the

incisor
lower

in the

latter

species,is quite lacking,

the smallest
as

second
same

premolar,
of teeth

tooth

in

the

jaw.
their

Hence,

although

number

is present

in

Rhynchonax,

interpretationis different.
Measurements:
"

Thomas
and

gives

the
out

following
that the

measvirements

of

the

type

and

only

known

specimen,
related

points

hind

foot is

proportionately
head and

smaller
66
mm.

than

in the

genera

Uropsilus
9. the

and

Rhynchonax:
N.

body,

; tail, 55 ; hind

foot, 13.5

; ear,
see

For

cranial

measurements

table

under known

investigator.
from the

Occurrence taken is
at

and Chinfu
the

Habits:

"

This
near

species is
Nanchwan,
known

only

singlespecimen
which
member of

Shan,

in southeastern for the feet.

occurrence

Szechwan,
a

apparently

most

eastern

point

of this group.

The

altitude
"

is about

4,000

Specimens

examined:

One, the type, from

Nanchwan,

Szechwan

(B.M.).

15.
Nasillus

Nasillus
Nat.

investigatorThomas
9, vol. 10, p. 393,

investigatorThomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., ser.

1922.

Type
the

specimen: July

"

Skin

and

skull. No.
at

22.9.1.16,

British

Museum,

from China.

Kiukiang-Salween
24,
"

divide,

28"

north,

northwestern

Yunnan,

Collected

1 921,

by George

Forrest.
to

Description: Externally
of the
three from genera

similar

N.

"indeed, gracilis,
and Nasillus
are

all the

members

Uropsilus,Rhynchonax
other"

hardly distinguishable
the
members

each
are

(Thomas),
more

externally, except
N.

that

of

Rhynchonax
The brain
case.

noticeably
differs skull
to

blackish. of

skull

from

that

gracilisin being longer

still

with

wider

The

of the

type,

though

retaining
taken

milk

teeth, is said
agrees the
same

by
that and

its describer of N.

be

quite
do
also

of full size, and

the

in its tooth

formula
at

with time

gracilis, as

five other

specimens

place.
Measurements:
"

The

original
as

series
:

and

another

from

Gomba-la

were

measured

by

the collector

follows

Locality Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan Ytmnan Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan

THE

INSECTIVORES

65
OF NASILLUS
Mastoid width

CRANIAL Greatest

MEASUREMENTS

ZygoBasal
Palatal matic width

Width
across

Upper
tooth
row

Lower

tooth
row

No.

length

length

length

molars

Locality

N.
22. 22. 22. 22. 22.

investigator
9.9

9. 9. 9. 9.

1. 1. 1. 1. 1.

15
16 17 18 19

BM BM BM BM BM

21.2

6.7
10.2 II. I

9.7
9.2

9.0 8.6 8.8

Yunnan Yunnan Yionnan Yunnan Yunnan

(type)

21.3

9.6
9.7

6.5
6.6

9.4 9.7 9.2

21.8 21.8

17.4

10.

9.6
10.8

II.

6.8

8.9
8.6

9.

9.7

11.3

6.5

N.

gracilis 9.6
10.4 6.2

11.9.8.13

BM

(tjHpe)
and

21.3

16.3
"

9.2

8.9 obtained

8.1

Szechwan

Occurrence
at
or near

Habits:

Seven

specimens in
which
of the
on

all in

were

by Forrest
thus

the

type

locality,all of
Thomas's
of view
11,000
same

agree

tooth

formula,
of
the

tionally addiThe
at
on

confirming

distinctness
the later

genus.

locality is
about
the

at

an

altitude 28"
N. The

feet,
collector

Kiiikiang-Salween
seciu-ed
one

divide

latitude

at

Gomba-la,

Mekong-Salween
eventually
it is
case

divide.
to
a

Nothing further
at most
a

is known

of

it,but

undoubtedly
of N.

it will

prove

be

slightlylarger subspecies
The luck of

gracilis,

of which in this

obviously

close relative.
secured
area

collectingappears
Andrews
and

again
Heller

where
same

Forrest

six
secured
on

specimens, while
numbers labels meadows in of of the
at

working
From

in the the
were

general

Rhynchonax
altitudes
of
a

instead.
appears
11,000-

brief notes

entered open

the

originalseries,it
from similar
forest
at

that
14,000

all

trapped
one a

on

alpine
was

feet, except

which

caught

Abies

height.

It is thus

apparently

high-alpine species.
"

Specimens
Yunnan:

examined:

In

all,eight, namely:
Mekong-Salween divide,
i

Salween-Kitikiang

divide, 7 (B.M.);

(B.M.).

Genus Scaptonyx Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

Scapton3rx Milne-Edwards
servir k I'Hist. Nat. des

pour

Mammif^res,

p.

278, pi. 38B, fig.4; pi. 40B,

fig.2, 1868-74.

This

is

somewhat
a

more

mole-like

member

of

the

Uropsilinse
hands shorter
and with the of the much

than with than

Uropsilus, with
the
three

long cartilaginous snout,

of which the There

slightly broadened
fifth
are

large,nearly straight claws,

middle
and that
more ones.

first and

is
than

practically no
in that genus,

external

ear

tail is

shorter hairs

thickened
not

thinly clad
It resembles
to

stiff short

do and In

conceal
western

the

rings of scales.
has

Japanese
it is

Urotrichus

the the

American Milne-Edwards

Neurotrichus,

both

which

related.

skeleton,

shown

that

the

terminal

66

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

phalanges of
In the

the

hands

are

bifid
the

as

in

the

moles, and
nerve.

the

humerus

lacks

the

entepicondylar perforation for

skull the
tooth

brachial
are

zygomatic
formula The
has

arches
one

complete though slender

incisor
the
on

and

like, threadthe

and

the

lower

each

side less than

teeth
was

full

placental
three

number.

interpretation of
as

lower

tentatively
and the

published by
molars,
incisors i. i and
c.
T

Milne-Edwards
but Thomas

three

incisors, a canine, three

has shown
so

premolars
one

(1912b)
that The their

that that

it is
the

really
tooth

of

(the anteriormost)
pm.
two
T

is

missing,

formula is the

is:

m. are

I
set

42.

first upper chisel-like

are

incisor

of each

side
to

largest,
row;

the

with

edges
the

transverse

the

tooth

the two

succeeding
about
as

upper
as

incisors
the first
a

smaller,

canine

conical, and

relatively
angular high triincisors canine is

small,

high

incisor; it is
fourth
In and
as

followed

by
the

three

small, conical,
of
a

double-rooted
cusp
on

premolars,
and
are a

and

much the

larger consisting
lower

small

inner

lobe.

jaw

two

anterior
the

each

side

small, chisel-like
the

project slightlyforward,
in the
true

very

small, while
a

first

premolar
at

moles
two

is

enlarged and premolars highlands.

like
a

conical,
behind

with
are

minute
but
as

posterior cusp
smaller,
known the and

the

base.

The

small

it

similar
So

double-rooted. is confined Milne-Edwards with

the
to

far

genus
as a

the

Chinese
looks of
a

This

interestinggenus,
or

says, head

mole

with

the
the

feet of
annectant

Urotrichus,
stage
the

like

Urotrichus
more

mole.

It

gives

between

the

shrew-like

moles,
for
a

silus, and
The presence

more

typical

genera,

adapted
in the

as represented by Uroplife. wholly subterranean

of this genus

isolated of
a

highlands of
the

western

China

is another interest

instance

of the
fact but

persistence here
that
more one

primitive
on

type, while
coast

its additional
of North

lies in the
a

it is

represented

Pacific

America

by
trichus. Uro-

related

progressive

genus, with

Neurotrichus,
one

and

in

Japan

by

Only

species is known,
16.

subspecies.
Milne-Edwards
k I'Hist. Nat. des

Scapton3rx fusicaudatus
Recherches
pour servir

Scaptonyx fusicaudatus Milne-Edwards, fig.4; pi. 40B, fig. 2, 1868-74.

Nouv. Arch.

Mammif^res,

p.

278, pi. 38B,

Scaptonyx fusicauda David,

Mus.

d'Hist.

Nat.

Paris, vol. 7, Bull., p. 92, sent

1871 (lapsus calami).

Type
who
secured the

specimen:
it "sur
flask that that in the

"

The

type

was

specimen
et

by Pere

Armand

David nately, Unfortu-

les confins

du

Kokonoor

du

S6-tschouan."
was

France,
so

so

which it was preserved specimen arrived in very found

in the

in alcohol poor

broken and the

in transit
the skull
was

to

condition,
to

injured

Milne-Edwards

it

possible

figure

teeth
at

only.

The

specimen

is still preserved
"

Museum

d'Histoire with

Naturelle
the the fore

Paris. feet feet

Description: slightlybroadened,

The

general form
with
stout

is mole-like, fossorial

only
more

but

flattened

claws,

hind

THE

INSECTIVORES

67
of both black
hands

slender, with
with and twice
scales

long, compressed claws,

between
a

the

backs

and
Fur

feet covered

which uniform
the base hind

are

short slate

scattered color

hairs.
The

soft,

short

mole-like, of
the

dark

throughout.
and

tail is

hardly
the

length
near

of the

foot, thickened,

slightlytapering
clad with

from

enlargement
blackish The

(fusiform),thinly and
with slender teeth have

evenly

long projecting
the under snout the

hairs.
is

skull
to
a

lightlybuilt, point.

and

complete zygomata, briefly described

tapering generic

blunt

The

been

characters.
"

Measurements:

The

type

specimen
of the

measured:

total
are

length,

108

mm.;

tail,45.

No

skull and

measurements

typical form

available.

Occurrence

Habits:
"

"

The

type is the only recorded

specimen.

Specimens

examined:

None.

17. Scaptonyx

Scaptonyx
Ann.

fusicaudatus
Nat.

aflSnis Thomas
ser.

fusicaudatus affinisThomas,
"

Mag.

Hist.,

8, vol. 9, p. 514,
12
.

1912.

Type specimen:
from
twelve

male,
of
22, to

skin

and

skull, No.
northwestern F.

i8
. .

i
,

British
at

Museum,
13,500 feet

miles Collected
"

south

Atuntze,
191 1, the

Yunnan,
Ward. the
as

altitude.

June
Similar

by

Kingdon
but

Description:
smaller,
and
not
"

typical form,
in the

upper

canine
third

slightly
upper sub-

with

other

minute second the the

differences incisor
third
same

teeth,
second

follows:
upper

premolar equal,
and

larger than
smaller but than

; first and

premolars
tooth
in

fourth breadth

upper
as

premolar
the

slightly shorter
row

horizontally
shortened,
shorter and

of

about
less

third; lower
third
first in the

the
more

incisors

spatulate;
the "rather

canine

(the

tooth
and

the

jaw)
lower but
a

slender

than

posterior incisor; lighter" than height

1912b,
of the

foiurth

premolars nearly equal

the second
the and bulk

in size but

typical form,
the latter
; the

third and

lower

premolars conspicuously smaller,

about
half the and fovirth its its bulk

not

quarter
incisor
second

only

second
both

lower

again
and

about

one-half

three-quarters
p.
are

height,

the

third

single-rooted (Thomas,
"

514).
available Heller from of the
:

Measurements:

The and

following
others

dimensions

specimens
fresh

in the

British collected

Museum,

taken

by

Edmund

mens speci-

by

the

American

Museum

Asiatic

Expeditions

68

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

SCAPTONYX

The

skull

is than

extremely
the width

slender,
of

with brain

thread-like
case.

zygomata,
canine
and

which

are

less in width

the

The

unicuspid

premolars

of the
who

upper made

jaw

are

all double-rooted.

Thomas,
caudatiis differences has
that

actual

comparison

of the

skull

of the

type
out
on

of S. the

fiisibasis

with

that

of his

specimen from
in the
as a

Atuntze,

has
the

pointed
teeth,
and be

minute

mentioned
the

above

proportions of
distinct trivial form.

that

regarded
the

latter
are

animal of the

It must
and tell

said, however,

characters than
as a

most

nature,

without how
no

comparison
valuable

of
may how

more

these

two

individuals

it is difficvilt to

they
three 44517
there

be

basis
be

for the

subspecific distinction, since there

individual
the

is

way

of Of

knowing
the

great may

variation Museum

in the

typical form.

specimens
has

secured

by

American

Asiatic

Expeditions,

No.

only three
even an

lower

premolars, lacking apparently the second, of which

is not

alveolus.
and Habits: of The

Occurrence twelve known miles

"

type specimen
enabled
was

of this

subspecies, taken
in 19 12,
was

some

south

Atuntze,
genus, the

in northwestern
and

Yunnan Thomas
to

the second

example nearly

of the
that
as

correct

the

impression
for it is apparently
Thomas

of Milne-Edwards

snout
as

not

especially elongated,
Ten
a

attenuate
a

in

Uropsilus.
also

years

later,

(1922b,
Forrest,
8,000
be the the

p.
on

393)
the

recorded

second

specimen,
The and

male,
at
an

secured

by George
of 7,000
seem

Mekong-Salween by
Dr.

divide, 28" north,

elevation
known
one

to to

feet, practically a topotype.

three

only
Mr. the
on

other

specimens
in 1914,

secured

Andrews

Heller

not

far from

original locality,at
at to 10,000

Tomulang
two at

in

Chungtien
the
to

district, northwestern
of the

Yunnan,

feet, and

others from

Snow 13,000

Mountain feet.

Likiang
this his is first

Range,

the
of

southward,
or was

12,000

Probably
records

a more species specimen that it

less

forested
on a

country,
bank

for in
a

Thomas
fir forest.

of

taken

mossy
as

Specimens examined:
Yunnan:
I

"

Five,

follows:
Snow

Tomulang,

Chungtien district,i; Likiang Range, valley, i (B.M.).

Motuitain,

2;

Atuntze,

(B.M., the type); Mekong

THE

INSECTIVORES

69

Genus

Talpa Linnaeus
1758.

Talpa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., The

ed.

lo, vol.

I, p. 52,

typical

genus the

of

moles

shows

body

specialized for
of

subterranean and
arms,

burrowing
the
shortened

life, in

pointed head,
feet

heavy
and

musculature broadened

neck

tail, fore
the

enlarged
stout,
a

outward,

and

five claws

flattened

and

palms elongate for digging.

with the

turned
The

short, plush-like fur, lacking quarters,

The and the eye is much

definite reduced

grain,
in

is suitable

correlation

living partly with life

of

for

in

close

ground. under-

teeth with
are

in
the

Talpa

are

of

the
Ct

full number m.f

=44.

characteristic
The three
set

placental
above
transverse

mammals,
and
to

formula: small

i.f

pm.i
with

incisors

below
the

subequal,
of the

and

chisel-like
are

edges

nearly
in

long

axis

skvill; the

canines
to

well reduced

differentiated condition
follow molars

by their size,
the

the

upper

especially large
are

in contrast

the

Uropsiof

and linae,

two-rooted.

The

three

small

premolars that
the
a

are

nearly
the

equal size, the fourth

four
The

considerably larger, while

of which the
two outer

three W
with

all show

primary
last The molar

cusps, is the

form cusps

their

commissures.

smallest, with
is Talpa

its inner

slightlyreduced.
As
a

type

species
temperate
while
a

europcea
of

Linnaeus.
and
western

genus
as

this
far
as

is

chiefly lands high-

found

in the
of

portions

Europe

Asia,
China.

the

India,

single species reaches

western

18.

Milne-Edwards Talpa longirostris

Rend. Acad.
servir Sci.,Paris, vol. 70, p. 341, 1870; Recherches pour teeth); pi. 38, fig. 2 (exterior), 1868-74.

Talpa longiroslHs Milne-Edwards,

k I'Hist. Nat. des

Compt.

Mammiferes,

p. 281,

pi. 17A, fig.2 (skull and

Type

specimen:
d'Histoire

"

No

type

is indicated

in the

originaldescription, but
is been

the the

specimen figured
Museum

and

described Naturelle

by
at

Milne-Edwards

presumably
sent

still in

Paris, having
that

by
the

Pere

Armand of

David

from

"Thibet

oriental,"
China.

is, probably

from

mountains

Muping,

Szechwan,
"

Description:
with,
the fresh
for
a

This
a

mole

is

slightly smaller

than

the with The

European long
sparse

species,
hairs,
color

mole,

fairly well-developed tail, terete,

of

more

terminal

which

are a

some

12.5

mm.

long.

general

in

pelage is slaty black, with

The

slightlybrownish
and
narrow case

tinge.
almost rather

skull

has

narrow

rostrum,
the

cylindrical interabruptly expands.

the the basal

orbital The upper and

region, from
incisors is

which
are

wide, oval
the

brain

upper

subequal,
smaller

third
than

slightlythe
the the

narrowest;

second
third cusp

premolar
fourth

slightly

first, and
fourth has

recurved;
a

increase

in size, but regvilarly

distinct

posteriorly.

70

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Measurements:

"

In addition the

to

the measurements

given by Milne-Edwards
of the
two

(1868-74,
Museum

p.

283)
added

for
:

type

of

this

species, those

in

the

British

are

Milne-Edwards's that this

the

excellent

figuresof

the

sktdl

and the and

dentition

leave

no

doubt

is

true

Talpa.
of with with
the but

In
seem

comparison
two

with

European
the anterior

ever, species, howtwo

upper

premolars
instead

slightlystouter,
roots, while
lower in

perhaps premolar
that there canine

single-rooted
is shown
are

the

large first
three.
crown

lower

in contact lower view

in

canine. there
are

Milne-Edwards

states

four side

incisors,

fact

only
its low

The
and

lower short the

in

resembles
crown

the

incisor

next

it in much

cutting
canine

edge,

but

view

its base

extends

farther

inward;
that

first lower

premolar
is shown
are

has

become

caniniform, and
that

of

large size, but

the
upper

it is not
when

the

by the fact

it lies

just behind

canine

the

jaws

closed.
Occurrence and Habits: in
a rare
"

Although said by Milne-Edwards

mountains of Szechwan
It
was

to eastern

be

apparently
Tibet,
this Pere David
the

"assez

commune"
to

the

and

continues
in the
course

be

species in collections.
to

discovered
he that
sent

by

of his
to

journey
Tibet,

Szechwan

in
area

1870,
was

whence
at
no

back
a

first

specimens
included
as

the

Paris
of

Museum.
but there
as

This
seems

time

borderland
the

part

to

be

evidence No recorded

that

species
were

actually

occurs

in that

country
when

at

present

understood.

specimens
a

again reported until 1899, by

the latter
at
as

De

Winton

and

Sty

an

male

seciored

Yunglipa
collection

(Yangliupa)
black.

in northwestern

Szechwan;
remained

they
in

scribe dethe

its color
British
a

uniformly
by
the

This

specimen
Thomas
at

unique
p.

Museum male

until
Malcolm

191 1, when P.

(191 id,
Omei

163) recorded
in the
the
same

second

secured
to

Anderson

Shan of
the second

province.
Museum Shan
a

Slightly
sectored
two

southward

the

later in

expedition
from the

Dresden
Wa

additional

specimens
natives

alcohol,
Shan,

isolated

Range,
at

the

first

bought
in
an

from

at Wa

caught by
mossy

dog

Hwanglungtse, (Jacobi, 1922,

alpine forest of Weigold,

1923,

red-barked p.

birches,

among

boulders

p. 2;

71).

THE

INSECTIVORES

71

Anderson's

specimen
so

from

Omei

Shan

was

caught
seems

on

"mossy
indicate

bank

in it

damp
is
a

forest,"

that

the

sUght

available

evidence

to

that

forest-dweller.

Specimens
Szechwan
:

examined: Shan,
i

"

Two,

namely:
i

Omei

(B.M.); Yangliupa,

(B.M.).

Genus Parascaptor Gill, Bull.

leucura U.

Parascaptor
Surv.

Gill
i

S. Geol.

and

Geogr.

Terr., vol.

(ser. 2), p. no,

1875.

Type

species,Talpa

Blyth.

This been

genus
as

is

closely similar merely

a

to

Talpa,
but

of which

by

many

writers the

it has
tooth upper

regarded
which

subgenus,
that of

is well in

distinguished by
one

formula,

differs from
a

Talpa

lacking

of

the

small four

premolars, making
in the

total of three i.7 but

Ct

premolars
=42.

above

instead

of the

present

Talpa,
common

as

follows:

pm.l
the

m.l

In external
short

appearance

it resembles
Its and range

mole,
Assam
one

tail is very
eastward
to eastern

and
borders

club-shaped.
of Yunnan,

includes
But
one

and

Burma,

the

Siam.
at
as

the

species is known
to

from
mole tooth

Asia, although
from
was

Milne-Edwards

time

referred

it the the

described formxila
on

North

China

by

Thomas
as

Talpa

leptura, in
out

which

similar, but
examination

which,
to

later

pointed
a an

by

Thomas
the

(1910), proved
characteristic Milne-Edwards said
to

further

be

really
with scaptor Para-

Scaptochirus,with
extra

broad

heavy

skull, but
has
also

abnormally
as

lower

premolar.
a

(1884)
been

described Pere Armand

davidianus in

mole

have

collected
about

by
it.

David

Syria, but

nothing

further

seems

to be known

19.

Parascaptor
vol.

leucurus
19, p. 215,

(Blyth)
pi. 4, fig. i, 1850. 1884.

Talpa leucura Parascaptor

Blyth, Joum.

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal,

leucurus

Milne-Edwards,

Compt.

Rend.

Acad.

Sci., Paris, vol. 99, p. 1142,

was

Type specimen:
British

"

The

original specimen
in the

from

Cherra
at

Punji, Assam,

India,

and
"

is

presumably
in

Indian
appearance

Museum
to

Calcutta.
common

Description:
mole,
but the

Similar

general

the

European
of the
of the

tail very
a

short, brown,
very
more

club-shaped, varying
to
or

about

one-twelfth
the basal

total
fur

length.
"leaden
The
rostrum.

Color black" skull The

uniform

black,
whitish.

part

; tail hairs

short, white
delicate
those

is of the
teeth

type, like that

of the of these
the small

of

Talpa,
lack
one

with of

tapering
the
small

resemble
so

latter, but

unicuspid premolars,
the

that

only

two

teeth

intervene

between
In

well-developed jaw,
the

upper

canine

and

large posteriormost
a as

premolar.
is

the lower resembles

the canine

in side view
the

is low, with

chisel-like edge, and

in

closely
and

incisors, while

first

premolar

Talpa

enlarged

72

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

caniniform,

closing
set

behind

the

upper while the

canine;
fourth

it is succeeded is

by

two

small

premolars
first.

close

together,

large, equaling in size the

Measurements:
to

"

Blanford

gives

the

following dimensions
India,
and

(here reduced
added those of

millimeters) for
Suki

an

alcoholic

specimen from

I have

the

specimen:

Occurrence

and

Habits:
and

"

Blanford

gives the
of
as

distribution
and 10,000

of this

mole

as

Sylhet,
present
as

the

Khasi

Naga
an

Hills, south
altitude of

Assam,

probably
feet.

locally (1919)
of

throughout
in

Burma,
northern been

reaching
Siam,

high
of

as

It is also

whence Eisenhofer it

it is recorded southeast
the

by
extreme

Gyldenstolpe
western

having
not

obtained
to

by
find

Chiengmai.
the

It is, therefore, border first known Salween British received

surprising
whence

extending into
has

Yunnan,
Chinese

(1914b, p. 473) specimen, collected by F. Kingdon

Thomas

lately recorded
Ward
at

Suki, in the
is also in the and

valley,7,000
Museum in 1922. there No soil
were a

feet altitude, in north

second

latitude

27" 30'.
taken
at

There

specimen
notes
on

from label

Yunnan,
of his

Tengyueh,
it
was

Ward

the

specimen
China
and

that

captiu-ed where
and shrubs." of its

"numerous

bxurows been

in the taken

river
in

bed, amongst

grass

other

specimens have
food.
"

nothing is recorded

preference or Specimens

examined:

In

addition

to

specimens
Assam in

in the British

British

Museum from

from

the
"

Shan Suki

States, Khasi
and

Hills,

and

India, two,

Yunnan,

Tengyueh

respectively (B. M.).

Genus Scaptochirus Milne-Edwards, Taipa David,

Nouv. Arch. Ann.

Scaptochinis

Milne-Edwards

des Sci. Nat., Zool., d'Hist. Nat.

Mus.
concern.

ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 375, 1867. Paris, vol. 3, Bull., p. 26, 1867 (not Linnaeus, 1758).

Chiroscaptor Heude,

M6m.

I'Hist.

Nat.

de I'Emp.

Chin., vol. 4, pt. I, p. 36, pi.9, figs.l-ic, 1898.

The

moles

of this genus short

and

differ

externally from (about

Talpa in the
the

more

reduced

tail,which

is very

slender

two-thirds

length of the hind

foot),and

thinly haired.

THE

INSECTIVORES

73

The teeth
less
are

skull

is less delicate, with with

shorter,
In
on

broader

rostrum,

and

the

molar
one

larger
both

higher
and

crowns.

its

dentition, Scaptochirus has

of the formula

premolar
lower

above in

below,

account

loss of is: i.f

the
c.t

one

of the

small

intermediate The is

teeth canine
and

each

jaw,

so

that
an

the

pm.l m.|=40. premolar

is in side view

like

incisor, while

first lower

enlarged
The

caniniform.

type
to

species
be
a

is

Scaptochirus
to eastern

moschatus and from

Milne-Edwards,
the

and

the

genus

seems

confined

China known

borders
area,

of

southeastern
a

Mongolia.
of which

Only

single species is
out.

this

with

subspecies

little is yet made

20.

Scaptochirus
Ann.

moschatus

moschatus
ser.

Milne-Edwards
5, vol. 7, p. 375,

Scaptochirus moschatus
servir k I'Hist. Nat.

Milne-Edwards,
des

des Sci. Nat., Zool.,

p.

1867; Recherches

pour

Mammiferes,
Arch. Mus. Soc.

173, pi. 17, fig.4; pi. 17A, figs. l-ic,

Nat.

1868-74.

Talpa europcEa Talpa leucura

David,
?

Nouv.

d'Hist.

Paris, vol. 3, Bull., p. 26, 1867 (not of Linnaeus, 1758).

p. 135

Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool.

London,

1861,

(not of Blyth).

Scaptochirus davidianus Talpa leptura Thomas, Parascaptor

Swinhoe,
Ann.

ibid., 1870, p. 620 (errorim). Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 470, Compt.
concern.

1881.

leptura Milne-Edwards,
M6m.

Rend.

Acad.

Sci., Paris, vol. 99, p. 1142,

de

1884.

Chiroscaptor sinensis Heude,

I'Hist. Nat.

I'Emp.

Scaptochirus moschiferus Heude, Scaptochirus leptura Thomas,

Ann.

ibid., p. 40, pi. 9, figs.2-2c Mag.

Nat.

Chin., vol. 4, pt. I, p. 36, 1898. (errorim).

5, p. 350, 1910.

Hist.,

ser.

8, vol.

Scaptochiruslepturus Thomas,

loc. cit.

Type
David "en

specimen:
Naturelle what
are

"

The and
at

original specimen
is

was

collected

by

Pere of the

Armand Musetim
was

Mongolie"

presumably
In

still in the time

the

collection
term

d'Histoire
to

Paris.

David's

Mongolia
so

used

include

now

the western

parts of Hopei and

therefore be

Shansi,

that

Thomas

has about

suggested
one

that

the

type localitymay
northwest of

considered much

Suanhwafu,
of David's

himdred material In

miles
came.

Peiping,

whence

"Mongolian"

Description:
"

color

this mole
about

is
the fur

nearly
mouth

uniform and
on

clear

grayish
and

brown

above

and

below, slightlypaler
certain The

the lower

side, glistening
minute

silvery in
brownish
The tail is

lights.
snout

The

is short, with with

a

slaty

bases groove

tips.
the

is

thinly haired,
the
a

lengthwise
hind tuft.

ventrally.
short

short, about

two-thirds

length
short

of the

foot, with
Backs

hairs,
broad naked. Milne-

hardly hiding
fore feet and

scales, and
hind
No the

forming
feet

terminal
or

of the

narrower

thinly haired,

in old mole

animals
are

nearly
hand.

Measurements:

"

fresh head

measurements

of this of his and

20

at

Edwards
curve

notes

that

and 140

body
mm.,

alcoholic
the
mm.

specimen, following the

a

of

the foot

back,
of the

measured

tail less than

;

centimeter. stretched

The

hind

type

of 5. is 15

leptura is

its tail, perhaps

in the

mounted

specimen,

mm.

74

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Fig. 4.

Distribution

Map.
Scapanulus
3.

Scaplochirus
1.
2.

5. moschalus 5. moschatus

moschatus

5. oweni

gilliesi
MEASUREMENTS OF SCAPTOCHIRUS

CRANIAL

J3

C B ". a a a

"

moschatus 34.2
34.3 34.0 33-2

moschatus 14.5 14.7

14.2

29.6
29.3

14.7
-

18.0

10.8 10.7
I I.I

14.3 14.3

13.6 Shantung
14.0

17.8
18.
1

Shantung Shantung Hopei Hopei

Hopei

28.9

14.3

14.5 14.4 13.0

13.5 13.7

147 27.2 13-3

14.9

17.4 17.2
18.
1

10.5
lo.i

30.7 340

10.5

14.6

13.3

357

30.9

15-3

17.9

1 1. 1

15.7

14.4

Shantung

S. moschatus 30.2 25.4

gilliesi
12.4 13.3

16.9

9.7

12.5

12.5

Shansi

THE

INSECTIVORES

75

Nomenclature:
one

"

The

first

specimen
to

of

this

mole

to

reach

Europe
from

was

sent
as

by

Consul

Swinhoe
was

the

British
a

Museum
new

in

i860,

Peiping.
who gave ever, how-

This,
it the

Swinhoe

mentions,
name

pronounced
museum

species by Gray,
chinensis. it remained

manuscript
seems never

(on
have

the been

stand) Talpa
so

This,
for

to

published,
it
as a new

that and
as

Milneon

Edwards basis of
a

to

study

and
sent

describe

genus

species in
Thomas

1867,

the

specimen
about of it gave skull

by Pere
miles

David,

probably,
of mentions
a

suggests,

from

Suanhwafu,
in his
account

ninety
Chinese

northwest

Peiping.

Later, in 1870, Swinhoe

the

mammals

again
mole from

species, but
which,

vertently inad-

called
Milne-Edwards removed the

Scaptochirus davidianus,
in 1884 to from
the
a

specificname Syria.
sent

curiously, having
found that
and

In

1881, Thomas

original specimen
with

by Swinhoe,
of
with

the

number

of

teeth the

agreed
that
was

Talpa
from of the
an

instead
as

Scaptochirus,
He characteristic
the teeth be

therefore

described

specimen
the

Peiping

Talpa leptura.
tooth for

later of

discovered,
the genus

however,

lack

additional

Scaptochirus
distinct but this

evidently
assumed

abnormality,
the

agreed
tained mainas

otherwise; nevertheless
as on seems

he

that
a

Peiping
15
as

animal
in

might
the

the

basis

of

longer tail,
and

mm.

specimen
are

mounted,
same,

highly improbable, leptura as

as a a

the

skulls

quite

the

I In

am

regarding

T.

synonym genus

of 5. moschatus. and from the

1898, Heude
from

described which
he

new

species,Chiroscaptor sinensis,
5. moschatus molars

mole

Hopei

believed the

differed
cusps of

(inadvertently projected
much
leaves

written
more no

moschiferusl)
An the

in that

lower

forward.
doubt that
unworn

examination he

of his

figure and
were

description,however,
to

differences

observed

due the

the

fact
worn

that teeth

he

compared
of
an

the

fresh,

dentition

of his type

with

much

older

individual. Occurrence
collections. In
to

and

Habits:

"

Specimens
the

of this

mole

seem

to

be

uncommon

in
to

addition
have
come

to

original specimen
northwest of the

sent

by
the

David British from

to

Paris,

and has
200

assumed
two

from

of

Peiping,
extends in the U.

Museum

from
to

the the

neighborhood
north.

latter

city, and

another

Chihfeng,
the east, north-

miles

Apparently (1929)
records
a

its range

farther

for A. B. from
in

Howell

specimen
other

S. National

Museum

Heisui, Manchuria.

The

only

locality yet reported

is Weihsien

Shantung. Specimens
examined:
"

Nine,

as

follows:
i

Hopei: Peiping, 2 (B.M., including type of Talpa leptura); Chihfeng, Shantung: Weihsien, 6 (A.M.N.H., M.C.Z., B.M.).

(B.M.).

76

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

21.

Scaptochirus
Mag.
Clark Nat.
and

moschatus
ser.

Thomas gilliesi
5, p. 350,
1910. p. 172, 1912

Thomas, Scaptochirus gilliesi Sowerby, Scaptochirus gillesei

Ann. in

Hist.,

8, vol.

Sowerby,

Through

Sh6n-Kan,

{lapsus calami).

Type
from
Robert

specimen:

"

^An advdt, skin

and

skull, No.

10.3.

3.1, British

Museum,
1909,

Hotsin,
Gillies.

southwestern

Shansi,

China.

Collected

November,

by

Description:
"

Similar

to

the

typical
the
the

race

of

Hopei
foot
be
a

and

Shantung,

but
are

smaller,

with

smaller
The

skull, although

tail

and may

measurements

nearly identical.
about

general color of

type

slight shade

darker,

"broccoli The skull

brown." is

markedly

smaller

with

less narrowed

middle

region, smaller

and

lighterteeth.
Measurements:
"

No
mm.

measurements

of foot with

total

length
19.5;

are

available, but
of fore foot, under S.

the

tail is about Cranial

16

long; hind
of

claws,
are

breadth the

12.5.

measurements

the

type

given in

table

moschatus. Occurrence have

the been taken and
at

Habits: several
sent

"

Moles localities

referred
in

to

this and

slightly smaller
In the

race

Shansi

Shensi.

addition American

to

original specimen
Asiatic A.
B.

from

Hotsin,
one

southwestern
at

Shansi,
some

Museum

Expeditions secured
Howell
west

Maitaichao,
in the
one

forty miles

east

of Paotow; from also F.

p.

(1929) records
of

four
a

U.

S. National

Museum

twenty
the

miles

Ningwufu

and

single
has

from

Taiyuanfu, whence
collected

Museum in

of

Comparative
the

Zoology

two

specimens
and

by
In

R.

Wulsin;
mentions

northwestern

Shansi, Sowerby
on

172)

its capture
secured and
to

(Clark Sowerby, plains of Wuchai, a dry, sandy area.

on

1912,

Shensi, Sowerby
where

it at Yulinfu

the borders He writes

an

of the

sandy
under

Ordos
p.
more

Desert,

it
mole

was

rare

"unexpected."
have

(Sowerby,
existence be any

1914,

59) that
or

this
desert

"seems

adapted
there of

itself to

less

conditions,
in the the

in which

certainly cannot
it finds
same

abundance
in the the

of worms."

Possibly
at

absence adults of

these,

subsistence
author found

shape of beetle
desert

larvae, with
certain
10,

of which Of the

the
two

swarming
one

times
1

year.
a

specimens
the the

from

Taiyuanfu,
to

taken

August
and
so

92 1, is that it

young

animal

with from

hair skin.

just beginning
The from about

grow

out,
in the

short Museum

hardly projects considerably

suture

type specimen

British is

is

smaller

than

those

Peiping, yet

quite adult, with

basal

wholly
all,four,
2

obliterated. follows:
i

Specimens examined:
Shansi:

"

In

as

Maitaichao,

i;

Taiyuanfu,

(M.C.Z.); Hotsin,

(B.M., the type).

THE

INSECTIVORES

77

Fig. 5.

Distribution

Map.

Mogera
I.

M.

latouchei

2.

M.

hainana

Genus Mogera Pomel,

Arch, des Sci. Phys.
et

Mogera

Pomel 1848.

Nat., vol. 9, p. 247,

are

The

moles

of this genus
so

characterized
total the number

by the loss of the lower

of teeth

canine less
on

from each

the

dentition,
in

that

the

present
i.f

is

one

side than
44,

Talpa,
form the is
a

in which The
a

full number

typical of placental mammals,

Ct

namely
The

is found. incisors

tooth

formula

is, therefore:
transverse
row

pm.t m.f
upper

=42.

upper

slightlyconvex premolars
where the and

; the

canine

is
In the

strong
the

and

broad,

upper space

1-3

are

usually double-rooted.
canine
in that

lower

jaw

there

missing
the

should

be, while
the

first

premolar
canine
the the the

is

large, double-rooted, homology

form in and

functions
fact

place of
it closes

canine,
the

although its
upper

true

is evident

from
moles
stout

behind

tooth. usual genus

Externally the
a

of

this

genus clothed

resemble
with hair.

Talpa
The for
,

in

having
of

short

tail,well
to

range

general
mole

is

complementary
and

that

of

Scaptochirus
China,
the

whereas

latter is the

of northern

northwestern

former

78
is found
doubt seek and

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

in the
there

extreme
a

eastern

and

southeastern
or

part

of

the

country.
the
more

No
to

is

difference
areas

in soil
loess

preference
formation, type
southern of

food, inducing
while the latter In

former

the

sandy dry
is

of the
a

is

coastal,
this genus
to

perhaps
present

partial to
eastward

different the

country.

China

is at

known
and

chieflyfrom
but

portion, extending
and

westward

Szechwan,
Korea North
and

through species

Formosa

the

Japanese
the

islands

into
of

Manchuria,
The

apparently avoiding altogether

is the

provinces
wogura

China.

type

Japanese

Talpa

{^Mogera)

Temminck.

22.

Mogera
LA

latouchei
MOLE
p.

Thomas

TOUCHE'S
1907,

Mogera

latouchei

Thomas,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

463. (not of Temminck).

no.

Talpa sp., Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 620. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Talpa wogura Thomas, 1898, p. 771 Mogera
mogera

Shih, Bull. Dept. Biol., Sun

Yatsen

Univ., Canton,

4, p. 3, 1930.

Type
Museum,

Specimen:
from

"

The

type

is

skin

and

skull. No.
China.

98.8.1 7.1,
La

British lector, col-

Kuatun,

northwestern

Fukien,

J. D.

Touche,

1898.

Description:
"

A
brown

small
;

mole, of
below hands tail
more

nearly uniform smoky,

the and The

slate

color, faintly washed

upper chest

above dark

with
gray.

dark

throat the

and

paler,
diall the

Backs

of the
on

and

feet

tail

thinly clad

with than

whitish hind

hairs, those

the

longer.

tail is

slightlylonger
northern

foot.
The

skull

is smaller

as

compared by having
second.

with
the

that

of the

more

forms,

and
and

is

speciallycharacterized
shorter than the

first upper

premolar single-rooted

usually

Measurements:

"

The

following
H.

measurements
a

of the

exterior

were

made

by the collector, Mr.

Clifford

Pope, of

series from

Chunganhsien:

THE

INSECTIVORES

79

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

MOGERA

Occurrence first to
one

and been

Habits: recorded

"

The

occurrence

of Swinhoe

mole

in southern
p.

China
who

seems

have

by
D.

Robert It La
was

(1870c,
in B.

620),
who
to

secured

from
same

Foochow,

Fiikien.

next

obtained and

the

northwestern secured be

part
six

of the

province by J.
and in
two

Touche

C.

Rickett,
found

(four skins
common" the

in

alcohol) at Kuatun,
One
of In the from

where

it

was

"tolerably
became it

the

hill country.

these

specimens subsequently (1922,

Min River
p.

type

of this

species.
and and

addition, Cabrera
American Shaowu
Museum
on

163)
in the

has

recorded
has

also from
from
as

Foochow,

of Natural

Nistory
same

mens speci-

Fuching
a

the

province,
there
as

well

as

series from

Chunganhsien,
Clifford
At and H.

northwestern who says, writes the

Fukien,
that

practically topocommon

types,
in the

secured

by

Mr.

Pope,
he

it is
know

high mountains. (reversed palm)

from

Kuatun,

Chinese
see

it

"fan

pa

chang"
Westward

"pu chien

t'ien"

(not
2)

heaven,

i. e.,

blind).
the

Fukien,
border of

it is found

sparingly, having
p.

been and

recorded still farther the

on

from

southwestern

Hunan
of

(Shih, 1930b,

south,
erly west-

from

the

Yao

Shan

district

Kwangsi

(Shih,

1930, south
a

p.

3) ; while

most

locality known
border, whence
of the
that it has
a

is
B.

Tseogiakeo, Szechwan, (1929, p. 7)

Museum. and
more

of Suifu,

the

Yunnan lection col-

A. U.

Howell

records

single specimen
the

in the

S. National

Concerning
smaller
western

last, Howell
a

states

broader

interpterygoid possibly
for the series adds

bullae than
animal of these from

specimen

from

Kuatun,

indicating that
without
a

is

slightlydifferent,
cannot

although
be

comparison,
that the in

the his

value

differences Kuatun

determined.

He is
a

ftirther

specimen

the

first

upper and

premolar
recurved.

trifle longer than

second, instead

of shorter

; it is slender

Specimens
and
a

examined:

"

Sixteen, including skins

with

or

without

skvills,

separate
:

skull, namely:
i

Fukien
the

Fuchinghsien,
type)
;

skull; Chunganhsien, 8; Shaowu, Fukien,

2.

Min

River,

4;

Kuatun,

(B.M.,

northwestern

8o

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

23.

Mogera
THE

hainana
MOLE

Thomas

HAINAN

Mogera Mogera

hainana insularis

Thomas,
hainana

Ann.

Mag.

Nat. Nat.

Hist.,
Hist.

ser.

8, vol.

5, p.

535,

1910. vol.

Kloss, Joum.

See. Siam,

Bangkok,

6, p. 213,

1923.

Type
British

Specimen:

"

The

type is an

adult

female, skin

and

skull, No.

10.4.25.4, Owston's

Museum,

from

Mount

Wuchih,

Hainan,

China, taken

by Alan

collector.

Description:
"

Larger and body

and
the

browner

than

M.

latouchei,
brown"

the

general color slightly

In hands below. of the

of the
more

head

and

above,

nearly "mummy
about the
are

of
above

Ridgway,
and

smoky specimen
feet with
and
a

below,
at

paler grayish
sides of the short with whitish short

head

the and

hand,

muzzle

white.

Backs

scattered covered

hairs; tail very

like the back

short, shorter
in

than As

hind in

foot,

well

hairs

color.

usual

moles,

silvery sheen

appears

in certain

lights.
insularis of Formosa
the

The

size is intermediate
agree and

between

M.

and
upper

M.

latouchei,

both than

of which
the second

in

having the
in

anterior

premolar of
M. that hainana

jaw smaller
the the
more

single-rooted, while
genus

agrees

with

northern

members

of the

having

tooth

larger than

second

and

double-rooted. Measurements: 'The

"

following field

measurements

were

made

by

Mr.

Clifford

H.Pope:

For

cranial

measurements,
and

see

table

under of
or

M.

latouchei, page
mole
on

79.

Occurrence
was

Habits:"

The

occurrence

the

island

of Hainan
1910,

apparently unsuspected
obtained it from
named

by Swinhoe,
Mount Wuchih

by later collectors,until, in through

Alan Owston's Kloss
the Formosan Mountain
secure.

Thomas
and years

collectors,
thirteen

it Mogera

hainana.

By
it

curious

chance,

(1923),
animal

later, overlooking Thomas's hainana,

His

description, renamed
as a

Mogera
M.

insularis insularis. It is H.

regarding

subspecies
from
and many the

of the

animal,

specimen
that he

also

came

Five-finger
difficult to

(Wuchih).
Mr.

apparently local
me

in its distribution
set

Clifford
found the

Pope tells

traps

in

places, and
animals,
but

frequently
succeeded

little

ridges of

only two,

earth pushed up although four others

by
were

in His

catching
trapper

purchased

from

natives.

THE

INSECTIVORES

8i

averred

that

they

burrow

at

a was

deeper level
familiar.
as

than

the

moles

of North

China

with (Scaptochirus)

which
"

he

Specimens
Hainan:

examined:
i ;

Seven,
5; Mount Genus

follows: Wuchih,
i

Nodoa,

Namfong,

(B.M., the type.)

Scapanulus
ser.

Thomas 396, 1912.

Scapanulus Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

8, vol.

10, p.

The Asia
the the

special interest
group
to

of this
the

genus

of moles

is that

it represents in eastern
of course,

which

moles

of North
the

America

belong (except

star-nosed the the

mole), namely,
incisors
become

in which
so

subfamily Scalopodinae ("Scalopinae"), jaw reduced, enlarged and the canine of the upper jaw
bear the

that

anterior the form

are

teeth

of the

brunt

of its

forceps-likeaction. expanded
first
than the the the

Exteriorly
in

is mole-like, but

the

hands,

though
as

more

Scaptonyx,
foot,

not

quite
and

so

wide

proportionally
are

in

Talpa, etc., while

The

claws, though
hind
as

long

flattened,

rather

slender. outward
at

digit

of
to

first noticed its claw

and

by Thomas,
is stouter

is set
and
more

slight angle
than

remaining
which twice
are

toes, and

sharply
The

curved

the others,
about

long, slender, length of

the

nearly straight.
foot, stout
on

tail is

relativelylong,
The
snout

the

hind

and

thickly haired.
middle.
than in

is tapering,

fairlylong, and
In the

grooved

its lower
are

side in the

skull, the pterygoids

bone is

better

developed
formula

Scapanus,
and
less

and

the

tympanic
forward nine
below

incomplete.
The
number

The

interparietalis broad,
includes nine

tapering
and
as

than
on

in

Urotrichus.

tooth

teeth

above

each

side, a
m.l

present

elsewhere

only
that
are

in Neurotrichns, third
The

follows: in each incisors Thomas

are

i.f

c.T

pm.f

=36.
the and

Thomas

is confident

it is the

incisor lower incisor.

jaw
are

and

probably
that the

second
abut upper the

premolar against
incisor
that

that the and

lacking.
upper

proclivous
and

both

large
the

first

states

second than the

first upper

premolar
them. the

subequal
our

smaller

canine

stands

spaced
as

between
as

In
and
as

specimen, however,
first
as

second

incisor smallest

is

nearly
in

large
view. The
our

canine,

the

premolar
canine
two

is
but

slightly the
more

of all.

The

third

premolar is
The fourth upper upper

high

the the

broadly triangular
are

side

canine

and

small
a

premolars
distinct
as

all double-rooted. but The

premolar is largest,with
not

posterior shoulder,
that of the

specimen

does

show

an

internal
upper and

cusp molars

did is

type.

internal

ledge-like
oweni

protocone
The

of the

faintly three-lobed. species

of the genus

type

only known

is

Scapanulus

Thomas.
24.

Scapanulus
Nat.

oweni

Thomas
10, p.

Scapanulus oweni

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., ser.

8, vol.

396, 1912.

Type specimen:

"

male,

skin

and

skull, No.

12.8.5.2, British

Museum,

82

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

from

southeast

of

Taochow,

Kansu,

China.

Collected

October

31,

191 1,

by

G.

Fenwick

Owen. General
color above

Description:
"

and
to

below
the
are

drab color

gray, of

with

silvery
close

appearance

in

certain
seen

lights,very
that the

similar

Blarina.
a

On

inspection it is
brown. Area
at

individual

hairs

slaty
the

with

minute and feet

tip

of

base

of snout
area

slightlypaler.
like the
the

Backs

of hands

thinly
The

haired, their
stout
so

central

colored

back,

fingers
foot
the

whitish. with

club-shaped
clothed
are

tail is all of twice

length
as

of the
to

hind

claw, and

thickly
side The

with

rather than

long
the

hairs

hide

scales; its
like the

tip and

lower

slightlypaler
the

rest, which
teeth

is colored
been

back. the

peculiaritiesof

skull

and

have

noted

in

generic

description.
Measurements:
taken in the
"

Thomas and

published body,
108
mm.

the
;

following dimensions
tail,38 ; hind
measured:

of the
A

type,

flesh

head

foot,

14.

specimen
mm.;

in

the

Museum

of

Comparative

Zoology

total

length, 136

tail,38.

SKULL

MEASUREMENTS

Occurrence of the

and

Habits:

"

As
to

already noted, this mole

the
are

is

an

Asiatic

sentative repre-

subfamily
the

which

American

moles
and

(except Condylura)
the

belong,
It much

in

which

anterior
or

incisors

enlarged
of

canine is smaller
toe

reduced. with
a

resembles

Scapaniis
tail.
were

Parascalops

externally, but
the in his

longer, well-haired peculiar curved

are

The

curious

distortion

first hind

and

its

nail
our

mentioned
too.

by
The

Thomas

originaldescription and
remarkable years, mole

evident

in

specimen
is another

discovery of this
finds in recent

in the

northwestern fauna
of eastern

China Asia

of the

notable

linking

with

that

of America. for G.

Apparently this is a forest-living mole,

the
two

Fenwick

Owen,
were

who

collected
in and mossy

specimens originallyrecorded,
in fir forest. In

states to

that

they

taken

undergrowth
six miles
are

addition

these, from
in

twenty-three only
a

fortymens speci-

respectively,southeast
known,
as

of Taochow,
from p.

Kansu,
Min

few

other

follows:

one

Archuen,
a

Shan, in the
from

U. S. National
the

Museum of

(A.

B.

Howell,

1929, both

8), and

second

Choni, in
Kansu
; a

Museum in the

Comparative

Zoology,

localities in southeastern

third

THE

INSECTIVORES

83

American

Museum

of Natural

History, collected
Shensi, the
iowrth
taken last in

by

Dr.

R.

C.
the

Andrews,
known

at

Taipai Shan, slightly to Expedition,

Tsingling Mountains,
eastward;
north
now

extending
northwestern

range
at

the

and of

Szechwan,
Brooke Dolan

Hoangshuikwan,
and

Sungpan,
collection

July
of the

16,
Museum

1931,

by
of

the

in the

Comparative

Zoology.

Specimens examined:
Shensi: Kansu: Szechwan:

"

Fotu", as

follows:
i. i

Taipai Shan,
Choni,
i

Tsingling Mountains,
(M.C.Z.).

(M.C.Z.); southeast
i

of Taochow,

(B.M., the type).

Hoangshuikwan,

Family

SORICID^

SHREWS

While from
some

both
common

the

Talpidae and
stock, the

the

Soricidae
have

are

believed the

to

have

originated
arch
some

former

retained

zygomatic
in

of the of its

skull and members

to

large
anterior The

extent

an

vmspecialized dentition, although

are

the reduced.

incisors
genus what

slightlyenlarged
as

and

the

canines

ingly correspond-

Uropsilus,
this
common

the

most

primitive of living talpids,

have been like. for

indicates The retained

in

general

stock

may

Soricidae, instead
the

of

developing body
and the and
a

modifications

digging, have
feet
ear.

lightly built, slender

head
and

limbs, with
low but evident

unenlarged
external

and

claws,
skull

long tapering
of

snout,

The
the

is

especially characterized
the
a

by

loss

of the

zygomatic

arches,

and

great enlargement
of the

first incisor

of both

jaws, together with ring of bone,

in the

reduction in the
tition den-

canine, producing
of

forceps-likemodification, foreshadowed tympanic

is
a

Uropsilus.
contrast

The
to

delicate
structure

unsolidified
A

to

the

skull, in

the
a

btdla-like

Talpidae.

cloaca

is

frequently present, again

Two

primitive

character. the

subfamilies

are

recognized:
other, the

one,

typical Soricinas, in which

in which
occurs

the

teeth

are

red-tipped;
is

the

Crocidurinas,
distribution

the

teeth

are

white.
most

The
the
most

former holarctic

mainly

of northern the

and
the

throughout hemisphere
areas.

of

region;

latter

is confined
in

to

eastern

and In both

is

abundantly
as

represented
forms

tropical

and

subtropical
members In have

subfamilies,
as

parallel modifications, aquatic

with reduced the
more

been and
area,
are

developed Mongolia,
southward

well

as

semifossorial
are

tails.
northern

China

the
at

Soricinae

found
in the

throughout
western

wooded

higher levels
southern

highlands,
area,
even

while

the

Crocidurinae
are

abundant
in number

in the of

parts of the
China

at

high altitudes, but

few

species in northern

and

Mongolia.

84

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Key A. Teeth
a.

to

the

Genera

of

Chinese chestnut
or

and

Mongolian

SoRiciDiE

with

their cusps
as

pigmented
as

dark

Subfamily
unicuspids
its

Soricinae

Tail five ;

about

long

head

and

body

less;upper
on

large

lower

incisor

with

three

crenulations

cutting
half Sorex

edge.
a'. Form
the

slender,

ears

obvious,
and
not

claws
or

delicate, tail about

length of head
stouter,
ears

body

longer
claws and

b'. Form

evident,

slightlylengthened, body
and
a

tail about b. Tail

half the

length of head
or

Blarinella

long,

about

equaling
than
on

exceeding

head

body;

upper

unicuspids less
denticle a'. b'. B. Teeth
a.

five;large lower

incisor with

single prominent
Soriculus

its

cutting edge.
4
3

Upper Upper
white,
at

unicuspids unicuspids
their
cusps
as

Chodsigoa Subfamily
and Crocidurinae head

unpigmented long
as

Tail

least half

body. fur; tail with

half. Suncus Crocidura

a'. Ears

prominent, projecting well

bristles,especiallyon Upper Upper

above

longer

scattered a". h".

its basal

unicuspids
not

unicuspids 3

b'. Ears

reduced,
on

projecting;aquatic, with
of feet and tail base
toes.

fringes of short

stiff hairs

sides

a".
b".

Feet Feet and

not

webbed,
to crests

cylindrical
of third

Chimarrogale
with vertical

webbed lateral

joint; tail
in

Nectogale
hind foot

b.

Tail

very

short, not
upper

exceeding
2

length

ears

much Anourosorex

reduced; In

unicuspids
to

only it
can

addition
an

these
group

genera of the

hardly
will

be

doubted

that
be

the

genus in

Neomys,
northern the from

aquatic

Soricinae,
occurs over

eventually
has

found

the and

part of
shores

Mongolia,
of Lake

for it into

much

of continental

Europe
been north

British
the

Isles, eastward

northern
at
no

Asia, and
very

recently
to

recorded of the

Baikal,

great distance
Zool. Acad.

the

Mongolian
21,

border
p.

(Ognev,

Annuaire

Mus.

Sci. de

Russie

for 191 7-

vol. 22,

346, 1921).
Genus Sorex Linnaeus

Sorex

Linnjeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. I, p. 53, 1758.

The The limbs

members
and the

of this genus feet

are

include

some

of the

smallest feet

living mammals.
five
toes

delicately formed,
all

all four with

with

well claws. and

developed,
The
snout

first shorter, and

and

provided
vibrissae

sharp compressed
and the

is

elongate
about is low
as

tapering,
as

the

long,

tail slender

thinly haired,
The

long

the

body.
structure,
The the brain
case

skull

and

broad,
and

of delicate
narrow.

relatively
en-

large, the

rostrum

pointed

first upper

incisor

is much

THE

INSECTIVORES

85
the

larged
view

with
two

two

cusps

one

behind

the

other,

posterior cusp
canine
two

equahng
resembles

in side
these

the

succeeding unicuspid
but

conical

incisors; the

incisors in shape the second is much

the

is smaller, and
smaller than

is followed and first,

by

small
in the

premolars angle

of which

the

stands

between

the

first and with

a

much

larger third
well-marked

premolar
cusp.

(p*),which
The
formed and

is somewhat exhibit
the
two

molarifprm
the

well-developed
with and
a a

antero-internal

molars

primitive
cusps

structure,

W-pattern
their

by
a

outer

(paracone cone)
In its
the

metacone) jaw
the

and

commissures,

large

inner

cusp

(proto-

with lower

postero-internalledge (hypocone) produced

first incisor
of the is also tooth

distinctlybackward.
and

enlarged, long
row

scalpriform, with cutting edge

The vided proin

long

axis in the
three

direction

and
two
a

its upper
smaller

with

serrations;
are

it is followed
a

by
and

teeth, triangular
lower
=32.

side view, which

are

interpreted as
so

canine

premolar.
Ct

molars

three

in

number,

that

the

tooth

formula

is: i.f

pm.f m.f
areas

This

genus

is of holarctic
and

distribution America.
In
one araneus

in forested Several

of the
occur

northern
in

parts of Asia, Europe

and

North

species
are

China

the

wooded color

parts above,

of

Mongolia.

general they
group, Linnaeus.

of has

a a

nearly
narrow

uniform black

brownish median

paler below; species,Sorex

the

however,

stripe. Type
Key
to

Chinese

and

Mongolian black median

Species

of

Sorex

A.

Back
a.

uniform

shade foot

of brown with claws

without 13-14
mm.

stripe.

Larger, hind
a'. Lower a". b". b'. Lower

surfaces Tail Tail about about

whitish-tipped.
40
50
mm mm

Sorex

araneus

borealis 5. excelsus 5. sinalis

surfaces foot

brownish distinctly with claws

18
mm.

b.

Smaller, hind
a'. Skull

12

mm.

or

less,

length
Browner

about

a".
b". b'. Skull B. Back
a.

S. buxtoni S. buxtoni 15
mm

buxtoni cansulus

Grayer
length about
a

S. minutus

thibetanus

with Dark

blackish above.

median

stripe.
S.

brown

a'. Larger, skull b'. Smaller, b.

length

7.5-1 8.0
16.6
mm

mm

cylindricauda cylindricauda
S. cylindricauda

skull length

gomphus

Paler, grayish brown

above

5. cylindricauda wardi

25. Sorex
p.
araneus

Sorex

araneus

borealis
Western

Kastschenko
Siberia and

borealis Kastschenko,

[Synopsis Mammals

Turkestan],

Rec.

Tomsk

Univ.,

85, 1905

(in Russian).

Type
HoUister

specimen:

"

No

type
who

or

type

locality is designated according

the

to

(1913c, p. 510),

has

consulted

originalpublication

in which

86

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

the

name

was

given; the description is based

in the ranges
area

largely,however,
and the range eastward. and the

on

"specimens
northern

collected Siberia

by Middendorflf
and

'far north',"

includes

the mountain
"

from

the

Altai

Description:
brown with lighter,

Central

of head, of
An

shoulders

back sides

distinct
and

mon cinna-

(about Prout's
a

brown

Ridgway),
indistinct of

of head

body
with

tinge

of ochraceous. sides. fur Lower

line marks

off the color of the

or

back. from
a

that

of the

surface with

body, whitish
gray bases.

pale
Backs

gray,

slightbuffy wash,
feet

the

everywhere

dark

of hands

and Tail with

dull brownish

like the

back, with
above,

silvery reflection paler, about

of is
the

in

certain

lights.

indistinctlybicolor, like the back

a

like the

belly below,
5.

short

terminal

pencil.
not

Skull delicate side view the

same

apparently tapering.
as

different

from

that

European
its

araneus,

and

The

first upper
as

incisor second
next

large,

anterior
in turn

cusp

in

nearly half
size
as

high again unicuspid

the

cusp,

which After

is about
two

the

two
are

teeth

following.
the

these, the
than
the

succeeding unicuspids
and tooth
has

distinctlysmaller, again.
its upper
The
next

third

smaller fifth

second

the
row

fourth and

slightly smaller
well visible
cusps

The

minute
The the

unicuspid is in the
lower

in lateral
on

view.

large anterior
first of which

incisor

three others

well-marked

edge,
second
has
are

is the
a

largest,
but

the

successively
The
"

smaller.
the

lower
a

incisor

has

minute

distinct

posterior cusp,

while

tooth
cusps

much

larger projection on
reddish

its

posterior edge.
Measurements:

tips of
No from

all the

broadly colored
of

brown.
are

external
the

meastirements
were

Mongolian by

specimens
as

available, but
head and

two

Altai

measured

HoUister,

follows:

body,

67, 67; tail,31, 40; hind

MEASUREMENTS OF

foot,
SOREX

12.5,

12.5.
BOREALIS

SKULL

ARANEUS
Breadth
across

Breadth Greatest No. Basal

Palatal of brain
case

Upper
tooth
row

Lower tooth
row

length
20.4

length 17.5

length

molars

Locality

45588 45589
14373
Mcz

8.5
8.8

9.0

5.5 5.0

8.5
9.0 7.5
are

6.8
8.2

Mongolia Mongolia
Siberia

18.0

15.2

7.5

9.0

4.8

7.1

Additional

measurements who

of

Altai
as

specimens
true

given

by
but the

HoUister

(1913c,
"somewhat 5.
a.

p.

510),

regards this
than any

"very like
form"

araneus"

averaging Spanish

smaller

Eiiropean

of that

species except

granarius.
Occurrence
and Habits: very
"

This

is

representative
color and
and

of

the

common

shrew It

of is

Europe

and

differs in the

little from

it in

general
may

appearance. be

widespread parts of Europe coloring with by its distinctlycinnamon-brown

northern

Asia, and
a

recognized
contrast

usually

well-defined

THE

INSECTIVORES

87
ochraceous tint of the sides

between of the Sorex

the dark

coloring of
is
a

the

back

and

the
in

more

body.

It

perhaps represented
northern and found the

America

by

the

similarly colored
is apparently Asiatic border golia, MonMuseum

arcticus, also
a

species in its
was

general dispersal. This

by
the

forest-lovinganimal
the southern

American
on

Expeditions along
of the

edge of

larch

woods

the

northern of

Gobi,
and

at

localities fifteen and

to

forty-fivemiles
at

northeast

Urga,

again 392)
the There

the
was

westward,
also

where,

Sainnoin
an

Khan,

the

southern feet. border

edge

of this wooded

area

investigated,at
the

altitude
on

of 8,000

Thomas of Mongolia,

(1912b,
Siberia.

p.

has

recorded

capture
one

of two hundred

the northern
miles
west

in

Syansk
seems

Mountains,
to
"

of

Lake

Baikal,

be

no

evidence
as

of its presence

in North

China.

Specimens examined:
Mongolia
Khan,
:

Ten,
north of

follows:
i ;

Fifteen
i.

miles

Urga,

forty-five miles

north

of

Urga,

8 ; Sainnoin

26. Sorex
excelsus

Sorex

excelsus
no.

G.

M.

Allen
28, 1923.

G.

M.

Allen, Araer.

Mus.

Novitates,

loo,

p. 4, December

Type Specimen:
of Natural of

"

Adult from

male, skin and

the

skull. No. Shan,

altitude
and

44359,

American

Musetmi
south

History,
191 6,
"

stimmit

of Ho

Peitai, thirty miles

13,000

Chungtien,
29,

western

Yunnan,
Dr. R.

China,

feet. Heller.
brown

Collected

November

by

C. Andrews shrew
on

Mr.

Edmund

Description:
near

meditun-sized

of
the

general grayish
and
a

above,
on

Prout's

brown,
below

slightly
with
a

grayer

head

faintly darker silvery

feet

lower in

back;
some a

grayish
terminal
skull

faint

buffy

tinge, and
the back and of hands

appearance below

lights. Tail indistinctlybicolor, like pencil

shows
no

above,

paler

with

short The

of hairs.

Backs

silvery gray.
slender
rostrum.

specialpeculiarities except
those
are

for its

long

The The
in The

teeth

in

general recall
two

of

S. araneus,

to

which
third cusp the in The the

this may
is very of

be

related.

anterior
side

unicuspids
is

nearly equal ; the

the

slightlysmaller
the first while

view,

about

equaling completely
that cusps

large posterior
than in

incisor.
the fifth

fourth

unicuspid
but
as

again slightly smaller

visible tooth side
in front

third,
crown

is very about three

small,
the
same

view;

view

its

area

is
has

of the
on

of it. All

large lower
teeth have

incisor their

well-marked

its upper

edge.

tips

heavily pigmented.
Measurements:
"

The

collector's

measurements

of the

type

and

two

topo-

types

are

as

follows:
No. Head and

body

Tail

Hind

foot

44357

62 60

50 50 51

14.0

44358
44359

13.5
13.0

(type)

60

88

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

The

skull

of the

type

measvires:

greatest length, 18.7

of brain
case, 10.2;

mm.;

basal

length,
last

16.2; palatal length, 8.5; breadth

8.6; breadth
lower tooth
row,

outside

molars, 4.6;
of brain
case,

upper 5.1. and

tooth

row,

8.2; mandible,

7.8; depth

Occurrence of Ho

Habits:

"

Three

specimens
of in late

of this

shrew

from

the

summit
were

Shan,

Peitai, thirty
Dr.
known

miles

south

Chungtien
the

in western

Yunnan,
appear

seciured
be

by only
for
a

Andrews

and

Heller

November,
most

191 7, and southern members

to

the

specimens.
of the of the
the

They

constitute

record of the

in

China
known

Sorex

plain-backed
with
at

type, for the

other
group.

genus

from

Yunnan
to

are

striped-backed
S.
araneus

The

relationship of sxirprising representative of

and is

the that

species seems
it should
be It is

be

division,
as a

hence

it is not

found

this

alpine height, quite

without

southern with

this group. of very with

large, and
dark

long-tailed as

compared
the

5. araneus, effect of the

uniform

grayish brown,

tricolor

latter,

its well-marked

back, buffy sides, and

"

pale belly.
type, from
Ho

Specimens examined:
miles south of

Three,
Yunnan.

including the

Shan,

thirty

Chungtien,

27.
Sorex sinalis Thomas,
Ann.

Sorex

sinalis Thomas

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

8, vol. lo, p. 398, 1912.

Type

specimen: by
Dr.

"

An

adult

male.

No.

12.8.5.3,

British

Museum,

from

forty-five miles
10,

southeast

191 1,

of Fengsiangfu, Shensi, J. A. C. Smith. A

China.

Collected

August

Description:
"

large, uniformly
surface drab

brown

shrew,
hands and

of

general grayish
brownish white.

brown Tail

above, long,
The brown

under

brown;

feet

above,
is of the

paler below, the tip slightlypenciled.

usual
appearance in

skull
a

the

genus,

but

correspondingly

large, with

long muzzle.
"

Measurements: hind

The

type

measured:

head

and

body, 70

mm.;

tail, 55;

foot, 14.
Its skull measured:

condylo-incisive length,
9.6; upper
tooth
row,

21

mm.;

condylobasal
across

length, 20.3;
4.8.
21 mm.

greatest breadth,
from

9.1 ; breadth
measures:

molars,

skull
; basal

Kansu,
19;

No.

84002, A.M.N.H.,
10;

greatest length,
row,

length,

palatal length,

upper

tooth

9; lower

tooth

row,

9.

Occurrence with known

some a

and

Habits:

"

This

is

large and
any the

very

brown-looking
Chinese
shrew.

species
It is

long
from

tail, quite different

the

from

other

type

locality (whence
southeast of

collector

secured

eight specimens),
and

forty-five miles

Fengsiangfu,

Shensi,

from

southern

THE

INSECTIVORES

89
a

Kansu,
of

where

the The

same

collector

took

one

at

point
has
a

seventeen

miles taken

southeast

Taochow.

American

Museum

also

specimen

probably

in southeastern

Kansu. examined:
"

Specimens

One, from
Sorex
Mus. Nat.

southeastern

Kansu.

28.

buxtoni
Nat.

bvixtoni

J.

A.

Allen

Sorex

buxloni centralis

]. A. Allen, Bull. Thomas,

Ann.

Amer.

Hist., vol. 19, p. 181, 1903.

8, vol. 8, p. 758, 191
1.

Sorex

Mag.

Hist., ser.

Type specimen:
Museum Collected of Natural

"

An

adult

female, skin

and

skull, No.
coast

18655, American Sea, Siberia.

History,
1901, In

from G.

Gichiga,
Buxton.

west

of Okhotsk

July

27,
"

by N.

Description:
dusted with is gray;

summer

pelage, light
buffy.
the

reddish
Below

brown
from

above,
chin
and
to

minutely
of tail,

sides

slightlymore
with

base

the
over

fur

everywhere slaty at
chest
brown and

base, tipped with

whitish

faintlysuffused
The
a

the

belly
brown the

pale yellowish.
above,
and

Feet

silvery white.
below, with

tail

is

evenly
In

like the

back

silvery white
of the back from

terminal

pencil that
brown,
base with

is dark

all around.

winter

pelage,
less of the
and
a

central

area

is

slightly darker
level of the
are

reddish
eye and

gray

dusting, high
up
on

the the

sides

the

of the

ear,

rather

edge

of the

shoulder,

ingly contrast-

buffy,
area,

with

rather

sharp
twice

line of demarcation
the

setting off buffy

dark is brown

the

mid-dorsal Feet
and
a

which under

is itself about

width

of the

lateral

band.

and

side The

of tail ventral

silvery white, the

siu*face of the

latter

clear

above,

penciled.
faint

head

and

body

white-tipped,

with

yellowish

suffusion.
"

Measiirements: foot
are

The

rather

short
the

tail and

small

delicately formed
do
not

hind
in

distinctive from

features', and
the

Mongolian
which the
foot
12

specimens
I have
:

differ

their dimensions
measurements
No.

Siberian

individuals

seen.

The

ing follow-

were

taken

in the
Tail

flesh by
Hind

collector

Head

and

body

Ear 8

Locality

45595

"65
64
68

30 35 35

Mongolia

57225 59939

13
12

7 7

Mongolia Mongolia

90 There the
upper

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

is

more

or

less individual
teeth. the In
two
some

variation

in

the the

proportionate
two

sizes
are are

of

unicuspid
in while side the

specimens
and

anterior

very

nearly equal

size, and
fifth in

posterior, though
small

notably smaller,
in the tooth
as

also

subequal,
visible
group, in

is very others

stands
are

row,

wholly
minutus

view;
this

the

proportions
a

more

in

the

of which

species is

doubtless the

member,

the

first

unicuspid

of each

pair slightly but

Nomenclature:

clearly larger than

"

second.
of the

Mr. my

G.

G.

Goodwin
to

American

Museum

of the

Natural
shrews the

History
animal and with

has

called

attention which

the in

desirabilityof comparing
part
Allen referred from
of this
to

of northern

Mongolia,
minute
that
are
"

I had Dr.

S.

centralis, with
eastern
a

described after
others
a

earlier

by

J. A.
of

Gichiga,
latter of be

Siberia,

examination
from I fail to
a

topotypes
the

and

comparison
"

very
see name.

near

type

locality
that be

S.

centralis

the

Syansk
of
S.

Mountains

any

difference There
and
can

could
no

deemed I

worthy
that

recognition by
centralis is
a

separate
of all from S.

doubt,

think,

synonym if at

buxtoni,
the Korean in
a

that

this

species is in turn
of
buxtoni

hardly
I be
to

distinguishable
have
an seen no race

S.

annexus,

which,
will

however,
prove

specimens.

Possibly
to

final review,

eastern

of 5. minutus,
and Habits:
"

which

it is

evidently closely allied.

of the northern

Occurrence

This of the

is another
trees

forest-dwelling edge
of the

species that
for in the

follow
course

the of his

limit

along
of

the

northern

Gobi,
at

trapping.

Dr.

Andrews

found

it in small and
at

numbers Khan
tree

localities fifteen and

to the

miles forty-five
Doubtless

northeast

Urga
of
now

Sainnoin toward

ther far-

westward.
to

it extends

its range
shrew

northward

limit,
I
as

and

eastward
as a

the

Pacific
araneus

Ocean.

The

Kolyma,
appears,

Siberia, which
be

described
at most

Sorex

ultimus, should,
which

it

regarded
its

subspecies
and

of 5. buxtoni, from
winter
coat.

it differs
with

chiefly in
the

slightly
and

darker

color S.
araneus

long
hind

Compared
at
once

large-footed

darker and
more

borealis, this species is

foot of
In
a

distinguishable by

its smaller

delicate

silvery white.
as

Specimens
Mongolia
Khan,
:

examined:
miles

"

all,fourteen,
of

follows:
northeast of

Fifteen
2.

north

Urga, 4

miles forty-five

Urga,

8 ; Sainnoin

29. Sorex
cansulus

Sorex Hist.,

buxtoni
8, vol.

cansulus

Thomas

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

ser.

lo, p.

398, 1912.

Type Specimen:
from

"

female,

skin of

and

skull, No.

12.8.5.13,
China.

British

Museum,

forty-six miles
23, 191 1,

southeast Dr.

Taochow,

Kansu,

Collected

tember Sep-

by

J. A.

C. Smith.

THE

INSECTIVORES

9t

Description:
"

small

grayish-brown
of S. minutus. sides

shrew,

of

the

5.

annexus

style, in
tricolor and

which

the Above

teeth

resemble

those

grayish brown,
as

tinged
Below

with

buffy,
or

but

no

definite

pattern present
feet brownish
The skull muzzle

in

5.

araneus.

drab,

broccoli

brown;

hands

white. is said than

one

Tail
to

dark

brown
that

above, lighter below.

of 5.
annexus

resemble

of Korea,

but

with

less

elongated
In S. S.

that S.

of 5. centralis minutus the

from

the the

Syansk

Mountains,
from those

Siberia.
of the

annexus,

of the in the

group,

teeth

differ

araneus as

group

having

posterior cusp
while the

of the second

large first incisor higher, unicuspid is

the smaller than

nearly

high
above

as

anterior
is

cusp,

the first and

The He

the

third

again higher, nearly equaling

taken from Thomas's the

first. of the S. the

annexus

description is
this
as a

account

type

men. specithe border of

regards

form

connecting
which
he but

Korean

with

longer-muzzled form
of
the

S. centralis

described here

from

northern
a

Gobi,

in

the

Syansk
it is
a

Mountains,
5.

considered of Korea

synonym

5. buxtoni.
grayer

Apparently
so

it differs from

annexus

chieflyin its paler,

but group,

color,

that
as

hardly
tooth

very

different
one

from

5.

buxtoni

is for the in which

present retained
the first upper
to

subspecies.
is

It is

of the the

S. minutus
second

unicuspid

larger than

instead

of

practically

equal

it in size. The

Measurements:

"

dimensions
12.

of the

type

are

given

as:

head

and

body,

64

mm.;

tail, 38;
skull 18.
1 ;

hind

foot,

Its

measured:

condylo-incisive length,
breadth,
of
9; upper upper tooth
row,

19.2

mm.;

condylobasal
of p" to back

length,

greatest
to

8;

across

molars, 4.6; front

of first incisor of m^*, 4.

Occurrence

front

large

premolar

(p*), 3.7; front

and

Habits:

"

Thomas southeast
same

records

three

specimens,
Kansu,
and
uncommon

two
a

from third

the

type

localityforty-six miles
miles
and southeast of the

of Taochow,

from

fifteen

city.
be

It

is

evidently
presence the

in this forest

region, growth.

its distribution
From the its

may

limited

by

the
to

of suitable

relative, typical 5.
stretches

buxtoni of the

north, it is apparently

separated by

intervening
"

Gobi.

Specimens

examined:

None.

30. Sorex minutus

Tomsk 1932-

Sorex

minutus

thibetanus
Mammals
Field

Kastschenko
Western Mus.

subsp.

thibetanus 1905

Kastschenko,
(in Russian).

[Synopsis Osgood,
Publ.

Siberia

and

Turkestan],
vol.

Rec.

Univ., p. 93,

Nat.

Hist., zool.

ser.,

18, p. 251,

Type specimen:
Siberia,
and
came

"

The

type

specimen

is

presumably

at

the

Tomsk

Musetim,

from

Tsaidam,

Chinghai.

92

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Description:
"

No

details

of
with

the
the

color

are

available,
parts
between

but

probably sepia
and

it is
wood-

similar brown

to

the

typical form,
more

"upper giving
feet

in summer,

nearly hair-brown
annulations
. . .

in winter, the
rise

hairs
. . .

with

faint effect

silvery sub -terminal

to"

slightly grayish
a

(Miller, 1912); below

like the

"smoke

gray,"
beneath.
group.

brownish color

with

silvery tinge, tail

the

back

above,
the of

paler
araneus

The

pattern

lacks

contrasted

buffy sides of
The teeth

S.

typical S. minutus,
size, and
the

as

described

and

figured by Miller,
the

are

characterized

by their small
upper

by the gradation in the shape of

and

unithe

cuspids
second

of the

jaw,

first,second
than the

third

nearly equal,
somewhat

with

usually slightlysmaller
the

third, and
the foiurth Chinese

the foiuth
or

smaller

while still,

fifth is about
The

as

large as
known

smaller.

Measurements:

"

only

specimen is recorded
total

by Osgood
tail,33;

(1932),who
hind

gives
11.

the

following

measurements:

length,

80

mm.;

foot,
Skull
:

greatest length, 15.

and Habits:
"

i ;

width

of brain

case,

6.5 ; upper
"a

tooth

row,

6.5.

Occurrence obtained back

Osgood
miles

(1932) records
north

single tiny shrew

and

by Jack Young,"
the this form." It is its

ten

of Muli,

Szechwan,
be

brought

by
to

Kelley-Roosevelts Expedition, which apparently

occurrence

"may

assigned provisionally
5. minutus it ranges
group
across

the
was

first record
to

of the

from

China, although

be

expected,

since

Siberia.

Specimens examined:

"

None.

31.

Sorex

cylindricauda cylindricauda Milne-Edwards

STRIPED-BACKED SHREW servir k I'Hist. Nat. des

Sorex

cylindricauda Milne-Edwards,
Thomas, bedfordicE
191 1, p.

Recherches

pour

Mammif^res,

p.

260,

pi. 38A,

figs.3-3d; pl. 38B, fig.3. 1868-74Sorex Abstract

Proc. Zool.

Soc. London,

February
London,
of

14,

1911,

p. 3; Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

164.

Omei

Shan, Szechwan.
Abstract Proc.

Sorex

wardi

fumeolus Thomas,
1912, p. 132.

Zool.

Soc.

October

31,

191 1, p.

49;

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,
Sorex

Weichow,
Proc.

sixty miles northwest

U. S. Nat.

Chengtu,
art.

Szechwan.

Howell, bedfordice bedfordicB

Mus., vol. 75,

i, p. 8, 1929.

Type

specimen:
in

"

No

type is specified. The

where it
was

originalspecimen is
by
about Thomas.

ably presum-

still in the collected

Paris

Museum, Szechwan,
small

examined David

It

was

Muping,
K

by

Pere

Armand

1870.
the

Description:"
head and

shrew,

with
The
an

long slender
upper

tail about of the

length of
are a

body
brown

or

slightly less.
with, however,

surfaces
dark

body
down

dull back

cinnamon

ill-defined

stripe

the

THE

INSECTIVORES

93

about into

4 that

mm.

wide of the
brown.

on

the

skin.

The

color
are

of the
dark

upper gray

side passes

gradually
with
tail dark the the

ventral The

surfaces, which
backs darker

slightly

washed

cinnamon

of the
above

feet and

are

pale brownish,
the the

and

is

distinctly bicolor, rather

at at

tip all tip.

around winter

than
the

portion
grayer, The
narrower

of the
the

back;
side

silvery below
with
to
case

except

In

pelage

is

lower

but be

little very

tinge

of brownish. that

skull
across

appears brain

much

like

of S. araneus,
a more

but

minutely
ance. appear-

and

palate, with
has the in

therefore cusp

tapering
while the

The

first upper
are

incisor

anterior

shorter,
to

unicusthe

pids following
first three
are

less

obviously
the
same

pairs according
and
extent

size, but view, with

instead
the

of almost

height
the fifth

in side well

fourth

obviously
the tooth and

much
row

smaller,
and

and

unicuspid
than

visible, standing full in

in which the

larger in
brownish
or so

proportion
the
shrew down hue

in S. araneus, and

it is

partly stripe
the

hidden

squeezed
a

in between

large premolar
with the
a

fourth
a

unicuspid.
between

This
some

is

small

dark

area

forming
back

blackish

4 millimeters

wide

middle
back

of the

from
summer

shoulders, while
continued
basal
as a

the brownish wash

over

of the

is

(at least by

in

specimens)
the gray and the

the The the

lower

surfaces, partly covering

of the

portion
form,

of the

hairs.
across

skull is characterized
tooth
rows

its delicate with

ing taperthree

narrower

than

in S. araneus, fotu"th

first unicuspids all of about and the

equal

size in

the profile,

considerably smaller,
than the
row

fifth,in

other

species usually minute,

the

here
area

larger
the

usual,

times some-

nearly equaling
of the

fourth,

with

crown

of about tooth the

size of that instead of

fourth,

and

the and

tooth drawn

itself

standing fully in
the

being partly
and
and

hidden

into is

angle

between

fourth in the
more

unicuspid intensity
and it is diffuse

the

large premolar.
of the
a more

There

evidently stripe:
In

much

variation it is
to

definition

dorsal

blackish

sometimes shoulders

forms

merely
and

darkened

band,

ill defined, from

the

tail,or
the

again

sharper
been
p.

intensely
a

blackish.
no

type

specimen,
the

stripe was having (191 id, figure

that the

apparently obscure,
skinned
out

condition immersion it at
Thomas

doubt

heightened by
suggested
Milne-Edwards's
nevertheless

fact of its Thomas

after

in

spirit, as
In

by

164),

who

examined evident.
at

Paris.

colored concluded

stripe deep
In

is not

(191 id)
the
center

mens speciwith
a

taken

Omei

Shan

in central

Szechwan,

"conspicuously
should be

marked

black

line

running

down

of the back,"
in the

referred

to this

species, indicatingthe
the
same

extreme

of variation
other
was

development

of this character.
"an darker

localitywere
broken

taken

shrews

of this type
as a

with faint

indistinct median
as a

dorsal wash

stripe" which
often

sometimes
over

"only discernible
These

the

shoulders."
in

shrews

Thomas

regards

different

species,differingonly
smaller

the

usually
he

less well-marked

stripe and
and

cidedly de55

size.

The

dimensions

gives, however

(head

body,

94

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

110-

FlG. 6.

Distribution Sorex

Map.
5.

1. 2.

5. S.

cylindricauda cylindricauda cylindricauda wardi

3.

cylindricaudagomphus

mm.;

tail, 55; hind

type

foot,
After
a

13;

skull

length, 17.4), are

consideration,
I have

almost

precisely those
that the
two

of

the

specimen.
shrews

much

concluded
and and due

S. bedother

fordicBis, therefore, striped-backed

are

synonym

of

S.

cylindricauda,
Sorex

that

described

by Thomas,
grayer

wardi

S. wardi

Jumeolus,
to
a

conspecific with it, their The being winter specimens.

coloring probably
is from

in

part
from

their

former

Kansu,

the

latter

point

THE

INSECTIVORES

95

only
and

few

miles

north wardi Thomas In ago

of
was

Muping,
described

whence
on

the the

type
of

of
a

5.

cylindricauda

was

obtained.

Sorex
to

basis

single specimen
color
to

only,
more

according
brain

diffefs
the last

mainly
"old

in smaller 5. and
w.

size, grayer
skulls

and be

flattened
but
as

case.

character,

fumeolus

is said of the

similar,

Merriam
from

long
the

pointed out,
the
case

young

same

species
massive-

[of Sorex]
ness.

same

localitydiffer
age

surprisingly in
as a

size, form

and

With flatter
.

increasing
the
. .

cranium
and

whole

becomes

broader, shorter,
and the arch

and

brain

palate

broaden and

measurably
more

of the of the
it may

brain

case

falls

away."
them

Until

further

conclusive
be
one

evidence

specificdistinctness
be better
to
races.

of these
all

supposed
as a

species can

brought
or

forward,
not

regard
of this the
are

singlespecies with
there minute

two

very

clearly
As

marked with

shrews in

genus

generally,
sizes of the

is

certain

amount

of individual

variation

relative
of

unicuspid
one profile,

teeth.

While
ined exam-

usually
had the

the

first three second

nearly

uniform
than

size in
the

specimen
exceed
crown

the

distinctlysmaller species is
it is
better and

first and
than the of

third.

Occasionally
the view. in

fifth,which
in side

in this

developed
as

usual,
fourth
the total

may

fourth

view,
"

normally quite

large as

Measurements:
are

The

following
head and

measurements

original specimen length,

112;

given by its describer:

foot,
taken 55
mm.;

body,
17.5.

54

mm.;

tail,
from
and

58; hind

12.5;

length
the

of cranium,
Museum

Field

measurements

of two
are:

Likiang

by

American
52;

Asiatic
12,
12.

Expeditions

head

body, 60,

tail,50,

hind

foot,

No.

20739

20738

(type (type

of S.w.

fumeolus)

of 5. bedfordicB) 5. cylindricauda wardi

(type)

17.0

8.2

74

Kansu

5. cylindricauda gomphus

(type)
Occurrence and
a

16.6

7.3

8.0

4.4

7.0

6.3

Yunnan

Habits

Originally described
secured this

and

figured by
in the

Milne-

Edwards
of

from

specimen

by

Pere

Armand
is

David

principality
in

Muping,

central

Szechwan,

shrew

probably

widely

distributed

96
the the Chinese

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

highlands
at

at
were

higher
those

elevations. obtained
a

The

first to
P.

be

recorded

since
for the

original discovery
Museum,
191

by

Malcolm
south

Anderson
of the

British

Omei

Shan, only
Later,
a

short

distance
was same

type

locality (19126,
Mt.

(Thomas,
p.

id,

p.

164).

another
of

recorded

by

Thomas in

132)

from To

Yuenchinghsien,
the of the of

part

the

humid

range
as a

which

Omei

lies.

north, if 5. wardi
same

fumeolus
been

be

regarded
at at
a

large specimen
about the

in winter miles Dolan

pelage

animal, it has by
the

taken

Weichow,

sixty
Brooke

northwest

Chengtu,
1931. To

Anderson,

and

Tatsienlu considerable

by

Expedition,
range

southwestward of the
Dr.

extension

of

the known

is made

by
Shan
from

the

discovery
where

species on
Andrews
on

the isolated and Edmund of

Likiang
Heller

Range
secured forest
well

in

northwestern
on

Yunnan,

eleven
at

Ssu
of

(Snow
ten to

Mountain),
thousand

the

edge
This

timber-line
agrees
were

altitudes the

twelve

feet.

series Others

with

description and
the

secured

slightlyto
Tomulang,

northward

figuresgiven by Milne-Edwards. miles north at Hapa, twenty

district, 10,000
Thomas

of Taku,

10,000

feet;

at

Chungtien
9,000

feet; and

at

Peitaiping, on
has other

the

Mekong
recorded in the the from Burma
same

drainage,
it,under

feet.

(191 id, 1914b, 1922b)

5. wardi Shan
and

further localities
and

Sorex
areas,

and bedfordice
as

fumeolus,

from

general
to

at

Omei

Tatsienlu, Szechwan, divide, Yunnan,

from
at

from of the
11,000

Mekong
12,000

valley, and
14,000
on

the

Mekong-Salween
as

altitudes
across

feet,

well

as

single specimen
divide, latitude
in British

just
north,

border,

the

Kiukiang-Salween
occurrence

28"

at

feet, making
p.

its first recorded is also recorded

territory (Thomas, by
known Howell range of the

1922b, (1929).
is its
on

394).
the

It

from

Wa

Shan,

Szechwan,

To

eastward,
Dr.
two

another

considerable

extension

discovery by Taipai Shan,

In southern and

Andrews,
were

in Shensi, in the
an

Tsingling Mountains, again

but of is
10,000

where

captiu"ed at
the
same

altitude

feet.

Kansu is the

species occtirs,
Sorex
the
as

possibly subspecifically (191 id), gomphus.

while in

distinct,
extreme

animal
Yunnan
"

named
occtu^s

wardi

by

Thomas

southwestern

subspecies

S.

c.

Specimens
Shensi: Yunnan
:

examined:

Twenty,

follows: feet, 2.
feet,
i

Taipai Shan, Tsingling Range,

10,000

Peitaiping,Mekong
Tatsienlu,

drainage, 9,000

Hapa,

twenty

miles

north

of Taku,

10,000

feet, 2 ; Chungtien district, Tomulang,

i

3 ; Likiang Range,

10,000-12,000

feet,

11.

Szechwan:

(M.C.Z.).
Sorex

32.
Sorex wardi
p.

cylindricauda wardi
February
1912.

Thomas
Zool. Soc.

Thomas,

Abstract
Nat.

Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

14, 191 1, p. 3; Proc.

London,

191 1,

165; Ann.

Mag.

Hist.,
"

ser.

8, vol.

10, p. 399,

Type
from
ten

Specimen:
miles
south P.

-A male,
of

skin

and

skull. No. Kansu,

and
F.

1 1.2.

1.46, British
Collected Ward.

Museum,
March

Taochow,

southern

China.

25, 1910,

by

M.

Anderson,

J. A.

C. Smith,

Kingdon

THE

INSECTIVORES

97

Description:
"

striped-backed

shrew

similar

in

essential
a

characters and

to

S.

c.

cylindricauda, but
case.

apparently slightlypaler and

S.

with

smaller

lower

brain

Color, in winter
the with Dark

pelage, paler than

of the and under
a

cylindricauda,nearly "drab"
drabby white, markedly

above,

tips of
their dorsal

the

hairs

surface line
of

contrasting
on

slaty bases,
streak well

demarcation feet and

perceptible
under

the tail

sides.

marked.

Hands,

side

of

sharply cauda. cylindriof

bicolor. The skull

The

of the fourth

type

has

smaller, lower

brain

case

than
the

in S.

unicuspid

is

slightly smaller subequal.

head
to

than

three

in front

it,which,

as

usual

in this The 8.

species,are
type

Meastirements:"

meastired:
case

and
be

body,
4.5
mm.

53 in

mm.;

tail, 49;

"hind about

foot,

12;

ear,

The

brain

is said

length against

5.5 in 5.

cylindricauda.
measurements to

For

cranial

of the type its

see

table,
this is

page

95.

According
Szechwan brain
case.

Thomas,
the

describer,

distinguishable from length, and

much

its
lower

ally by
it may be

paler color, slightlyshorter

since its
the and then

skull

However,
that

pelage,
is in 5.

unique specimen was type of season, apparently paler color is a matter

the

in winter
as

it
be

cylindricauda, while
of the
a

smaller

size

and

lower

brain

case as

may with

characters

immaturity.
amount
as a

Nevertheless,
conditions

it is
in

probable
have
so

that,
been

other
to

mammals,

slightly different
of

Kansu

sufficient

produce
should
be

certain retained
and

geographic variation,
of 5.

that

probably

wardi

subspecies
"

cylindricauda.
of this form, taken time wick
the
ten

Occurrence south
but of Taochow

Habits:

The

type specimen
was

miles

in southern
year,

Kansu,
191 1, Mr.

at the

only example known, visiting the prepared by

same

in

the

following
back

G.

Fen
were

Owen,
and

region, brought J.
A. C. Smith Anderson.
These

eight others, which

had

taken the

Dr.

of his party, who

accompanied
from
at

previous expedition of forty-six, and

to 10,000

specimens

were

localities
of

forty-two,
from 9,000

thirty
the

miles
as

southeast

of Taochow,
a

altitudes

feet.

Evidently,
about

elsewhere, this is

high-altitude shrew.
p.

Thomas,
any

in

recording
claimed.

additional

specimens (1912d, implying

examined: that
"

399), does
with
the

not

give

further characters

particulars

them,

they
None.

agree

type

in the

Specimens

33.
Sorex

Sorex Allen,

cylindricauda gomphus
Amer. Mus.

G.
loo,

M.

Allen 28,
1923.

bedfordiagomphus G.

M.

Novitates,

no.

p. 3, December

Type
of Natural

specimen:

"

male, skin

and

skull, No.
Salween

44320,

American
western

Museum

History,

from

Mucheng,

drainage,

Yunnan,

98

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

7,000

feet altitude. Heller.

"

Collected

February

11,

191 7,

by

Dr.

R.

C.

Andrews

and

Edmund

Description:
General
way, but

smaller,
a

darker-brown

shrew

than
near

the
Mars the

typical form.
brown

color

above,
A

rich
narrow

dark

cinnamon-brown,

of
to

Ridgbase
of

clouded.

blackish
but

stripe runs
washed

from

nape

the

of the back.
but the

tail, not
Below,
throat

sharply defined
the

merging
are a

gradually with
with Backs
the

the

color

the

chest

and gray,

belly
with

gray

cinnamon
of
same

brown,
and the

is clearer clothed

silvery sheen.
hairs of about

feet,

tail all around,

brown
as

with

minute

dark

cinnamon-

the

body.
is

The

skull relations

slightly smaller
of the teeth
are

than

in

typical 5. cylindricauda,
with the three smaller

but

the

general
of about

similar,

anterior
and found

unicuspids
less than

equal size
of other the forms

in side

view,

the

fourth, however,
which
crown

the

fifth instead in the exceeds

exceeding it,a
of the

condition
In

is

apparently

occasionally
fifth

species.

area,

however,

the

tooth

foiuth.
"

Measurements:

The

type measured
of this
"

in the

flesh

head

and

body, 55

mm.

tail,39; hind
For

foot, 13.

skull measurements
and

specimen
was

see

the

table,
from
was

page
a

95.

Occurrence
so

Habits: be
the

This

form

described since
of

single specimen,
so

that
as

its

validity may
feet, in
different from

questionable,
those

but

it

from
where

low

an

tude altiare

7,000

southwestern of rich

part
central

Yunnan,

conditions

somewhat
it is

Szechwan in
a

and

northern skin
are

Yunnan,

likelythat
as

its small

size and

coloring even

winter

cant signifi-

subspecificcharacters.
"

Specimens examined:
Yunnan:

Mucheng,

i.

Genus
Soriculus

Soriculus
23, p. 733,

Bljrth
1854.

Blyth, Joum.

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal,

vol.

This

genus

of shrews reduction
a

is

distinguished from
tooth
so

Sorex

by its relativelylonger
loss

tail, and
upper

by

the

of the

formula
that the

through the
dentition
has
a

of

one

of the ing: followand

upper from

unicuspid teeth,
i.f c.T p.f m.f
=

premolar,
The

consists

of the
cusp, the

30.

first upper

incisor

large basal
incisors
and

is

followed

by
The

three

subequal unicuspids, which premolar quite

is
in shut
an

are

two

canine.
the
are

first
but and

exceedingly
the from
the

minute and

tooth,

not

visible

exterior,
in
contact

crowded

between it off

canine

large premolar,
row.

which

tooth
back

In

the the

lower
two

jaw

the
teeth cusp

first incisor

is

long, proclivous, and

It has three
on

extends

beneath
one

smaller

succeeding
instead
of

it. the

its upper

cutting edge only

in

low

hump-like
tooth, the

present

usually

Sorex.

The

second

THE

INSECTIVORES

99

canine, is unicuspidate,

but
to

the the

next

tooth,
cusp. The

the

premolar, has tips of species

Three the

well-marked
of all the

posterior cusp,
teeth
are

in addition dark

main

The

cusps

pigmented
Soricidus of British
two

chestnut.

type

is Cor sir a

nigrescens
in the

Gray
of

nigrescens),an
India, and
the

Indian
genus

species.
is
of western

species

occur

mountains

represented by nearly
China.

allied forms

apparently

species in the highlands

Key
to

Chinese
one

Species and

of

Soriculus times S.
macrurus

A. B.

Tail Tail
a.

longer than
shorter

head head foot foot

and

body, about body.

one-half

than hind hind

and
14
12

Larger,
Smaller,

mm., mm.,

tail bicolor tail dark all around

5. caudattis S.
c.

sacratus

b.

umbrinus

34.
Soriculus
Nat.
macrurus

Soriculus
British

macnirus

Blanford
p. 231, 1888.

Blanford, See,
vol. 24, in

Fauna p.

India, Mammalia,

Wroughton,

Joum.

Bombay

Hist.

481, 1916.
Cat. Proc. Mamm. Zool.

Sorex

macrurus

Hodgson, Thomas,

Gray,

Nepal
Soc.

and

Thibet,
October

ed. 31,

2,

no.

91,

p. 9,

1863

{nomen
Zool. Soc.

nudum). London,

Soriculus
1912,

irene p.

Abstract

London,
Szechwan.

1911,

p. 49;

Proc.

132.

Yuanchinghsien,
"

southwestern

Type
p.

specimen:
has nudum

Wroughton
that Sorex

(Journ. Bombay
macrurus,

Nat.

Hist.

Soc,
to

vol.

24,

481, 1916)
a nomen

shown in the

commonly Specimens
and is

attributed
and

Hodgson,
of Mammals,

is

"Catalogue
Fishes of
or

of the

Drawings
edition
2,

Birds, Reptiles

and
no

Nepal

Thibet,"

1863.

No

diagnosis is given
the
to
name

and

plate
upon

drawing
one

mentioned, specifically
set

although

is

obviously
Museum
a

based

of the He

of

original sketches
states,
house
at to

presented
that his India.

the

British is from
to

by

Hodgson. procured
Soriculus

merely
to

however,

drawing
for he

specimen
whose

close

the

Darjeeling,
be he the

According
name

Blanford,

macrurus

appears

first valid
one

the

animal, Hodgson's
secured This Museum.
"

originalspecimen
same

is lost, but

mentions

that

himself

in

the

locality,and
actual says

gives its
in bad with General in the
a

measurements

and

description.
in the
British

specimen

is the

type
it

of the
was

species,and
condition

is

apparently
found.
one

Blanford

that

when

Description:
and
a

A
the

slender, long-tailed shrew, length of

head and

tail-length about
color middle above of the

half
a

times

body.

in winter

pelage by
Tail the In
an

pale
into

gray,

slightly darkened,
The

especially
are a

back,
passes wash.

admixture

of brown. the
clear

sides

little

paler, and
has
a

their faint and

color

gradually
latter
summer

pale

gray

of the

belly, which
below.
on

buffy
feet

bicolor, pale brownish

above,
with

silvery
brown is

Hands
the central the

whitish,
area.

slightly darkened pelage,

skull the

pale

metatarsal tail less

color

above

slightly darker,
but is less

sharply
not

bicolor.
The
so

resembles and

that

of The

Sorex,

slender, the
is less

rostrum

narrowed

tapering.

first upper

incisor

elongate

than

in

loo

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Sorex, but

with

large posterior cusp.

form
a

In

there profile, first

are

three

unicuspids slightly
the

following, which
smaller and the

graduated series, the

the

largest,the
two

second

third with

(the canine) much

smaller,

about The

thirds

height
is
an

of the

first but

nearly
hidden

same

cross-section.
in the

first the

premolar
and lower than the

exceedingly premolar,
and has

minute

tooth, wedged
from
in is shorter
on

the

angle

between The and

canine

large

and the

quite
upper,

outside.

enlarged
less slender
near

anterior in Sorex, The

incisor, like
one

proportion
back The

large
of

crenulation incisor

its upper

cutting edge
vmder the

base.

basal
to

portion
with
chestnut.

this

extends

next

two

teeth, nearly

the

posterior
a

border

of the

second.
The

first of of the

these

is

unicuspid,
are

the

second
dark

posterior cusplet.

tips

tooth

cusps

pigmented

Measurements:
to

"

Blanford his

gives

the

following length

measurements

(here
53.3 Two

duced re-

millimeters) of
foot,
14.3; and
were

Darjeeling specimen:
7.3; basal

head

and

body,

mm.;

tail,86.3; hind
from

ear,

of skull, 15.

specimens
Musevun's

Hapa

Tugansha
measured

respectively,obtained by
the

by

the

American
and

expedition
tail,83,

collector

as

follows:

head

body, 56, 58;

8i ; hind

foot,
"

15,

14.
in 191 1, and

Nomenclature: tailed the

same

Thomas

described recorded

as

Soriculus from

irene
Mt.

longon

shrew

from
of

Yuanchinghsien,
mountains
case

others

Omei

range lower

in

Szechwan.
the

They
5. He
to

differed

chiefly in
referred with

their

apparently
of which
others remark 191 id, from that p.

brain

from

typical pelage,

macrurus

of India, the

type
three
the

Thomas
Mt.

apparently
Omei,
agree

examined.

had

previously

in

summer

Soriculus

macrurus,

they 165).

"closelywith
doubt,
the

Blanford's
the due

type from
color
to

Darjiling" (Thomas,
observed
or were

No
and

however,
characters

differences

merely
for
in
a

seasonal

skull

immaturity
"The rather from
a

other

causes,

later of

paper

Thomas

(1921a,
skull makes

p.
me

500)
now

writes:

variation

in

the

degree
irene

vaulting
his
correct

of

the

doubtful S. macrurus."

whether
I

S.
have

of Szechwan
on

shovild

have

been

separated
S.

therefore,
is
to

suggestion,
in

included

irene

as

synonym.

Osgood
credits the

(1932)
name

probably Hodgson)

using
of 5.

Soriculus

leucops Horsfield

(who

in

place
and the

macrurtis.

Occurrence shrew

Habits

:"

Little,

was

known
at

of

this

beautiful until
who

long-tailed
it
was discovered re-

beyond
in Omei
at

fact

of its presence of
two western

Darjeeling, India,
China

the

highlands
and later of

by Anderson,
same

collected

pair at

Shan,

others
and

on

the

range

at

Yuanchinghsien,
latter p.

Szechwan,
afterward American

altitudes

9,500

5,200 191

feet.

One

of

the

became The

the

type

of S. irene Asiatic

(Thomas,

id,
a

p.

165;

I9i2e,

132).

Museum

Expeditions

secured

series from

various

localities

THE

INSECTIVORES

loi

in

western

Yunnan,

at

altitudes

of

from

6,000
20

to

10,000 south

feet,
of

as

follows:

Tomulang,

Chungtien
miles

district; Tugansha,
of Taku; the

miles

Chungtien;
in

Hapa,
November

20

north

Chunglu Mekong
other

(6,000 ft.),Lachumi
In

and (9,000 ft.),

to

Hsiaokela

(8,000 ft.) on
and

River.

addition
from

these, taken
Salween

December,

two

specimens,
are a

Mucheng,
darker in

drainage (7,000
the

ft.),taken
may

in

February,

appreciably
local

color

than

others,

and

possibly represent
of its habits.
"

variation

from

the

extreme

southwestern

part of this province.

is recorded examined:

Nothing

Specimens
above.

In

all, eight, from

the

localities

in Yunnan

listed

35.
Soriculus
1911,
sacratus

Soriculus
Proc. Zool.

caudatus
Soc. London,

sacratus

Thomas
14, 191 1, p. 4; Proc.

Thomas,

Abstract

February

Zool. Soc. London,

p.

165.

Type Museum,

specimen:
from Omei

"

^An

adult

female, skin
Szechwan,

and

skull, No.
Collected

1 1.2.

1.54, British
10,

Shan,

China.

August

1910,

by Malcolm

P. Anderson.
"

Description:
than with back.
head gray, and below

An

almost General
gray,

wholly
color washed

brown above with

species, with
cinnamon

tail

slightly shorter minutely dusted lighter than

with the
tral cen-

body. paler

brown,
a

brownish,
whitish brown

little

Tail

bicolor, brown

above,
area

glossy

below.

Feet
the

the
and

part

of

metapodial
is

with

scattered

hairs,

sides

the

digitspale.
The
more

skull

slightlylarger than
in

that The has

of 5. macrurus,
teeth
a are

and

with

slightly
also,

slender that

rostrum

proportion.
upper cusp

essentially similar
more

except
main the in

the

enlarged
the
are

incisor is
more

longer

and

nearly
from
a

horizontal

shaft, and
first incisors

basal
not

deeply separated
are

it. wider

Anteriorly
space

in contact

and

separated by

than

macrurus.

Measurements:

"

This, according
The

to

Thomas

(191 id,
head and of

p.

165), is smaller
60
mm.;
i

than
54;

its other hind

relatives.
14;

type

measured:

body,

tail,
mm.;

foot,

skull, greatest
greatest breadth,
Habits:
"

length (exclusive
9.5; upper

incisors), 18.
8.1.

basal

length,
Occurrence

15.7;

tooth

row,

and

This

is the

Chinese

representative of the Indian

and

Soriculus

caudatus, which
is
but

it

evidently closely resembles,

distinct.

from

which in

it his

undoubtedly "Catalogus
area,

subspecifically
(1897,
a

Although
Fiikien

Trouessart in

Mammalium"
not

p.

186) includes
from
that

its distributional
so

I have

found

specificrecord
from Omei is Shan
more

province,
its

that
known
at

Thomas's

description

of

this form

constitutes
or

only

locality.

Undoubtedly,

however,

its range

less continuous

higher levels

102

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

across

western

Yunnan Museum

into
Asiatic

Burma.

In

extreme
a

southwestern series

Yunnan, Mucheng,
to

the
on

American
the

Expeditions secured
seems

from
and

Sal the

ween name

drainage, which
5.
c.

to

be

shghtly different

which

I gave

umhrinus.
"

Specimens examined:
36.
SorictUus caudatus umbrinus G.

None.

Soriculus
M.

caudatus
Mus.

umbrinus Novitates,
no.

G.

M.

Allen
p. 5, 1923.

Allen, Amer.

loo,

Type
Museum

specimen:
of

"

An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull. No.

44338,

American

Natural

History, from

Mucheng,

Salween

drainage, southwestern

Yunnan,

China.
"

Description:
but

small

race

most

like 5.

c.

sacratus

Thomas the seal

of

Szechwan,
all around

differing in
of

its darker

brown

coloring and
color
of

in
a

having

tail dark
brown

instead

bicolor.
of the

General
slate gray

above,
5.
c.

uniform

(Ridgway,
the

1912) instead nearly Brussels

around

sacratus; Backs

below, slightlypaler brown,

of the

brown,

tinged with
like the back.
c.

gray.

feet and

tail all

light seal brown,

similar
of
to

Skull caudatus

that

of 5.

sacratus,
of which field

hence
no

slightly smaller comparison

has

than
been

that

of

Nepal,
"

with
The

specimens

possible.
type
are:

Measurements: head
and 55, and

collector's
;

measurements
12.

of

the

body,
12 mm.

60

mm.

tail,55
and

hind

foot,

secortd

specimen measured
the
18.6

65,

respectively for
type
of follows:

these
a

three

dimensions. from
18. i,
same

The
measure,

skull

of the

second

specimen length,
outside

locality palatal
upper

respectively, as
8.1, 8.5; mastoid 8.1, 8.2; lower
and

greatest
9.1;

mm.;

length,
tooth

width,
tooth
"

9.0,
row,

width

molars,

5.0, 4.9;

row,

7.3, 7.3.

Occurrence

Habits:

-Ten
at

specimens
on

were

obtained Salween

by
shrews

the

American

Museum in
extreme

Asiatic

Expedition
and

Mucheng

the

drainage, 7,000
seem

feet,
to

southwestern

Yunnan.
darker
to

These

lower-level
the
are

be the

slightly darker
Indian and

with
forms
"

tails than which

from

descriptions indicate

for

Szechwan

they

closely related. locality.

Specimens examined:

Ten,
Genus

the type

Chodsigoa
Acad. Soc.

Kastschenko
Sci. St. Petersbourg, for 1905,
vol. 10, p. 252, 1907

Chodsigoa (as
Soriculus
a

Kastschenko,
new

Annuaire

Mus. Proc.

Zool.

Imp.
London,

subgenus).
Winton and

Thomas,

Zool.

De

Styan, Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1908, p. 639 (as a genus). 1899, p. 574 (in part). to

This still farther

upper

group in

of shrews
the

is

closely related
of its dentition latter
genus the is

Soriculus, but
the loss

has of

progressed
the

evolution
in the

through
a mere

minute

premolar

which

spicule hidden
and the

from

sight

in

profileview

in the

angle

between

third

unicuspid

large premolar.

THE

INSECTIVORES

103

In

addition
and

the
more

large

anterior

incisor while

of the
the

upper

jaw
cusp is

has

as

its main

cusp

longer
and
a

slender In

hook,
the

basal the

proportionately
first incisor
more

lower has
veloped de28.

less

developed.
than

lower
on

jaw,
its dental

large proclivous
somewhat is:

single low, rounded

in
the
a

cusplet

cutting edge,
formula alike.
The

poorly
m.f
=

Soriculus.
groups

The
are concave

i.r

c.t

pm.x

Externally

two

much

skull
as

is

characteristically
known,
the

flattened, with
genus is confined While

somewhat
to

profile. highlands.
from

So

far

at

present

the

Chinese

the differences

separating this

Soriculus

are

not

very

important,

Fig.

7.

Distribution

Map.

Chodsigoa
1. 2.

C.

hypsibia hypsibia

3.

C. hypsibia lamula

C. hypsibia larvarum

104

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

so

that

its

species were

at

first

regarded

as

congeneric with

the latter, and

a

then

nevertheless to constitute subgenerically different, they seem The is convenient. generic distinction a group," for which
in the that method after
a

small

"natural

special interest
fact of

of tooth

reduction
of

which
very

this

group
as

illustrates, lies in the

in

tooth
comes

becomes
a

small

size

the

minute

premolar

Soriculus,
but the

there

stage

beyond
at

which
in

its size is not transitional

further

reduced,
is either

tooth
or

fails to

develop
that

all, and
same

conditions

present
The whence
two
new

not

in individuals

of the
of the

species.
northern is

name

is based

on

district,Chodsigou, in
No

Szechwan,
but here-

Kastschenko's
forms
were

specimen
described
In
as

came.

type
to

species
the

mentioned,

belonging
of the

the
that

subgenus, Soriculus
former
seems

sowskii
synonym

and

5.

salenskii.

view

fact

to

be

of Soriculus
as

hypsibius, the

latter

species,Soriculus

salenskii, may

be

designated

the

type.
Key
to

Chinese

Species

of

Chodsigoa
and

A.

Tail
a.

equaling
Size

or

exceeding combined
foot
over 20

length of head
tail about
20

body.
C. salenskii

Size large, hind

mm.,

60%

of total length of total length. of head head and and

b.

smaller, hind

foot

less than
18 mm.,

mm.,

tail

50-5.5%

a'. Foot
b'. Foot B. Tail
a.

larger,about
smaller, about
combined
15

tail about

equaling length
combined about

body
body length.
C.

C. smithii C.
s.

17 mm.,

tail longer than and

parca

less than Foot Foot

length of head
mm mm

body,

45%

of total

larger, about
smaller, about

hypsibia
C. parva

b.

1 1

37.
Soriculus Soriculus
vol.

hypsibia (De Chodsigoa hjrpsibia

and

Winton

and

Styan)
Sci. St. P6tersbourg,
for

hypsibius De

Winton

Styan, Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,
Mus. Zool.

1899, p. 574.
Acad.

(Chodsigoa) beresowskii
10, p. 252,

Kastschenko,
northern

Annuaire Szechwan.

Imp.

1905,

1907.

Chodsigou,
Proc.

Chodsigoa

hypsibia Thomas,

Zool. Soc. London,

1908, p. 639; ibid., 1912,

p. 133.

Type
from

Specimen:
type
of

"

male, skin

and

skull.

No.

99.3. i.io,

British

Musevun,

Yangliupa, northwestern
The Soriculus
northern

Szechwan,
beresowskii is

China.
a

specimen
is

from

near

the

same

cality, loof

Chodsigou,
the

Szechwan,
U. S. S. R.

and

presumably
the

in the

Museum

University

at
"

Tomsk,
A

Description:
head
and

long -tailed shrew,

surfaces of

with the

tail
gray,

slightly less
washed

than

the

body.
a

Upper

body

with

brown,
gray

producing points.
feet whitish under
a

general brownish-gray
surface of the

effect, minutely
clear brownish

frosted
gray,

with

clearer of hands
brown

Lower

body
Tail

backs

and

contrastingly whitish.
below.
lens
seen

indistinctly bicolor, grayish nearly naked appressed

in with

above,
but winter

The
to

ears

are

prominent,
of

appearance, The

be

clothed that

minute

hairs.

pelage

is

slightlygrayer

than

summer.

THE

INSECTIVORES

105

The the

skull, compared
incisors
of the much
are

with
in

that

of Soriculus

macrurus,

is larger and

broader;
the

anterior

contact

by
and

their the

inner

supplementary
second that much the molars

cusps; have

large premolar

upper
more

jaw

first and
so

their

posterior borders
crescentic
in
as

deeply excavated
last with upper the molar

premolar is almost extending

S.
macrurus,

outline.
a

The

is

narrower,

transversely
this
the The has much tooth
very

thin

wedge,

tip external,
A in The front

whereas

in

is

wider, nearly pear-shaped. narrowing

in many
more

prominent
of

difference
the

is, further,

sudden differ

of

the

rostrum

large premolar.
upper

teeth

minor

characters.

large

anterior the

incisor

its m9,in
lower

cusp

deeply
marked.

divided, slenderer,
The In the has
one

with is

posterior lobe
than

and

less well
are

first lower

unicuspid jaw,
the

larger

the

two

following, which slightlymore

of the
between three the

subequal.
at

long first incisor

basal crowded

is

hooked

its

tip, and
in Sorex.

low

rounded

cusplet instead
so

usually found
base of the The the

The
and but

first lower
the
one

unicuspid is
that

large

incisor
has

premolar
cusp.

its

tip points

distinctlyforward.
In

premolar
skull

profile view
meets

is markedly line of the

continuous of

flattened, and
rostrum
ciu*ve

the
a

slightly convex depressed

brain

case

the

horizontal
a

to
as

form

distinct

angle, instead

of

forming
"

nearly

in Soriculus.
are

Measurements:

No
in the

measurements

fresh

specimens
mm.

available.

The
The

type
hind For

measured foot skull

skin:

head

and

body, 84
with
112.

tail,65

; hind

foot,

15.

in other
measurements

skins

measures

15 mm.,

claw.

see

table,
gray,
at

page

Occurrence in
northwestern

and

Habits:

"

This

long-tailed shrew Yangliupa

it from
named p.
a

was

first discovered

Szechwan,

China,
recorded

in

1899.

Again,
area,

in

1907,

Kastschenko

(1907,
the Thomas
a

p.

253)

near-by

and, believing
sowskii.

animal

undescribed,
I9i2e,

it Soriculus

Chodsigou, (Chodsigoa) bereout

(i908f, p. 639;
synonym
on

133)
records

has
two

pointed
other

that

this is

undoubtedly
from
to

of the

C.

hypsibia, and
in the extension

Szechwan

Weichow,
he

Si Ho, wide
in

western

part of the
known the in

mens speciprovince, while

of the Tombs
genus

the

eastward

makes

of

the in

range

by announcing sixty-fivemiles
rocky
19126,

its
east

discovery
of
at
as

Hopei,
two
were

where

Eastern
a

region
on a

Peiping,

trapped
as

radish

garden

hillside.
p.

These,

first recorded

C.

hypsibia, were
confined
are

later

(Thomas, lands highby

back
the
no

133) described

C. larvarum, doubtless
to

different. only subspecifically

to

The

typical form
of China. collected than

is,therefore,
Its known

be and

regarded
west

as

the

western

east

limits

perhaps indicated
He

series fewer

by

Dr.

R.

C.

Andrews's
from

expeditions.
the
seems

brought

twenty-one

specimens
a

base
to

of

Taipai Shan, undoubtedly

Tsingling
the
same

Movmtains,

Shensi, and

single one,

that

be

io6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

animal,
feet.

from

Songpa,

Chungtien

district, Yunnan,

at

an

elevation

of

8,000

Specimens examined:
Shensi: Yunnan:

"

Twenty-two,

as

follows:

Taipai Shan,
Songpa,

21.

Chungtien district,i.
38. Chodsigoa
Proc.

hjrpsibia larvarum
October

Thomas
31, 191 1, p. 49; Proc. Zool. Soc. don, Lon-

Chodsigoa larvarum
1912, p.

Thomas,
133.

Abstract

Zool. Soc. London,

Chodsigoa

hypsibia Thomas,

Proc.

Zool. Soc.

London,

1908, p. 639.

Type
Museum,
China.

specimen:
from
the

"

^An
Eastern

adult

female, skin

and

sktill,No.
east

8.8.7.21, British

Tombs,
25,

sixty-fivemiles by
M.

of

Peiping, Hopei,

Collected
"

September
Similar
to

1907,

P. Anderson.
the

Description:
and
less flattened. "Fur

typical C. hypsibia, but

of back about

brain

case

narrower

close

and

fine; hairs

3.8

mm.

in

length.
brown

General
below.

colour Hands

above

'mouse-grey',
feet

rather

lighter, apparently
above,

'smoke-grey'

and

whitish.
p.

Tail

brown

dtill whitish

below"

(Thomas,
The

19126,

133). showing
the the
more

skull, though

the

characteristic
western not

flattening of the
and

rostnmi,
a

is less extreme vaulted" in brain C.

in this than
case,

form,

is said to have
The

"fairly
as

with

sides

splayed

out.

teeth

are

quite

typical

hypsibia.
"

Measurements:

Thomas
;

gives the following

hind

measurements

of the

type:

head

and

body,

68

mm.

tail,50;
mm.;
case

foot,

14; ear,

8.5.
of brain tooth
very 8.6.

Skull:
case,

length, 19.8

condylobasal
from

length, 18.8; breadth

row,

8.8; height of brain

Occurrence and of the

basion,

5; upper
to
so

Habits:
more

"

^This appears

be

slightly differentiated
ventured
to

lowland

race as near a

western

animal,

that

I have
two

regard it
in
a

merely garden

subspecies
the Eastern

of the

latter.
no

Except
others
seem

for the
to

specimens
been

taken

Tombs,
"

have

recorded.

Specimens examined:
39.

Two,

from

Eastern

Tombs,
Thomas
1912.

Hopei

(B.M.).

Chodsigoa hypsibia lamula

Nat.

Chodsigoa lamula

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., ser.

8, vol.

lo, p. 399,

Type Specimen:
from
I,

"

male, skin
of

and

skull.

No.

12.8.5.22, British
China. Collected

Museiun,
October

forty miles

southeast

Taochow,

Kansu,

191 1,

by

Dr.

J. A. C. Smith.
"

Description:
about
3.5
mm.

Similar
on

to

C.

hypsibia hypsibia
General color

but

smaller.
mouse

Fur gray,

close,

long

the

back.

above

scarcely

THE

INSECTIVORES

107

paler
shade

below.

Hands

and Tail

feet white,

the

latter

edged with
below.

slightlydarker

externally.
Skull

grayish above, glossy whitish

than that of

slightly smaller
lower and
"

C.

hypsibia hypsibia, its interorbital

region

even

flatter.
The

Measurements:

type

measured

in the

flesh

head

and

body, 67

mm.

tail,54;

hind

foot,

13.
see

Skull

measurements,
and up
on

table,
Thomas

page

112.

Occurrence

Habits:
a

"

described
miles

this shrew
southeast

from
of

singlespecimen,
Kansu,
to

picked
and the the

forest

path forty
taken in its
a

Taochow,
It
seems

above

particulars are merely

to

from

his brief account. size.

No. 241

differ

from

typical form
referred

slightlysmaller
southeastern

I have of

this

race

single specimen.
to

17, in the

Musevim

Comparative
color

Zoology, from
be browner

Choni,
nearer

Kansu,
than
to

which

if not

quite
hind than

typical,may
In

nevertheless

this

race

C.

hypsibia hypsibia.
the
even

it is

perceptibly

than

specimens
measurements
as

of the

latter, and
smaller

foot

is

slightlysmaller, while
type

the other

cranial

are

in the

(see table).
tail total and

In

respects,
are

in the

general
The

size and

tions proporments measure-

of

the

body, they
127
"

closely alike.

collector's

are:

length,
examined:

mm.

tail,57. Choni, Kansu

Specimens

One, from

(M.C.Z.).

40.

Chodsigoa
Mus.

parva

G.
no.

M.

Allen
p. 5, December

Chodsigoa hypsibia parva

G. M.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

lOO,

28, 1923.

Type
of Natiural China. Heller.

specimen:

"

male, skin

and

skull. No.

44390,

American
western

Museum

History,

from

Ssushanchang,
12,

Likiang Range,
R.

Yunnan,
Edmund

Collected

October

19 16,

by

Dr.

C. Andrews

and

Mr.

Description:
"

Smallest
of C.

of the

known

species of
Dorsal gray

the

genus, of head

with and with

the

general
dark

color

and

proportions
gray,
on

hypsibia.
a

surface

body

brownish

close lower

inspection
back, the

dark

faintly washed showing

outer

brownish,
to

especially over
minute with brownish.
Tail the

the

all-gray hairs
surface
the

through
of the

give
washed

pepper-and-salt effect.
Backs
brown dark of the

Lower feet

clearer

gray,

faintly

whitish,

sides

hind hairs

feet
not

dusky.
The

above,
scales.

very

slightly paler below,

all

its minute

concealing

skulls of the type

the usual and

series

were

badly
brain

crushed
case,

in the
and molar the

traps,
do the of

but

show,

nevertheless,
where the cusps

much back but of the

flattened
of the

slight concavity
teeth
to not

rostrum

skull

join.
is the

The

have

their teeth.

pigmented,

the

chestnut

coloring

is confined

anterior hinder

Characteristic

genus,

too,

deep concavity

the

I08

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

edge of the large premolar

of the

and

the two

large molars,
tooth.

due

to

the

extension

ward back-

postero-intemal angle
"

of the

Measurements: made

The

following
field:
Head

measurements

of

the

type

series

were

by

the

collector
No.

in the

and

body

44390 44391 44395

(type)
"

54 55

56
55

44396 On
account

of the

damaged
of the

condition

of the The C.

it is sktills,
rostrum

not

possible to
type
has
a

give
width tooth

full measurements outside

row,

type

series.
mm.

of the

second

molars tooth

of 4.2
row,

(6.1 in tip

hypsibia); length
incisor
to

of upper of

6.6; of lower
of

6.1 ;

of lower

condyle

jaw,

9.1 ; to

angle

jaw,
and

9.
"

Occurrence
a

Habits:

In

describing this shrew, hypsibia, which

size and the
that

I at

first in of

regarded Likiang

it

as

smaller

geographic
Its very much
me

form

of C.

it resembles

general
distinct
an

tions. proporwhere

smaller
now

isolated

region
a

it is found, The
9,000

induce

to

believe
were

it is really

quite
at

species.
of

fovir feet
the

original specimens
on

all from
in western

Ssushanchang,
Yunnan,
where it

altitude

the

Likiang Range
s.

occvirs

associated

with

larger,long-tailed C.
examined:
"

parca.

Specimens

^In all,four, the

type series,from

Likiang,

Yunjian.

41.
Soriculus
vol.

Chodsigoa

salenskii
Mus.

(Kastschenko)
Zool.

(Chodsigoa) salenskii Kastschenko,

10, p. 253, 1907.

Annuaire

Acad.

Imp.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

for 1905,

Chodsigoa salenskii

Thomas,

Proc.

Zool. Soc.

London,

191 1, p.

166.

Type
the

specimen:
at

"

^An

alcoholic. No.
U.

6388, apparently

in

the

collection

of

University

Tomsk,
autumn,

S. S. R., from

Linganfu,

northern

Szechwan,

China.

Collected
"

1893, by Berezovski.
of the

Description:
is
as

A
of

transcription
the

original description (in Russian)

around the
one

follows:
as

color

body (
=

and

region

mouth,
and
dark
a

as

well

as

the

feet,

in

C.

beresowskii
and

hypsibia);
but

tail about

half

times

the

length
brownish

of head white.

body, sharply Eyes

visible vibrissas Six
in C. very
"

bicolor, its dorsal small, somewhat

very

side

brown,
Ears
as

below in

hidden.

C. the

beresowskii.
arm

Mustachial forward.
as a

long, reaching the

elbow and

when

is laid

anterior

divided
as

palatal

folds.

Size the

position of
Second

the

plantar pads
tooth

beresowskii;
cusp.

also the

coloring of

teeth.

lower

with

small

Measurements:

The

type

measured:

head

and

body,

81

mm.;

tail, 116;

THE

INSECTIVORES

109

hind

foot

without

claws, 20.5;

ear,

10

by

10.

Length

of vibrissae,38; claws

of hind

foot, 3.
mm.;

Skull, greatest length, 25

Occurrence

greatest breadth,
is

10;

height

of cranium,

6.

and

Habits:

"

This

evidently
which
seem

long
the

tail and other

long hind

foot,

characters genus,

a large species, with very it readily from to separate are

known
to

members
be known

of the

all of

which

smaller. still remains

Nothing unique.
in northern
area,

ftirther
The

seems

of it, and
been that taken

the in but is

type
one

specimen
west

fact
may

that

it has

Linganfu, locality,
and north and

Szechwan,
for has

indicate

its range
in

mainly
parts
the

of that
in

considerable revealed
none

collecting done
but
the

other

of

Szechwan

Yunnan

smaller
"

species of

genus.

Specimens

examined:

None.

42.

Chodsigoa
Proc. Zool.

smithii

smithii

Thomas
14, 191 1, p. 4; Proc.

Chodsigoa
1911,

smithii p. 166.

Thomas,

Abstract

Soc. London,

February

Zool. Soc. London,

Type specimen:
from
1910,

"

male, skin and China,

Dr.

skull, No.
feet

1 1.2.

1.537,

British

Museum,

Tatsienlu,

Szechwan,
and

9,000

altitude.

Collected

June

27,

by

M.

P. Anderson A and of above

J. A.

C. Smith. tail "rather

mm.

Description:
"

large species, with

shorter"
The

than
fine

or

(?)
soft,
a

equaling
in
summer

the

head the

body,
the and

hind back

foot about

large, 18
3.8
mm.

fur

and

hairs
gray

in

length.
Hands

General somewhat

color
more

uniform

mouse

below, the
texture

lower of the

side, however,
fur. brown

glossy, on
white
or

account

of the

different

and

feet brownish below.

whitish, lighter terminally.

much
as

Tail

pale

above, whitish
and

Skull
teeth

in

C.

hypsibia,

but

larger, flattened
First
upper

heavily ridged;

similar, their
two

tips lightly pigmented.

unicuspid largest,

the

following successively smaller.

"

Measurements:

-The

type

is

said

to

have

measured: the

head

and

body,
I have viously tail ob-

85
as

mm.;

tail, 68; hind

is too
this

foot,
At

18.

Probably, however,
two

tail measurement,

given,

small.

all events,

specimens
in other the

from

Shensi,
have and

that the

referred

to

species, since
than of in

they
C.

agree

respects,
head

long, longer
of

hypsibia, equaling

body

instead

being
the
ear,

shorter.

One

these

specimens,
head and may page

as

measured 82
mm.;

by
unusual

Edmund

Heller, foot,
way.

shows

following dimensions:
Thomas's

body,
have
112.

tail, 84; hind

in
some

18;

10.

single specimen
see

been

For

cranial

measurements

table,
the

Occurrence later
appear

and
at

Habits:

"

Beyond

single type (Osgood,

the
amount

specimen
1932, of p. mammal

and

a no

second
others

obtained
to

Yulongkong,

Szechwan

250),

have

been

recorded, in spite of

collecting

no

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

that

has

been

done

in

China.
at
an

The

type

was

taken

at

Tatsienlu,

central

Szechwan forested
secured

(now
country.
two at
mm.

Hsikang),
It
at

altitude
of

of 9,000

feet

in this
that

mountainous,
Dr.

is,therefore,

considerable
in the These

interest

Andrews
southern the

examples
the

Taipai
of skulls
as

Shan,

Tsingling Range,
agree in

Shensi,
foot
for 18 the

high altitude long,

the and the
are

10,000

feet.
in the

having
with

hind

accord
as

measvirements

type, but

tails
as

long
of this

combined It
seems

head

and

given body, instead

there may

those

of
be The

considerably shorter,
some

in

C.

hypsibia.
two

probable
in the

that

mistake

in

the

record that

measurement

originalspecimen.

interestingthing is
the

these much

species occur
rarer, to

although
size and without This
on

present
of

seems

the

together at this locality, secured, judge from the number

Its

twenty-one

C.

hypsibia

and

only

two

of

C. smitkii. foot

considerably larger
serve

proportionally longer tail

trouble.
shrew

and

hind

should

to

identify it

is

very
on are

uniform
account

gray

with

close

examination,
hairs
to

of the

minutely punctate appearance of the hairs or the pale tips of some

a

entirelypale
surface
seems

that
lack

scattered

throughout
brownish
wash

the

pelage
seen

above.
some

The

lower
other

the

distinct

in

of the

species.
It Malcolm and
other
was

named P.

in

honor
on

of

Dr.

J.

A.

C.

Smith,

who

accompanied
and
an

Mr.

Anderson

the
the

journey into
interior

western

China,
bore

who

on

this share

expeditions
and

into

of that

country

active

in the

collection

preparation of the mammals.

"

Specimens

examined:

Two

from

Taipai Shan,

Tsingling Range,

Shensi.

43.

Chodsigoa
Mus.

smithii

parca
no.

G.
loo,

M.

Allen
28, 1923.

Chodsigoa smithii parca

G.

M.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

p. 6, December

Type Specimen:
of

"

A
from

male,

skin

and

skull, No.
western

44409,

American

Museum

Natural

History,
Collected

Homushu
1917,

Pass,

Yunnan,
Andrews

China,
and
Mr.

8,000
Edmund

feet

altitude. Heller.

April 6,

by

Dr.

R.

C.

Description:
"

small-bodied,
head and

long-tailed species, with

about

the

tail

ably consider-

more

than
1

the

body,

55%

of

the

total

length, the hind

foot about General with

a

mm.

color

above

and

below the

"dark

mouse on

gray"
the

(Ridgway, palest
shows
a

19
on

12),
the

faint

brownish

wash;

color

is darkest
a

rump,

belly.

As

in other

members

of the

group,

close

examination

minute

THE

INSECTIVORES

iii

speckling with
show

pale
Tail

gray

where brown

pale
which
their

gray

hairs

or

light subterminal lighter below,

the

rings
clothed Backs

through.
minute
feet

dusky

above,
do
not

scarcely
exceed

with of the

dark-brown

hairs

scaly rings.

distinctly brownish,
skull, though

tips whitish.
in size very that

The smaller

nearly equaling
shorter and

of

C.

hypsibia
either
from

and

much

than

that

of

C. smithii

smithii, is
more

different

from

in

having
case

the
to

rostrum

relatively
of

gradually tapering
in the than in either.

brain

tip

instead
are

being abruptly
and
more

narrowed

premaxillary region.

The

teeth

also

smaller

slender

Measurements:

"

The other
as

tail

is

extremely
form of the

long
total the

and

slender, salenskii, in

considerably
which it is
is

longer
said
even

than be

in

any

described

except

C.

to

nearly 60%
than in the
as

against 55%
by
the

length. bodily

It

apparently out through-

longer
are

typical

C. smithii, while
shorter of the
Tail
"

dimensions

smaller,

indicated
measurements
Head and
"

foot.

The
No.

collector's

four

specimens secured
Hind
foot

are:

body

Locality Yxinnan Yunnan

44369 44376
44409 44443

"

"

(type)

70
66

91
81

17.5 16.0

Yunnan Yunnan

For

cranial

measurements

see

table,

page of

112.

The
not
occ\ir

relationships of
clear.

the

various
in

forms

this

interesting genvis
range
two
or

are

still

altogether
The

Apparently
more

parts

of the

three

species
portions. pro-

together, distinguished
present
to

obviously by bodily subspecies of

gray

differences size but the

more

in
a

size and
very

animal

is of small
as a

with

long tail,
C. smithii,
hind

and

is

possibly

be

regarded

northern rather

which
and

it resembles tail not shorter of the

in its uniform
than head of and

dark

color,
On
the

the

large
animal
a

foot,

body.
are

other

hand,
the
as

if the

original
here
scribed de.

dimensions is

type

C. smithii
in

correctly given,
to be

different sufficiently
and

proportions

regarded
type

distinct

species
in

Occurrence
western

Habits:
Dr. R.

"

Four

specimens,
and
two

the

series, were
two
on

secured

Yunnan
at
an

by
altitude

C. Andrews

Edmund from the

Heller,
Homushu

the

Likiang
at

Range,
feet.

of 9,000
one

feet, and
many

Pass,
made

8,000
pedition ex-

The

species is
high
was

of the

interesting discoveries
of this
F. about
comer

by
It is

the

in the that the genus collectors

mountain
not

districts

of China. Ward
or

peculiar

taken
same

by

either
at

Kingdon
the
same

George Forrest,

British

in the examined:

region
Foior, the

time. follows:
2.

Specimens
Yunnan
:

"

type
2 ;

series,

as

Likiang Range,

Ssushanchang,

Homushu

Pass,

112

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

SKULL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

CHODSIGOA

Genus
Blarinella Sorex

Blarinella
191 1, p. 166. Nat.

Thomas

Thomas,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

pour servir

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

4 I'Hist.

des MammifSres,

p.

261, pi. 38A, fig.2; pi.38B,

fig.2, 1868-74 (in part).

A of the

soricid
external

somewhat
ear,

modified

for

burrowing, through
of

the

great reduction
fore

moderate the and

development
about
one

the of
in

claws the

of the

feet, and

the
The

shortening
skull
of the The

of

tail to
rather
seen

half

head-and-body
without the

length.
sudden
case

is small

delicate, tapering
in

form,

narrowing
Blarina. canine

rostrum
are

Chodsigoa
similar
to

or

the

heavy angular brain

of
much small

of the first

teeth

rather

those

Sorex, except
smaller, while
and the

that the

(third upper
to

unicuspid) is proportionally wedged

in the the

premolar
equal
as

(fourth upper
it but
so

unicuspid) is exceedingly
angle behind
outside.
those the The

second

about

large posteriormost premolar large anterior

in incisors
are

to

be of
set

quite invisible from

Sorex

like

those well

and

differ from
main cusp

of Blarina of

having

the the

posterior cusp
anterior lower
as

off from

the

instead

being obsolete;
on

incisor

has

three
of

supplementary
the

cusplets hump
in the

its upper middle

of

cutting edge
edge
as

in

Sorex, instead
The upper and

single low
are

of the in

in Blarina.

molars

again

much

like those
so

Sorex the

having

the

hypocone
two

low

ledge-like,produced

behind

that

posterior edge of the

THE

INSECTIVORES

113

anterior
as

molars

is excavated,
as

whereas and the

in

Blarina

the
so

hypocone
that
crown

is

large, about

well

developed
the

the

protocone, line, and

broadened outline
of The

the

posterior border
is

is The
as

practically a straight tips of

in

the

nearly

square.
same

teeth

are

lightly pigmented.
pm.r

tooth

formula

is the

Sorex, namely: i.f Ct

m.f

=32.

Fig.

8.

Distribution
Btarinella

Map.
B,

1. 2.

B. B.

quadraticauda quadraticauda

quadraticauda griselda

3.

quadralicauda

wardi

114

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

peculiarity,first
is the

noted

by

Thomas

(igisd),
of the

and

istic apparently characterwall of

of this genus,

reticulated
a

character

bony

the

mesop-

terygoid
"more

fossa, visible

with

lens.
statement

Notwithstanding
allied to
and the

Thomas's American it affords

group
a

(191 id,
than
to to

p.

166)
of the
of

that

this genus
World genera

is

N.

Blarina

any

Old the

of shrews"

that

parallel case
two

that
a

jumping
examination
as

mice,
of much

Zapus,
the
more

representing this
induces
me

in the

continents,
view
and
to

careful

teeth

to to

take

the

opposite
to

regard
Blarina.

Blarinella In

closely

related

Sorex

than

the

American
cusp,

its anterior of the

upper

upper

incisors
with and

with

their

large posterior produced

of much three

in the
to

structure

molars

low in

hypocones,
the presence

backward
on

form

crescentic
of the

hind first from

margin,
lower

cusplets
not

the

cutting edge equally

external

incisor, Blarinella
is much

resembles

Sorex,

and

differs

Blarina, which build, skull,

reduced
shorter the

more

modified,
ears,

only in its
also in

form, heavier
more

tail, more

reduced with
in

but

its heavier,
cusps

angular
the

anterior

incisors
and

the the

supplementary
to

obsolete,

lessand tooth.

first

premolar,
two

greater
molars

development
so as as

of the
a a

protocone
square

hypocone
On the
these

of the

anterior

upper

form

nearly
and

grounds
of the

I should

think

of Blarinella in

being

Sorex-like

type, with
with the
duction re-

beginnings
the

of fossorial
tooth
row

modifications

its exterior

form,

accomplished by the lessened

The
next

size of the
of

upper

canine is is
a

and

premolar

following.
in
to

stage
first

in

this method is lost.

reduction Blarinella but

exemplified by probably
close which
the The
not

Soriculus

which
any

the

premolar
American

closely related perhaps

first
to

of the
with

American the

genera

of shrews,
genus

parallel is
minute

be

found

Cryptotis,in
first

premolar is

absent. the Two genus

type
as

and

only species of

is that

described

by Milneare

Edwards

Sorex

quadraticauda.

subspecies,fairlywell marked,

here

recognized.
Key A. Three
a. to

Chinese

Races

of

Blarinella

upper

unicuspids
second

visible in side view. about

Darker,
side view

unicuspid

equaling

the

first in B.

quadraticauda quadraticauda

b.

Grayer, second
the first and

unicuspid

intermediate

in size between B.

third visible in side view

quadraticauda griselda
B.

B.

Four

upper

unicuspids

quadraticauda wardi

44. Sorex

Blarinella

quadraticauda
Recherches pour

quadraticauda
servir

(Milne-Edwards)
des

quadraticauda Milne-Edwards,
quadraticauda quadraticauda Dobson, Thomas,

k I'Hist. Nat.

Mammiftres,

p.

261, pi. 38A,

figs.2-2d; pi/ 38B, fig.2, 1868-74.

Soriculus
Blarinella

Monogr.
Proc.

Insectivora, pt. 3, pi. 28, figs.4, 4a, and

Zool. Soc. London,
1911, p. 166.

explanation, 1890.

THE

INSECTIVORES

115

Type specimen:
on

"

The

type

specimen
western at

was

secured
in

by

Pere

Armand

David in

his

expedition

into

Muping,
Naturelle

China,
Paris.

1870, and

is still

preserved

the

Museum

d'Histoire
A

Description:
"

rather tail

stout

-bodied half
as

shrew,

with
the
a

external

ears

extremely
and

short, and
General

slender of
a

about

long
gray,

as

combined

head

body.
Tail and

color

body
clearer

above gray dark

brownish with
brown
a

with

silvery reflection
of

in certain

lights;below,
with feet
very

faint

suffusion

yellowish
Backs

brown. of hands

short

hairs,

above,

pale

below.

pale
The

brownish.
skull

is slender and

and

delicate, but
rostrum.

heavier

than

that of the

of

Sorex,
have

and
been

with

blunter

less slender

The

characters genus,

teeth

the account of the described under sufficiently (191 id, p. 167) points out, the form, as Thomas

but

in upper

this, the

typical
are

first two

vmicuspids (p*), while

large
edge
fourth behind tooth

and about

subequal, the
level

third the

is about

half
of

their

size, in side view,

its hinder the in

with
and

front

edge
the size

the

large premolar
fifth,both
of

is minute,
the
row,

of

about and

of the
crowns

them

crowded

large premolar,
so

with

their

compressed
are

in the

axis of the

that

in

profileonly

three

unicuspids

to

be

seen.

In

his

originaldescription,Milne-Edwards
in the upper

describes

and

figuresonly
a

four

unicuspids
of the

jaw,
shows

but

Thomas

(191 id, p. 167), after "presents

is
the

reexamination condition
one

type specimen,
on

that

it

intermediate fifth minute Of

four

of

having missing
in the but
the

the
. .

right
on

side
the

only

four

unicuspids,
the five

the

being
sides,

while
.

left this tooth have

present."
both

other
on

specimens
both

British fourth

Museum,
lacks
the

three minute

unicuspids present
on

fifth

tooth

sides.

Measurements:

"

According
103
mm.;

to

Milne-Edwards,

the

type

specimen

ured: meas-

total Cranial

length,

tail,40.
of the

measurements

typical race
two
races

are

not

available,

but

probably

differ little if any Occurrence

occiirs

from

those

of the

following.
known,
In

and

Habits: and

"

So far
eastern

as

at

present

this form
addition

of Blarinella
to

only
the

in central secured

Szechwan,

China.

the

inal origported re-

specimen
feet, and
at

in the
at

principality of Muping,
Omei
from

Thomas
at
an

(191 id)
altitude
near

has

capture
p.

of four

Shan,

to

the

south,

of 9,500

(19126,
4,000

134)

another

southeastern of its
a

Szechwan,
but

Nanchwan,
it

only

feet.

Nothing
to

is recorded
some

habits,

presumably tunneling
in

is,like

its American
and

counterpart,

extent

burrower,

light soil

leaf mould.

Specimens

examined:

"

None.

ii6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

45.
Blarinella

Blarinella Mag.
Nat.

quadraticauda
Hist.,
ser.

griselda Thomas
10, p. 400, 1912.

griseldaThomas,
"

Ann.

8, vol.

Type specimen:
from

female, skin
southeast

and

skull, No.

12.8.5.23, British China,

C. than
at

Museum,
feet

forty-two

miles

of
17,

Taochow,
191 1, and

Kansu,
Dr.

10,000

altitude.

Collected
"

September
Smaller,
color
and

by

J. A.

Smith.

Description:
General
below.

grayer

shorter-tailed
gray; rather

typical
and
more

B.

raticauda. quaddrabby

above,
tail dull than the

mouse

paler
Second

Hands,
Skull

feet

grayish
first and

instead

of brown. upper of

slightlysmaller
in size between

in B.

quadraticauda.
the

unicuspid

intermediate
the

third, instead

nearly equaling

first in side

view.
"

Measurements: head
The

The 68

type,
mm.;

as

measured hind

by

the

collector,shows
11. mm.

the following:

and

body,

tail,33;
tooth

foot,

skull measured:

condylo-incisivelength,
9.4; upper
row,

20

condylobasal length,
of m^

18.6; greatest breadth, The The

above
account

8.6; front
is from
or

of p^ to back

4.5.

of the may

type specimen
be individual

the

description of
within
the
races

Thomas. limits of

characters of the
to

claimed

otherwise

variation

typical form, but,

take

since
the

slightlydifferentiated
different

of other
ditions conrace.

species seem
of

origin under
well be
"

somewhat this

environmental
a

Kansu,

it may

that
was a

specimen represents
"on
a

northern in

Occurrence wood." Natural

I have

and

Habits:
to

It

captured

mossy

bank,

birchof

referred from

this

second

specimen
more

in the

American

Museum

History,

Kansu,
"

without

exact

locality.

Specimens

examined:

One, from

"Kansu."

46.
Blarinella wardi

Blarinella Mag.
Nat.

quadraticauda
ser.

wardi

Thomas

Thomas,

Ann.

Hist.,

8, vol.

15, p.

336, 1915.

Type specimen:
from

"

male, skin Burma,

and

skull.
latitude

No.

15.

2.

1.3,

British

Museum,

Hpimaw, August
"

Upper
10,

north F.

26",

east

longitude 98" 35'.

Collected

1914,

by

Kingdon
gray chest

Ward.

Description:
with
B.
a

Color of drab

dark
across

smoky
the gray

above,
; tail

very

slightly paler
than in Backs

below

faint

wash

slightlyshorter

typical
and

quadraticauda, bicolor, pale

In brownish. the

dark

above, pale below.

be

of hands

feet

type

the

skull while In

is said
the his

to

shorter
second of B.

than

that

of the of the

typical form,
upper

and

of less breadth,
smaller.

first and
account

unicuspids

jaw
side

are

considerably
p.

quadraticauda,
B.

Thomas in
as

(191 id,
view

167)
Yunnan

confirms
of the

what five

appears

in
are

Milne-Edwards's

figure,that
m.

only

three

unicuspids
four
are

visible; but

q.

wardi,

represented

by

specimens,

visible.

THE

INSECTIVORES

117

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

This
tooth

race,
row

which less
was

differs from

the
so

typical form
four

of

Muping
of three
border

chieflyin having unicuspids

of
western at
an are

the

compressed,
Burma,
as

that

instead
the

visible in side
at

view,

first discovered
at

just
about

across

China,
altitude

Hpimaw, 394)

Upper
far later
on

26"

north,
limit from
and

98" 35' east,

for this genus.

of 8,000

feet, so

known
a

the

westernmost

Thomas
across

(1922b,
border first Yunnan

p.

recorded

second

specimen

Burma,
at

just
same

the the

of China

the from

Kiukiang-Salween
the Forrest in the that
seem

divide,

the

time
at

specimen,
secured

Mekong-Salween
course

divide,
of his

28"

north,

14,500

feet, both

by
The

George

exploration
race

of southwestern
than it

Yunnan.
in the

supposition
does
not

the
to

tail in this
be

is his

slightlylonger
statement

typical form
35
mm.

borne

out

by
that work

that

measures

in

length, for Milne-Edwards

mm.

states

the in

tail of
western

typical cylindricauda
Yunnan,
Dr. R.

is 40 Andrews various

During
and Edmund

the

course

of

their
a

C.

Heller

secured

series of miles

twenty-five specimens,
of

from

localities between
the and

Peitai, thirty
as

south

Chungtien

(10,000 feet),and
the

Likiang Range, again

uncommon

well

as

at

Hsiaokela

(8,000 feet) on
7,000

Mekong

River,

at

Mucheng,
in proper

Salween localities

drainage, at only
at

feet.

Evidently
note

it is not
two

high

altitudes.
males. dead
near

Curiously enough,
The with
a

all but
on

of the
of

twenty-five specimens
one

taken it
was

were

collector's
beetle

the

label

of these
records

states
a

that

found

in its

jaws.

Osgood

(1932)

specimen

from

Nguluko, Specimens
Yunnan: district

Likiang.
"

examined:

In

all, twenty-five, from

of Chungtien

the

following places:
Chungtien (10,000 feet),3; Yinpankai

Peitai, thirty miles (10,000 feet), i

; Homushu
;

south

(10,000 feet), 3; Tomulang,

south of Taku

Hapa,
Pass

twenty

miles

(9,000 feet), I

kela, (8,000 feet), 2; Likiang (10,000-12,000 feet), 7; HsiaoSalween

Mekong

River

(8,000 feet), 4; Mucheng,

drainage

(7,000 feet), 4.

ii8

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus
Suncus

Suncus

Hemprich

and

Ehrenberg
Type, Suncus
sacer
=

Hemprich
in part De

and

Ehrenberg,

Symbolae Physicae,1832, dec.

in part.
de

2, k.

Sorex

crassicaudus

Lichtenstein. Sorex
of authors;

Crocidura

Pachyura
Sorex

Selys-Longchamps, Etudes
Savi.

Micromammalogie,

1839, p. 32,

as

subgenus

of Crocidura.

Type,

elruscus

It has

been

shown
term

by Cabrera
shrews

(Journ. Mammalogy,
in
use

vol.

5, p. and

131,

1924)
a

that
genus

the

generic
for

Pachyura, long
the

first

as

subgenus

lately as
the

for the

white-toothed
which

having thirty teeth, is after

is

all antedated

by

Suncus,

genotype
as

specificallystated
This

to

be

species
sembles re-

described

by

Lichtenstein

Sorex

crassicaudus.

genus

externally
of

Crocidura with scattered

a

in its shrew-like bristle-like

in

form,
hairs.

prominent
It may

ears,

and

tapering tail
as so

projecting

be

thought
the

senting reprethat

less
a

progressive stage premolar

in the

the

specializationof
to

dentition,
of the

it retains

minute

in addition upper

the

large premolar
The dental
=

upper

jaw,

making
one
more

four

unicuspids
in

series.

formula
30.

is,therefore,

than teeth

Crocidura, namely:

i.f c.t

pm.f m.|
of

The in the the

are

white, unpigmented,
In

instead

having the tips chestnut large large lower

low is and incisor has

as

Soricinae.
cusp

general
not

the

first upper

incisor
The
a

hook-like, with
its
a

posterior

very

well

marked. with

upper,

cutting edge nearly

cusp.

straight but

long,

crenulation

marking

poorly developed
The genus

is

tropical and
and

subtropical in its distribution,

Asia. But and
even a

in

Africa, the

Mediterranean distributed
an

region
house

southern
occurs

single species, the widely

there

shrew,

in

China,

is

probably in part

introduction.

47.
? Sorex murinus Proc.

Stmcus

murinus

(Linnaeus)
Java.
Swinhoe, Zoologist, vol. 16, p. 6224, Swinhoe,
Proc. Zool. Soc.

Linnaeus,
Zool.

Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. I, p. 74, 1766. 1870,

p. 620. Acad.

1858;
Sorex

Soc. London,

myosurus

Pallas, Acta

Sci. Imp.

Petropol., for 1781, pt. 2, p. 337,

1785.

London,
Sorex

1870, p. 231. swinhoei Bly h, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 28, p. 285, 1859; ibid.,vol. 29, p. 89, i86o.
vol.

Mell, Arch.

f.

Naturgesch.,
Crocidura Crocidura Suncus
microtis

88,

sect.

A,

no.

10, p. Kon.

15, 1922.

Peters,

Monatsb.
A.

Preuss.

Akad.

Wiss., Berlin, 1870, p. 589.

Mus. vol. Nat. 75,

(Pachyura) murina].
A. B.

Allen, Bull.
U.
S. Nat.

Amer.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 481, 1906.

i, p. 9, 1929.

myosurus

Howell, Proc.

Mus.,

art.

Type

specimen:

"

It is not
the

known

if the

type specimen

is still in existence. Linnseus's

the
common

Indeed, the applicabilityof

name,

name specific

itself is still in doubt.

to

Sorex
shrew

murinus,

has

long
by

been

tacitly supposed
the

refer

to

musk

of southeastern
as

Asia, but
Dr.

terminable, description itself is perhaps inde-

pointed

out

J.

A.

Allen

(1906,

p.

481), beyond

the

fact

THE

INSECTIVORES

119

that tail

it refers to

shrew than

of
the

an

ashy color, the size

and
came

of

house

mouse,

with
that

the

slightlyshorter
the genus

body,

from

Java. Java,
be

It is true but the

several is
a

species of
common

Crocidura
the
one

are

known
most

from

present
to

species there, and

of

likelyto
the received

first

brought
island,

the

tion attento

European
In

naturalists.
a

Moreover,

brief from

description applies
the it is the It may

it

well

enough.

recent

collection that

only
then and

shrew be
as as

represented,
well
to

and

by

series

of

several
as

specimens.
Dr. Allen

continue
a

following traditional
of
cases

usage,

himself
taken the done.
name

did,

is done

in

number

where

Linnasus's

description
Otherwise,

by

itself Sorex

might readily
myosurus Peters's

be

admitted
may

to

be
as

indeterminable. A.
to

Pallas Crocidura

be microtis

used

B. the

Howell
same

(1929) species.

has His
as

Probably
came

refers
on

specimen length,
18
mm.,
120

from

Hongkong,
may have tooth

China,
been
row,

and

account

of its

size, given

mm.,

tail,35,
of the here

youngish,
13
mm.,

for

its foot
very

measurement,

and

that

upper called

accord

closely with

those

of the

species

Sunciis

murinus.

Description:
"

General

color
a

above,
brownish
are

including the backs

gray, and

of the
on

hands
the

and lower

feet,

and

the of the

tail

all around, The

ears

slightly grayer nearly naked;

tail
as

surface
are

body.
but
not

prominent,
the

the

vibrissae

abundant

longer
a

than

head,

and

the

usual

in this genus
out

and there

in Crocidura, has
from the shorter of each is

number hairs
that

of

long
clothe

bristle-like the tail.

area

hairs
There of

standing
is
a

here

and

prominent
hairs.

gland

in the

middle
skull

side, marked
and

by

small

appressed
low
the view main

The

strong

heavy,
the

with

prominent
end In of side

sagittal crest
brain the cusp
case

and

sharper, higher lambdoid

squarely
upper

crests;
a

anterior

projects
wellfirst

out,

forming nearly
has
a

right angle.
it

large anterior
with
a

incisor

strong, nearly vertical

hook-like

developed posterior cusp.

is
then largest, the fourth
come

Following
smaller, about
the

are

four

unicuspids, of which
one

the the

two

of equal size and

a

only
third

about
as

half the

as

big

as

first,
of

while and upper

is much

big

as

two

in front
two

it,

just

visible between have

The last the

third

and well is

the

large premolar.
their about

The

anterior

molars

W-pattem
molar the

evident,

posterior border
a

slightly
the
crown

excavate.
area

upper with

relatively small,
paracone and

third

of

the

second,
of four

protocone,

metacone

present

and

three

instead

commissures.

Measurements:
taken in the may field attain the

"

The the much

following
collector.

measurements

are

from

fresh
to

specimens
old males

by

The external

largest speciraens seem

dimensions
are

be

which

larger

than

are

shown

by

the

females, though

cranial

differences

less marked.

120

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Occurrence found
at

and

Habits:

"

So
of p.

far

as

available

records
as

go, far

this

large shrew
as

is

in

the

larger towns larger towns

South

China,

coastwise
as as

north in the

Fukien,

least.
and

Swinhoe
other

(1870c,

620) speaks of it
of southern
Dr.

common

vicinity of
where it

Amoy
was

China,

well

as

on

Hainan

abundant

in the

capitalcity,and
on

J. A. Allen
as

(1906, p. 481) also records

but I have
no

it there. its presence

It is present
on

Formosa

as

well of

in

Japan,
the

record
mentions

of

the U.

mainland S. National

north
Museum

Futsing.
from southwest

Howell

(1929)

specimens
Island

in the

following localities: Fukien

of

Province, Foochow,
near

Futsing, seventy
Mell his

miles

Yenping, and
Canton
on

Kulingsu
in

Amoy.
and
at

(1922) found
doubt

it abundant of its

about

KwangThis
two

tung
doubt

Province,

expresses
once

occun-ence

Hainan.

is,however,
from Museum

dispelledby J. A. Allen's record

and

(1909, p. 242) of
collectors of

specimens
American Fukien:

Tingan
Asiatic

Notai

on

that
secured

island. it at
Yuki. the

The

the

Expeditions
mention
says

following localities in
odor, which
it is called
up
as

Foochow,
and

Futsing, Sashin, Yenping,

other authors

Swinhoe
even or on

its strong
that about

musky Amoy

persists
about,

old

dried

skins.

Swinhoe of the

"chi-chi6"
a

Money

Rat

because

peculiar

chatter

it

keeps

it

runs

THE

INSECTIVORES

121

noise

somewhat

like that

of

jingUng
in the

cash. and

Notwithstanding
so

that

it is doubtless

carried

about there

by junks
seems

cargo

has that

opportunity
it has South
as

for occasional

colonization,
is apparently

to to

be

little evidence
warmer

spread

much,

and Mell
about

confined
an

the

coast account

region of
of its habits

China. observed

(1922)
Canton.

has

given
He says

excellent
it is found and
seen as

short

in the

plains, villages and

mammal than It is and
rats

cities of the
field and

entire
about

Kwangtung
Canton
; at

Province,
least it is

is the and it
are

commonest

in
on

city
of its in

heard
runs

of tener

account

sharp
It

chirrup constantly given

or comes

about. broken

especiallyabundant
an

swamp

pond

areas

where the from A

dikes

not
even

offer

abundance

of holes.
but

freely into
absent

houses,
woods
one

in the

middle
It for in

of the

city of Canton,
voracious
ate at
a

is of

generally
ground

and that

thickets. Mell

is
a

destroyer
teen sittingseven-

insects.

captive
Theretra
will and

kept

time 153

of caterpillars

nessus,
as

weighing high
as

all

grams.

It It

cannot

or

does

not

climb,

but

jump

twenty

centimeters.

will bite
eat

sharply
because

if cornered, of its

is sometimes
which Mell
nest

killed
Pocock

by
has

cats, but

they
to

will not
be in
a

it

disagreeable odor,
at

supposed
it may in

measure

protective, or
course

least for he

warning.
twice
assures

supposes young, these

or

breed
a

twice
In
no

in

the

of

year,

found
me a

of four
seem even

litter.
show the farm

Fukien, caution,
of
a

Mr.

Clifford
will walk

H.

Pope
be

that

shrews

to

but

blindly

into

trap
He

day
found

night,
it
common

though
about the

blood houses.

previous

victim

still on
"

it.
In

Specimens
Fukien:

examined:
17;

all,thirty-three,as
2;

follows:
8; Yuki,
i.

Futsing,

Foochow,

Sashin,

5;

Yenping,

Genus
Crocidura

Crocidura

Wagler

Wagler,

Oken's

Isis,1832, p. 275.

This

genus

is

externally quite
scattered

like Suncus, hairs is

with
its

shrew-like entire

form,

stout,

tapering tail, with

ears

bristle
It the

along

length, prominent
the further

and

rather of the

short

vibrissas.

chiefly distinguished by
minute fourth and upper the third

reduction
and the

dentition
of the the

through
space

loss of the the

unicuspid large
molar, pre-

closure

between
dental

unicuspid

giving
i.f c.T
pm.T The

following

formula

(as interpreted by
few

Miller):
into of

m.^=28.
is

genus

largelytropicaland
and

subtropical,but
type

species extend
Hermann

temperate
central

Europe

Asia.

The

species

is C.

leucodon

Europe.
Key
to

Chinese

and

Mongolian hind foot

14,

Species

of

Crocidura

A.

Larger, skiill length

a.

20

mm.

or

more,

14
no

or

over.

Skull

length

20-21

mm.,

hind

foot about

white

tip to

tail

C. attenuata

122

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

b.

Skull white

length 22-24
tip

mm.,

hind

foot about

15-19,

tail with

small C. dracula

a'. Larger, skull length 23-24

b'. Smaller, B. skull length
2 1

mm

C. dracula C. dracula hind foot 17

dracula

.6

mm

grisescens

Smaller,
a.

sloxll length less than color

20

mm.,

12-13
mm

^"-

Smaller,
a'. Hind a". b". b'. Hind

brownish,

skull

length about

C. ilensis

feet whitish. Coloration Coloration feet dark

gray, very

pallid

C. ilensis lar C. ilensis shantungensis C. ilensis

dull brownish

phaopus

b.

Larger, color
a'. Tail b'. Tail about about

skull length about

19

mm.

50 mm.,
42
mm.,

skull length 19, paler skull length 18, darker

C.

vorax

C. rapax

48.

Crocidura
COMMON

attenuata
GRAY pour

Milne-Edwards
SHREW
Nat. des

Crocidura

attenuata

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

servir k I'Hist.

Mammiferes,

p.

263, pi. 38B,

southwest

fig. l; pi. 39A, fig.2, 1868-74.

Crocidura
of

grisea A. B. Howell, Proc.

Pukien.

Biol.

Soc.

Washington,

vol. 39, p. 137,

1926; seventy-five miles

Yenpingfu,
attenuata

Crocidura

grisea A. B. Howell, Proc.

"

U.

S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75,

was

art.

I, p. 9, 1929.

Type Specimen:
David,
in the

The

original specimen
central

collected

by

Pere and

Armand is presumably

principality of Muping,
Museum The

Szechwan,
at

China,

still in the

d'Histoire

Naturelle
in
summer

Paris. different
a

Description:
"

general color
murinus,
a

pelage is hardly
gray close

from

that gray

of

Suncus

uniform
with

brownish
On

above,

and

paler,
upper grayer

clearer surface

below, faintlytinged
to

brown.

inspection, the
from the

appears of

be

minutely punctate
The Winter backs

with

paler reflections
and

portions
with
The

the

hairs.

of the
are

hands

feet

are

thinly clothed
longer hair.

short

pale hairs.
with low but

skins

paler, more
than
crests

silvery,with
of the
at

skull is

lightlybuilt, less angular

evident lambdoid
a mere

that

much
the is

larger Suncus occiput. pinched

The in
at

murinus,

meeting
The teeth upper

sagittal crest
the

is less

prominent,
than The

ridge.
The

rostrum
are

tip and

is less
in and

tapering
Suncus.
a

in Sorex. anterior

practicallylike
has
a

those

corresponding posterior
is
cusp in

large

incisor
cusp. The

prominent unicuspid
the of

slender

nearly vertical

main
the

first cusp and

large,

side

view

considerably exceeding
double
the
no

posterior
second latter its

first uni-

incisor, and

is about
is

height of
space

the

subequal
the
on

third

cuspids.
The of

There lower

usually
base

between lobes the

and

the

premolar.
as

large
the

incisor
Its

is without is in

distinct
with

cutting edge
half
or

typical
of

genus.

contact

anterior

two-thirds

the

ventral

side of the

first lower

unicuspid.

THE

INSECTIVORES

123

Occurrence the
lower

and

Habits:

"

This its range

is

common

shrew
as

over

all South
as

China

at

levels, extending
and the basin

at

least

far Thence

north

the

mouth westward

of the in

Yangtze
the

adjacent region
to

in

Kiangsi.
Wanhsien,

it is found

Yangtze
as

the

borders and Walter

of the
at

mountainous

country
where

of eastern
a

wan, Szech-

at

Ichang
collected
the

in

Hupeh,
by
Dr.

Szechwan,
1921-22. in and

considerable
to

series

was

Granger
came

in

According
central I
am

Milnebut think
nearer

Edwards,
it may
that the be the

original specimen
if it is found

from
such

Muping
somewhere

Szechwan,
inclined
the have way
not to

doubted

at
came

elevations,
from

type

specimen
levels in

really
other

Yangtze
the

valley, for
it at
of

and

more

along experienced collectors

In the and
two to at

found H.
as

it at

higher

this

province.
he secured
seem

coastal

provinces, Clifford
as

Pope
on

collected
island

Futsing, Chunganhsien,
where

Yenping, Fukien, Namfong

the
same

well

the

Hainan,
Hainan

and
as

single one
those

at

Nodoa.

These
eastern

specimens
and of the these in
some

be

quite
southern

from

Wanhsien,
collector's Chinese

Szechwan,

others tail

from
are

China,
the

although the
of other

field measurements As be them.

shorter
were

than

average made

specimens.
may

measurements
cases

probably
to

by

native
on

collectors, they
method
of

subject
I been

to

correction, depending
differentiate

the

taking

Nor

have

able

satisfactorily

124

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

the

Fukien
B.

individuals

from
has

the

more

western

Szechwan from

series, although
near

A. C.

Howell

(1926, p. 137)
the the

distinguished specimens
a

Yenping
main members

as

grisea,later regarding
characters
are

this

as

subspecies

of C. attenuala.

His

nostic diag-

small dorsal

size

("smallest of the ("pure

all-gray Chinese
gray
as

of the but
race,

genus")
namely:

and

coloration
are

slate
same

faintly grizzled");
those
12;

the

measurements head and

given
body,
are mm.

practically the
mm.;

of the
ear,

typical
the

70

tail, 56; hind except

that the

foot,

9; and

dimensions
tooth in the
row

of the

skull

the

same,

length
and

of the

maxillary
to

(misprinted 6.5

in the
too

originalaccount
for the

corrected

mm.

1929

paper)
winter the

is

mm.

small

usual

C. attenuata;
the

while

the color of
been

peculiarsilvery gray
of the
summer.

of the

upper which

parts is undoubtedly
differs

characteristic
darker brown have

usual

pelage
type
coat,
as

strikingly from
on

the 23,

Since
fresh Museum winter

was are

collected
those in
a

November

it must

in the in the

late-November
The the brownness three

series from of the Fukien

two

Chekiang
Yochow
was

of

Comparative
Howell

Zoology.

specimens
undoubtedly
Hunan,
in

with
a

which seasonal collection

compared
American

examples
from

character,
of the
from

for winter

skins Museum

(January)
of Natural
the synonym been

Yochow,
are

the

History
of

quite indistinguishable
C. The

winter

specimens
latter the
as

from
a

type
taken

locality
C. attenuata.

of

grisea.
most

I have,

therefore, regarded the

at

northwesterly point
country,
two
near

which

species has
Kansu collectors
to

is in the
191

Wenhsien

Taochow,
were

southeastern

(Thomas,
of the
be
no

id,

p.

168), where

specimens
extreme

secured
1909.

by
There

the

Duke evidence
low

of Bedford's

zoological expedition
occurrence

in

appears and Yunnan

on

of its

in the

west

of Szechwan

until the
the
a

country
River
at

is
the

again
Burma

reached

in

southwestern Dr. Andrews's skvill which

Yunnan,

where

Namting

border.
and
a a

expedition
seem

secured this form.

specimen, preserved
The
eastern

in

alcohol,

skin and

to

be

skiill of the latter

specimen very but the specimen

Thomas and
p.

is

little shorter

than

those

of the

series from
In

Szechwan, Szechwan, Nanchwan,

otherwise
p.

is not
has

noticeably
northeast the

different. Chinfu
of

southern
near

(i9i2e,
the

134)

recorded

it from

Shan,

from

mountains

fiftymiles

Chungking;

and

Howell
across

(1929,
southern

9)

from
at

Suifu.
the lower
to

Probably, then,
altitudes.
be known the young

species ranges

quite

China

Little Sorex duras

and
seem

seems

of the

habits
are

of this shrew. almost

at
a never

Unlike

species of
the that

of Blarina,
to

of which and wander

trapped,
age,
on so

crocismall
1925,

leave

their nests
are

about

tender

adolescent

individuals
immature

occasionally taken.
a

Thus

Pope,
of

July 16,
mm., at

caught

an

specimen having
and
as

body
Museum's

length

only

55

Chungvery

anhsien,
young
one

Fukien,

the

American
across

collection mountains

has

another
near

caught

it

ran

the

trail in the

Yenping,

THE

INSECTIVORES

125

2,500

feet, in the
from

same

province, on Namting
be year.

August
on

31,

1920.

The

specimen previouslya

mentioned, embryo
at any
more
on

the

River,

the that

Burma in the year,

border, contained
warmer

single
range

February

26, 19 17, indicating

may
a

part
that

of the is

rate, the young

than
a

born

early in

the

and

there

perhaps

single litter
the
shrew and

Probably
from

recorded

by Mell
author found
a

(1922,
as

p.

16)

as

Crocidura

microtis

Kwangtung
is this

by Shih
The

(1930, p. 2)

C.

futnigata from
it in wooded with five young, time

Kwangsi, South
mountains their eyes
a

China,

species.
stones.

former
once

found
nest

with still four

underbrush

and
a

He
rocks

closed,
young.

in

hole

among he

in late
must

July,
watched

and

at

another

nest

with

Captives,

adds,
"

be

lest

they

devour

each

other.

Specimens examined:
Kiangsu: Chekiang: Hupeh:
Szechwan:
Hunan:

In

all,ninety-four, as

follows:

Chingking,

I.

Dahyang, 2; Ningpo, Ichang, i (M.C.Z.).

Wanhsien,
Ycx;how,
3.
12; 42.

i;

Tunglu,

(M.C.Z.).

Fukien: Hainan:
Yunnan

Chunganhsien, Namfong,
:

Futsing,
2.

i;

Yenping,

i.

2; Nodoa,

Namting
definite

River,

at

Burma

border,

2.

China:

no

locality, 15.

49.

Crocidura

dracula

dracula
SHREW

Thomas

WHITE-TIPPED

Crocidura Crocidura

dracula

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat. 9, vol.

Hist.,
11, p.

ser.

8, vol. 9, p. 686,
1923.

1912.

pradax Thomas,

ibid., ser.

656,

Likiang

valley, Yunnan.

Type

Specimen:

"

An

adult

male, skin
near

and

skull, in the

British

Museum,
Orii

original number
Collection.

34,

from

(probably)

Mengtsz,

Yunnan,

China.

Description:
"

In

general similar
a

to

C. attenuata

but
over

larger.

The

general
head

color

above

is gray

with On

decided

brownish

tinge
is
a

the

back, the

and

sides less brownish.

due
to

close from

inspection,there
the covered with

slightlygrizzled appearance
or

silvery reflections
The

pale-gray tips
dull

subterminal

portions of
The tail

the dark
very

hairs.
brown short lower

feet

are

thinly

whitish

hairs.

is
a

above

and

slightlybut
is whitish
head and the

indistinctlypaler below, terminating in

and

pencil which
surface
This
so

forms

rather gray

characteristic with
a

mark.

The

of

body

is clear

faint

bufly

or

drabby
March,
at

wash. and for

description is from
the

topotypes
but
no

taken
summer

in

February specimens

and
are

representing

winter

pelage,

hand

comparison.

126

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

The

skull The

is
teeth

essentiallysimilar
are

to
same

that

of

C.
for

attenuata

but

considerably
size, but
as

larger.
first lower

likewise

the

except

their

greater
as

the

unicuspid

is

proportionately lower, nearly

twice

long

its vertical

height.

sou

CHINA
"

SE-f HKl)
^

(NAS

Fig. 9.

Distribution Crociiura

Map.

I.

C. dracula

dracula

2.

C. dracula

grisescens

Measurements: formed
as

"

Four

specimens
with

which

are

part of the
on

same

collection

the type, show

virtually topotypes, and the following dimensions

from
the

recorded

the

labels

by

the

collector; others

are

type

region

of

C.

prcedax,and

elsewhere.

THE

INSECTIVORES

127

Working
Thomas had

with
at

very command

much when

larger
he I
am

and

more

representative series
Crocidura
to

than

his
of

described

prcedax
find any

from

the

Likiang valley
that will southern

central

Yunnan,
animal

quite
latter claimed

unable from

characters of

distinguish the
Yunnan.
a

of the

region

typical
of both
to

C. dracula

The

only character
measurements

is the

supposed slightlygreater
fails to
a

size, but
any

series of careful

of topotypes

reveal

tangible difference.
mm.,

The

type
of the

of C.

prcedax
a

is said

have

skull

length
while

of 24.1
the

but of other

this

is

practicallyequaled by
former
are

topotype
brownish
grayer due
to

of C. dracula, A

skulls

topotypes
a

very in the
or

slightlysmaller.
than the the

large
upper

series also shows

slightamount

of variation

tint of the

surface,
In
some

some cases

specimens being distinctlybrowner

this apparent
up the skin

average.

difference

may

be

partly

ing greater stretchof

season.

in I am,

making

by

some

collectors, and

is

independent
I have

therefore, regarding C. prcedax, the type

of dracula, Occurrence
as a

of which

compared

with

that

synonym Habits: from

"

of the

present species.
shrew
was

and

This
a

first described

from

Mengtsz

in

southeastern of whose
Four

Yunnan,

specimen
were

taken

by
and in the

Japanese
to

collector, part

specimens,
and and of

it appears,

abstracted
source are

sold

parties in America.
of the

skins

skulls

from
as

this
a

Museum with

Comparative
series
Heller up
most to

Zoology,
of in shrews their

have this

served

basis

for Dr.

comparison
R. C.

extensive Edmund

species
across

secured

by

Andrews

and
at

journey

Yunnan.
and
on a

They
at

trapped numbers
and
at
near

altitudes Their
the
to

9,000

feet in

Likiang,

few

Tali

Lake

Yunnanfu.
near

northern

locality was

the

Yangtze

River

Shihku,
it all the

base the

of the
Burma

Likiang Range.

Thence

westward,

they found

way

128

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

border

on

the
the

Namting

River

at

an

altitude
across

of

only

1,700 China

feet above
at

sea

level. tions elevaand

Doubtless

species occurs
9,000 where

quite
no

southern
are

the

lower

(below
eastern

feet), but
it is

records

available

between
very

Yunnan
but

China
race,

represented
doubt,

in Fukien

by the

similar for
some

slightly
distance

smaller

grisescens. No
as

too,

its range

extends
on

into Indo-China, secured

24
mm.

indicated
among

in Thomas's which
were

report
three

mammals

from
a

Tongking, length of
This

by Stevens,
taken
at

crociduras Soc.

with
1925,

skull
p.

Ngai
one

Tio

(see

Proc.

Zool.
area

London,

498).

species is,therefore,
the southern

whose

main

of distribution

is southern,

reaching

parts of China.
the
a

Among
male with

series

taken of 26

by
mm.,

Dr.

Andrews,
and
a

was

one

exceptionally large length

a

skull

length

head-and-body
may

of

105

mm.,

affording
size than On

additional the
average.

evidence

that

old

males

attain

considerably larger
feet
on

the
season

Namting
must

River
be

at

the
in

Burma
year,
22

border,
for

1,700
notes

elevation, the
the

breeding
three

early

the

Heller
26

labels

of

females

taken

between

February

and

that

each

contained

two

embryos.
One secured
at

Likiang, 8,200 feet, was

"

in full moult
the

on

October

4.

Specimens examined:
Yunnan:
3;

In

all,ninety-nine, from
River,
2,000

following localities:
Mekong
River, 6,900 feet, feet,
2 11

Chaunglung,
Homushu

Salween

feet, 2; Chungpa,

Pass, 8,000 feet, 2; Likiang, 8,200 feet, 31; Likiang, 9,000

of

cluding (ini

type

prcBdax

in

B.M.);
River,

Lukuchai,
Burma

(M.C.Z.);
1,700

Mengtsz,

(M.C.Z.), Yangtze

(B.M.,

the

type); Namting

border,

feet, 23;

Shihku,

River, 6,000 feet, 6; Shungkwan,

Tali

Lake, 6,000-6,500 feet, 3; Tashuitang, Salween road, 5,000

2.

drainage, 6,000 feet, i

feet, 2; Yungchangfu,

Yangpi

River, Tengyueh

feet, 4

Yangpifu,

5,200

5,500

feet, 4; Yunnanfu,
dracula Mammalogy,
Proc. U.

50.
Crocidura Crocidura

Crocidura

grisescens A. B. Howell
vol. 9, p. 60,

grisescens A. B.
dracula

Howell, Joum. Howell,

1928.
75,
art.

grisescens A. B.
"

S. Nat.

Mus.,

vol.

i, p.

10,

1929.

Type
National F. T.

specimen:
Museum,

An

adult

female,

skin

and

skull, No.
China.

252187,

U.

S.

from

Kuatun,

northwestern

Fukien,

Collected

by

Smith.

Description:
"

Similar of this
race

to

the with

typical form
topotypes
that

but

slightlysmaller.
indicates
wash that

son compariin coloration

of topotypes

of dracula in the

they
northeastern

are

precisely alike, except be a little paler. subspecies may

of both
are

buffy

of the whitish

belly the tip to

the

The

minute

tail is characteristic

forms
not

as

well. for

Unfortunately, skulls
its describer, the if collectors'

available

comparison, but
in its cranial

according
well.

to

present

form
are

is
to

slightlysmaller
be

dimensions,
as

and

measurements

trusted,

in the

tail

length

THE

INSECTIVORES

129

Measurements:

"

The

following dimensions
into

are as

those
as

given for
those

the

type

by Howell by Clifford
No.

and H.

here

converted

millimeters,
Ftakien.
Tail

well

of two

collected

Pope

in northwestern
Head
and

body

252187 84755 84756

usNM

(type)

89 87
90

61

59

65 of the
"

For

cranial

measurements

type,

see

table

on

page the

127.

Occurrence northwestern

and

Habits:
on

The

specimens
Howell
bases of the in

from this
range
same

Kuatun
doubtless shrew.
at

district

of

Fukien,
the

which

form,
of this

represent
Two other

approximately
skins, without
bear
out

northeastern

limits

skulls, collected
claim
the skull that
same

by Pope
a

the

region
to

Chunganhsien,
race.

the

it is
as

slightly smaller
the of the
a

and

shorter-tailed
even

The white

color tail

is

exactly
the
two

in

typical form,
type
are

the

minute

tip,but
in the

measurements

small

and

the field
foot

ments measure-

lots indicate

slightlyshorter

tail and

hind

than

in the

Tongking

series.
"

Specimens examined:

Two,

from

Chunganhsien,
ilensis ilensis
vol. 14, p.

Fukien.

51.
Crocidura ilensis Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc.

Crocidura Washington,

Miller
1901.

158,
an

Type specimen:
from

"

In

the

British
western

Museum,

adult

female, skin
Asia.

and

skull,

Kukturuk,
"

Hi,
A

extreme

Sinkiang,
above base
;

central

Description: terminally, and

but gray
not

small
gray

shrew,
at

pale drab,
Tail
Feet that

the

hairs

drab
gray,

gray

sub-

darker

the

below, silvery whitish

distinctly

sharply
but

contrasted drab above

with

the

back. back.

indistinctlybicolor, whitish
whitish gray.

below,
The

like the

skvdl is somewhat

smaller
and

than

of the

Eiiropean C. russula, with

the

upper

unicuspids
"

smaller In the

less terete.
the

Measurements:

description of
55
mm.

type.
hind

Miller
13

gives

the

following

dimensions:
ear,
"

head

and

body, length,

tail,30;
width tooth

foot,

(without claws, 12) ;

8.4; width

Skull:

greatest

16.6

mm.;

of brain
row,

case,

across

molars,

6.0; upper
and
a

tooth

row,
"

8.4; lower

8.0.

Occurrence

Habits:

Although
to

described
a

from

so

far

to

the

westward,

this shrew Asia.

as

species seems
indicated

have close

wide

distribution

across

north-central

Miller
on

has

the I have C.

relationship with
to

his

C. shantungensis,

which,

further both
are

study,
forms
in the

ventured

regard

Perhaps
have
been

of
open

suaveolens.

The

as merely subspecific. typical C. ilensis is said to

found

grass

country

of western

Sinkiang, and

doubtless

I30

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

AlONGOLIA

is

pallid semi-desert
the record

form.
female

Its taken in p.

claim

to

place

in

the

Chinese
on on

fauna

rests

upon of

of

by Douglas
western

Carruthers

the the

steppe

south of

Tarbagatai

Mountains,
1912a,
"

extreme

Mongolia,

borders

Dzungaria

(Thomas,

392).

Specimens

examined:

None.

52.
Crocidura
lar G. M.

Crocidura Novitates,

ilensis
no.

lar G.

M.

Allen
19,

Allen,

Amer.

Mus.

317, p. i,

May

1928.

Type
Natural

Specimen: History, by
"

"

male,

skin

only. No.
central

59940,

American

Museum

of

from Dr. R.

Tsagan

Nor,

Gobi,

Mongolia.

Collected

August

3, 1922,

C. Andrews. of C. ilensis.

Description:

small, short-tailed, pallid race

Upper

sur-

FiG.

10.

Distribution Crocidura

Map.

1. 2.

C. ilensis lar C. ilensis shantungensis

3.

C. ilensis phmopus

THE

INSECTIVORES

131

face of

body
the

and hairs and the

tail very of the

pale grayish brown,

body slaty
at

nearly
base,

"wood
a a

brown" minute

(Ridgway,
subterminal effect

1912), ring
is

their
close

with

of gray,

pale-brown tip. rings which

side. Chin
rest at

On

inspection
and hands of the

finely grizzled
the feet

given by
of the

gray

show and the

through
backs

heighten
and

pallid appearance
white
to

upper

of the
surface with well

the the

roots

of the

hairs, the
hairs
gray

of

lower

body
Tail with

dull

white,

individual

the

base,
brown
numerous

tipped
above,

white.
clothed

rather hairs

sharply
which

bicolor, white
form
a

below,

grayish
with its

short

small

pencil, and

scattered

bristle

hairs

conspicuously

projecting throughout
The skull
to

length.
it is

of the of the

only specimen is unfortunately lost, but

likely to

be

similar

that

typical subspecies, perhaps

The

trifle smaller. and

Measurements:

"

type
8.

measured The and short

are

in the

flesh: head
small hind

body,
are

60

mm.;

tail,29; hind
the
average

foot,
of the

12;

ear,

tail and

foot

less than the very

other

races

perhaps distinctive, apart from

pallid coloration.
Occurrence I
and

Habits:
as a

"

The

single specimen species, but

The

on

which

this form it is

is based
best

originally described
a

distinct

I believe

probably
itself

considered

subspecies
land,
and

of the

wide-ranging
in somewhat

C. ilensis,of which

it is ilensis

apparently
was

but
taken

pale, desert-livingrepresentative.
in grass thus
a

type
different

of

C.

sort

of

country
writes:

fifteen

hundred
a

miles

distant
to

to
a

the
shrew

westward.

Dr.

R. I
was

C.
can

Andrews

"It

was

great surprise
less it
was

find

in this desert.
to

think

of in grass

no

place
about

in which

I should
tent
as

have about

expected
to
run

find

one.

It Even

caught long
there
grass

the

taxidermist's
the

through.
which from that

in the away,
coarse

edge

of the
and the
no

lake, which
very
was

is

only thirty or forty yards

from the the

is

terrain

of sand

gravel,
individual
others

hard,
a

long
grassy be

grows." spite
of

Possibly trapping,
where it the

wanderer
so

cover.

In and

were

sectired,

it must

local

uncommon

occurs.

Not the record

only is

its presence

quite unexpected apparently

the

in the
most

middle

of

Gobi,
of

but
the

itself constitutes
in Asia.

northern

occurrence

genus

yet known

Specimens examined:

"

One

only,

the

type.

53. Crocidura Crocidura Nat.

Crocidura
Proc. Biol. Soc.

ilensis

shantungensis
vol. 14, p.

Miller

shantungensis Miller,
coreiz

Washington, 1908,
p.

158,

1901. A. B.

Thomas,
vol. 75,

Proc.
art. i,

Zool. p.

Soc. London,
1929

639; ibid., 1911,

p. 688.

Howell,

Proc.

U.

S.

Mus.,

10,

(in part).

Type
from

specimen:

"

skin

and

skull. No.
Collected

86151,

U.

S.

National
Patil D.

Museum, Bergen.

Chimeh,

Shantung, China.

June, 1898, by

132

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Description:
"

^A

very

small, distinctly brownish

and the
at
ears

shrew

with

white of

feet.

Upper
clear

surface

of

head, body
the

very

nearly
backs

"russet" of the

Ridgway;
and
numerous

below, whitish

gray,

hairs

slaty
the

the

base;

hands with

feet

whitish; tail bicolor, like

bristle hairs of

back

above,
The

whitish
hairs of

below,
the

scattered

along light

its

length.
seen

dorsal
The

surface winter

have

minute is

reflections
and

when clearer

at

certain
below.

angles.
in

pelage large

slightlypaler
The skull

grayer; teeth
are

white usual

and

of the

type
and

this

genus;

the

first

upper whose
are

incisor

a strong posterior cusp, tip projects slightlybeyond this

has

is followed
the
two

by

large unicuspid
that follow its bulk than the

cusp;

unicuspids
third

much The

smaller,
second

about

half

the

view. front
cusp

of these

and a height of the first, unicuspids is slightly narrower

are on

in side
one

in

of it,while
of the

the

tips of

both

about

the

same

level

as

that

of the

main

large premolar.
"

Measurements:

This
lOO mm.

is the

common

small
tail

shrew

of China,
than
were

with
the

total

length of
head
and

not

quite

usually, the
The

slightly less

length of
in the

body
fresh cranial

combined.

following
table

measurements

made

field from For

specimens.
measurements
see

below.

THE

INSECTIVORES

133

Occurrence small China

reddish-brown from the

and

Habits:
shrew

"

This

is the
across

eastern

representative of
Asia. northern of the It
occurs

the

common

found

east-central
into

in eastern doubtless

Yangtze
with the

valley

northward

China,
Korean

intergrading
Indeed,
Tombs,
but
on

here

nearly identical
records
a

C.

corecR

peninsula.
the
to
a

Thomas

(igoSf, p. 639)
east

single specimen
as

from

Eastern

miles sixty-five

of

Peiping, Hopei,
thought
as an

"closely similar"
to

the

latter,

geographic grounds
C.

I have

it best

regard this
between

as

tive representatwo.

of

shantungensis
too, the

or

possibly
from

intergrade
south
as

the

sumably, Pre-

specimen
by
Thomas

thirty
p.

miles

of

Fengsiangfu,
corece,

southern
same,

Shensi,
as are

recorded

(191 le,
three

688)

Crocidura

is the

also, in my
five

opinion, the
south

specimens
Shansi.

recorded These and find from

by Howell
I have that

(1929, p. 10) through

be

from the

miles

of U.

Taiyuanfu,
in and

examined

cotirtesy of the

S. National

Museum,

they

can

closely
were

matched taken
coat

by
in late

specimens
October,

corresponding pelage
their very
seems

Chekiang.
is

They
the

short

pelage
The

apparently
a

winter

not

yet fullydeveloped,
summer

for

one

still to retain small of

trace

of the

slightly
Tunglu,

darker

pelage

across

the

rump.

series

from

Chekiang,
eastern

collected

by J.

T.

Wright

for the
the

Museum

Comparative
south

Zoology,
in
in Fvikien

perhaps represents
China,
for

approximately
none

southern

part
made

of the farther

species' range

of the

many

collections

and

elsewhere, includes

it.
"

Specimens
"China,"
Shansi:

examined:
5

In

all,fovirteen, as

follows:

Chekiang: Tunglu,
i;3 five miles

(M.C.Z.).

(Univ. Mich.).
south
i.

of Taiyuanfu,

(U.S.N. M.).

Shantung: Weihsien,
Shensi:

forty-five miles

south

of

Fengsiangfu,

i.

54.
Crocidura Crocidura
ilensis
corea

Crocidura Allen, Amer.

Mus.

ilensis phseopus
Mus.

G.

M.

Allen
p. 7, December

pheeopus G.
G.
M.

M.

Novitates,

no.

loo,

28, 1923.

Allen, Mem.

Comp.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 242,

1912

(in part).

Type
Museum November

Specimen:
of
2,

"

Adult

female,
from

skin

and

skull.

No.

56013,
China. Walter

American Collected

Natural
1

History, by
A the

Wanhsien,
Asiatic

Szechwan,
Dr.

921,
"

Central

Expeditions,

Granger.
less

Description:

dark-brown

shrew, like C. ilensis shantungensis, but

of whitish

grayish
The and way, the 19

and

with

dark-brown
dorsal surface of the and

instead
of the tail dark

feet. backs of the fore and

brown" At the the

entire
upper
1

body,

the

hind

feet,

surface browner

brown,
C.

nearly "mummy
i.

(Ridgsides, hairs,
tail

2),

less grayish than

and

shantungensis.

the

chin, throat, forearms

at

belly

become

rather

abruptly whitish,
bases.
The base

except

the

chin, white-tipped, with

dark-gray

of the

134

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

is gray
The

beneath,
bristle

but

terminally is much
are

the

same

dark

brown

on

both

surfaces.

long
The

hairs

scattered
the
same

evenly throughout
dimensions
as

its
of its

length. neighbors, C. i. corecB

the The
rostrum not

skull has
i.

about

that

and

C.

shantungensis.
and

It

is small
teeth

and

delicate,
in those

with
races.

especially elongate, unicuspid

incisor.
is about The

the
the

double
and

quite as height of the unicuspids

of the
over

first upper of the

first

rounded
are

posterior cusp
in of the of the

second
and

third
the

practicallyequal
the paracone

height and
carnassial. first and

cross-section,
The second

reach

level

tip of
the

lachrymal
molars.

foramen

is

exactly

point

of contact

Measurements:

"

In

general dimensions
of eastern
fresh

this
The Dr.

race

does

not

seem

to

differ
were

appreciably
taken in the

from

those

China.

following
Walter

measurements

field from

specimens by

Granger.

For

cranial

measurements and

see

table,

page

132.

Occurrence small
eastern

Habits:

"

The

distribution
be

of this dark-footed

form

of the the

Crocidura
eastern

is still to Szechwan
the

worked
southern

out, but
Shensi

probably
with

includes
more

forested

part of
Dr.

and

their

dant abuneastern

rainfall.

At

Wanhsien,

type

locality,on
a

the

Yangtze

in

Szechwan,
autumn

Walter

Granger

secured

fine

series

of twenty-three

in

the

and in

winter

of 1921-22,

and

I refer to

it also two Shensi.

specimens

from

Taipai
seem

Shan,
mark

the
a

Tsingling Range,
way

southern

These

localities

to

in

general

the

southwestern that have

limits

of

its distribution

in
to

China,
find

for the in
the

various

collectingparties
of western
in

visited
or

this

area

failed in the

it

higher country
A

Szechwan
the Museum

farther of

south

Yangtze
from and color the

basin.

single specimen
with
the in

Comparative
i.

Zoology
of

Ichang
dark

agrees

Wanhsien with
and the

series in its redder, less

grayish,
I

feet
to

comparison
northward,
as

subspecies C.
same

shantungensis
that

drier

country
p.

the

is the

individual

previously (19 12,

242) identified

C.

coreos.

Specimens examined:
Hupeh:
Shensi: Szechwan:

"

In

all,twenty-six,

as

follows:

Ichang,

(M.C.Z.).
2.

Taipai Shan, Tsingling Mountains, Wanhsien,

23.

55.
Crocidura
vorax

Crocidura Novitates,

vorax
no.

G.
lOO,

M.
p.

Allen
28, 1923.

G.

M.

Allen,

Amer.

Mus.

8, December

THE

INSECTIVORES

135

Type specimen:
of Natural

"

Adult
from

male, skin and

timber

skull, No. 44383, American

on

Museum

History,

line forest

Ssu

Shan

(Snow
October

Mountain),
15,

Likiang, Yunnan, by
Dr. R.

China,
and

at

12,000

feet altitude. Heller.

Collected

1916,

C. Andrews
"

Edmund

Description:
to

medium-sized,

grayish-brown

species, apparently nearly tips

of

allied

C. russula. Head
and 19
a

body

above
a

very

pale grayish brown, pepper-and-salt

the the below

"wood
due

brown"
to

(Ridgway,
presence

12), with
narrow

minutely
band

appearance, the
a

the

of

gray
at

brownish
of the

hairs. faint

The
wash

color

gradually pales
on

the The

sides
bases

into

gray

belly, with
are

of buffy

the

chest.

of the
where

hairs

everywhere
show

slaty,becoming slightly. brown");

scales, and
Ears
Tail clear the

paler,

almost

"slate

gray," below,
than

they
above

through
"clove the

distinctlybicolor,
gray below. The

darker

the

back

(nearly
to

hair

of the
are

tail is thick

enough
on

conceal half.

scattered and
less The
a

bristle hairs

chiefly present
usual.
the
same

the

basal

thin, small

conspicuous
skull
well-defined

than

is of about

size

as

that
more

of C. russula

of

Europe,
of the

with

low

but

sagittal ridge
is second
and

and

prominent
the

lambdoid

ridges. large
in zontal horiof the
to

The

first upper

unicuspid
The
extent

largest,exceeding
and third

posterior cusp
are

anterior both

incisor.

unicuspids
the

practically equal
the
same

vertical
line
as

cross-section, their tips practically on

cusp

the

anterior it
as

(paracone) of
The
as

large premolar,
of the
the paracone

instead
to
seems

slightlyexceeding
main be
cusp

in

C. russula.
are

relations the

of the

premolar
than in

about

in

latter, but

tooth
a

much

longer
directed of the
base

that with tooth.

species,its
the

posterior edge forming

of the
main cusp

wide
over

backthe

wardly
center

crescent,
of the The and

summit

about

Measurements:

"

type,

as

measured
72
mm.;

by

the

collector, shows foot,

the 13.

the

ing followmay

dimensions: be maximum
head The group
to

head

body,

tail, 51; hind

These

dimensions,
and

for five other

specimens
its dimensions

from

age: type localityaver-

body, 64.2; tail,40.6.

is

skull which

obviously larger
the animal
are

in

than

that

of

the

ilensis The

bears

considerable

external

resemblance.

following dimensions
CRANIAL

from

topotypes.
OF CROCIDURA

MEASUREMENTS

VORAX

136
Occurrence thin
as

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

and this

Habits:
shrew up.
a

"

In

its rather
at

long fur, brownish

the

coloration, and
of
also
a

small

ears,
are

has

first

sight much
in

appearance

Sorex

the

skins

made

ilensis

it is phceopiis,
as

much
on

general resembling Although and of distinctlylarger dimensions, paler brownish gray,

Crocidura

is obvious

comparison
but the

of the
fore is

skulls.
when

The skins
not

length
of the

of the
two
are

hind laid
to

foot side

is

only slightly greater,

are

feet,

by side,
of
a

obviously larger. It
of which

apparently
be

distantly related
as a

C. russula but
genus

until
can

Europe, general review

made,
has I have been

perhaps
to

it should

regarded
the

of the hesitated

relationships of
make
a more on

Asiatic

subspecies, species of the

be

definite
the

This
9,000 and

shrew
12,000

taken

at

high altitudes
I have

assignment. Likiang Range, between

to

feet

and (timber-line),
one

referred

it also

few

viduals indione

from

lower

levels, including feet, both

one

from

Taku

Ferry, 6,000 feet, and

near

from the
to

Chitien, 6,400
range,
as

in the

Yangtze
Tali
shrew

valley

the

eastern

base

of

well No

as

from

Minkai,

Lake,
of which

7,500

feet, a short

distance
p.

the

south.
p.

doubt

it is this from

Thomas

(1922b,
the

394;

1923,
as a

657)

records

specimens
the

9,000-13,000

feet

on

Likiang Range,
taken it

"small

species of
collector's of

russula
on

group."
type

The in the
act

note
a

the

specimen

states

that
a

when

was

devouring

mouse

(Apodemus)
all,nine,
5 ;
as

caught
follows:

in

trap.

Specimens examined:
Yunnan
:

"

In

Ssu

Shan, Likiang Range,

i;

Peishui, Likiang Range, Lake,

1.

; Taku

Ferry, Yangtze,

l ;

Chitien, Yangtze,

Minkai,

Tali

56.
Crocidura rapax G. M.

Crocidura Novitates,

rapax
no.

G.

M.

Allen
28, 1923.

Allen,
"

Amer.

Mus.

loo,

p. 9, December

Type Specimen:
Museum
at

^Adult

male,
from

skin

and

skull, No.

44321,

American nan, YunC. drews An-

of Natural
9,000

History,
Heller.

Yinpankai,
December

Mekong
25,

River, southern 1916, by Dr.

R.

feet altitude.

Collected

and

Edmund
"

Description:
in size and

small

shrew but the

of the entire

C. russula dorsal

group,
a

resembling C.
much
on

vorax

proportions,
Below,
Tail

surface

richer
the

brown,
and

nearly "bister"
shoulders. gray

(Ridgway),
a

slightly peppered
"mouse
Feet

with

gray

head

light

hairs.

bicolor

like the

gray." thinly body, the bristle hairs rather

but

covered

with few

minute
tered. scat-

and

The

skull is like that

"

of C. vorax, collector's

slightlymore

delicate.
of the

Measurements:

The

measurements

type

are:

head

and

body, 64
18; basal
outside

mm.;

tail,42;

hind

foot, 12.5.

The

skull

measures:

greatest length,
case,

length, 16.3; palatal length, 8.0; width

5.3; upper

of

brain

8.2; width

molars,

tooth

row,

8.0; lower

tooth

row,

7.4.

THE

INSECTIVORES

137

Occurrence shrew
may

and

Habits:
a

"

Although
different

treated
lowland when both
a

as

distinct of the

species,
preceding,

this
and In

is
even

probably only
prove
to

richer-colored,
very

form

be

not

larger series is available.

be For In

fact,

to

judge
retained of the

from
or

descriptions alone,

may

closely
the
to

related

to

C.

indochinensis,
I have

possibly inseparable
C. rapax
as

from

it.

present, therefore,
the
a

originallypublished.
Museum grayer, of

addition

type, the
skin and

collection Homushu Howell

American

Natural

History
be U.

contains
the
same,

from A.
B.

Pass, which
has

though
five

may

nevertheless
the

recorded
as

specimens

in

S.

National

Museum

from

Yochow,

Hunan,

"perfectly typical."
"

Specimens River, Yunnan,

examined:
and
a

Three, including the type from

and
an

Yinpankai, Mekong
Pass, Yunnan.

skin

alcoholic

from

Homushu

Genus
Anourosorex

Anoiirosorex
Acad.

Milne-Edwards

Milne-Edwards,
ser.

Compt.
13, art. servir Zool.

Rend. 10,
i

Nat., Zool.,

5, vol. pour Proc. Ann.

p., Nat.

March,

1870; Recherches Pygmura

Anurosorex

k I'Hist. Soc. Nat.

des Sci. Sci., Paris, vol. 70, p. 341, February, 1870; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 306, April, 1870; Ann. des Mammifferes, p. 254, pi. 38, fig.i ; pi.38A, figs,i-i j, 1868-74.

Anderson,
Anderson,
p. 150,

London,

1875, p. 229,
4, vol.

footnote. and Zool. Researches Western

Mag.

Hist., ser.

16, p. 282, 1875; Anat.

Yunnan,

pi. 5, 1879.

This that
stands

genus

represents

fossorial modification
same

of the
Crocidura

white-toothed
as

shrews,
does
to

in somewhat

the

relation
it is at
once

to

Blarinella
the

Sorex.

In

external

appearance

distinguished by
is

minute
the

and

practically naked,
foot, by
shortened the

scale-covered

tail which fore

eyes is
a

slightly shorter
and hind claws reduced

than and

hind

scaly feet, well-developed

snout.

somewhat
and
are

bluntly pointed
in skins, while
The the

The
ear

are

greatly
rim,
not

not

evident

external

bare

visible habits

above

the

fur

of the head.

skull, in accordance
in

with
a

the
but

burrowing

of the

animal,
and

is

more

solid than

Crocidura, with

low

strong sagittalridge
a

low

occipitalridges that
crescent
as

project slightlybehind, flange-like, forming

from

continuous
at
an

viewed

behind, instead
of the

of two
case

straight
is
to

crests

meeting
for

angle. point
the

The

parietal
and

surface is A

brain

faintly
form
a

rugose

muscle
at

attachment,

its outline

laterallyproduced
small oval
foramen

strong angle

the

of greatest breadth.

is present

medially
The

between

first upper The

teeth

unicuspids.
are

stout

and

have

prominent
that
are

cusps of

and

angles.
in the between
at

dentition
still

shows further incisor

the
so

additional
of and the the

modification

beyond
that there

Crocidura
two

reduction
the

unicuspids

so

only jaw,

first

large
of

large carnassial
upper
a

of the
and low lower

upper

while
are

the

posterior end
reduced
in

molar

series, both
upper
or

last molars

much

size,

that

the

is merely is

transverse

ridge
The

in which

the

identity premolar

of the is de-

inner

cusp

protocone

hardly

obvious.

large

upper

138

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

cidedly molariform,
paracone, then
a

with wide
the

its outer blade-like inner

portion consisting of the usual compressed

has
a

small

anterior
tended ex-

main
low

cone

which evident

is broadly

behind,
one

while

portion
of the

small

but

pair
in

of

cones

behind
The

the

other, closely simulating the

is the

protocone
and
as

and

hypocone
the

of the

first

molar.

latter

largest

molars,

is remarkable well
as

having the

antero-extemal

parastyle large and

rounded

postero-extemal produce
the
crown

metastyle, while the mesostyle is greatly reduced, and thin ridge connecting the paracone metacone, a cutting edge.
of the
The
account metacone

and
so

represented only by
as

to

long
area

second of the

upper

molar

has

only
of the

about

half

first,on
the

great reduction

posterior half of the

and
a

tooth,

in which

and

hypocone
The

are

very

small

the
crown

mesostyle and
area

metastyle much equal

row,

reduced.
metacone
comer

third
of the

upper

molar
and In the

has

barely
the tooth

to

that

of the
outer

second,
second.

lies the

transversely
jaw,
the

to

inside

the has

of the

lower

long

blade-

like incisor

its

cutting edge straight,while

in size, the
the

molars

like those
in

of the upper
two

jaw

are

graduated
the be

first third

largest and
very small

long
but

profile view, the

three
The
=

others

successively smaller,
to

with

obvious tooth

cusps

representing
is

paraconid, protoconid and interpreted

is
as

hypoconid.
pm.r
so

formula

probably
This

follows:
at

i.f ct

m.l much

26.

interesting genus, really

the
a

which

first
from

sight
another and many

recalls

the

American

Blarina, but
confined India
that
to

parallelism
western
was one

division
the

of the

Soricidas, is
eastern

highlands of
It

China
of the

adjacent parts of
remarkable

and

Indo-China.

discoveries
who
was

of
the

indefatigable traveler European

in
a

and
to

collector,
small paper
on even

Pere mammals

Armand
from

David,

first

naturalist
brief the
new

secure

Szechwan.
named and

Milne-

Edwards,

preliminary
genus,

his

collections,
a

tersely
work

characterized this for had and

without

giving
obtained
the
name

specificname,
before from the

reserving
this

his later

account

in the

"Recherches." had

Meanwhile,

reached

India,
a

Dr.

John

Anderson

genus

Assam,

given

preliminary diagnosis
57. Anourosorex
Recherches

of it under

Pygmura.

squamipes
pour servir

Milne-Edwards
k I'Hist. Nat. des

Anourosorex

squamipes

Milne-Edwards,

Mammiflres,

p.

264, pi. 38,

fig. I; pi. 38A, figs. l-lj, 1868-74.

Anourosorex Anourosorex

squamipes
assamensis

capnias G. capita G.
"

M. M.

Allen,

Amer.

Mus.
II.

Novitates,

no.

100,

p.

10,

1923.

Allen, ibid., p.

Type
of this "dans
that

specimen:
montagnes
David's
and that

No
any du

type
definite

specimen
et

is mentioned the

in the
statement

original account
that

species, nor
les

locality,beyond
du the
from

it

occurs

S6-tchouan
came

Tibet."

It is assumed,

however,
in central

Pere

specimens they
are

principality of Muping
Museum

Szechwan,
at

still preserved in the

d'Histoire

Naturelle

Paris.

THE

INSECTIVORES

139

Description:" becoming
a

FuT

fairly long,
on

about

9 about

mm. 11

on mm.

the

center

of

the

back,
above

slightlylonger
gray
to

the

rump, the

General

color
a

dark

mouse

fuscous,

with

faintest
on

suggestion
each hairs.

of brown;

small gray and

spot
with feet

of ochraceous
a

tawny
of

is usually present
over

cheek;
Backs the

below,
of the

paler
hands

slightwash
the the but

buffy
has

the

tips of

the

dusky,

fingersand
latter is dark
a

claws few

white. minute

The

feet, like

tail,are

practically
its

naked,

terminal

hairs, although

otherwise

scaly covering

brownish.

Fig.

II.

Distribution A
nourosorex

Map.

A. squamipes

140

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

The

cranial

characters
In

have

been

briefly described
cent,

in

the

account

of the

generic distinctions.
than in

this

species the skull is slightlyshorter

about 25 per of the total The

proportionally
length.
upper while

A.

assamensis, forming
in

It is

heavy characteristically
are comers

build, with

stout,

broad

teeth.

incisors
the
outer

broadened of the

out

by

the

formation

of distinct and
a no

internal

ledges,
are

large upper
both
"

to

form

distinct is

premolar of angles. In one

sides, with
collector's
as

the

first molar of twelve

even

produced

laterally
upper

series
trace

skulls, the
an

third

molar

missing

on

of of

alveolus. series from Wa

Measurements:

The
are

measurements

Shan,

in central

Szechwan,

follows:

Occurrence coincide
more

and
or

Habits:

"

The the

range

of this

stump-tailed shrew
western

seems

to

less with
on

forested

highlands of
of Szechwan It
was one

China,
to

from

the

Tsingling Range
southern

the

southern
south

border
across

Shensi,

westward and

extreme

Kansu,

and

thence

probably
many

northern

Yunnan,
discoveries

passing into southern

of Pere Armand

Yunnan. who

of the

remarkable

David,

first met

with

it in central

Szechwan,

THE

INSECTIVORES

141

probably
were

in

the The

of Muping, principality

where
is the and the

so

large

number

of his finds
that

made.

only
in its

note

on

its habits

remark is
common

of Milne-Edwards in the

it

usually keeps
considered far from
Dr.

underground
Tibet

tunnels,

plains and
at

mountains time
not

of eastern
a

and

Szechwan,

latter

province being
found
the for

that

part

of Tibet.

Later, David Shensi,

where

(1873)
he

species again,
and
a

Sianfu

in southeastern

lived
a

three
farther

half
at

months.

Andrews

also

procured it in Shensi,
at

little

west,

Taipai Shan,
west,
near

in
been

the

Tsingling Range, by
the Buechner

10,000

feet
p. 151,

altitude.
105

Still farther

it has

recorded
where
to

(1892,
It

of

separate) from
a

Ssigu, Kansu, brought

record secured
a

Russian

explorer, Berezovski, found

is
common on

dead where

one,

and

it back
seems

Leningrad.
to

in

Szechwan,

its
Dr.

easternmost

be

at

Wanhsien,
the

the

Yangtze River, whence

and A.
B.
as

Granger
records
seven seems

specimen 11)
two

for

American U.

Museum,
S. National

Howell
well
as

(1929,
from
to

p.

others
same

in the

Museum,
of the

Suifu
most

on

the

river found

in the

southern

part
series

province.
late

It
R.

be

frequently
at

in central
a

Szechwan,
fine
the Thomas
or

for the

Walter for

Zappey
Museum
at

secured

Wa

Shan

(or Yashan)
1907,

of seventeen

the

of
same

Comparative
it from

Zoology in
1922, p.

and

Stotzner

Expedition
p.

seven

the

place (Jacobi,
west

2), while

(191 id,
west

168;

I9i2e,

p.
as

134)
at
as

records

several and

stations
southwest

just south

of the
at

type

locality,
Shan,
as

forty-fivemiles
from

of Yachow,

and

Omei of

well
near

Chinfu

Shan
in

(near Nanchwan);
western

fifty miles
and

north
-one

Chungking;
northeast record record of for

Yuenchinghsien Chaotungfu,
in

Szechwan;
feet.
same

twenty
to

miles
but known
one

of

Yunnan,

5,800
at

There

appears
most

be

its presence the

and

Hupeh,
two

the taken

time
1907

the

easterly

animal, namely,
one

in both

by W.
Allen,
various of

R.
not

Zappey,
far

at

Changyanghsien
where
the

at

Hsienshanhsien,

localities

from

Ichang,

forested
To

highlands really begin (G. M.

the

191

2).
nan Yun-

southward,
R.
on

it

was

found up
to

at

localities in southwestern
10,000

by Dr.
district River that
no

C. Andrews, the
were

altitudes above

feet, as
while

in the
on

Chungtien
Mekong
odd

and

Yangtze
taken

River
at

Taku
up
on

Ferry,
to

the It

specimens
evidence

various has
been

places
found
in

8,000 feet.

seems

of its presence

the the

Likiang Range.
two
races

Osgood
as

(1932) is doubtless
and A.
s.

correct

placing

I described the

.4.

5.

capnias

capita in
first

the

synonymy appear

of this

species,for

ences differseries

observed,
to

though

at
or

puzzling,

with

study

of further

be

largely individual Specimens examined:

seasonal.
"

In
2

all,forty-nine,

as

follows:
i

Hupeh:
Shensi: Szechwan:

Changyanghsien, Taipai Shan,

Wanhsien,

(M.C.Z.); Hsienshanhsien,
feet,
2.

(M.C.Z.).

10,000 i; Wa

Shan,

19

(M.C.Z.); Suifu,

(U.S.N.M.).

142
Yunnan:

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Chungtien

district, Tomulang,
of Chungtien,
2 ;

10,000

feet,
miles

i ;

and

Peitai of Taku

Mountain,

10,000

feet, River,

thirty miles south

10,000

twenty

north

Ferry, Yangtze
River,

feet, 2; Mekong feet,

I

River, Hsiaokela,
River,
Salween

8,000
9,000

feet, 5; Mekong feet,

i ;

Yinpankai,

9,000

Mekong Mucheng,

Lachimii,

Mekong

River, Chiangwei,

8,000 feet, I

drainage, 7.
Anderson 1877.
.

Genus Chimarrogate
Anderson,
Ann.

Chimarrogale
vol.

Joum. Mag.
Nat. Zool.

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal,
i, vol.

46, pt. 2, p. 262,

Crossopus Gray,
Crocidura

Hist., ser.
Soc. London,

10, p. 261,

1842 (part,for Crossopus himalayicus)

Anderson,
as

Proc.

1873, p. 231

(part).

Just
soricine toothed the

the
so

Old this

World
genus

genus

Neomys aquatic
of

is form for

an

aquatic
of the

modification
or

of white-

type,
shrews.

is

an

crocidurine life lie

on

Its external feet with

of
a a

modifications

aquatic
in the

principally in
both

well-developed
of each of the
toe

fringe
for

flattened
;

stiff hairs

lateral

edges
nature

in

place

web

swimming
of the valvular

somewhat

waterproof guard hairs,

out

pelage through
the

the

glossy,

burnished
rump,

tips tending
about

of the
to

and and

especiallyof again
when

elongated
ears

hairs
a

keep

water, ings open-

in the
under

reduced
water.

with

antitragus
broad
dorsal

for

closing the
the

The

tail is

relativelylong,
with
a

equaling
flattened outline
the

body
case trum. ros-

length.
which in

The

skull

is

peculiarly shaped,
a

brain of the

profilemakes
latter has
structure crests

nearly
skull

flat angle with

the

The

its upper

outline is

with nearly parallel thin

and

alveolar the

margin. sagittal
in the and

The
and

bony

of the
very
two

markedly
is
a

light,with
white

lambdoid
between

low.

There

pair
teeth

of minute
are

foramina

palate

the

first

unicuspids.
upper

The

throughout
shaft Then

relatively light.
vertical, slender,
three

The and

anterior

incisors with
same a

have

their

main

nearly
follow

sharp-pointed, practically the

cusp

low

posterior cusp.
and

unicuspids
as

of

height

cross-section,
This

about

as

high

the
cusp

anterior

of the
one

large premolar following.

a as

premolar
cusp,
are

has

its main

low,

about

and

half times
well
as

as

high
of the
The

as

its anterior

while

its postero-external

commissure
a

that

first molar

produced
lacks this

backward, extension,
the
but The
tocone

forming
and has

blade

-like

cutting edge.
and
metacone

second

molar

the

paracone

of
the

practicallyequal
two

size, while
is low
cusp. proIn

hypocone
evident,
third
and

of both
and

the

large premolar by
a

and

anterior distinct
a or

molars

succeeded
molar is much

still smaller

but

cingulum
commissure.

upper

reduced
a

in size, but
transverse

shows

fairlydistinct

paracone,

with

posterior

ridge
its

the

lower

jaw,

the

large
smaller

blade-like
teeth

incisor is

has

cutting edge
at

straight; the
its upper
front
to

second

of the

two

following
show
a

slightlynotched
shows all the

terior pos-

edge,
but the third

while
lower

the

three

molars
even

decrease

in size from cusps

back,

molar,
may

though small,

still present.
=

The

tooth

formula

be

interpreted as

follows:

i.f Ct

pm.i- m.l

28.

THE

INSECTIVORES

143

This

genus

of water
eastward into

shrews
across

occurs

in the China

hill country
to

from

Darjeeling
of the Two

and

Sikkim,
and
have

India,

southern and
; one

the

mouth in

Yangtze, species
excellent

southward been

Indo-China,
from China

is found of these

also

Japan. by
two

described
are

is represented
C.

subspecies,
an

both

of which

closely similar
of the

to

the
see

Indian

himalayica.
1879,
p.

For 139.

anatomical
and
races

account

latter,

Anderson,

The

species

may

be

distinguished by

the

following key.

Key A.

to

Chinese

Species

and

Subspecies from

of

Chimarrogale

Belly white, with

of the back

sharp line of demarcation

the slaty color C. styani

B.

Belly grayish washed

into
a.

with of the

brown,
back

grading by imperceptible

grees deC. himalayica

the

color

Slightlylarger, hind Slightlysmaller,

hind

foot, without foot, without

claws, 23 claws,
22

mm.

or

more or

...

C. himalayica
. .

himalayica
leander

b.

mm.

less.

C. himalayica

58.

Chimarrogale himalayica himalayica

Mag.
Anat. Nat. and Proc.

(Gray)
1842.
p. 139,
n,

Crossopus himalayicus Gray, Ann.

Chimarrogale Chimarrogale
himalaica

Hist.,
Zool.

ser.

i, vol.

lo,

p. 261,

Anderson,
A. B.

Researches

Western vol. 75,

Yunnan,
art.

pi. 5, figs.17-30,

1879.

himalayica

Howell,

U. S. Nat.

Mus.,

i, p.

1929.

Type

Specimen:
not

"

The and

type
from

is

skin, formerly
the

mounted,
have

No. been

42.2. 18.1

in the British The

Museum,

which

anterior
on

teeth label

extracted.

localityis

mentioned

by Gray, and

the

is

merely "Himalaya,"

C. Drummond,

collector.

Description:
"

Apparently

the

color

is identical

with

that in the

of the middle
on

eastern

subspecies, a
back,
the and and

uniform

blue-gray above,

slightly darker

of
most

the

minutely peppered with especially numerous

and

pale whitish
are on

subterminal

bands

of

hairs.
are

Longer white-tipped hairs imperceptible degrees

with brownish.
and brown into

evenly sprinkled throughout

the rump. The

the coat, back

is
a

long

color

of the

grades

by

the

paler mid-ventral
of
at

region which
brown.
or

distinctly washed
uniform
dark

Backs all around

the the

feet

light

Tail
more,

above

terminal

third

the

basal third below

The skull

white.

of the have

type

is not been

preserved, except
mentioned.
of from about

for the

anterior

teeth.

Its

chief characters Measurements: but

In the the
as

already
No fresh
not

"

measurements

Chinese
that 80 in of

specimens
the
race

are

able, avail-

size

does

greatly
tail

differ

C. h. leander.
hind foot with the

type
23.3
mm.

mounted,
In
a

the

measures

mm.,

the British

claw hind

specimen
is 23
mm.

from

Tongking

the

Museum,

foot without

claw

144

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

CHIMARROGALE

HIMALAYICA

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

Little is known
the

of this

species,but
type
and

it is

apparently
westward

present in small
into
the

numbers

along
I cannot

mountain

streams

of Yunnan,
other
are

Himalayan
Museum,
B. Howell
account at

region.
the

After
see same

examining
that the

the

specimens
different,

in the and
a our

British

Yunnan
Anderson in
an a

examples
mountian

A.

reached of
a

conclusion.
he

(1879, p. 139) gives

stream

minute
camp

specimen which
in

caught
it

"behind

Ponsee,

the

Kakhyen
He

hills,at
"observed

elevation

of 3,500
over

feet,"
the

on

the border in the

bed

of western

Yunnan. and

running
the

about

stones

of the

stream

plunging freely into

to

water.

It

was

evidently probable

engaged
that
...

in

feeding, and
it may

in addition fish." In

insects

and

aquatic

larvae, it is

kill young
examined:
"

Specimens
Sikkim,

addition in the

to

the

type

and

specimens
examined

from
the

Kashmir,
from

and

Tongking
(i each

British

Museum,

I have

following
Yunnan:

China:
2

Likiang,

in M.C.Z.

and

U.S.N.M.).

59. Chimarrogale Chimarrogale

1930.

Chimarrogale himalayica
Ann.

leander
10, p.

Thomas 165, 1902.

no.

leander

Thomas,

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

7, vol.

himalayica Shih, Bull. Dept.

Biol., Sun

Yatsen

Univ., Canton,

4, p. 2, 1930;

ibid.,no.

8, p. I,

Type specimen:
Kuatun,
northwestern
F.

"

skin

and

skull, No.
1,200

2.6.10.3, British
meters

Museum,
Winter.

from lected Col-

Fukien,

China,

altitude.

by

W.
"

Styan.
Similar
to

Description:
somewhat

the

typical form
tail not

but

slightly smaller, the

to

color side.
ence presthen
a

paler,the white
above

of the

extending
with others

the

tip on

the

under
to

Color of many dark other

to

blackish

slate, minutely grizzled with

paler, due
a

the

hairs mixed all-light-gray subterminal

are

having

gray

base,
among

brown hairs

ring
ones

and

minute

pale tip. Sprinkled

and

the
serve

many

longer

with
in

pale shining tips that length

project and

waterproof

the fur; these

increase

conspicuousness posteriorly,

THE

INSECTIVORES

145

and

produce
covered

distinctlyhoary
with

appearance

over

the

hind

quarters.
with
outer

Lower brown.

surface
Feet

shorter,
with
toes
a

smooth

fur
brown

of line

dark

gray

washed
to

pale brownish,
hairs
the

darker

extending
with

the

side; the

fringing
conceal

of the

white.
brown

Tail

covered

short

hairs

that

barely
to

scales; color
on

above,
half.

paler
Vibrissae

and

somewhat

silvery below,
the

nearly clear whitish

ear,

the

basal

short, extending back

white. The skull does

not

apparently
incisor
are

differ from
teeth. the

that The

of

C.

himalayica except
of the
terior pos-

in the

slightlysmaller
cusp of the

size and

smaller and

great reduction
the

first upper

of specialization characters.
were

tooth

through

its

sharply pointed
Measurements:
"

main Since

cusp
no

generic

flesh

measurements

available

of the collected

type

specimen,
Mr.

the

following
H.

are

of value

from

series

of topotypes

by

Clifford

Pope.
Tail Hind
22.0 21.0

foot

Ear

Locality Ftikien Fukien Fukien

84.0
90.0 91.0

5 7
10
"

23.0 20.5

80.5
For

Chekiang

cranial

measurements,
and

see

table
race

under
of the

C. h.

himalayica.
Water Shrew
streams

Occurrence

Habits:

"

This

Himalayan
as

is

apparently fairlycommon
in eastern China.
In three

in suitable addition
others
to
were

such localities,

along upland
from Kuatun close
to

the

originalspecimen
at

western in norththe
same

Fukien,

taken

Chunganhsien,
and

place by
that the

Mr.

Clifford
name

H.

Pope

in May, lao shu"

in the in the

June,
or

early July, 1926. though

His
hunter
same

He

notes

native

is "shui

water

rat, and

seldom
was

taken,
certain

it is said to be he
at

fairlycommon
same

Kuatun

streams.

had

seen

the

animal

Futsing
to

Mountains

in the

province
In life the

hardly

300

feet

altitude, but
The
most

all efforts

procure of T.

it there its known

failed.
range

tail is four-sided.

northerly point
collected of

is furnished
northern west southarea

by

single skin
and

without
now

skull
the

by J.

Wright
of the
few.
p.

at

Tunglu,
To

Chekiang,
southern

in

Museum

Comparative
most at

Zoology.
These and

the

it extends

its range
but the

probably
actual of records

across are

mountainous
are

of

China,
Yao Shan

present

of several

from

the

Shan

district

Kwangsi
in of the

(Shih, 1930,

2)
Mell

ten

others
i ;

from
p.

the Yao In
the

region, North
records
750
two meters

River,

Kwangtung
latter bom

(Shih,

1930a,

p.

1931,

2).

mountainous

regions

province,
adult

(1922,
found and
a a

p.
on

16) May

also
12,
were

seciired

it, and

apparently newly
altitude. Two

young males

in Mahutze taken
and
at

Shan,

female

"Drachenkopf,"
under
a

Kwangtung,
by
a

in
brook

deep valley along

at

rocky brook,
It is

another

large stone

Mahutze

Shan.

evidently

146
confined
upon the
race

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

to

the and

vicinity of
small

small

streams

and

is

supposed by
is

Anderson

to

live

insects

fishes.

As

subspecies this
doubtless

barely distinguishableon
the

ground

of its

smaller slightly China.

size,and

intergrades with

typical

in western

Specimens
FxJden:

examined:
i

"

In

all,five, namely:
i

Chekiang: Tunglu,

(skin only, M.C.Z.).

3;

Chunganhsien,
60.

Kuatun,

(B.M., type).
Winton

Chimarrogale styani
and

De

and

Styan

Chimarrogale styani De

Winton

Styan,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

1899, p. 574.

Type specimen:
from F. W.

"

female, skin

and

No. sktill.

99.3.1.8, British

Museum, 1897,

Yangliupa, Styan.

northwestern

Szechwan.

Collected

June

16,

by

Description: Above,
"

uniform
white

dark

slaty

black

from

the

shoulders
and

ward, back-

interspersed with
on

shining

hairs

increasing in
side of the

length
face
dark
to

in numbers level
of the

the

rump;

below,

including

the

lips and
line the and dorsal

the

eye,

white white

washed

with
a narrow

yellow, a sharp
area on

dividing the
colored
above

and

lightsurfaces.
the fifth below

Feet

except
the

surface, running
like

toward the

digit. Tail; short-haired, tapering

whitish No but
than
to

back,

tip.
account

comparative
an

of the

skull

characters that the

is

given by

the

author,

from
that

examination C.

of the

type it

appears

skull is

slightlysmaller

of

himalayica.
"

Measurements: taken which

No.

The

only
and

available
a

measurements

are

those

of the

type,

from
I have

the had

dried
the
and

skin,

second

specimen

in

the

British

Museum,

privilege of examining.
body
Tail Hind
20.0

Head
BM

foot

Ear
"

Locality Szechwan

99.3.1.8
15.2.1.2BM

(108)
100

(61) 85
MEASUREMENTS OF

17.5

(s.u.)

Burma

CRANIAL

CHIMARROGALE
Breadth Breadth
across

STYANI

Upper
tooth
row

Lower tooth
row

Greatest No.

Basal

Palatal

of brain
case

length
BM

length

length
11.3

molars

Locality
Szechwan Burma

99.3.1

.8

(type)
23.9

7.1
II.

10.5
9.9

9.6
9.3

15.2.1.2BM

21.7
"

ii.o

7.0

Occurrence

and

Habits: in the in the p.

This

rare

aquatic
and

shrew
a

is known

from

but secured

two

specimens,
F.

the

type

British
mountains

Museum,
of

second
at

specimen
an

by

Kingdon
hand

Ward

Upper
(F.
on

Burma,
K.

altitude
that in genus, he the

of 11,000

feet

(Thomas,
as

igisd,
it
swam

335).
in
a

He small

writes brook the

Ward,
Imaw

1921)
Bum the

captured daytime.

it by

Evidently

it resembles

in its habits

other

species of

frequenting

THE

INSECTIVORES

147

alpine
pattern
which
the

streams.

It

is, however,
surface
or even

very

different
Thomas

in

appearance, very

for the
to

sharply
the color In

delimited
of

white
a

ventral

is,
of
to

as

says,
water

similar

Neomys,
too,

the the

American

shrews

(Neosorex). Except

this respect, it is

it is similar
more

Japanese
than rather much

species, C. platycephala, with

C.

perhaps

closely related
find the
two

with

himalayica.
to

for

smaller

size of C.

styani,it is otherwise
to

similar the
same

the

last, and

it is,

therefore, interesting however,

will yet be
the

livingin

region.
in

Possibly,
and

present

species

is somewhat the have

more

northern

distribution,

found

in Kansu examined:
"

and I

Tsingling region.
examined
both the

Specimens specimens
Upper
:

above-mentioned

"Northwestern Burma:

Szechwan":

(B.M., the type). valley, Wulaw

Pass,
i

Naung

Chaung
Genus

(B.M.).

Nectogale
Acad.
Nat.

Milne-Edwards 1870; Ann.

des pour

Nectogale Milne-Edwards,
ser.

Compt. 1870; Ann.

p. 266,

Rend.

Sci., Paris, vol. 70, p. 341,

4, vol. 5, p. 306,

Sci. Nat., Zool.,

servir d. I'Hist.

5, vol. des

13,

p.,

Mag.

Hist., ser.

1870; Recherches

Nat.

Mammiferes,

1868-74.

Although
Worlds

Milne-Edwards
=

regarded

the

water

shrews
as

of the

Old

and
a

New

(Crossopus[
it

Neomys], Neosorex,
annectant

and

Nectogale)
the
more are a

forming
shrews

special
and

subfamily, Crossopinae,
desmans,
seems now

between that

typical

the
the

obvious is
a

the

first two

specializationsof
still further

Soricinae, while
of the

the

last

crocidurine, representing
foreshadowed the and genus teeth
are

adaptation
In its habits
fish-

water-living type already

more

by

Chimarrogale.

it is doubtless

aquatic,
more

and

specialized,probably for
of the
crowns

eating, through
anterior

the

narrowed

prehensile nature
of water
ears,

of the

part of the
the

jaws.

This

shrews

is

ized externally characterfor

by

long snout,
by
These the

reduced

valvular
and

the keels

tail modified of stiff short

swimming
the that

by
to

the

development
feet, and
water.

of median
abundance the

lateral of

hairs, by

webbed
shed

long, white-tipped
of the 39, skull
are

over-hairs

serve

and

characters

excellently shown
describes
the tail

in
as

Milne-Edwards's

plates (1868-74, pis.

at

39A).

He

quadrangxilar
marks the
a

the in

base, triangular in section

its terminal
on

in the
a

middle line
two to

third, and
short

ally later-

compressed
lower
ventral
to

portion.
side, beyond
the

Basally
which line terminal

of

stiff bristles
run

angle

each

the

lines
the

together,
of the

forming
side.
the

fringe along
a

median
the

quite

tip

tail,
upper of

corresponding
Similar tail. The and

dorsal shorter and

fringe along
lateral hind
are

three-quarters
to

of the

but fore

fringes are
are

present

along the middle

the base of the

third terminal

feet

webbed
a

phalanges,
hairs The
like

their

edges

provided with
to

flattened fringe of short, stiff,

those
are

in

Chimarrogale,
dorsally by

enhance

the

swimming
on

power
toes

of the become

feet.
trans-

feet

covered

small

scales, which

the

148
scutes.

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

verse

Most
as

remarkable in

are

the

disk-like

pads of both
to

fore

and

hind

feet. of
a

These,
wide

shown

Milne-Edwards's
the fore bases

excellent of

consist figiires, 5 of the fore foot that

one

chiefly
and

transverse

pad
that each

across

digits2
a

of

3 and

4 of the
;

hind,
on

of the

foot

nearly
narrower

third

larger than
of the

of the

hind the

back

of this of the

foot

is
one

pair of
from

transverse

pads,

from of

base

first

digit and
center at

the

opposite
Two
fore

side

foot, both
a

which

nearly touch
row,
are

in the
shown

of the base
on

palm.
of the
inner

others, forming foot,

but in the
at

similar foot
base

transverse

the

hind

there of the axis in

is

only

one

transverse

pad

the

side

parallelto
small useful animal be the

that

the with

first toe, while

the

metatarsal

tubercle

is very
must

and
as

oval

its

longitudinal.
out
on

These wet

extraordinary pads
stones

adhesive

disks Milne-

climbing
The

in the

streams

where

lives, as

Edwards

suggests.
skull is

extraordinarily flattened, with

forms

very

broad
same

brain

case,

the
as

dorsal that

profileof which
of the
rostrum.

nearly pair
of

continuation

of the
a

straight line
linear

Milne-Edwards's the first

the upper

show figtires

pair of small
and
two
are

incisive

foramina

between
about

unicuspids,
The

palatal
notable and
upper than

openings
for the

opposite
and

large premolar.
of the
more

teeth

mainly
The

slender

somewhat
cusp rather

unusually elongate first incisors, both

upper

upper

lower, while

the
are

basal and

is much

reduced.

three
row

unicuspids
in other

low

elongate in the axis of the tooth

of

shrews, the two

smaller. cusp The

first
In the
two

nearly
lower

equal height
the

and

cross-section, the third

and

(the canine)
each the
a

jaw
molar

small
one are

canine

premolar
other

have

central
one.

with
cusps than

smaller

cusps, teeth The

in front, the

behind
molar
same,

central
more

of the in
28.

shorter, but
tooth

the third is the

is not

reduced
c.t

Crocidura.

formula

namely: Only
the

i.f
a

pm.x

m.f

single species is known, highlands

westward

which into

is confined where

to

mountain

streams

of
a

Chinese

Sikkim,

it is

represented by

slightlybrowner

subspecies.
61.

Nectogale elegans
WEB-FOOTED WATER

Milne-Edwards
SHREW
vol.

Nectogale elegans Milne-Edwards,

Sci.

Compt.
13,
art.

Rend. 10,
I

Acad.
p.,

Sci., Paris, 1870;

70, p. 341,
Nat.

February, Hist.,
ser.

1870; Ann.
4, vol. 5, p.

des

Nat., Zool.,

ser.

5, vol. pour

March,

Ann.

Mag.
p.

306,

April, 1870; Recherches Nyctogale elegans David,

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

des MammifSres,
p. 555

266, pis. 39, 39A, figs,i-il,1868-74.

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1873,

(errorim).

Type Specimen:

"

No

type is mentioned Szechwan,

is

in the

descriptions,but

the

original
d'His-

specimen

from

Muping,
at

presiunably still in the Mus^vmi

toire Naturelle

Paris. General color above

Description:
"

slaty gray,

overlain, except

on

the head,

THE

INSECTIVORES

149

with
more

longer hairs having

abundant chin
to

gray

bases Lower rather

and

prominent
of the marked base.

white

tips,which
from the the
are

become

posteriorly.
the

surface

body

upper color of

lips
the

and
upper

tail,white,
hairs hairs

sharply
at

off from

side, the

everywhere
white
are

gray the

the

The

feet

brown,

their

fringesof short
The

; and

tail is like the Milne-Edwards

as

back, with
states

its

fringes white.
wet, the certain
other

prominent
shows

vibrissae

white.

that and

when

hair

minute

rainbow

reflections

in

the

desmans,

insectivores.
The

skull has

been

characterized sufficiently
and broadened
narrow

in the brain

generic description,and
and the rather

notable is chiefly

for its flattened

case,

slender

first incisors central

cusp

succeeded

by
lower

long-crowned
canine and

unicuspids with
minute

prominent
cusps.

and,

in the

premolar, with
of
190 the
mm.;

secondary
are

Measurements:

"

^The

measurements

type

specimen
hind

given by
25;

Milne-Edwards

as

follows:

total

length,
mm.;

tail, 100;
of brain

foot,
15.
one

fore

foot,

16.

Skull, greatest length, 25

and

width

case,
was

Occurrence Armand
Szechwan. and in
not

Habits:

"

This
in the the

beautiful mountainous
banks

water

shrew district
of

of

P^re

David's

discoveries
found

Muping,

central
torrents

He

it

along

of the and form

impetuous
with
diet.

mountain remarkable
It seemed To

small

streams,
of small

into

which

it

plunges
because
to

swims

facility,
to

pursuit
rare

fish which
to

apparently
secure

its main

be

though difficult
he

of its

aquatic habits.
of small
streams

procure

specimens
to

found

it necessary its burrows.

even

dam A

off sections writer

in

in order

find

and

dig
fish

out

the of

Journal of the capturing

one a

Bombay
that
came

Natural
for the

History Society
small

had
was

the

experience
as

which

he

using
in

bait

while

fishing along
addition David for three
to

mountain

stream

in India.

This

is still
in the of

rare

species
Sianfu,

collections.

In

the

original
it in the

specimen
mountains in the

Paris

Museum,
near

from

Muping,
he

Pere

later found and

a

Shensi,
of

where

resided

half months
More
course

course

his natural Prince

-history explorations (David,

d' Orleans the exact obtained localities four
are

1873).

than of

twenty
his

years

later
across

Henri
but

others

in the

journey
the

Yunnan,
records

not

given by Pousargues
in all

(1896a, p. i)
with
P-

who

them.

Finally, a single one,

recorded

agreeing
and

respects

original description, was Yangliupa

two

by

De

Winton thus

Styan

(1899,
N.

573) from

in

northwestern limits.
The

Szechwan,
latter

indicating probably
also describe
as

its

general northwesterly
doubtless should

authors

sikhimensis

specimens from
be

Sikkim,
as

India, which
a

differ in their

browner

tint, but

regarded
skin

subspecies only. Yangliupa, northwestern

Szechwan

Specimens examined:

"

One

from

(B.M.).

CHAPTER

ORDER

CHIROPTERA

BATS

Bats

may group of

be

looked
have

upon

as

highly
the

specialized
power

derivatives
true

from

the

inthe

sectivore formation
hind

that

developed
by
the of the

of
of

flight
of

through
between

supporting
tail,
and

surfaces
between

the fore
hand

extension and into hind

a

folds
and the them.

skin
more

the

legs

and
the

limbs,

particularly
of
the

through
fotir
are

transformation and the

wing
between

by

lengthening
In habits molar

fingers
still

stretching
and retain

of

membrane

many

insectivorous
secant

the

essential At
of

type
the
same

of

insectivorous time others

have

teeth
become

with

W-shaped
and

ridges
lost

and

cusps.

have

frugivorous
teeth modified In has and
up

have

this
ways

type
for
the

dentition fruit
of

and

instead
or

developed
stances. sub-

in

various

crushing development
such claws
as

pulp

other
the

vegetable bodily
of
the

correlation various
of the

with

flight,

structtire

undergone
the while

modifications,
the

the
a

reversibility
hook-like and

hind for

limbs

reshaping
at

foot is

and

into reduced

structure

hanging
likewise vertebrae become

rest;

fibula and

usually

slender;
fusions
breast

the

ulna the

becomes
take
enormous

thread-like

incomplete
the

distally; spinal
of
that The the
as

various
the

of

place

for for

strengthening flight;
the

column;
the the

muscles

proportions
claws,
may be

fingers
thumb
fur of

of

the

hand
a

are

greatly
hook-like

altered,
claw
and

with the

loss

of

the

except
do
so.

retains
the

short
and and

first
also

finger
to

wings

supporting
from

membranes membranes

tends

lost,
The

from

former

altogether, by
the
as

the

in of
some

great

part.

group

represented usually by
the the

living

members
two

consists

seventeen

families

and

is

regarded family

comprising
or

suborders, bats,
members
and

the

Megachiroptera Microchiroptera
for
the
most

constituted

Pteropidas
families have

fruit whose

the
are

including
part

remaining although
food

sixteen many The

insectivorous,
other

become
are

frugivorous exclusively tropical

another
and
even

or

have

developed
in

special

habits.
almost

Pteropidae
to

Old

World

distribution, although
On
ISO

confined
one

altogether
occurs

the and

subtropical
in the
Bonin

regions,
Islands.

species
the

in

Japan

the

mainland

family

barely

reaches

THE

BATS

151

the southern Of
the

border

of China,

where

it is at present known
are

by

two

genera

only.
Miller's

Microchiroptera, six
the
most

famiUes The

represented, of which following key,

based in

the

VespertiUonon

idae contains

species.
and

part

synopsis

of the

families

genera

of bats, will

serve

for their

diagnosis.

Key A.

to

the

Families

of

Chinese

and

Mongolian
the

Chiroptera

Larger species,index
claw;
ear

finger with
and the

three

phalanges,

last with

simple,
humerus and
not

oval

tubular,
outer

without

development
head

of the

tragus;

with

supplementary
the

little developed

articulating with

scapula

Megachiroptera (Pteropidae)
its terminal

B.

Smaller

species, index

finger never
the

clawed,
lower

and

joint
and

lost;
curved

ears

largely developed,
but not

portion expanded

forward,

completely
humerus

encircHng the opening, the

with the
outer

tragus

usually well developed;

head

mentary supple. . .

large and

usually articulating with

leaf-like outgrowths.

the

scapula

Microchiroptera Megadennidae

a.

Muzzle

with

conspicuous

a'. Tragus b'. Tragus

1.

present, bifid; nose-leaves

absent toes
;

simple complex.
each;
nose-leaves
on sisting con-

nose-leaves
two

more

Hind

with
a

phalanges

of with
an

flat horseshoe-shaped
transverse

leaf

the

muzzle,
more or

erect

ridge behind, divided

less into
2.

three with
a

parts
three

Hipposideridae
phalanges each
in front,
and
a a

Hind

toes

; nose-leaves
narrow

sisting con-

of

flat horseshoe

erect

and
.

fleshyconnecting piece,
b. Muzzle a'. The without tail

terminal

pointed

leaf
.

Rhinolophidas

conspicuous

leaf-like outgrowths. free from the interfemoral

tip conspicuously
finger without
side of
the

membrane.
1.

Second
upper

phalanges;

tail

perforating the
Emballonuridae

membrane;

postorbital processes
phalanx;
the tail

present
2.

in the

skull
one

Second from

finger with
the
no

small

projecting
brane; mem-

posterior border postorbital

not

of

interfemoral

processes

Molossidae

b'. The

tail

tip

conspicuously

projecting beyond

the

interfemoral

membrane

Vespertilionidas Family
FRUIT BATS

PTEROPID^
OR FLYING FOXES

In

this, the
characters

only family of
lie in the
a

the

suborder

Megachiroptera,
wing bones,
of its

the

obvious
the

ternal ex-

less reduction retains

of the

in that

second
are

digitusually
small;
tube without

has

claw
ears

and
are

all three and

phalanges, although they

bases

further,
the

the

elongate
of the

oval, their
seen

forming

closed

development

tragus,

in the

Microchiroptera, while

152

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

the

tail is

usually
at

very
are

small reduced

and
to

partly free
narrow

from

the interfemoral stretched

head with

membranes,
the

which
canea.

themselves When
the In

borders

by

short

cal-

rest,
looks

hanging
about,
structure

by
the

the

feet,

the

is not
the less eyes

turned

dorsally
to

when

animal
the

but

faces

forward,

looking
head

the
a

front.

skeletal

shoulder
the
outer

joint is

complex, lacking
of

secondary
humerus the

articulation the

by

means

of

supplementary palatal branch,

in

the

with

scapula.
and

The

skull has lacks

well-developed postorbital processes;

the while molars the

premaxillary is generally free and

both upper cusps
on

cheek

teeth,
two

lower,

are

nearly similar
end,
in
the

shape,
and

the

having
to

blunt

their anterior and metaconid

protocone
lower.
northern

paracone genera
are

in the upper known

teeth, protoconid
reach
on

the
the

Two

southern

China, which

is close to

limit

of their

distribution

the

mainland.
Key
to the

Genera
90
mm.

of

Chinese

Pteropid.* but the

very

A.

Size smaller, forearm

a.

less than

; tail

present
that

short.

Back

of skull

so

little deflected falls outside

downward the

alveolar four

line, if above,

jected pro-

backward,

skull; cheek

teeth

five

below, back
b. Back

of canine
so

Cynopterus
downward the root that of the the alveolar cheek

of skull

deflected

line, if projected
teeth five above, Rousettus

backward,

passes

through
of canine
more

zygoma;

six below, back B. Size larger, forearm that the alveolar

than

90 mm.;

tail absent; back

passes

of skull the

so

deflected
. . .

line,if projected backward,

through

zygoma.

Pteropus
p.

[Pteropus chinensis
under As this
name

Gray:
a

"

In which

1870, Dr.
he p.

J. E.
came

Gray
from

(1870,

iii)

scribed de-

bat

explained by Andersen
Fortune,
in
a

(1912,
of

supposed 315), this specimen

traveled
to

northern received

China. from

was

Robert of China
was

collector His
to

plants, who
appears

in

the

northern

provinces
label, but
named his
P.

1843-45.

specimen
have
come

have

been
and

without
so was

assumed

by Gray
But also
no can

from
out

that

country

P.
to

chinensis.

Andersen

points
in the character

that

Fortune,
since of Pt.
was

previous
the

to

visit

China,
"differs

had in

been

Philippines, and
from
that that

type

of

chinensis

noteworthy
be
no

leucopterus [of the by

Fortune

pines] Philipduring

there

reasonable

doubt

it

obtained

his stay in

Luzon."]
P. L.
at

[Pteropus formosus
is in the labeled of the
was

Sclater:

"

According
a

to

Mell

(1922,
had

p.

13)

there

City Hall
merely "15

Museum XII

Hongkong,
Mell since it
that
1

specimen
states
so

of this Formosan Ford been the

species
Director

1899, Ford."
Garden
That from
a

that

Hongkong
from
near

Botanical
that

871,

that

presumably
sent
or

specimen
from much It
and

city. coming
it
was

might
island

have
seems

been

brought
vessel.

Formosa
more

by

persons

equally probable
or

likelythan

that

waif,

borne

by

storms

in

trading

THE

BATS

153

should, therefore, await

Chinese
The
as

more

certain

evidence

before

being admitted
of the

as

species.] rejectionof
and
an

these
to
occur

two

records in in

leaves The and

no

member

genus

Pteropus
allied of P.

definitelyknown
P.

China.
Formosa P.

presence

of the

closely

formosus
the

dasymallus
the of the in part
to

Japan
of

respectively, and
the

P.

pselaphon,
entire

ally of

Philippine
genus
a

leucopterus,in
mainland older

Bonin
so

Islands, and
as

absence be

from of

the
an

China,

far

at

present

known,

may

result

distribution
a

when of the

higher temperatures

prevailed
of the in such
warm

the

northward,
current

and

in part

result

mollifying

effect

Japanese

making

it

possible

for these

species to subsist

outlying regions.
Genus

Cynopterus
p. are are

F. Cuvier

Cynopterus F. Cuvier, Dents

des

MammiKres,

248, 1825.

The

fruit bats
snouts.
a

of this The

genus

of medium

size, with
almost
very

stout

heavy

bodies second and its

as

and

short

nostrils

prominent,

tubvilar; the
is present,

fingerhas
usual
serves

well-developed
the
is

claw; the tail,though

interfemoral
about

short,

tip projects beyond

in
to

narrow

membrane.
of In and the passes

The
the

calcaneimi,
hind

the

group, the

short,

equaling the width

membrane.
well

foot, and
rostrum

extend the

narrow

interfemoral

the

skiall the
so

is short,
that the

postorbital processes
audital
row

developed,

occiput

little bent
the upper

line of the

alveoli, if projected backward,

biillas and

through
upper
are

part of the
a

occipitalcondyles.
with
one

The

four
but and

incisors

form

transverse

and
a

are

all in contact
The

another,
upper

separated from
a

the

canine

by

short

space. cusp
on

canines,
inner
second

both The

lower, have

small

secondary cingulum
upper smaller and
are

the
the

side. is the in

than
two

the

lower;
are an

first premolar is small, the largest in both jaws; the molars

The
a crowns

(one above largerteeth

suitable The
rows.

below)

smallest

descending series.
an

of these

simple, with
ten

inner
The

and

outer

ridge
is:

and

groove

between,

for

frugivorous habits.
or

tooth

formula

i.f c.t

pm.f in.i=30.
the tooth

palate has
Andersen
across

twelve

thick

crescentic

cross-ridgesbetween

(1912) recognizes sixteen

the oriental Siam and

forms the

tributed representing six species disIndian

region
and the
east

from
to

peninsula
southward

and

Ceylon,
and
ward east-

north

to to

Sind, Nepal, Borneo,

of which,

Hainan,

thence
Two

Celebes,

Philippines.
is the

species seem
of the
genus.

to

occur

in

China,

one

Cynopterus sphinx,
62.

type

Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl)

vol. 4, pt. I, p. vol. 123, 1797.

Vespertilio Selsk. Copenhagen, sphinx Vahl, Skrift. Naturh. Cynopterus sphinx sphinx Andersen, Cat. Chiroptera British

Mus.,

I, p.

598, 1912

(fullsjTionymy).

Type specimen:

"

According

to

Andersen

(1912,

p.

602),

the

two

original

154

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

specimens
were

from

Tranquebar,
in the

Madras,
of the
to

India,

on

which

the

species was
Natural with
many

based,

formerly
were

collection

Copenhagen
newly
founded
were

Natural

History Society, History

other

and

probably
in

transferred

the

Royal

Museum mounted

1804.

Doubtless,

however,

they

destroyed
years

skins

through
"

defective -bodied

preservation
olive-brown

in the

following.
the flanks
and

Description:
of the
neck

stout

bat, with

sides

bright tawny.
of

Top
brown,
neck

head,
neck

back,

forearms,
more or

and

basal

part

of

the

interfemoral
on on

olive of the

the

region

less tawny-russet,
a

which

the the

sides flanks

becomes
a

cinnamon

rufous, forming

half-collar, and
center

pales
Ears ish, black-

into

slightlylighter shade
black with

again.
narrow

The

of the

belly
On

is drab.

naked,
the

conspicuous
of the
on

white

edges.

Membranes

dark,
the under

phalanges
extends
out

fingerscontrastingly pale
the membrane

whitish. than

side the the

the
elbow

fur

slightlyless
have
almost the

half-way
shades

between than

and

the

wrist.

Females

usually
lack

tawny

paler

males, and
or

young

specimens paler
or

them

wholly, being
the

dull olive

brown

slaty brown,
The

darker is

drab

below. very

skull in these

bats
so

readily recognizable by
the line of the

slightdeflection
if continued
is
a

of the backward

posterior part,
would the

that

alveoli
short

of the

teeth

fall outside distance

the The

the

skull.

The

deep

rostrum

ous conspicu-

character,

from

the orbit to the of the skull.

nostril

opening usually slightly

exceeding

one-fourth

length
forearm
mm.;

Measurements:

"

measurement

varies, according
10-13;

to

Andersen

(1912,
the

p.

634), from

66-73.5

the

tail from

the

tibia from

25-27.5;

foot from

16- 18. 5.

From

the the
same

above

table

it is clear

that

males

and

females

average

almost

exactly

in cranial

dimensions.

THE

BATS

15^
over

Occurrence
most
race

and

Habits:

"

This
and

is the

larger species of Cynopterus found

and is

of India, Assam,
on

Burma,
of Sumatra

Siam,
and

represented
presence

by
on

slightlylarger
mainland
of the

the has

islands
not

Java.
it must

Its

the

China
extreme

been

detected,
and the

although
doubtless border

eventually be found
Yunnan,
Bhamo is due found
and
to

along

southern it from

border,

in southwestern in Burma
at

for Andersen
the

records Hills.

just

across

Kakhyen
Clifford
H.
at
are

The

credit
in

for

its actual
1922,
season

discovery in China
and

Mr.

Pope, who
Nodoa,
fruit.

December,

January,
year 23, when he

1923,

it abundant
trees

Hainan,
Between in that

during
December

the

of the

the
secured

chinaberry
a

in

4 He

and

January

series of

thirty-six
I secured found
or

specimens
several

vicinity.
a

writes:
to
our on

"December

9th.

This

morning They
were

bats

of

species
of three
the

new or

growing
the
under
not

collection. side of
in the

hanging
fourteen
were

in bunches

four
and

palm leaves, twelve

least dark, where

feet above

ground,

in

places
of the

they

shaded "When

only by
the
well

the

hanging

ends

leaves. called the Pride of

fruit

of the

Chinaberry big bats

out

tree, sometimes
became
a

India,
about

was

developed

these
come

nuisance.
to

Every
these
on

evening
All

nine the

o'clock

they would

in numbers be heard

feed

on

fruits.

through porch
of the

night Chinaberry compound,

on

seeds

could

dropping

nearly every
have
a

in the seeds there

to

and

the

following morning
after

the

porches would fly to

of the be found

piles
porch,
and

them.
a

A
or

bat
some

picking

some

fruit, would
under

hang

from

nail

projection
seeds,
most

of the

side

roof,

proceed

feast, rejecting
that

the had
same

of which

would
and

in little

piles,showing
after

the

bats

favorite

projections
If

nails, and
his feast the

thus
bat

night
would

night

would

litter the

places.

at siu-prised

quickly
"We than
were seven

fly off.
often
or

found

these

bats

hanging under long

the
a as

the

palm leaves

but

never

more

eight together.

As

the

Chinaberries
was

lasted, these big bats

over,

always in evidence.
and in in

After
course

fruiting season
months'

however,
were

they
seen

disappeared
at

the

of

two

stay

thereafter

not

all"

(Pope,
doubt
to

MS.).
seasonal

No

the
the

abundance
of
at the

varies,

as

Mr. and

Pope's
the habit

notes

indicate, thing
accounts

according
is that for the

fruiting season
in numbers

particular trees,
proper

remarkable

they

arrive

time.

This

perhaps
to

fact that

Swinhoe

and

later collectors

in Hainan

failed

find this bat.

Specimens examined:

"

In

from all, thirty-six,

Nodoa,

Hainan.

156

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

63.
Cynopterus angulatus Miller,
Cynopterus
Proc.

Cynopterus brachyotis angulatus

Acad. Nat. Cat. Sci.

Miller 316.
vol. I, p.

Philadelphia, 1898,
British

p.

brachyotis angulatus Andersen,

Chiroptera

Mus.,

611, 1912.

Type specimen:
from

"

^A male

in alcohol, No.

83569, U.
C.
the

S. National

Musevim,

Trong,

lower
"

Siam. Similar but

to

Description:
over

in size and the

the
ear

coloring to
and

sphinx
rostrum

with

which

it

occurs

part of its range,

from
the

is smaller

shorter, so
of

that

the

distance
one

orbit

nasal

opening
skull. in C.
The

is less than, instead

same

equaling,

fourth
are

of the total found

length

of the
as

sexual

and

age

differences

in color

in this No
p.

species
Chinese

sphinx.
are

Measurements: but
mm.;

"

specimens
the of
18-20

available dimensions: in C.

for

meas\u"ement,

Andersen
ear

(1912,

634) gives

following
as

forearm,

65-72

from

orifice, 16-18, instead

5;

sphinx; tail,8.5-1 1.5;

basal

foot

with The

claws, 15-17.
sktdl
measures:

tibia, 23.5-27.5. greatest length,

rostrum,
3; lower 30.5-33.2;

length,
11.1-12.8.

29.5-32;

palatal length, 11.0-12.8;

cheek

6.5-8.2; zygomatic
cheek

width,

19. 8-21. 8; upper

teeth,
Occurrence

crowns,

10. 2-11.

teeth,

crowns,

and

Habits:
over a

"

This
area

is the from

largest
Assam,
to not

of the

several

races

of

the

species and
Siam,
islands.
be

occurs

wide

Upper
Sumatra

Biorma, and
and
the

northern

southward

in the

Malay
extreme

Peninsula, is,therefore,
southern
states

neighboring
it will actual

Its presence found

to

in China
the

unexpected,
The
common

and

ably probrecord

reach of Mell

border.

only

for China

is that Canton East

(1922), who
at

that

it is

in the

southern
as

part of
as on one

the

region, as
at

Logong,

Lofau

Shan,
northern

and

Dingwu
of this

Shan,
area

well
had

the

River

but (Ho Yiiin),

in the

part
the
the

he

but

instance,
states

Jann-fah.
in March and in and

Mell Bombax

that

April
so

it feeds

on

large fleshy flowers ground

from
a

of

malabaricum,
of
to

doing

knocks

off to In
season

half to
a

four-fifths known

the the

heavy

blood-red

flower
and In
at

heads. that

June

it becomes

well-

pest

"laitsi" growers, these

trees.

is often and

captured
hide
beam
to

in nets
on or

placed verticallyabout
the fruit of
a

September During
one

October, they feed

in thick in
a room.

species of
on one

fig,Ficus
occasion

retusa.

the

day they
a

hollow

trees, and
are

he

found
eyes

restingbehind
and
are

They
once

always

awake

by day,
believes
are

their
that
a

open,
are

ready
and

fly away

at

if disturbed.
of the
at

Mell

they
and
as

crepuscular
and

sleep during Captives

as

part
the

night.
dusk

They

of

restless fruits
dozen

vicious
banana

temperament.

will eat

such

soft-skinned fruits.
a

persimmon,
found
the

well

as

laitsi and
had

lungan
each

females
one

that
under

he

in late

June

and

early July

small
one

young
to

close

wing.

The

young

apparently change

from

teat

the other, for two

yovmg,

though occasional,

THE

BATS

157

are

the

exception.
These
' '

One
Mell

female

caught
are

in

tree

net

was

said
as

to

have

had

two

young.
'

bats,

adds,

eaten

by

the

Chinese

they beUeve

them

'strengthgiving.

Specimens examined:

"

None.

Genus
Rouseltus

Rousettus
15, p. 299,

Gray
1821.

Gray,

London

Medical

Repository,

vol.

Bats

of this genus uniform In

somewhat
brown

resemble than

Cynopterus externally but

The

are

more

nearly
the

smoky
cranial
of the

olive in color.
the skull
so

size,however,
differs in the line if of the from In
are more

is much

same.

characters

of

Rousettus the

slightly
in

greater deflection
backward
passes the

posterior part,
the

that

alveolar

projected
;

through

condyles
than the

or so

through
that the

the

base

zygoma

addition,
orbit
to

rostrum
nares

is less shortened,
is greater

distance width.
grooves

the

edge of the
it much

the

lachrymal ridges
in that i.f c.l
and

its teeth less

resembles

Cynopterus, but
The tooth above

the

cusps,

veloped. strongly dein

formula

differs

there

is

one

molar

each is

jaw

both

and

below,

namely:
the

pm.f m.f

=34.

The

genotype

Rousettus This

(Bgyptiacus.
genus

barely reaches tropical and

extreme

southern

borders

of China,
has

for its
once

distribution recorded.

is

subtropical.

single species

been

64.

Rousettus
LESCHENAULT'S

leschenaulti
ROUSSETTE

(Desmarest)
BAT
i, p. no,
no.

Pteropus leschenaulti Desmarest, Cynonycteris amplexicaudata

Encyclop.
Proc.

Method.,

Mamm.,

vol.

142, 1820.

Swinhoe,

Zool. Soc. London,

1870, p. 616.

Type
this d'Histoire

Specimens:
are

"

According
existence
at

to

Andersen

(1912, p. 37), the

collection
from
to

two

cotypes of
Museum
de

species

still in

in the
are

mounted
as

of

the

Naturelle

Paris, and

labeled

"les environs
1820.

Pon-

dichery," India, collected Description:

"

by Leschenaiilt

previous

fairlylarge bat, forearm

Chinese
fruit

80.5-87.5

mm.,

with
the

the

general
fur
and wood

appearance

of the

other of

bats, Cynopterus, but

and rump

color

of the
crown

browner

instead

olive, the
the

back
nape and

dark,

dull

brown,
to

occiput brownish
brown;
under

bister,

varying from
Isabella
rump and Mars

light

drab

almost
a

side between
with the p. and

drab back

color.

There

is also
the under

ably considerside wood

brighter phase,
brown The
the noted skull

brown,

(Andersen, longer
from
the that

1912,

37).
the

rostrum

slightlymore
and

deflected
are one

brain
more

case

distinguish jaw,
as

of

Cynopterus,

the

teeth

in each

under

generic diagnosis.

158

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Measurements:

"

Andersen

gives
with orbit

the

following tip

measurements:

forearm,
skull
measures:

80.5-87.5

mm.;

tail, 13-17. 5; foot

mm.;

claws,
to

20-23.5.

The
12.

greatest length, 37.5-41.5

width,
lower

of nasals,
upper

8-13.5; zygomatic teeth, 14-15.

7;

22.8-23.7;
cheek

width

outside

molars,

11-12;

cheek

teeth, 15.2- 17.

and

Occurrence in
p. the

Habits:

"

The

only evidence by
the
a

for the

inclusion

of this

species (1870,
was

Chinese

list is furnished
in

following

records.

Swinhoe

616) reported that

to him at

May, dead,

1866,
but

female
a

Cynonycteris amplexicaudata
one

brought
Andersen

Amoy,

with

still-living young
as

clinging to

her.

(1912, p. 35) regards this record by

a

referringto by
labeled

the

species in question. (1922,

p.

It is corroborated

second

instance
at

mentioned

Mell
as

13), of
and

specimen
dated
extreme

in the
9,

City Hall
The border

Museum

Canton,

from

Hongkong,
known

June

1876.
and

species evidently, therefore, occasionally reaches

of

the

southern
Burma

China,

and

is of

course

well

in

India,

southern

Siam. None.

Specimens examined:

"

Family

EMBALLONURIDiE
BATS

SHEATH-TAILED

In number of any

this of

family, according
Chinese
outer

to

Miller

(1907),
the

are

combined

the of

greatest

primitive characters, together with Microchiroptera.

heads with of the himierus
the

least

degree

specialization
and the

of the
and

In the shoulder
are

joint,the supplementary
latter of insectivorous

inner does
not

slightlydeveloped,
are

articulate
the

bats,

scapula; premaxillary bones are large and

and

the
not

teeth fused but

typically those
the
while

to

maxillaries, the tragus is

in the skull
the
to

present but
the
upper bats

simple, the fibula

are

is slender well

complete,

postorbital processes
fact
that the

developed.
tail

Externally, in addition
on

slender

rather

short

projects conspicuously
from its
the

the

surface of this

of the
may

interfemoral
be
at at rest
once

membrane

slightlyback
two

edge, the
of

family
that
on

recognized by
of the The
and

peculiar manner
of the

folding finger tropical

the

wing,

so

when

the inner side.

is folded

back

the and
two

upper

phalanges family is represented in the by only

from
a

third

parts
China.
appears

of both

Old

New

Worlds,
are

singlegenus,
the

Taphozous, in
one

Although
to

species

recorded the

country,

of

these

be

of doubtful

origin,while

other

is

apparently

for the first time

here

reported.
Genus

Taphozous
vol. 2, p. 113,

Geoffroy
1818.

"

Taphozous Geofifroy, Description de I'Egypte,

The

bats

of this genus

are

large

or

of medium

size, with

large

erect

ears,

THE

BATS

159

short bare

squarish tragus, long tapering muzzle,

areas

and
are

the

lower

lip terminating in
and

two

separated
the

by
short

groove

the

feet

rather

slender,
the

the

very

long

calcar

spreads
the the there
;

interfemoral
In
are

membrane,
the
well skull the

from

upper

surface

of which

slender

tail

projects.
processes

forehead
narrow,

is

distinctly
in

hollowed,
lower

postorbital
is
a

developed,
of and the

and

the
the

jaw

conspicuous incurving
bones have and
are a

lower

margin
which

beneath
a

premolars
small second basal

the

premaxillary
canines
the

small

free, carrying

each

minute
a

incisor; the

strong
cusp
at

conspicuous cingulum posterior ends

of cusps and of the

develops
first and but

anterior

tooth

; in the

upper
are

molars

the

W-pattem
the and

ridges is
molar

well marked,

the

hypocones
the
two

lacking, while
commissures
=30.

third
the

upper

is reduced,

consisting of
formula is:

anterior

mesostyle

only.

The

i.i c.T

pm.l

m.f

The
The

genotype
genus

is

Taphozous perforatus of Egypt.

inhabitant
southern be of
warm

is

typically an
the
to

countries, tropical and China, unless

Hollister's

tropical, sub-

barely reaching
of it from

border founded.

of

record

Peiping

proves

well

65.

Taphozous

melanopogon
FREE-TAILED

Temminck
BAT
2, p.

BLACK-BEARDED

Taphozous

melanopogon

Temminck,

Monogr.

de Mammalogie,

vol.

287, 1835.

Type Specimen: Description:

"

"

Presumably
the
to
on

in the side the

Leiden

Museum;
to

from
the

Java.
head
on

On
on

upper

fur is confined
or as

and the

body,
lower
and

not

extending

out

the the The

membranes
membranes

to

the
as a

limbs, but
line

surface

it extends of the

out

far

joining the
above the

elbow below the

the middle
a

femur.

general
brown" shows

color
of

of the

fur both

and of

is

dull

brown

(about
dull other

"mummy
of the

Ridgway),
on

bases
and

hairs hair is

everywhere

white, which

through
At
the

the

throat,
is
a

if the

parted,

on

portions

body.

chin

small

tuft of all-black

hairs, whence
The notable the

the

name. specific

skiill,in
for the

addition
oval

to

the
case

general
with
a are

characters

already mentioned, posterior wall

and

is
and

large

brain The

nearly

vertical

hollowed

forehead.
a

large canines
with
a

long, slender
knife-like the

nearly vertical,
and the

followed

by

very

small

premolar
cusp

narrow

edge,

large
the

premolar making
ear a

with

its main

nearly reaching
between with
a

level of the
The

tip

of the

canine,

conspicuous
are

space

the

two.

"basial"

pits between
the

conchs

large and

deep

distinct

narrow

partition in

midline.

i6o

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Measurements: follow:

"

The

collector's

measurements

of four

Ytmnan

specimens

Occurrence

and and

Habits:

"

This

is

widely

distributed

species over
Thomas
of

much has

of scribed de-

tropical
whose

India
a

parts

of the
T.
m.

Malay

Peninsula,
bat that
the

although
the

as

subspecies,
continental Central

the fretensis, between

from of

Strait
T.

Malacca,
of

range,

therefore, intervenes
form Asiatic

typical
It is skins

melanopogon
three
to

Java

and

the

supposedly

same.

represented
and
be

in the

collections

of the from Chinese

Expeditions by
Yunnan. another of whose and
even

four

alcoholic
the

specimens
recorded

Yuankiang, examples

in southern and add border

These
to

appear

first

the
range the

list of those includes is

tropical and
China.

subtropical speciesthe northern

Since in its

southern

general

range

this genus

family
has for

characteristically
from

tropicalin distribution, it is rather

in North

astonishing to find it recorded (1913a,

material
p.

Peiping, Taphozous
National

China,
the

whence of

Hollister alcoholic in 1901. of

157)

described
the has

solifer on
Museum

basis
L.

collected since

U.
the

S.

by
and

M.

Robb

However,

this bat

"size, proportions,
on

general

characters of the

Taphozous philippinensis" and

group

account
so

of the

tropical distribution
temperate
mistake
on zone as

is

unlikely
that

to

have

come

from
must to

far

into the
been
some

Peiping,
the

I cannot

help feelingthat
Hollister
was

there led
than

have

about of

locality,and positive
North

describe
any

it

more

account

its

apparently outlying
more

distribution

from

marked
the
as some

difference. of

Until

evidence

is discovered

establishing
this from

occurrence an erroneous more

Taphozous
and

in
to

China,
that

I therefore the

prefer to regard

record,

believe

specimens really came

group.

tropical locality,perhaps
:

in

the

Philippine

HoUister's

description follows
Type:
Collected
"

^An

adult

male

in

alcohol. No.
M. L. Robb.

113,010,

U.

S. National

Museum.

March

28, 1901,

by

THE

BATS

l6i

"Diagnosis:
of white, and hairs

"

Size, proportions,

and

general characters
with

of

Taphozous
instead

philippinensis. Color
with
hair

quite different; upperparts tips and

not

underfur

drab

general
bicolor.

color

much

paler; lower

underparts with

uniformly drab-gray,
"Color from underfur
and

alcoholic
drab

specimens:
and the and

"

General

color

of

upperparts
Middle
of

wood-

brown,

the

hair back

tips

wood-brown.

throat,

including belly drab-gray, the hairs unicolor.

"Skull
and teeth:
"

beard

stripe under

of ear,

blackish.

Cheeks,

sides,and

Skull

almost
rows

precisely as noticeably
"

in

T.

philippinensis. Teeth

slightly smaller, the mandibular

"Measurements
21;

narrower.

of type from
claws,
12;

alcoholic:

Head Skull

and
of

body, 76; tail vertebrae,

topotype:

hind

foot, with
19.4; 10.9;

forearm,
12.5;

64.

Condylobasal
10.4; upper

length,
breadth,
row,

zygomatic
interorbital

breadth,

breadth

of

braincase,

mastoid tooth

breadth,

5.7;

postorbital breadth,
tooth
row,

4.8;

entire,

9.1;

mandible,

16.4; mandibular
In

entire, ii.i." skulls, three

in alcohol,

Specimens examined:
from

"

all,seven,

four

skins

and

Yuankiang,

Yunnan.

Family

MEGADERMID^E
BATS

BIG-EARED

This Asia
of the
a

family is confined
Africa,
and

to

the

tropical and
may be
on

subtropical parts of Australia,

the presence
ears,

and

its members

recognized externally by
the
nose,

simple leaf -like outgrowth possession

of but
a

erect

by

their large oval

and

singlephalanx
a

in the
short the

second anterior
two

finger.
division

The and

tragus
a

is also

characteristic slender

in

being bifid, with

one.

long and
of the lack

posterior
with
one;

In and

the

skeleton,
are

supplementary equal
two

heads

humerus,
articulation
second but

trochiter

trochin,
the

small, of nearly
third

size, and

the the

scapula;
very

finger

has

but

phalanges, the
first rib and

wide cervical
at

presternum

is fused
a

with solid

the

the

first dorsal

and

seventh

vertebrae, making

bony ring; the fibula

of the marked

is slender, and

imperfect

its

proximal end;
In the

the

ischia
most

pelvis are

free

posteriorly(Miller, 1907,
the
entire

p.

102).

skull the

peculiarity is

loss of the
as

premaxillaries.
the

So

far

at

present known,

family is represented in China

by only

single genus,

Lyroderma.

i62

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus Lyroderma
Miller,

L3^odernia
Wiss.
1907

Peters (as
a

Peters, Monatsb.
Bull. U.
S. Nat.

Kon.

Preuss.
no.

Akad.
p. 104,

Berlin, 1872, p. 195

(valid genus).
15, p. 197, 1810

subgenus

of

Megaderma).

Mus.,
Mus.

57,

Megaderma
Euchcira

Geoffroy, Ann. Hodgson, Joum.

d'Hist. Soc.

Nat., Paris, vol.

(in

part).

Asiatic

for

genus

of

insects).

Andersen

Bengal, vol. 16, p. 891, 1847 (preoccupied by Eucheira Westwood, 1836, and Ann. Wroughton, Mag. Nat. Hist., scr. 7, vol. 19, p. 134, 1907. to

This

genus

is very

close

Megaderma

of India

and

Malaysia, but
in short width

is distinguished

by the
as

strong

supraorbital ridges which

and width is greater

terminate
the

tions projecfrontal distance

"incipient postorbital processes"

so

increase instead
the

of the the
are

region
from

that
to

the

lachrymal
The the

of less than

orbit

canine.

teeth

differ in that
of the

upper and

molars the

still more

aberrant
outer

through
tooth

reduction

mesostyle

elongation of the
of the
outer

posterior corner
so

(metastyle), thus
that the
two out

distorting the
W
are no

W-pattem

half of the

parts of the
and up the hind the

longer subequal,
much
concave.

but The

the

posterior part is much

of the
cusp upper
at the
a

drawn

margin
at

loss

incisors anterior

is
base

partly
of the the and

made

by

development
its

of

small is
a

cingulum
cusp

canine, while
upper

posteriorbase

similar

and

large basal
between
two

cusp;

anterior

premolar is minute,
are

hidden
The

in the lower
has and
a

angle jaw

the canine minute

large premolar, which

on

in contact. the

has

incisors

each

side, with
and the

trifid crowns;
two

canine

prominent triangular
formula The

antero-internal
in

basal

cusp;

premolars
than

profile,the

anterior
A

slightly larger

the

are large posterior. The

is: i." c.t

pm.f m.f=28.

single species only is found

in

China.

type species is Lyroderma

lyra of India.

66.

Lyrodenna
CHINESE

lyra sinensis
VAMPIRE
Ann.

(Andersen
OR

and

Wroughton)
BAT

BIG-EARED
Nat.
p.

Eucheira

sinensis

Andersen

and
Proc.

Wroughton,
Zool. Soc.

Mag.

Hist.,
616

ser.

7, vol.

19, p.

136, 1907. (not of Linnasus).

Megaderma Megaderma Lyroderma

lyra Swinhoe,
spasma

London,
Yatsen

1870,

(not of Geoffroy).
no.

Shih, Bull.

Dept. Biol., Sun

Proc.

Univ., Canton,
vol.

9, p.

I, 1930

lyra sinensis

Sanborn,

Biol. Soc. Washington,

46, p. 55, 1933.

Type Specimen: Amoy,

Fukien,

"

skin Tomes

and

skull, No.
Collection.

7.1. 1.339,

British

Museum,

from

China.
Ears
a

Description:
"

large, oval, joined

of fine minute

across

the
the
an

forehead inner
erect

at

their
and
on

bases,
a

naked

except

for

line the

hairs

along

edge
oval
of face

rib

running
10
mm.

just high
to

inside
in the

inner

margin.
washed

Nose-leaf

leaf

about

dry skin, minutely hairy.

mouse

General

color

body

above,

from lower basal

nape

tail

gray hairs

with

"wood
bases membrane the and

brown";

surface

paler,the
the thumb

with

dark-gray
in the

light gray; grayish-white tips. The

of the

joint of

is included

wing;

the and

second is

joint of the

third

finger is very

long, equaling

third

metacarpal,

pale

THE

BATS

163
than half the

in color along the bone. of the

forearm. skull is at
once

The

tibia is

unusually long, more

Chinese
bats

length
of the

The

distinguished among

by the absence

premaxillaries.
Measurements:
"

The

forearm

measures

67 and

65

mm.

in two

skins

from

Futsing;
55. 49-5;

the

third

metacarpal, 47,
33;

51 ; its first

phalanx,

30,

28; second

phalanx,

tibia, 37,
CRANIAL

foot,

20,

19.5.
OF

MEASUREMENTS

LYRODERMA

LYRA

SINENSIS

Occurrence

and
reaches far
at

Habits:
the least

"

This

species of the portion

It

more

torrid

eastern parts of southnorthward

about from the the

Asia,
the
coast
as

southern
as

of China,
and

ranging
to

along
same

northern

Fukien,
was as

perhaps

latitude

in the

central
p.

part of China.

first mentioned

country

by
in

Swinhoe
an

(1870c,
at

616)

who

recorded
have

Megaderma
one

lyra
to

pair captured
that
was

outhouse Tomes

Amoy.
and
as came

It may with

been

of

this

pair
the

later

acquired by
other
bats
as

his collection

of bats

British

Museum,
also that

eventually serving
he
saw

the

type

of the
over

subspecies.
the

Swinhoe
were

believed of this
In the

hawking
were

high

city of Amoy
has is
a

species,but
collection of

quite
taken

likelythey
Museum

Taphozous,
of Natural

which

this habit. series of

which
some

the American
at

History
D. the

twelve

specimens,
the
most at

Futsing, Fukien,
station

by Paul
for

Bergen,
record

mark Farther

apparently
south,

northerly Kwangtung,
of
one

yet

known

species.
a

Swatow,
tion collecrecent

Andersen

and
Museum. p.

Wroughton
The

single specimen
record
and
a seems

in the
be the the Yuen
so

the

British

first inland
two

to

of Shih

(1930b,
of

i), who

secured

males
the

female
caves

from
at

western southShan.

border

Hunan,

apparently
spasma,

from he

limestone that "the

Under and

the

name

Megaderma
form have in
a

writes

record
but

of

southern
that his

tropical a
must

temperate
this

district is remarkable,"

I think

specimens
More

been

species instead.
has recorded
a

recently

Sanborn

(1933)

series of
the

thirty-fivetaken
discovered
ment measure-

at

Yachowfu
western

(lat. 29" 20' north), in

China.
These
as

western very

Szechwan,

first to be
the

in

average "much

slightlylarger in
in color, Fukien the

forearm brown

and of

are

described
as

lighter
with the

being decidedly
series.
The

instead

grayish-brown"
to

compared
all
as across

dently species is evifor while there there

be be

looked
no

for

southern

part
in

of China, its

seems

to

evidence The

yet of its presence

food

Yunnan,
related

occurrence

is to

be

expected.

curious

habits

of the

Indian

species

are

i64
well known,

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

and

probably like it this bat feeds

and

upon

other

vertebrates, including

birds, small

mammals,

frogs.
Twelve,
Family
from

Specimens examined:

"

Futsing, Fukien.

RHINOLOPHID^
BATS

LEAF-NOSED

Bats

of this group
ears ears

are

easily distinguished in external

the
more or

appearance

by the
of
in
not

of the peculiarities
the

and
are

less

complex
the

leaf -like

outgrowths

muzzle.

The

proportionally large,but
breadth,
with is
a no

size is apparent which In

these
narrows

their

length but quickly toward

the
In

in
an

their
acute

wide

conch

rather

tip. There
the consist of

tragus.
of the

respects they
is different.

resemble

Hipposideridae, but
these and

formation
a

nose-leaves

the

Rhinolophidse,
the

flat

horseshoe-shaped
small
and

leaf, sometimes
part of the large

with leaf

supplementary
open

smaller

lateral
between

leaves; in the central

them
as an a

nostrils, enclosing
rises behind these

median
somewhat

cup-shaped parallelcontinues is formed

section, which
sided column

openings

erect

(the "sella"),its fiat face directed

a

forward;

its

posterior side is
base

buttressed back

by

low

compressed ridge, the "connecting piece," which pointed terminal

of the horseshoe. and into the column divided

into the
the

median
walls

leaf, the
The

"lancet,"

whose

by

incurved of the

Hipposideridae
leaf,but

lack

this
the

ment developposterior

central

singlemedian

instead

wall

is erect, and Other

on

three

nearly equal compartments

:

by vertical joints each

the the
a

ridges.
except

external first

are peculiarities

the normal
the

toes, with

three

the
; the

digit;

the

second

digit of
with
head

wing consisting of
two

carpal meta-

only
short tail. articulation
are

third
outer

fingerof the scapula;

wing

only
of

phalanges
humerus
and

; and

rather distinct
tebrae vera

The with

supplementary
the

the

has

the

seventh
to

cervical

the

first dorsal

solidlyfused
and

together and

the

first rib and

the thorax.

presternum,
The
in

making

strong ring of bone

slender orbital consist
and

at the anterior part of The thread-like, is complete.

fibula, though

skiill is the

peculiar
separate

lacking postthat

processes, of

and

in

the

reduction
branches

of

premaxillaries, so
from

they
other The

the the

narrow

palatal

only,
account

both
a

each tooth.
at

from

surrounding
short details

bones,

and

bearing

single minute
of

palate
ends.

is very

in the median
see

line, on

deep

indentations

both

(For other
This

Miller, 1907.)
to

family is exclusively confined

southern

the and

Old

World,

chieflyin the
found

warmer

portions, from
Guinea,
various
and

Europe
About
All
so are

to
a

China dozen

eastward

to the

Philippines,New
in China, with which

Australia.
races.

species have
of the

been

local

members

constitutes
as

the

family,

that

the

single genus are generic characters

Rhinolophus
those

of the

family

well.

THE

BATS

165
Lac^p^de

Genus Rhinolophus Lac^pdde,

Tableau
des

Rhinolophus
et

div., sousdiv., ordres

genres

des

MammifSres,

p.

15, 1799.

In

addition

to

the

family
is:

characters

mentioned,
from m.f
crowns a

the

presence

of three

lower

premolars distinguishesthis
idse.
The tooth

group

of bats
ct

the =32.

related The

family Hipposiderminute lower

row are

formula
rounded

i.i

pm.f
the

upper

cisors in-

have
outer

bluntly
than
are

tips, but
and The all

of the continuous
second
or

trifid,the
the
are

larger
small
row,

the

inner,

forming

between

canines, which
very

simple.

first upper
crowded
more

and

lower

premolars
out

reduced and

teeth, usually

less

completely
second

of the molars
in

tooth show

practicallyfunctionless.
pattern
in various

The

first and
but the

upper

the

typical W-shaped
short

of cusps, reviewed
In

third

is reduced
this

size.

Andersen

articles has

brieflythe species of
his paper three least
or

family,
Soc. into is the

giving
which
R.

descriptionsand
vol.
most 2,

diagnoses.
he

of 1905 four

(Proc. Zool.
groups,

London,

pp.

75-145),
Chinese
R.

recognizes
fall. The

larger
the

of the

species
nose-leaf

specialized of

these

simplex, later
erect

called the of the

megaphyllus,
is low

group,

in which

connecting piece
the cochleee

of the

portion
with second
or

and

rounded,

hardly projecting above

between

its level, and of the

ears

the

not basioccipital

speciallynarrowed
with the

; a
a

group

is

more

evolved

connecting piece produced

as basioccipital

upward
R. has
are

in

more

less narrowed R.

point, and
A in the

with third

normal group, but

in the group,
ears or

simplex
the

group:

the

lepidiis group.
low
as

the the

R.

midas

connecting
This
R.

process

first group,

cochleae
very

of the
narrow

greatly enlarged, making

group

the

basioccipitalbetween
in China.

them
Two

linear.

is

apparently unrepresented
and R. the

other
to

groups,
occur

typified by
China.
The

macrotis

philippinensis, have
genus

been R.

found

in

type species of

is the

European

ferrum-equinum.

Key A.

to

Chinese

Species

of

Rhinolophus

Connecting
the
a.

process

coming
sella.

off from

nearly the level of

summit

of the

Connecting
rounded off

process

in side

view

low

and

broadly
(R. megaphyllus
or

R.

"simplex" group)

a'. Sella in front view of third times a". b'. Sella the

parallel-sided; second
more

phalanx
one-half

digit not
first.

than

one

and

Larger, forearm
in front view

about

46

mm

R.

rouxi

sinicus

pandiirate

(sides slightly
digit
more

concave);
than a".
one

second and

phalanx

of third the
row,

one-half

times tooth the

first.

Small

p^ in the
one-third

palatal bridge
row

less than

maxillary tooth

R.

subsp. affinis

i66

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

b".

Small

p^ external

to the

tooth than

row

or

ing, want-

palatal bridge more maxillary

b.
row

one-third

the R.

ferrum-equinum

subsp.

Connecting pointed

process

in side view

erect

and

sharply {R. pusillus or R. "lepidus" group)

a'. Larger, forearm

more

than
42 39
mm mm

38

mm.

a".
h".

Forearm Forearm

about about

R. R.
mm

lepidus
pumilus

cornutus

b'. Smaller, forearm B.

about

37

R. below the siunmit

blythi szechwanus

Connecting
of the
a.

process

coming
towards

off well

sella.

Sella

narrowing
or

the

summit,
at

without

like cup-

wing-like expansions
one-third
the

its base;

palatal

bridge less than

tooth b.
row

length of maxillary
R.

pearsonii and

R. p. chinensis

Sella broad,

its basal

or margin raised, cup-like,

panded, ex-

wing-like.
a'. Base face of the sella raised
and

cup-like in front, its

R.

hairy
of sella Fur
Fur

episcopus episcopus and

e.

R.

caldwelli

h'. Base a". b".

expanded wing-like.
71-72 55
mm mm

woolly, dark, forearm normal,

forearm about

R.

lanosus

and

R.

I. spurcus R.
rex

67.
Rhinolophus rouxi sinicus Andersen,
Rhinolophus
rouxi
De

Rhinolophus
Proc.

rouxi

sinicus
1905,

Andersen
vol. 2, p.

Zool. Soc. London,

Soc.

98. (in part).

Winton

and

Styan, Proc. Zool.

London,

1899, p. 573

Type specimen:
from

"

Adult

male, skin

and

skull, No. by
F.

99.3.1.6, British

Museum,

Chinteh,

Anhwei,
"

China. bat is

Collected

W.

Styan.
the combination of the

Description: following characters:

wherein
not

This

easily recognized by
more

(i) in the wing, the phalanx

one-half
horseshoe of times
at

primitive structure (2) there

of the

is maintained
so

the
one

second
and

the the

third

finger is not
is
a

lengthened and
distinct
; the

does

exceed

first ; sides

supplementary
view

leaflet external is
narrow

to the

the

muzzle

sella in front

and the

parallel-sidedinstead connecting
is hastate,
process that in

of

pandurate, with
is low
and

its summit

broadly
off,
a

rounded;
and the

side view

broadly
the

rounded

lancet

is, abruptly narrowed

membrane is

in the

middle, with
on

well-

developed,
the tarsus;
median upper

slender

tip ; (3) the wing

the
more

is inserted

leg just above

so

(4)
the

in

skull than

the

palate

relatively unshortened, maxillary

tooth
row;

that

the

length is

one-fotirth

of the

(5) in the
tooth
row,

jaw, separating the

small

small
upper

usually premolar (p^*)

canine and
the external somewhat

stands

distinctlyin the
in the
to

large premolar, while

or

lower
the

jaw the
row;

premolar (pa) is usually

size is less than in the

rarely half external

similar

tooth

(6) the

affinis group,

with

obviously

THE

BATS

167

less bulk,

so

that

even

if extreme
is less than

examples
in the

approach

each forearm

other

in forearm is

length, the wing

about

expanse

latter; the

measurement

46
In

mm.

color
area

the

adults

are

rich each

russet

brown
to

above
the lower

with

very the

indistinct
basal bases
two-

V-shaped
thirds hairs The

of darker hairs is

from

shoulder

back;
the

of the

pale

buflfywhite
on

; below, similar, but

pale

of the

less extensive
fur

except

the
6

throat
mm.

where

they
young

are are

faintly pinkish buff. smoky gray-brown,

is rather
at

short, about
the base The measured

The

scarcely paler

of the

hairs.

Measurements:

"

following measurements
in the

of fresh
R.

specimens

are

able, avail-

including

two

flesh

by W.

Zappey, the collector:

Andersen

(igose,
34;

p.

100) gives the

of
same,

following wing
14.6; second
11.2;

measurements:

third fourth fifth

metacarpal, metacarpal,

first

phalanx

phalanx, phalanx,

20.8;
12.3;

of same, 34.7; first phalanx metacarpal, 35.4; first phalanx of same,

CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF

second

phalanx,
11.2.

11.9;

second

RHINOLOPHUS
Width

ROUXI

SINICUS Mandibular

Zygo-

Maxillary

Occurrence China
the from the

and

Habits:

"

This
on

is
the

common

bat

over

the

southern lower

half

of

Yangtze highlands
at

valley
into

east, westward Yunnan.

along the
The and

parts of
was

Szechwan

southern
Anhwei made

type

specimen
p.

secured

by Styan
the whence

Chinteh,
was

(DeWinton
until six years from
and

Styan, 1899,
It is
the

573),
in of
U.

although
Fukien,
the

distinction

not

later.

common

series have
Museum

been

obtained

Yenping, by by collectors
found
A.

members
the

American
Museum

Asiatic

Expeditions

for

S.
at

National

(A.
in
the

B.

Howell,

Chunganhsien
recorded it from

same

1929, p. 12); Pope province in July, 1926, and

it
B.

common

Howell of

has

Foochow.

Farther

south,
roof
beams

Mell

(1922, p. 13)
of houses
in

writes the

finding

single individuals
and p. southern

hanging behind
Canton
two

both

northern 191 2,

parts of the

region. Yangtze,
Szechwan,

I have

already (G. M.
at

Allen,

245)

recorded
west

specimens collected
the in

by Zappey
Dr.

Ichang, Hupeh, Granger

caves

while
a

still farther
number
at

along

River

Walter
the

obtained

Wanhsien,

eastern

from

in

that

vicinity.

i68

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Another
Andrews

fine series
and

was

taken Heller.

at

Likiang,
a

in

western
a

Yunnan,
social

by

Dr.

R.

C.

Edmund
the

It is to
are

large extent
their young, of the

but during species,

the
the

season

when

females

having
15 and

they apparently segregate,

series from
adults

males Mr.

consorting
Clifford H.
were

by themselves.
males

Thus,

Chungan
were

taken

by

Pope, July
immature

16, 1926, all the

and

old then

females,

while

with

them

females, their

progeny,

nearly

full grown.

Specimens
Hupeh:
Fukien: Szechwan: Yunnan
:

examined:
2

"

In

all,one

hundred

and

eight, as

follows:

Ichang,

(M.C.Z.).
20;

Chunganhsien,
Wanhsien,
7.

Yenping,

23;

Yungan,

I.

Likiang, 54 (includingthree skins).

Tunglu,
i.

Chekiang:

68.

Rhinolophus
Andersen,
Proc.

afl"nis himalayanus
Zool. Soc.

Andersen
vol.
2, p.

Rhinolophus Rhinolophus

affinishimalayanus affinisDobson,
Cat.

London,
p. 112,

1905,

103,

pi. 3, figs.lia, b.

Chiroptera

British

Mus.,

1878

(in part).

Type
Museum,

Specimen:
from Thomas

"

^An

adult

female

in

alcohol. No.

79.11.

21.

148, British
Collected

Masuri,

northern

part

of United

Provinces,

India.

by Captain

Hutton.
with in the

Description: Compared
"

slightlymore
characters: third

primitive R.
rather

rouxi

sinicus,

this speciesindicates It may

be

an

advance

specialization, though (i)

of the the
so finger,

closelyrelated. wing
there is
a

recognized by
of the
and

the

following
times

in the
that

lengthening
more

second

phalanx

it is

conspicuously
horseshoe

than and

one

one-half

length
(with

of the
to
a

first; (2) the

small

is each
the

larger

the
sella

supplementary
is

leaflet reduced

mere

papilla on

side; the

distinctlypandurate
however,
at
so

the

sides

slightlyconcave),
off; the lancet

connecting
that in

process,
concave

low
or

and

broadly
its median
small

rounded the

cuneate,

is,not

the

sides

narrowed that

below

tip ;
is

(3) the
about

skull differs
a

having

the

palate

shortened
row;

length
lower

only

quarter

that

of the

maxillary

tooth

(4) the
while that

premolar

(p^) of the
of

upper

jaw

is

practicallyin the
to

tooth
as

row,

of the

jaw (p,) is normally body,

with the

ternal ex-

the

row

in rouxi.

This

is

larger bat
in rouxi.

in bulk

longer
and

forearm
more

(about
loose,
not

53

mm.)
and
are

and

slightlylonger wings;
close
as

fur, too, is
in which
the

longer
the

short

rather

Two

color

phases
are or

recognized by Andersen, tips Mars

In
or

darker

bases side is the

of the

hairs

above

grayish, their
tawny
of the olive. hairs

wood

brown;
the

lower
above

paler, more lightened by

lower

drab the

the

brighter phase,
and their

color

bases

being buffy
with
browner

tips more

tawny,

side almost

pale

ochraceous

flanks.

THE

BATS

169
to

Measurements:

"

The in the

forearm forms
and

is 50 of

mm.

or

more

56

mm.

in

length,

hence measured

larger

than

rouxi.
mm.;

An

adult

male hind

from

Wanhsien
13; ear,
20;

in the of

flesh:

head

body, 58

tail,35;

foot,

spread

wings, 318.
MEASUREMENTS
OF

CRANIAL

RHINOLOPHUS

AFFINIS

AND

SUBSPECIES

Occurrence
rouxi
as so on

and

Habits:

"

This

bat

has

much

the

same

general
into the
in the
same

range

as

R.

the

Asiatic Across
are

mainland,
southern be

perhaps penetrating
China confused
seems

farther
occur

hill country,

in India.

the

two

species
the be

localities,
as

that
are

they

likely to
As
a

unless
to

diagnostic
more

characters

lined out-

noticed.

species it
more

slightly
present

so plastic,

that

local

forms
a

are

differentiated form

readily.
the

The

race, to

R. be

a.

himalayanus,
in the
more

slightlydarker
and

than

following, is
China

probably
and

found

moist
warm

elevated

parts

of western

eastern

India, while
occurs

in

the

lowlands

of eastern

China,

slightlydifferent

form

which

corres-

I70

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

ponds fairly with

as

Andersen's

subspecies
a

R.

a.

macrurus.

Andersen
in

mentions but it is

representing
referred in alcohol

R.a.

himalayanus

specimen from
would show

Nanking,
that this

Anhwei,

quite likely
have
two

that
to

additional this

material
a

is not

typical. I
and also
what some-

subspecies
Shenchow,

series from which

Wanhsien,
may,

Szechwan,
be

from

Hunan,

however,
were

again
A

intermediate series
was

if

enough by
and the

comparative
American from

material
Museum

available.

ftirther from
2^,

obtained in
a

Asiatic
one

Expeditions
on

Likiang
contained

Yunnan,

others

Tengyueh,

of which,

May

large fetus. (1932), in recording Likiang, Yunnan, Possibly

China
the
a

Osgood Nguluko,
hesitation. the
near

series of skins
to

and the
more

alcoholic
race

specimens from
tener, with
some

refers them of
a

R.

a.

study
show

larger
a

and

representative series of
of
names

species from

would In

that

further

revision
as

is necessary.

Specimens examined:
Hunan: Szechwan: Yunnan
:

"

all,twenty-eight,

follows:

Shenchow, Wanhsien,

(alcohoHcs).
10

(3 alcohoUcs).
8

Likiang, 8 (alcohoHcs); Tengyueh,

(alcoholics)
.

69.
Rhinolophus affinismacrurus

Rhinolophus
Proc.

affinis

macrurus

Andersen
1905, vol. 2, p. 103.

Andersen,

Zool. Soc.

Ubndon,

Type
from

specimen:
Fea.

"

^An adtilt male southeastern

in alcohol, No. Bvuma.

90.4.4.7,

British

Museum,
1888,

Taho,

Karennee,

Collected

February,

by

Leonardo

Description:
"

Compared
has
a

with

R.

a.

himalayanus

of western

and

central and

China,
ears;

this

race

somewhat

broader

horseshoe, slightlylonger
in

tibia

the

tail also color is

averages

slightlylonger.
the
same as

The

apparently quite

R.

a.

himalayanus, with

darker,

wood-brown

phase in which
brown. Measurements:

phase having grayish bases to the hairs, and a brighter of the hairs are the bases bright buffy, their tips nearly tawny

"

Andersen which

(igose,
in R.
R.
a.

p.

105) gives
in his

table
of R.

of
a.

comparative himalayanus,
the

measurements,
the

from
ears

it appears

that

specimens
from

length

of

is 17. 2-18. 5 mm.,

a.

macrurus

20-20.7;

breadth

of nose-leaves

from

13.8-14.5, in
a.

macrurus

15. 2-15.8; the

tibia 22.8-23.8,

against 23.9-25.4
the
same

in R.
A

macrurus;

the

other from

dimensions,
Fukien
to

however,
with
as

practically
his

in both.
a.

series of
and
a

specimens
lot in the

agrees

tion descripforearm

of R.

macrurus,

am

referring them
U.S.

that

form,

A. B. Howell
The

(1929) has

done

with

similar

National

Museiun.

THE

BATS

171

measurement

in the cranial

specimens

at
see

hand

is from page

53.5-54,

the

length

of tibia

25.

For

measurements

table,

169.
a more

Occurrence
southern

and

Habits:

"

This

slightly larger subspecies is evidently

the Siam The

representative of R.
it is

and, since affinis,

ranges
across

type
and

came

from

southeastern
to

Burma,
country
from
near

likelythat
the

the

form

Indo-China
at

the
are

low
all

along
the and

seaboard

of southern from

China.

specimens
Province,

hand and

coast,

namely,
Fukien

Tunglu,
the

Chekiang
last in
the

Futsing,
Howell
to

Yuki,

Yenping,
U.
S.

Province,
has

hills,a locality whence by

and A. B. the

also the this from how that

form. here

National is at
in
race

Museum
an a

specimens,

referred

Yuki
were

altitude
cave.

of four

thousand

feet,

specimens
discover mammals

taken

It will remain

for future

collectingto
of those

far inland

this
the

is found, but
border.

probably

it is another

just reach Specimens

Fukien
:

southern
In

examined:

"

all,fifteen,from
2.

the

following localities:

Futsing, 5; Yenping, 6; Yuki,

2.

Chekiang: Tunglu,

70. Rhinolophus
hainanus

Rhinolophus

affinis hainanus
Mus.
Nat.

J. A. Allen
17,

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 482, December

1906.

Type Specimen:
Museum,
of Natural

"

An

adult

female, skin
Pouten,

and

skull. No.
of

26748, American
China.

History,
This is
a

from

island

Hainan,
R.

Description:
"

race

of R. in

affinis differingfrom
russet
a.

a.

himalayanus
latter

in its broader

horseshoe Fukien

and

its richer

color,

in

the

respect
is also

closely resembling
below,
and
a

specimens
above.

of R.
The

niacrurus,

but

more

cinnamon
a

very
a mm.

little darker series from smaller

of claws In

forearm 50
mm.,
race.

measiu^ement

little smaller, in
and
so

Nodoa,
than

averaging
mainland
2 mm.

with The the

very

tion, slightvariaof the

2-3
to

in the about

length

leg

from

knee

end

is also

less

on

average.
measiirements
are

Measurements

"

addition

to

the
a

few series

differential of
ten

just
in the

given,

the

cranial

measurements

of

adults

given

table, page

169.
and

Occurrence the island

Habits:
In

"

This

richly colored
to

race

is

presumably
at

confined

to

of Hainan.

addition H.

the

originalseries
collected

of twenty-seven

from in

Pouten,

Hainan,
1923.

Mr.

Clifford

Pope

thirty-eight

Nodoa

January,

Specimens

examined:

"

In

from all, thirty-eight,

Nodoa.

Hainan.

172

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

71.

Rhinolophus
Monogr. nippon Thomas,
de

femim-equinum
Mammalogie,
Proc.
Soc. Zool. vol.

nippon
2, 8th

Temminck
p. 30a, vol.

Rhinolophus nippon
Rhinolophus Rhinolophus

Temminck,

monogr., 1905,

1835.
no.

ferrum-eguinum ferrum-equinum

Andersen,
Proc.

Soc. London,
191 1, p.

2, p.

Zool.

London,
race

687; ibid., 1912,

p.

128.

Type specimen:
Holland,

"

The

type of this
was

is

presumably

in the

Leiden

seum, Mu-

whither The

it

sent

from

Japan.
are

Description:
"

bats

of this

species
allies,R.
row.

in

a or

more

advanced

stage of

specialization than regards

the

either

of their
tooth

rouxi
may
as

R. be

reduction

of the

They
the

affinis, especially as lowing recognized by the folaffinisis

more

combination

of characters:
the second

(l)

wing

in

R.

somewhat
one

lengthened,
one-half

so

that the

phalanx
same

of the

third

digit is

than

and

times
so

first;at
when
the

the

time, the

third

metacarpal
less than
;

has the

become fourth

shortened,
and

that
the the

wing

is folded, it is
than

decidedly
the

fifth,while
and

last is very sella is

slightlylonger
smaller

fourth

(2) the
than

horseshoe plementary sup-

is broad

pandurate
horseshoe with
a

(with distinctly concave

and less

sides), the
in

leaflet of the the lancet

not cuneate

obvious

affinis, palatal
and

but
and

long and
rounded

rather

slender
the

tip (hastate); the

has the
row,

connecting
size is

process

low

broadly
the

off; (3)

skull

bridge long, nearly one-third larger; (4)

outside the
are

length of the
of

maxillary jaw
so

tooth

its

the
tooth

small
row

premolar
or

the

upper

(p=)
that and

is usually
the

either
and

quite

is their
to

actually wanting,
the

canine lower
the

large premolar premolar

suffices small
one

in contact,

cingula overlapping,
row;

the

small
durate pan-

(ps) is also external

combined
to

according position of

to

Andersen,
small
upper

saddle

with

the

external

the

premolar
the upper

alone
may

distinguish this species

stand

among in the

oriental
row;

bats, yet

tooth

occasionally quite
times
the

(5) the
bare

long tail, equaling

distinctive; (6)
of the lower
ones a

and

one-third number

length of tibia, is further

grooves
on

reduction is

in the
a

of vertical

the

area

lip
are

lateral progressive character, for in this species the two the three of lost,leaving only the median usually present in groove and R.

again

R.

rouxi

affinis.
color
at

In with also
a

these the

bats

are

uniform
lower

smoky
is
brown

gray

above

very

slightlytinted
same.

buffy

sides;

the

surface

practically the tips to

than of the

There

is

slightlybrighter phase with

"

pale

hairs.
western

Measurements: with table

mm.,

This
and

race

is

slightlysmaller
R.

the

more

ones,

smaller

skull

teeth

than

f. tragatus
as

western measurement

China.

In

his

of measurements, therefore

Andersen

gives
from

the of

forearm

57.2-59.3

overlapping
In
two

slightly those
tibia,

tragatus, but
the

the

skull

length is
56
meta-

slightly less.
and
60
mm.

specimens

Shantung,
23, 23.3

forearms
The

measure

respectively, the

respectively.

third

THE

BATS

173

carpal,
For

37,

40.4;
43,

its

first fifth

phalanx,

19.5,

20;

second

phalanx,

34,

33;

fourth

metacarpal,

45.5;

metacarpal, 45, 46.2,

see

skull

measurements

table.
OF RHINOLOPHUS

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

FERRUM-EQUINUM

RACES

Occurrence bat is typical in

and

Habits:

"

This

eastern to

race

of

the
a

wide-ranging horseshoe specimen

is
from

Japan, and according the bat is indistinguishable,so that

same.

Andersen,
eastern
as

Shanghai
as

from

China
southern

regarded
and

the

It

ranges has

northward recorded
matter

as

far

at

least

Korea,
Vladivostok,
R.

Ognev although

(1927, p. 142)
he

his behef

that
a

it may

occur

at

complicates the
not

by naming
is thus
the
most
occurs

large Japanese example

northerly species throughout
a

f. mikadoi
genus.
even a

(from Yokohama).
abundant,
areas.

It

of the

though Alin

it

evidently

northern

China,

semi-desert found

Thomas

(i9o8f,p. 637) mentions

a cave

single specimen,
of

male,

hanging by (1922, p. 2) records

There Dr.

itself in fourteen
are

thirty
in who the

miles
near

west

Peiping, city by

and

Jacobi Weigold Zoology,

others

secvired

that of

the

Expedition.
presented
southeast

two

skins

Museum them

Comparative
a cave

by
of

Arthtir

Jacot,

secured
of these

in the

at

Lungtung, type
or

Tsinan,
much

Shantung. paler, the

to

One
bases

is in hairs

usual

gray

of

pelage, the
from

other with

of the
but

distinctlywhitish specimens
exists mentioned
are

pale
drier

drab, tipped
northern

slightlydarker
determine
occurrence

brown,

additional
a

needed the

China
area.

whether in
to

pallid race
been

in

parts of this

Its

Shensi

has

by
three

Thomas females

(191 le,
secured

p. in of
at

687), without
the
seven

reference district and skulls

subspecies,
the

in

recording
part

Shangchow
skins

in

southeastern
two

of the

province.
young and

series

including
by
Clifford
of

nearly

full-grown
a

collected in the Walter

Chunganhsien,
of the
at Wanhsien

Fukien,

H.

Pope,

and

skin
taken I

skull
Dr.

collection

American
on

Museum the

Natural

History
Szechwan,

by

Granger

border

of eastern

provisionally

174 refer to be

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

this race,

the

last

on

account

of its short
eastern
race

forearm is not

of very

56

mm.

It must from the

out

acknowledged, however,
R.

that in

the its

different

slightlylarger
that
row

f. tragatus
the upper
western

general
that

appearance. less

Andersen
to

points
the

this
than

race

has the

small
races,
so

premolar
Fukien,

decidedly external
not

tooth

in

it may it may

be
even

surprising to
stand
R. R. but affinis,

find
the

that,
row

in the

series from

Chunganhsien,
and the
at

quite in

separating the canine length

some

large premolar,
once

as

in

the

great
In

of the
as

palatal bridge
in the

throws the

it into
two

ferrum-equinum.
vary

cases,

Shantung
"

specimens,
all,ten,
of
as

sides

in the

same

sktill.

Specimens examined:
Shantung:
Fukien:
Szechwan:

In

follows:
2.

"

Lungtung,

southeast 7.
i.

Tsinan,

Chunganhsien,
Wanhsien,

72. Rhinolopkus Rhinolophus Rhinolophus

tragatus

Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum
Joum.
Dobson,
Asiatic Cat. Soc. Bengal,
vol.

tragatus Hodgson
4, p.

Hodgson,

699, 1835.
p. 119,

ferrum-equinum
ferrum-equinum

Chiroptera
Proc.

British

Mus.,

1878 (in part).

vol. 2, p.
iii.

tragatus Andersen,

Zool. Soc. London,

1905,

Type specimens:
Museum

"

The
igose,

three
p.
a

cotypes, from

Nepal,

are

now

in the

British

(Andersen,
"

112). slightlylarger race

and the
a

Description:
R.

This

is

very

than

the in

more

primitive
tions, proporare

f. nippon,
broad.

with

smaller

teeth,
and

skull

that

is smaller

general

although equally
The

the
The

horseshoe

nasal

swellings upon

which

it rests

color is the

same. a

skull of R.

represents

"unquestionably (Andersen,
row

higher stage" of development

112), for
the

than

that is
so

f. nippon
out

19056,

p.

small

upper the
cases

molar pre-

forced
and

of the tooth

that

it is

wholly
small

external, and
or

cingula
it has

of

the

canine

large premolar
to

actually overlap,
the

in

some

disappeared
well
on

the
to

external

jaw premolar (ps) and disappearance, and if present is very minute of skulls. in a large proportion It is absent the tooth row. altogether; in the
lower
road
"

is likewise

wholly

Measurements:
ears,

Andersen
mm.;

gives
breadth its first

the

following measurements
horseshoe,
20.5-23;

for

this bat:

length, 21.8-24.5

of

8.8-9.7; forearm,
second

59-63;

third fourth

metacarpal, 37.2-40.3; metacarpal, 42-45.1;

cranial measurements and Habits:
western

phalanx,

phalanx, 32-34.5;

fifth

metacarpal, 43.5-47.3;
173. this will be
the

tail, 34.8-37; tibia,

25.6-26.6; foot, I3-I4-3For

see

page

Occurrence form
reach

"

Probably
China,
American

found

to

be

the
it

common
seems

of the middle

species in
altitudes.

chiefly in
Museum

highlands,

for

to

The

Asiatic

Expeditions

secured

THE

BATS

175

it at latter the

Likiang
male
as

and

again
on

at

Tengyueh,
22,

in western

Yunnan.
a

female

from

the

locality,taken
recorded taken in

May

1917,

contained
p.

large fetus.
reference northwest

Very likely
to

by
a

Thomas
cave near

(19126,

128),
to

without

the

species, sub-

Penhsien,

thirty miles
this

of

Chengtu,

northern

Szechwan,

at

3,000
"

feet, is referable
In

race.

Specimens
Yunnan:

examined:
2;

all,six, as
4.

follows:

Likiang,

Tengyueh,

73.

Rhinolophus
Ann.

lepidus shortridgei Andersen

Mag.
Nat.

Andersen, Rhinolophus lepidus shortridgei

Hist.,

ser.

9, vol.

2, p. 377,

October,

1918.

Type
from C.

Specimen:

"

male, skin River,

and

skull.

No.

8.8.3.1, British
12,

Museum,

Pagan,

Irrawaddy

Burma.

Collected

October

1913,

by

Guy

Shortridge. Description:
"

medium-sized

species, distinguished by
not

the that

following
the

combination of the the

second

of

characters:

(i) the wing is

lengthened,
one

so

length
first;

phalanx
are

of digit III

is less than
the

and

one-half
very

times

the

metacarpals
horseshoe
a on

practicallyequal, with completely covering projection

on

fourth

slightlythe longest;
in

(2)
with leaf
at

not

the

upper

lip, notched
of

the

middle,

small each

tooth-like

either
at

side the

it; a
and

small

supplementary
narrower

side;
bottom;
lancet

sella

slightly concave
process lower

sides,
as

somewhat
acute

top than
summit;
a

connecting
hastate,

projecting
three one-third

an

triangle beyond (3) the skull

maxillary
the of the

the

lip with

vertical
the of the

grooves;

has
row,

long palatal bridge, a

and
;

trifle less than

length
mastoid tooth
to

the

zygomatic width
small upper

is

practicallythat
somewhat
mm.

portion of
row,
row;

skull

(4) the

premolar (p ^) is always
in 42-43
or

in the

the

small
the

lower forearm

premolar
measurement

(ps) variable,
is about
bases of the
;

external

the p.

(5)

(seeAndersen,
are

19056,

122).

In color
wood brown

the
or

hairs

above

very

light ecru

drab, tipped with

cinnamon
"

below,

somewhat

lighter.
below
hind
was

Measurements:

The and

specimen body, 376)

total
51

mentioned
mm.;

measured
9; ear,
20;

in

the

flesh of

as

follows:
250;

head

tail,20;

foot,

spread
33.

wings,

forearm

(in skin),43; metacarpals, subequal, length of third,

p.
notes

Andersen
on a

(1918,
of

the
to

following
front
of

skull

measurements

based

series

topotypes:

length
tooth

canine,

16. 8-18. 7;

condylo-

canine

length, 15-16.9; maxillary

and of the Habits: the
"

row,

6.5-7.5.
eastern
race

Occurrence the

This

is

slightlylarger
known from

of R.
the

lepidus,
type
cality, lo-

typical
A

form
on

Indian

peninsula,
and for

hitherto
on

from
upper

Pagan
Burma.

Irrawaddy,
the
near

Kindat
is

the

Chindwin,
secured
the bat

single skin, Granger

skull

which
in

unfortunately lost, was

eastern

by Dr. Walter

Wanhsien,

extreme

Szechwan;

176
was

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

found

wintering
lo,

in

cave

two

miles

northeast the

of the

villageof Yenchingkou,
of the series
as

February
China,

1926.
that

This

is apparently

only
mentions

record
a

species from
from
not

except
Yunnan of the

of Osgood

(1932),

who

of eleven

Ngvduko,
like any
and

(near Likiang), which, however,

described
process
"

he

regards
the front

altogether
of the

subspecies.
are seen

With

lens,
with

face

sella

the

connecting

to

be covered

minute

hairs. Szechwan.

Specimens

examined:

One

only (skin),from

Wanhsien,

74.

Rhinolophus
Proc.

comutus
Soc.

pumilus
London,

Andersen
vol. 2, p. 127,

Rhinolophus

comutus

pumilus

Andersen,

Zool.

1905,

fig.22b.

Type specimen:
from Okinawa

"

^Adult
Riu

female, in alcohol. No.

Kiu group, forearm

2.

10.7.

8, British

Museum,

Island,
"

Japan,
39 the
mm.,

March

16, 1902.
the

Description:
characters:
more as

small
not

bat,

distinguished by phalanx
first ;
in the in of

following digit not

much its summit

(i) wing
one

lengthened,
times
the sella the

second

third

than in R.

and

one-half
the

length

of the

(2) nose-leaves

lepidus,with
than the
an

slightlyconstricted connecting
process

middle, and
view
in

narrower

base,

side

acutely pointed,
R.

forming nearly
narrower;

isosceles

triangle;(3) skull
of the teeth lower of
ecru as

smaller R.

than

lepidus, and
upper molar pre-

(4) arrangement
in the

in

lepidus,the
variable. side
the
are

small

tooth

row,

the small of the

premolar
the upper

In than
a

color, the

bases

hairs
with
to

contrastingly paler
brown,
"ecru

their

tips,whitish
the flanks

tinged

drab, while
brown.

tips are
side

giving drab,"

general effect
on

of broccoli

brown

Prout's

Under

darker

(Andersen).
Andersen

Measurements:" third
13.2;

gives
its first

the

following: forearm,
10.7-11.4; second

38.8-39.7

mm.;

metacarpal, 27.7-28.7;
fourth

phalanx,

phalanx,

12.7-

metacarpal,
8. total 5.7;

27.7-29.5;

fifth

metacarpal,

27.7-29.5;

tail, 18; tibia,

16.2-17.2; foot,
Skull: cheek

length, 16; zygomatic

lower cheek

width, 7.9; mastoid

width, 7.8; upper

teeth,

teeth,
"

6-6.1.

Occurrence size
R. and

and

Habits:

-This bat

is

recognizable by typical
the Foochow Riu from
at

its small of
the R.

to

medium
or

the

sharp-pointed connecting Although

collected in

process,

lepidus
Andersen

pusillus
a

group.

described

Kiu
as

Islands,
same.

regards
recorded

specimen
from

by
the

Swinhoe

the

It is also Thomas

localities
records well of
as

(191 id, p. 160) by Andersen, as

miles
I9i2e, northwest p.

five from
several

of western China. higher country identified as Kiatingfu, Szechwan,

secured in
caves near

this form

Penhsien,
3,000

thirty-five (Thomas,
a

Chengtu,

northern

Szechwan,
Mell

altitude

feet

128).

In southeastern

China,

(1922, p.

13) mentions

specimen

THE

BATS

177

from
common

the

northern
in the houses.

part

of

Kwangtung,
be
as

but

says

they
in

are caves

apparently
or

more

southern In

part, Hving by day in colonies

haunts may

rock

crevices,

rarely in
owlets,

their

found,

scattered

beneath

their

resting

places, the wings

or

of various

moths,

Arete, Grammodes,

Ophideres, Ischyja"

of

geometrids.
examined:
"

Specimens

None.

75. Rhinotophus Rhinolophus blythi szechwanus

minor G.
M.

Rhinolophus
Andersen,
Ann. Mus.

blythi szechwanus
Mag.
Nat.

Andersen
9, vol. 2, p. 377,

Hist.,

ser.

1918.

Allen, Mem.

Comp.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 244, 1912.

Type Specimen:
from W.
R.

"

female,

skin

and

skull, No.
Collected

13. 1.26. 2, British

Museum,
1912,

Chungking,
Brown.

Szechwan,

China.

September

27,

by

Description:
"

This
about

species is
37
mm.

the

smallest It may

of the be

genus

occurring
of
sella
at

in China,
the

with

forearm

of

further second

distinguished by phalanx
the

following points: (i) wing digit not

at

unlengthened,
one-half
at

the the

third

exceeding

one

and

times
the

first; (2) the

and
narrower

broadest

the

base, then

slightlyconcave
small
lower

sides

the
an

summit;
isosceles
with in
a

the

connecting
the

process

sharply pointed
upper small

in side view, in the variable

tooth

forming nearly
row,

triangle;(3) the
small
row or

premolar premolar

and

provided

cusp,

but

frequently standing exactly

"cinnamon

the

practicallyso.
color above the
a

The of

is

uniform
the

brown,

almost

brown"
lower midless

Ridgway,
of

bases

of

hairs

everywhere
same

conspicuously whitish;
sides, the
a

surface ventral clear

body

pinker, paler tint

drab.

of the

at the
are

throat brown

and with

region pale pale

bases
to

Immature hairs.

specimens

grayer

the

dorsal
The

Measurements:
made

"

following
field.

measurements

are

from

fresh

examples

by

the

collectors

in the

For

cranial

measurements

see

table, page

178.

178
CRANIAL

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

MEASUREMENTS

OF

RHINOLOPHUS

BLYTHI

SUBSPECIES

humid

uplands
and

of
the

southern

China. Asiatic

The

type

locality
a

is

Chungking,
a cave

in

Szechwan,
near

Central
eastern

Expeditions secured province

in

series from winter

in the

Wanhsien referred

in the
to

part of the

the

of

1922-3.

I have of

it also four

specimens
No

from

Ichang, Hupeh,
in
western

Museum reveal its

Comparative
to

Zoology.
southwest

doubt

additional

collecting will
Szechwan. darker in tint
and

presence

the

of

these

localities in the

It is the

smallest coastal

of the
race.

Rhinolophi

found

region

than

the

Specimens
Hupeh:
Szechwan:

examined:
4

"

In all,forty-three, as

follows:

Ichang,

(M.C.Z.).
39.

Wanhsien,

76.
Rhinolophus blythi calidus
G.
M.

Rhinolophus
Allen, Amer.
Mus.

bl3^i

calidus
no.

G.

M.

Allen
28, 1923.

Novitates,

85, p. I, August

Type

specimen:

"

^An

adult

female, skin

and

skull, No.

44692,

American

THE

BATS

179

Museum

of

Natural
Dr. In

History, Roy
color

from

Yenping,

Fukien,

China.

Collected

June 17, 1916, by Description:

"

C. Andrews. this
lowland
race

is much
bases of

brighter than
the dull

R.

b.
are

szechwanus,

more

cinnamon with
a

throughout.
faint

The

hairs

above

everywhere "sayal
near

whitish,
of

buffy tint, their

tips

cinnamon,

near

brown"

Ridgway

; below, pale pinkish buff, the hairs becoming

whitish

their The

bases. skull

is

very

little

larger than

in

szechwanus,

but

otherwise

there

is

little difference.
Measurements:
"

The
mm.

size
;

is

practically
;

the

same

as

in

the

other

species: sub-

forearm, 38
For cranial

tibia, 15
see

foot, 7.
page
a

measiirements

table,
is

178.
somewhat land brighter-tinted lowin suitable

Occurrence
race

and

Habits:
R. far

"

This

merely
Fukien

of the

Indian
as

occurring probably blythi,

north the
as

places
not
a

across

southeastern

China,

Province.

Although
series

very
two

strongly
forms
are

marked

subspecies,
in the

average

difference, when

of

the

laid out

comparison,

is considerable.
the

It is not which

unlikely that
It
taken

specimen in
Swinhoe

British
to

Museum
R. ago,

from

Foochow,

Andersen this.

(iQOse, p. 127) doubtfully

was

referred years

cornutus

pumilus, is
its

really

by

many

but

imperfect

condition

rendered

its identification
"

difficult.
as

Specimens examined:
Fukien:

In all,eighteen,

follows:
i.

Kuliang,

i;

Futsinghsien, 2; Yenping,

14; Yuki,

77. Rhinolophus blythi parcus

G.
M.

Rhinolophus
Allen, Araer.
Mus.

bl3rthi parcus
Novitates,
no.

G.

M.

Allen
19,

317, p. 2, May

1928.

Type
Natural

Specimen:
Clifford
"

"

Adult, skin

and

skull. No.
of Hainan, Asiatic
R. b.

58465, American
China. Collected

Museum December

of

History, frorn Nodoa, by

H.

island Central

8, 1922,

Pope,

Expeditions.
of
western

Description:
R.
or

Structurally like
China,

szechwanus

China its rich

and
russet

b. calidus darker Color

of

southeastern

but

differingfrom

both

in

brown above

coloring.
in the red

phase, nearly "russet"

ochraceous
at

(Ridgway).
these
On

The
to

individual
a

hairs
russet

over

the

back
2 mm.

are

pale
in

their
among

bases, deepening
are

distinct minute
head

tip about
the
; the

length.
a

Scattered

hairs with
sides of

blackish
and
russet
on

tips,producing
neck,
throat
chest

darkening

of the

surface.
area,

the

the

and

mid-ventral buff. in

the

color

is clearer,

brighter
is
,

is

paler, pinkish
area.

In
the

the

axillar

region, ventrally
are

well-defined

dusky

Specimens

brown

phase

Mars

brown.

l8o

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

paling
the

to

the

roots

of the

hairs, above;

below,

drab

washed

with

chestnut

at

sides.

The

cochleae

are

very much form

large, nearly meeting

narrowed.
a

in the
a

midline

so

that

the

basioccipitalis
branching
between. in the the
row,

very

There
over

is

well-defined
with
a

sagittal crest, slightdepression

tooth
row,

anteriorly to
The

ridge

each

orbit,

first small

upper

premolar
be

stands

quite

in the

while in

lower but

jaw

the

minute

middle
may

premolar partly

of the

type
to

specimen
it.

stands

in other

specimens
In the

external

Measurements:
2j; The

"

type

the

forearm

measures

36.3

mm.

third

carpal, meta-

fourth

metacarpal,

28;

fifth

metacarpal, 27.6; tibia, length,

last
13.3;

13.5;

foot,

7.

skull:

greatest length, 16.5;

1.7;

basal

palatal length,
j.j; lower width

5.4;

palatal bridge,
molars,
5.7;
to

zygomatic
cheek teeth
6.0.

width,

7.5; mastoid
to

width,
5.7;

outside teeth

upper

(canine

molar),

cheek

(canine
See

last

molar),

also table, page the

178.
a

Among
while
a

specimens secured,
is also
marked of the
contrast

bright, tawny
to

phase
In its

is the

more

common,

deep-brownish phase
forms
a

represented.
the
are

brighter, more
R. b.

intense

coloring,it
in which drab. but
in In

dull, gray-colored

szechwanus,

the
R.

bases

dorsal

hairs China

whitish, their tips drab, the

color becomes
even

belly buffy,
of the
shows
are

b. calidus from
over

of eastern Hainan fifteen

;

the

slightly
to

more

this
A

race

it is

strikingly redder,
collected

the

bases

hairs.
much

series of

skins

by

Mr.

Clifford

H.

Pope

uniformity
as

of tint adults
or

but of R.

the

dull-colored, grayish immatvire

specimens

about In

bright
the
but

as

b. calidus.

dark is
a

brownish darker

phase
brown.

this
The these

race

resembles

the

two

others of the

tioned, men-

much it is

immature

individuals
are

series

are

similar,

and

possible that

brown

adults

in

reality not

fully

mature.

Occurrence in the house

was an

and

Habits:
and
a

"

Mr. few in

Pope
a

writes tunnel

of these
out

bats:

"I

caught
The
low

several tunnel

at

night
where
a

long

in the the

woods.

old

irrigatingditch
we

extending
a

just
an

beneath old the

floor of the

jungle.
fourteen and

Another feet

place
with
But

got

few

was

prospector's hole
mouth inner first
was

about

deep,

slanting
side
but
or

entrance
was

and
at

covered

with

grass

bushes.

the the bats

one

largest colony
of
when
two west
a

the The

end

of

deep
a

tunnel

dug
of the is

straight
hundreds

into
of

grassy the

hill.

trip

revealed
had

colony
and

third

visit

made

they
tunnel

deserted

place

and

only
but
a

stragglerswere
of Nodoa."

seen.

This

is double

situated

few

miles

Specimens

examined:

"

In

all,eighteen, from

Nodoa,

Hainan.

THE

BATS

l8l

78.
Rhinolophus Rhinolophus Rhinolophus

Rhinolophus

pearsonii pearsonii Horsfield

Mus. Soc. pour

pearsonii Horsfield, Cat. Mammalia yunanensis

larvalus

East-India

Co., p. 33, 1851.

41,

Dobson,

Joum.

Asiatic

Bengal,
servir

vol.

pt. 2, p. 336, 1872.

Nat. des

Hotha,
p.

Yunnan.

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

k I'Hist. China.

Mammiferes,

248, pi. 37A,

fig. l; pi. 37C, fig. I, 1868-74

(not of Horsfield).

Muping,

Type
Thomas East-India Museum.

specimen:
Pearson,

"

The for

type
many

was

from
was

Darjeeling, India, collected

in
was

by John

and

years whence

the

Museum

of the
to

Honourable the British

Company,

London,

it

later

transferred

Description:
"

This
and and
a

horseshoe R.

bat

seems

to

bear

much

resemblance
with with
a

to

R.

ferrum-equinum
55
mm.

in size and affinis

structure

general appearance,
that of the the former
a

forearm third

of about

wing

like

the

metacarpal
the sella

shortest,

the has

fourth

slightlylonger,
borders
and

fifth

trifle the

longest;
the
necting con-

is

high
the

and

its lateral

peculiarly "crenulate,"
off well below
In the the summit skull
cuneate.

process

low, rounded,
lancet is

coming
or

of the
the

sella,while

regularly tapering nearly

the than

palate
row;

is unusually there width is

a

long, unshortened, sagittalcrest, and

is greater
stands but

one-half

the fossa is

maxillary
so

tooth that

high

temporal
the

expanded
The and groove the

the

of the

zygomata

mastoid
tooth

width.
row,

small small
on

upper lower

premolar premolar
The

is minute
is

practicallyin the
There

slightlyexternal.
and

is
as

only

one

median

the

chin.

fur is The

long

loose, and

described

uniformly

dark

brown. the small

skull

is well

figured by Milne-Edwards,
still in the tooth
row,

and

shows the

long palate,
lower
one

the

minute

upper

premolar

and

partly

external.
The

Measurements:
R.

"

forearm
R.

measurement

in 55
mm.

both
The

Milne-Edwards's former
are

larvatus

and

Anderson's

pearsonii
12;
no

is

adds

the

following: tail,20;
Occurrence India
central
to

tibia, 26; foot,

Habits:
"

cranial

measurements

available.
eastern

and Chinese

The

typical race
from the
southern

extends Yunnan

its range
as

from far
at

the

highlands,
whence
came

least

as

Szechwan,

type

of

Milne-Edwards's
of

R. had P-

larvatus,
been

which, together with

made
out
as

the
of

type
R.

of R.

yunanensis 289).
to

Dobson,

already 95)
"

synonyms

pearsonii by
(1905b,
type
seems

Anderson

(1879,
by
of

decision
was

since confirmed from Yunnan.

who
so

by

Andersen Dobson's other female

p.

Milne-Edwards's Anderson

specimen
at

Muping,
The

while

was

collected be

Hotha,
p.

only
a

record taken

that
of

Thomas feet

(1923,
on

656),

identified
of western

at

an

altitude

10,000

the

Likiang

Range

Yunnan.

Specimens

examined:

"

None.

82

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

79. Rhinolophus Rhinolophus

Rhinolophus pearsonii chinensis

Ann.

Andersen
7, vol.

pearsoni chinensis Andersen, pearsoni Thomas,

no.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

16,

p.

289,

1905. Yatsen

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

1898,

p. 770.

Shih, Bull. Dept. Biology, Sun

Univ., Canton,

4, p. 3, 1930.

Type Museum,
La

specimen:
from

"

Adult

male,

skin

and

skull, No.

98.11. 1.2,

British

Kuatun,

Fukien,

China.

Collected

April 16, 1898, by J. D.

Touche.

Description:
"

"Similar
shorter

to

Rh.

pearsoni from (Andersen).

of
skull has

Darjeeling
skull,
narrower

and

Masuri,
maxillar

but

with

markedly
mandible

tibia, slightly smaller

tooth

width,

shorter

and The
the

rows"

Measurements: of the tibia 26

"

forearm

measurement
;

the
a

type

is 52.7

mm.;

(29 in

typical form)
of mandible

the

maxillary width

of 9.2
tooth

(against 9.7-9.8);length
row,

16.8

(against
tooth
row

17.

7-17.9);maxillary

9.5

(against 9.8-10.2); mandibular

teeth
row,

(exclusive of incisors),
small

10.3

(against 10.8-11.1).
The
are as

in

the small

typical form
lower
are

with

the

upper
to

premolar in
the
row so

the that

tooth

but

the

premolar slightly external

in contact.

the two

largerpremolars
and
one

almost

Occurrence

Habits:

"

The

type specimen from

Kuatun,
p.

in northwestern
as

Fukien,
but
race. on

is the
account

earlier recorded its

by

Thomas

(1898,

770)

R.
as a

pearsoni,
separate
from mountain and
in

of

slightly smaller
covers

size Andersen the southeastern

that he
as

regards
part
found
at

it of

The

range

probably
Mell and
north
east

China,

Fukien forest
the

southward.
to

(1922, p. 13) writes

of the

it in the

the

south

Canton

region,
He

Tsogokwahn,
these may

mountainous the

country
seen

of Siudsau.
at

suggests that

have

been The

large bats i)
from
two

in

August

Wachowtoi,
that

pursuing
I have

swarms are

of termites.
one

only other
p.

records

of its southwest

occurrence

found
a

by Shih
1930, in both

(1930b,
p.
cases

the

border from

of Hunan,
Yao

and
area,

second

(Shih,

3) relating to
recorded
as

specimens pearsoni.
"

the

Shan

Kwangtung,

R.

Specimens examined:
80.

None. episcopus episcopus G. M.

Novitates,
no.

Rhinolophus
Allen,
Amer. Mus.

Allen 28, 1923.

Rhinolophus episcopus G. M.

85,

p. 2,

August

Type
Museum October

Specimen:
of Natural
921,
"

"

An

adult

male,
from

skin

and

skull. No.
Szechwan,
Dr.

56895,
China.

American Collected

History,
the

Wanhsien,

9,

by

Central is
one

Asiatic of bats
the

Expeditions,
smaller

Walter
the

Granger.
genus,
at
once

Description: distinguished among

This

species of

Chinese

by the following characters:

(i)

The

wings

THE

BATS

183
of the
in the

are

not

lengthened,
one

so

that times

the
the

second

phalanx
while about

third
fourth

finger does
and

not

exceed
the

and and

one-half second

second,
of
in

fifth
The
as

fingers
sella

first

phalanges (nearly
3
mm.

are

equal length. skin), about

which it at summit. raised
to

(2)
half
once

is
as

remarkably high, its

full width
the cup,
outer

broad

the

dried
above

broad

extreme

base

slightly narrower,
it to
nostrils the
are

reaches

its

and

maintains
of the form

broadly
continuous

rounded and The

convex

At
form
a

its base,
shallow

margins
do
not

but below

wing-like expansions.
of the
as

connecting
and rather
a a

process

begins
the
The

well

the

summit
as

sella,is evenly sella,with

the
convex

low, while

lancet anterior
and
are a

is about
horseshoe

high

the

sides and
and in has front. of
a

is broad,

covering
leaflet at

muzzle,
side the

tip. notch, deep median

rounded All

small

supplementary
with

each
at

the
cup

nose-leaves
between

covered

minute
ears are

hairs

except

bottom

the

the

nostrils.

(3)

The

moderately metacarpal
has
a

developed with
is the

conspicuously broad
fourth
and

antitragus.

(4)

The The

third

shortest,

the

fifth of
and
row.

equal length.
a

(5)

skull

low

sagittalridge, narrow
the

zygomata,
tooth

long palatal bridge equaling

In

one-half

length jaw the quite

of the

maxillary
its
ps

(6)
tooth

the

upper tooth
at

jaw the
row,

small in
so,

premolar
the
or

(p^) retains
small in the

primitive position
is external
to

fully in the
row or

but

lower
be

the

least

partly
is smoke middle

may the

row.

The

color

above

gray, of the

hairs dull whitish

are

at

their base.

Below,

the

chin, throat, and

abdomen

pale,
at

almost
the

white, shading

into pale drab

Measurements:

posteriorly,and
"

pale cinnamon
of

brown

sides of the 47.5

mm.;

body.
third

The

forearm

the

type

measures

metacarpal, 34.5; fotuth and fifth metacarpals, 36; tibia, 18 (allfrom Wanhsien of specimens from are: skin). The collector's measurements

the

dried

Occurrence from
the

and

Habits:

"

The

remarkably
lancet

large, parallel-sidedsella rising

the

slightlyexpanded
at once,

cup-like margins of mitre-shaped

intemasal
convex

area

distinguishes rising to
a

this bat

while

the

with

sides

84
rounded

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

bluntly
it is

tip is also distinctive.

to

Like

most

other

members
at

of the

genus,

probably confined
from the secured 1925,
uncommon

the

southern

half of China, but

eastern

present
where the
same

it is known

only

type
a

locality,Wanhsien,
few in

Szechwan,

Dr.

Walter
cave

Granger
December,

October,

1921,

and

again from
were

in It is

and

February,
and

1926, while
not

they
to

in hibernation.

apparently

perhaps

given

congregating in large ntunbers

for the winter.

Specimens
Szechwan.

examined:

"

In

all, thirteen, from

Yenchingkou,

Wanhsien,

81.

Rhinolophus episcopus caldwelli

G.
M.

G.
no.

M.

Allen
28, 1923.

Rhinolophus episcopus

caldwelli

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

85, p. 3, August

Type specimen:
Museimi 31, 191 6, of Natural

"

'An

adult

female, skin Yuki,

and

skull. No.
China.

44771, Collected

American October

History, from
R. Caldwell.
to

Fukien,

by

Rev.

Harry
"

Description:
43

Similar the

the

typical form
a

but

smaller, with
cinnamon tint that

forearm

of

against 48
and

mm.,

pelage above
a

warmer,

brown,"

instead

of

smoky,
races

difference small
R.

about

similar

to

"sayal near separating the premolar

upland
In

lowland skull the

of the
are

hlythi.
small
upper

the

teeth and The

noticeably smaller; the

a

is

fully in the tooth

Measurements:
"

row

has

long sharp only

cusp.

type

and

known 31.5;
mm.;

specimen measured:
fourth
and fifth

forearm,

43 33.

mm.;

tibia, 17; foot,

9; third

metacarpal,
canine,
18

metacarpals,
to

Skull:

occiput

to

front

of

occipitalcondyle
7.8; mastoid

front

of

canine,
width

15.5;

palatal bridge,
exclusive
"

3;

zygomatic
across

width,

width,
row,

8.5;
6.0;

outside

molars, 6.7; width

row,

canines, 3.7; maxillary tooth

mandibular

tooth and
a

of incisors,6.5.

Occurrence
was

Habits:
at

The

single specimen
of
a

on

which

this form H.
many
more

is based

taken

in

cave

the

summit
has is

mountain,

by

Rev.

R.

Caldwell,

helpful cooperation It specimens from Ftikien.

whose

resulted

in the
a

acquisition of
borders of the
bats.

interesting brightly lands, highevidently

evidently
on

slightlysmaller
the

and

colored

form
and

of the

species
characters
not

discovered it is
a

Szechwan It is

in these and

paralleled by various species to

the any

vmcommon

probably
"

social

extent.

Specimens examined:
82.

One

only,

type, from
lanosus

Yuki, Fukien.

Rhinolophus
Mag.
Nat.

lanosus Hist., ser.

Andersen

Rhinolophus lanosus Andersen,

Rhinolophus A,
no.

Ann.

7, vol. 16, p. 248, 1905.

luclus Thomas,
10, p. 14, 1922.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

1898, p. 770.

Mell, Arch.

f. Naturgesch.,

vol.

88, sect.

Type specimen:

"

An

adult

female, skin

and

skull, No.

98.11.1.1, British

THE

BATS

185
China. Collected

Museum,

from

Kuatun,
D.

northwestern Touche. is
a

Fukien,

April 4

18), 1898, by J. Description:

"

La

This
the

species of
advanced dark

the

R. base

philippinensis group
of the sella to
form

(Andersen),
a

characterized
structure

by

expansion of
more

the

cup-like
The be

with,
is

in

the in

species, wing-like outgrowths.

in

pelage
muzzle,
nostrils

peculiar
by
the

being

smoky

color

and

woolly.
side ; outer the

It

may

tinguished disthe

following details:
a

(i) Anterior
leaflet
at

horseshoe
the

broad, covering
borders borders

but

without
to
a

supplementary
a

of the likewise

raised

form

conspicuous projecting rim,

cup; the base
erect

inner side
a

raised, forming
low

deep

of

the

sella

on

each

widely expanded
trefoil
;

laterally,forming with
process very and

and

rather

narrow

sella
the

connecting
sella;
rounded

rounded,
narrow,

beginning
and

well

below

summit
in of

of the
a

terminal

lancet

long,
not

tongue-shaped, terminating
the second

point.
less
than

(2) Wings
one

especially modified,
times is
the

phalanx

digit three
skull

and

one-half

first; third
than

metacarpal
the

considerably (3) The

fossa,

shorter

than

the fourth, which for the

slightlyshorter
the

fifth.

is notable
narrow

high sagittal crest, the

and

relatively small
hollowed
teeth
row,
are

temporal

maxillary width,
to

deeply
The tooth also

post-nasal depression, proportionally small;

its cusp in the

corresponding
the
small upper

the

large
is the

nose-leaves.

premolar jaw

quite (4)
and

in the

but well

inconspicuous,
row,

while
the

in the
two

lower

small

premolar
The

stands

separating
among is

larger premolars.
bats in its texture The

nature

of

the

pelage is peculiar woolly,

and

Chinese

crinkly or ; it is long, slightly

ears

uniformly

sooty

throughout.
Measurements:
"

membranes of

are

blackish. 71.5
mm.,

The

forearm The

the

type

measured

that

of

specimen from
45 52; fifth For
mm.

Yenping, 69.
;

latter also
25 ; second
16.

gives

the

following: third
35 ; fourth

carpal, meta-

its first
54.5;

phalanx,

phalanx,
R.
once

metacarpal,
186.

metacarpal,

tibia, 34; foot,

see

skull measurements
and Habits:
"

table, under
bat

I. spurcus,

page

Occurrence

This

is at

distinguished among
and the
to

Chinese of
It is

species by its large size, blackish

the
nasal

woolly fur,
sella

great
form
R.

development
a

leaves,
the

with

the

base

of the

expanded
of the

trefoil.
to

perhaps only
the

continental
from

representative
Fukien,
does
was

Javan

luctus,

which

type
p.

specimen

Kuatun,
his
The date

originallyreferred correspond with

said

by Thomas given
have in been

(1898,
taken

770), although description.

in be

not
was

that
to

Andersen's
on

specimen
evidently
As
two

by

Thomas

"18/4/ 1898," which

Andersen's
no

through
was

inadvertence
but
one

became

April

4th, 1898,
there This
can

paper.

there

specimen, however,
the
same

doubt
not

that
a common

the

references

relate

to

individual.
Rev.

is

apparently

species in southeastern

China.

H.

R.

86

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Caldwell

secured
2,000

one

in

chambered
in the Two
same

charcoal

pit in the
Fukien,
p.

mountains

near

Yenping,
it is not collection

feet, and
in

others

seven locality,

in all.
are

Apparently
also
a

colonial
of the taken

its habits.

from Mell
east

Foochow,

in

the

American in the

Museum. mountains
to

(1922,
of

14) mentions Kwangtung,

dark,
was

woolly
doubtless

bat

Siudsau,

that

this, though referred

"

R.

luctiis.
as

Specimens examined:
Fukien:

^In

all,nine,
2.

follows:

Yenping,

7; Foochow,

83.
Rhinolophus
lanosus

Rhinolophus
M.

lanosus
Mus.

spurcus
no.

G.

M.

Allen
p. 3,

spurcus

G.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

317,

May

19,

1928.

Type
Museum
4, 1922.

Specimen:
of Natural Clifford
"

"

An

adult

male,
Nodoa,

skin

and

skull. No.
of Hainan,

58444,
China.

American December

History, from
H. A

island

Pope,

collector. Central

Asiatic

Expeditions.
R.

Description:
of Ftikien

large, dark,
dull chocolate

woolly-haired bat, like typical

the skull
above effect.

lanosus fur
more

in external about
as

proportions, but

much and

larger and
below,

the

sooty
with

brown,
gray,
so

brown

tipped minutely
in the in land mainboth

to

Although
animal,
meet to

the the
a

give a bodily dimensions

skull is

slightlyfrosted
are

practically the
The
cut

same

as

decidedly larger. sagittal crest

The

supraorbital ridges
off

form

prominent
the bone. The

and

anteriorly
a

triangular pitting of
tooth
row,

depression
the but surface
the

between

orbits.

parietal area
upper

shows

curious
in the

of the
one

small

premolar is quite
the
two

lower
in the

is

partly external, clearlyseparating

race

large premolars,
these
two

whereas teeth
to

Fukien

it is smaller

and

more

external, allowing

meet.
"

Measurements:

In
mm.;

the
the

type
third
54.2;

and

second

male,
in the 18.

the

forearm

measures

respectively
53.2;

70,

71

metacarpal

type, 44.7;

fourth

carpal, meta-

fifth

metacarpal,
MEASUREMENTS

tibia, 36; foot,

THE RACES OF

CRANIAL Greatest

OF

RHINOLOPHUS

LANOSUS

ZygoBasal

Width Palatal Mastoid

across

Upper
cheek

Lower

Palatal

matic

cheek

Locality

Fukien

Hainan Hainan

Occurrence the mainland

and

Habits:

"

This

island

race,

though
than
two

externally
the Fvikien

as

large

as

form,

has

strikingly larger
and of

skull

examples. being all

It is

apparently

uncommon

solitary habits,

specimens

THE

BATS

187
One
a

that
these

were was

secvired
found
was was

by Mr.
in
a

Clifford

H.

Pope during his stay in Hainan.

in the but midst
was

of

prospector's shaft
from
a

of
not

woods;

and

second other the

individual

started
taken

similar

shaft
a

sectired.
In the each

The
case,

specimen
of the

in

tunnel
among

in
roots

wooded
in the

locality.
was ceiling,

solitarybat, hanging from

cave.

only

inhabitant

Specimens examined:

"

Two

only, from
rex

Nodoa,
G. M.

Hainan.

84.
Rhinolophus
rex

Rhinolophus
Novitates,
no.

Allen
28, 1923.

G. M.

Allen,
"

Amer.

Mus.

85,

p. 3,

August

Type
Museum October

Specimen:
of
12,

An

adult

female, skin
from

and

skull.

No.

56890, American
China. Collected

Natural
1

History,
Dr. Walter bat

Wanhsien,

Szechwan,

921,
"

by
A
to

Granger.
with

Description: apparently
to

large
the

remarkably
It be

developed distinguished ample,

nose-leaves,

longing be-

R.

philippinensis group
may characters: of the

(in originaldescription said

among
not

be

of

the

R.

macrotis

group).

Chinese

species by lengthened,
times the
the

the
the

following
second

(i) wings
third

but
one

specially
one-half

phalanx

digitnot

exceeding

and

first; metacarpals
horseshoe in the
very

about

equal; (2)
3

nose-leaves
or

greatly developed, beyond

to

anterior

broad, extending line, and

mm.

the

muzzle,
leaflet
at

deeply notched
the sides
cup, with base
; inner
a

median

without

supplementary
all around

edges

of the

nostrils

produced upward
front,
and sella

form

deep

narrow

median
sella

slit in the
the the

extending
obovate its lateral and

backward

beyond
its
siderably con-

the

of

the the

rising from
summit

wing-like; posterior side of

rounded;
the summit
the the

broad,
cup, process and

minutely hairy,
convex,

nasal

border

broadly
below

connecting
sella,low
of the

is reduced,
narrow

beginning
lancet

of the

;
convex

the

extremely
the

low,
from

about the foot

one-third tarsus,
;

height
large
rather

sella,with
about
a one

broad and

outline; (3)wings
times

calcaneum very

slender,
with

one-half

length
about
on

of the
half the

(4) ears
color
of the the

relativelyenormous
about buff" 16
mm. on

antitragus of
the

their

height; (5) fur

in
a

long,

back,

10

mm.

chest,

light "cinnamon
axillae; a thin

above, paler
borders

below

except

at

the

extreme
ear

sides and skull

fringe
on

of hair lower svurface

the

inner of the
case

edge
ear.

of the

conch

rib

parallelto
in The

it

the the

three-fifths
of the

The
ear

is
or

peculiar in having
spongy appearance

brain
small

above
as a

the far

cancellar
as

with
nasal rim

numerous

fenestrae

forward

the

orbit.

prominent
is
no narrow

swellings are
of the small have
a

with elliptical their anterior

deep
The

cavity behind, but

as

there

bone

at

margin

in

some

of the
crest

bats

of this marked
row,

group, but low. may

despite
The
even

size of the

nose-leaves.
the

sagittal

is well tooth

premolar of
narrow

is fully in

the

and

space

jaw upper separating it

l88

THE

MAMMALS

OP

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

from

the

last

premolar, yet its

fully
in the

cusp

is small The

in the lower

jaw the minute

of the last molar.

middle

premolar

is also

row.

palatal bridge is remarkably

of the hind

long,

tending ex-

posteriorlynearly
Measurements:
"

to the

plane

edge

The
:

collector's

measurements

of

fresh

specimens

give

the

following figures

The first 43;

forearm 17;

measures

58

mm,

in the

type; third

metacarpal,
43; fifth

41.5;

its

phalanx,
21.

second

phalanx,
MEASUREMENTS

26; fourth

metacarpal,
RHINOLOPHVS

metacarpal,

tibia,

CRANIAL

OF

REX

Occurrence

and
not

Habits:
have but The

"

It

seems

extraordinary that previous

or

so

peculiar and
of the
in
some

so

large a
Asiatic

bat

should

been

discovered

to

the

work
are

Central
way

Expeditions,
or

possibly its distribution deep

low cup

habits

restricted broad lancet in the

as

peculiar.

formed

by

the

edges
and

of the

nostrils, the
rounded
teeth

tongue-shaped
are

sella,

connecting
the of the

process,

reduced

unusual
row

characters,
and

while

position lengths.
Wanhsien,
On
to

of the

small
are

premolar

tooth
as

the

great length

palatal bridge
All
the
eastern

primitive traits,
seen are

well

the
cave

nearly equal metacarpal

at

specimens
Szechwan,

from Dr.

the

Yenchingkou, stayed
cave

near

where he
sent

Walter

Granger
to

for

three the
seven

winters.
winter

frequent occasions
bats In

his collectors and succeeded

the

during
in all

collect

hibernating
the
R.

there

in

securing

of this
the

species.
stage
other

development
for this

of

its nose-leaves is at
seems a

it represents
more

almost

climax

of which
record

episcopus species
and

much
to

primitive level.
of Sanborn

The
a

only
that

be
to

that the the

(1933) of
He mentions

female the

taken

at

Tungwongtien,
are

Kweichow,
narrower

south.
measurements
"

nose-leaves

lower

than

originallygiven.
In

Specimens
Wanhsien,
eastern

examined:

all,

seven,

including

one

in

alcohol, from

Szechwan.

Family

HIPPOSIDERID^
BATS

HORSESHOE

This

family is closely related

Miller in

to

the
on

Rhinolophidas,
the

but

was

for the

first

time

distinguished by

1907,

ground

of its further

specializa-

THE

BATS

189
of the lost.

tions and
but

of the
the
two to
a

girdles and
small each.

feet, while
of

the

form

nose-leaf
In
are

is also
feet
to

different,
toes

lower

premolar
The

Rhinolophus is
second

the

the their
are

have

phalanges
the

first and
a

ribs

fused the

vertebrae

and form with

presternum,

making
The

solid

bony ring, and

consist of
sella

lumbars anterior

fused

to

solid

bony

rod.

nose-leaves

an

horseshoe,
process

sometimes

smaller
are

accessory
not

leaflets; the
but
an

and

connecting
leaf into
three The the

of the
to

Rhinolophidae
lancet,
and

present,

erect

transverse

corresponds
cell-like first other

the

is

usually divided
which may of be the

by

vertical into

septa

portions, the
of the have

apices of

produced metacarpal
parts
to

points.
while

finger

wing,
but
two

digit II, consists phalanges each.

to

only,
of the

fingers
the the

The

family is confined region and

and

the

warmer

Old
and

World,

from
to

Mediterranean

Africa
Three

east

southern
occur

China,
in

beyond
traces

Philippines

Australia.

genera normal

China:

Hipposideros with
of the

well-developed tail,the original phalanges well-developed

fovirth commissure
;

molars

with
a

styles,toes
tail,the
with
molar

without molars
a

Ccelopswith
the

rudimentary
upper

with

unusually
but short

styles, and

last p.
1

distinct
the

(Miller, 1907,

14) ; and
terminal

Tricenops,with
nose-leaf

zygomatic plate
chief

remarkably points
may

wide
be

vertically and
as

the
:

tripartite. The

keyed
Key

follows

to

the

Genera

of

Chinese

Hipposiderid^

A.

Tail
a.

well

developed.
not

Zygomata

expanded

verticallyto

form

wide

plate; nose-leaf

not

deeply
b.

trilobate

Hipposideros
to

Zygomata
three
narrow

expanded
lobes

form

deep

vertical

plate; nose-leaf

cleft into

TricBnops covering
the muzzle
very

B.

Tail

minute; horseshoe

deeply

cleft in the

middle.
.

Ccelops

Genus

Hipposideros Gray
i, p. 37,

Hipposideros Gray, Zoological Miscellany,

Phyllorhina Bonaparte, Iconogr. d. Fauna

no.

1831.

Ital.,vol. to

i, pt. 21,

1837.

Reference of the

may genus.

be

made In

Miller
to

(1907,
the be

p.

no)

for synonymy of the

the
as

and

agnosis diviously pre-

addition
may

characters

nose-leaves

mentioned,
ears

Hipposideros
instead
toes
a

recognized by
trace
;

large triangular
in

without

tragus, but

large antero-external
of the
there rounded

lobe

Rhinolophus,
The

the skull the

well-developed tail,the
has the nasal

without

originalphalanges.
a

portion
of may the have

full and

is
or

low

sagittalcrest, and abruptly expanded.

;

posterior part
upper

zygoma
a

is usually

more near

less

The
small

canines

secondary
out

cusp the

their base
row,

the in

first upper
the lower

premolar is usually
the

crowded

from that

tooth

while
in

jaw

corresponding

small

premolar

was

present

Rhinolophus, is

190

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

permanently
the latter, The Fotir

lost.

The

tooth

formvila, therefore, has

=

one

less tooth

than

in

30. namely: i.i c.t p.f m.l type species is Hipposideros speoris of India.

species are

known

to

occvir

in China,

distinguishableby the following

Hipposideros

key:
Key A. Size
a. to the

Chinese
more.

Species

of

larger, forearm
Nose-leaf muzzle with

80

mm.,

or

four

supplementary

leaflets, skull

with

profile of
H.

evenly sloping
with flattened much
60
mm.,

armiger

b.

Nose-leaf muzzle

only

two

skull supplementary leaflets,

with

of profile H.

pratti

B.

Size smaller, forearm

a.

less than nose-leaf nose-leaf

80

mm.

Forearm Forearm

about about

with

three

supplementary

leaflets leaflets.
.

H. H.

poutensis

b.

42

mm.,

without

supplementary

sinensis geniilis

85.
Rhinolophus armiger Hodgson,
"

Hipposideros armiger armiger

Joum.
Asiatic
Soc.

(Hodgson)
699, 1835.
a

Bengal,

vol.

4, p.

the types, Type specimens: According to Andersen, in British Museum. the in alcohol, from Nepal, are now

male

and

female

Description:"
and
fourth

very

large bat, forearm practically equal,

tibiae,calcaneum
the

about the

85
about

mm.;

tibia,

40;

third

metacarpals
the
ends

fifth

very

slightly shorter;
one-half
lobe

wings from
of the tibia.

of the

only

the
not

length nent. promimuzzle,

most

Ears

large, triangular, but

consist
accessory

antero-external

Nose-leaves with four

narrow

of

large horseshoe
at

partly covering the

of it, the
fourth

leaflets
excrescence.

each
The

side

and

external notched raised

;

merely
in the

wart-like
and

main
border

horseshoe
of the

is not nostril is

deeply slightly
a

middle,

the
the

skin

at

the

outer
a

immediately
vertical
ribs

behind

nostrils

is

thickened
a

transverse transverse

ridge with ridge

these

strong

rib in the into

middle, behind

this
on

thinner
each

divided

by
a

vertical thickened
and

three

sections, while

side behind A
frontal

ridges is
opens

fleshy

but

rather

compressed
last.

half-ridge.

gland

between
In

in front

of these

color, the

bases
to at

of the

hairs

above the

are

grayish white
surface

or

their

tips wood
The skull

brown

Vandyke
the
for bases

brown,
of the

lower

of the

pale drab, body wood

to

brown,

scarcely paler region,

of the
row. a

hairs. continued forward

45
a

is notable
whence

its
the

high sagittal crest angle

for the
zygoma is of

forward
and

the

interorbital
to the

profile slopes evenly

an

downward
the

bases
tooth

canines, making
In front

nearly
forms

degrees with
somewhat

line

of the shield leaves.

more

view

this

region

pentagonal
to

with
The

minute

central

foramen
the the

passage

of

nerve

the
a

nose-

posterior half of
the

expanded
In the

vertically to
upper

httle

than

double

height of

anterior

part.

jaw,

the

minute

THE

BATS

191

first

premolar

is crowded

outward

into
are

the

angle between
in
contact

the
in

canine
some

and

the

large premolar, which, although

of course,

however,
in

not

quite
lower

specimens,
premolar is,

practically so missing,
"

others;
two

in

the

jaw
may

the

minute
even

while In

the the

large premolars
list
are

overlap slightly.
and coastal

Measurements:

following

both

inland

forms,

the latter

represented by
EXTERNAL

swinhoii.
OP

MEASUREMENTS

HIPPOSIDEROS

ARMIGER

There The

is

no

constant measiirements

difference

in size between forms

are
:

males

and

females.

cranial

of these

Occurrence in northeastern
and

and

Habits:

"

The

range
across

in general is from
southern

Masuri
a

and

Nepal
kiang, Chein

India,

eastward

China,

as

species, to
H.
a.

southward,
Peninsula.

merging
The

into

the

slightly smaller
Museum

race

debilis

the
a

Malay

American

Asiatic

Expeditions

seciu-ed

fine series,partly in alcohol, from

various

localities in southwestern

Yunnan,

192

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

as

at

Tengyueh,
eastern

Taipingpu,
Szechwan. from
a

Homushu Andersen
in

Pass,

as

well mentions

as

many
a

more

from
in

Wanhsien,
British

(1906)
east-central U.

specimen
while from
same

the

Museum

Kiatingfu specimen
each from

Szechwan,
Museum in the

Howell the latter

(1929, p. 14) records

station,
and
a as

in the

S. National

well

as

one

Suifu

and

Hwangtsaopa,
Thomas

province, 128)
has
corded re-

third
two

from

Changshowkai,
from
caves near

Hunan.

(i9i2e,
nearly
the

p.

males central

Penhsien,
may Sanborn

thirty-fivemiles
mentions

northwest

of

Chengtu,
to

Szechwan,
in

which
while

represent

limit

of its range
in the

the

northward
Museurh
a

China,
this
the

(1933)
from

specimens
These the

Field indicate

from
across a

province
southern

and half

Kweichow. from

localities basin

range

of China,

Yangtze

southward.

It is

cave-dwelling
"

species and

highly
the

colonial.

Specimens
Yunnan Szechwan
:

examined:
Pass,
20,

In
i

all,eighty, from
Shweli
28

following localities:
;

Homushu
:

Taipingpu,
skulls.

River, 27

Tengyueh,

23 ; Yunnanfu,

Wanhsien,

and

86.

Hipposideros anniger
Proc. Zool. Soc. Mus.

swinhoii

(Peters)

Phyllorhina

swinhoii

Peters, in Swinhoe,
swinhoii

London, Novitates,

1870, p. 616.
no.

Hipposideros armiger

G. M.

Allen, Amer.

85, p. 4, 1923.

Hipposideros armiger of authors, in part.

Type
collected the

specimens:
as

"

Andersen Robert

states

that
at

the

three

cotypes China,

of

this
are

bat,
in

skins

by

Swinhoe,
Museum.
to
a

Amoy,

Fukien,

1867,

collection

of the
"

British

Description: brighter, the

the
lower In

Quite
of

similar
back

the

typical form,
brown of drab.

but
rather

the

coloring slightly
wood

brown

the

cinnamon

than

brown,

surfaces

buffy

brown other

instead

measurements

and

characters

this bat

is not

distinguishable from

the

typical race.
Measurements: Occurrence and
"

See
Habits: H.

tables
"

under

H.

armiger armiger.
reviewed of H. the bats of this group,

-When
as a

Andersen
synonym

he

(1906) regarded
Peters H.

swinhoii
the
name,

armiger, and
the

pointed
to

out

that

in

bestowing

was

considering only
had

distinction material With

a

between

it and

diadema.

Andersen

himself
are

chiefly alcoholic
it

work

with, in which,
of skins from
the

naturally,
me,

colors

hardly appreciable.
and

fine series
that

before
warm

from
area

Szechwan
are

Fukien,

was

apparent
the

those

coastal interior.

of

much
in

brighter
1923,

tint than

duller
name

mens specifor

from former. animal

cannot

the

I, therefore,
course,
or

revived the

Peters's color
that

the

It is not is
be

impossible, of
a

that

brighter
and American

of the the

coastal

merely

matter

of age
The

alternative

phase,
the

distinction Asiatic

maintained.

series collected
to

by

Museum

Expeditions, however,

seems

indicate

that

the variation

is

geographic.

THE

BATS

193

This
a

bat

was

first recorded in has

a cave

from

China in
summer.

by Swinhoe
What collection

(1870c), who
may

secured
of of

large number specimens

at

Amoy,
the

be Museum

one

these
parative Com-

very

been many

in

mounted

of the Ward's

Zoology for
Establishment,
a

years, The

obtained

through

Natural

Science

in

1881. and

American

Museum
in the
same

Asiatic

Expeditions
and
a

secured

series at
at

Yenping

Hsiyuenkeng
near

province,
Yangtze,
most
a

single specimen
others record

Chinkiang, Kiangsu, Chekiang,

the "North for from from of

the
east

mouth

of the

which, with northerly

skin
in in the

from have

Tunglu,
found

just

of

there,

is the

species,although Andersen
China." in the
U.

mentions

British
other

Museum

A.

B.

Howell

(1929),
that
to

recording
the

specimens ground
smaller,

Yenping
the

S. National
and
not
were

Museum,
the be

mentions
latter
true

brighter
series
I

color
but

lowland

animal,
does

adds
seem

is of

appreciably
the of the

this latter
and

character

examined,
from

possibly his
rufous

specimens

not

fullymature.
bright
in

One

mens specisides

Yenping
a

(No. 60212, A.M.N.H.) phase, having

the
a

is very

tint, and
nape,

perhaps
and darker.

represents

the

under

parts,
back

head,

ferruginous
An hairs adults from Shih Hunan
as

to

orange-rufous,

hairs

of the of the

slightlytipped with
year,

April specimen, probably

soiled
of the

young

previous
the

has

the

bases much

of the
as

white, tipped with

duller, inland
and
notes

smoky
by

brown,

lower
p.

side

drab,

in

form.
sent

Cabrera Swinhoe

(1922,
to

163) mentions
Madrid
and Museum from Mell

specimens
in

Foochow,

others

the

1867.

(1930)
diadema

it from

Yao

Shan,
the

Kwangtung,
bat

southwestern

(1930b,

p.

i).
H.

Probably
this
or

mentioned

by
he

(1922,

p.

13)
the

H.

is either

H.

pratti (neither of which

is not

includes) from

Canton

region, where
examined:

diadema In

yet certainly known.

Specimens
Fukien:

"

all,thirty-seven, as follows:
27;

Kiangsu: Chinkiang, Hsiyuenkeng,

Tunglu,
5.

i.

3;

Yenping,

Amoy,

(M.C.Z.).

Chekiang:

87.
Hipposiderus Hipposideros (sic) praltiThomas, pratti A.
B. Ann. Proc.

Hipposideros prattiThomas
Mag.
U. Nat.

Hist., Mus.,

ser.

6, vol. 7, p. 527,
75,
art. i, p.

1891.
1929.

Howell,

S. Nat.

vol.

13,

Type specimen:
of
A.

"

female
from

in

alcohol

(No.

not

given), in the
China.

collection

the
E.

British Pratt.

Museum,

Kiatingfu, Szechwan,

Collected

by

Description:
"

Although species are

the

of

the
not at

same

general
about the

size
as

and

appearance
on a

as

H.

armiger,

the

two

all is

closely related,
same

appears in

closer the

inspection. Although
tibia of
of four

forearm
34
mm.

length
are

both,

prattiis

longer (about

against 26)
outside the

; there

only
also,

two

instead skull is

supplementary

nose-leaves

horseshoe;

the

194

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

very

different muzzle

in the

rostral

portion, for,
the

whereas

in

H.

armiger
to

the base

profile
of the

of the

slopes evenly
an

from

top of the
45

sagittalcrest
with is the
an

the

canines, forming
in H.
from
have Fur the
a

angle
is

of about
so

degrees
that

plane
almost

of the

palate,

pratti this region

summit

flattened

there the

perpendicular
is
so

drop
as

of the

sagittalcrest,
the

and

rostral

region
with

depressed
its basal back the

to

profilenearly parallelto
in adults
on

plane
or

of the

palate.
buff
on on

above
or

cinnamon
and brown dark

or

tawny,
for most

tinged
of its

two-thirds

the
are

nape

throat with

length ;
a

the
effect.

tips of
the

the

hairs
of the much

dark
are

pale points giving

their

dusty

Below,

bases
are

hairs

brown,

tips cinnamon.
hairs
drab

Immature

mens specibases

darker, with
the

the

tips

of the

brown,

their

dull

whitish, lacking
The of four
as

cinnamon
does
not

tint.

horseshoe
in H. of the

completely slightly portion

so

cover

the

muzzle
at
a

and

has side.

two

(instead
The
outer

armiger) supplementary
nostrils
are

nose-leaves
as

each

margins
males than

extended of the

projecting
much
low
more

rim.

Adult

have

the

posterior erect
and
young naked 9
mm. or

leaf very
of
at
a

developed
it is
a

in females

males,

that

instead

ridge

pair
in and
sexes

of
a

prominent, nearly
dried skin

leaves, deeply divided

the

median males

line, and
it is low
In

nearly
more

high.
marks

In

females

and

young

conspicuo ina

less concealed hairs

a

by surrounding
median of the

hairs.

both

long pencil Osgood

of

black

gland
two

at

its base have

been

behind.

These

striking differences

in the

nose-leaves

sexes

illustrated

by

(1932, p. 223).

Fig. female

12.

Nose-leaves

of Hipposideros size. After

Dr.

armiger,
H.

male

(left),and (courtesy

Hipposideros pratti,male
of Field Museum

(right) and

(center), natural

Wilfred

Osgood

of Natural

History).

Measurements:
ear

"

The

type
and

measured:

head

and
21

body,

90

mm.;

tail, 56; skins,

hind

from

crown,

24;

tibia, 35; foot with 88.5

20.

claws,

forearm, 83.

In two
34;

the foot

forearm with

measTores

90

mm.

respectively; the

tibia, 35.5,

claws, 18,

THE

BATS

195

The

following
of bats

measurements

were

taken

in

the

flesh

by

the

collector,
and

J. T. Wright,
are

secured

at

Tunglu, Chekiang;

those

of forearm

tibia

from

the

dried

skins.

Occurrence

and

Habits:
H. in the

"

Notwithstanding
are

their

superficial similarity,
as

Hipposideros pratti and

but differ remarkably
and
same on

armiger

not

closely related,
skull, in
two
are

already shown,
of the found
no nose-

shape

of

the

the

character

leaves,
up

in the
cave,

length
but

of the
doubt At

tibia.

The

frequently

hanging
this
also
at

in the hand

no

in separate the

clusters, although

information

is at

this

point.
same

type
with

locality, Kiatingfu, Szechwan,

H.

species was Yenping,

recorded

found

in the where

cave

armiger,

and

this
a a

was

true

Fiikien,
both

Caldwell
the

and

Andrews

secured well
as

series; Howell
skull from
eastern

has

species from
p. the

latter three

locality, as
from

Futsing.
Szechwan,
Howell

Jacobi (1922,
and
notes

2)

mentions have
a

males

Wanhsien,
than doubt

that recorded
over

males it from

larger posterior nose-leaf

Hunan.
but

females.
it will it does

has
be

also

Changshowkai,
northerly
record T.

No

eventually
not

found
India.
at

most

of southeastern
most

China,

apparently
is from
a

extend

into
where and

The mouth

available

Tunglu, Chekiang,
series of this

the

of the

Yangtze, J.

Wright secured

species

of H.

armiger.

196

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Specimens examined:
Fukien
:

"

In

all,thirty-nine, as follows:
33.

Futsing,

(skull); Yenping,
5.

Chekiang: Tunglu,

88.

Hipposideros
Bull. Amer.

poutensis J. A. Allen
Nat.

Hipposideros poutensis J.

A.

Allen,

Mus.

Hist.,

vol.

22,

p.

483, 1906.

Type
Museum

specimen:
of Natural

"

^An

adtilt

male,

skin

and

sktdl, No.
of

26698,
China.

American Collected

History, from

Pouten, island

Hainan,

July

2, 1904.

Description:
"

"Ears

large, nearly
ribs, the
convex

as ones

broad

as

high, thick
heaviest;
and

and

leathery,
border

with

or

8 transverse

lower
near

longest and tip,which tip; upper portion

inner

nearly straight, becoming

outer

the
the

is short
transverse

rather

obtuse;
the

border

slightlyhollowed

below the

portion of
mm. as

nose-leaf and
the 2.5
mm.

narrow,

slightly convex, high, or about as wide

face with
on

free

about

transversely
the horseshoe,
horseshoe
on

(transverse measurement) ridges, most

and with
or

anterior
a no

three

vertical

distinct three
least

basally;
leaflets

with

slight notch
frontal
sac

its free border,

the

small
none

either

side;
even

behind
;

nose-leaf,
the

at

distinguishable in pointed,
7 mm.; nail about

softened of the

skins

wings

from

distal fifth of the

thumb

tibia ; tail very the

most

last vertebra
9
mm.

exserted;
without the
the

short, with

feet short, about "Color fur above

claws.
russet much brown."

(type),at
below membranes
"

surface
but

brown,

basal

two-thirds

of the

pale buffy

gray;

similar

paler, the

hairs

slightly grayand
43;

tipped; ears

brown,

blackish

Measurements:

"Type

(from softened, well-filled skin), head

7; third

body,
caladult
60. at

62; tail, 28; forearm,

third
caneum,

60; thumb,

metacarpal,
60.6

43;

fourth,

fifth,41;
23;

finger (with metacarpal),

10;

82; fourth
forearm

finger, 65; fifth,65; tibia,

in
a

foot,

mm.

The

averages 6 at 24;
1 1

series of 27
6 below 13;

specimens, ranging
"Skull nasal
upper

from

58

to

63,

with

60, 15

above

60, and

(of type), greatest

8 ; mastoid
row

length,
breadth,

zygomatic
; width

breadth,
base

width

protuberance,
lateral tooth
CRANIAL

at

outer

of canines, 6.5 ;

(including canine), 9; length of lower

MEASUREMENTS OF HIPPOSIDEROS Width Mastoid
width
1 1
across

jaw, 16."
Lower cheek
teeth

POUTENSIS

ZygoGreatest No. Basal

Palatal

Upper
cheek teeth

matic width 12.9

length

length

length
8.6

molars

Locality
Hainan Hainan Hainan Hainan Hainan Hainan Hainan

26696 26697 26702 26716 26718 26725 26729 23.8

23.9 22.5

1.3 1.6

9.2 9.0

8.9
8.8

9.8 9.8
9.9

8.8

13.2

8.9
12.7
8.6
1

9.4 1.4 9.1

9.2 8.8

9.1
8.6

9.5 9.7
8.8

(130)
12.5

8.9 8.5
9.0

8.5
9.1

(130)

9.0

9.8

THE

BATS

197

"

Young:
the
or

"

Ears but very

smaller, thinner,
less

less

prominently
above

ribbed

; nasal

appendages slaty brown,

as

in

adult

developed.
darker

Color brown

seal brown basal

to

without

with
gray below

slight reddish grayish

brown

suffusion, the

portion of the
seal brown

fur whitish

in the dark

specimens, faintly buffy

to

gray

in the

specimens; tipped."

dull

drab,

the

hairs

slightly light-

Occurrence
I
can

and

Habits:"

The
on a

above

is the

original description, to which

at

add

little.

It is based and
have is not related 4, 1904, been

series of

fiftyspecimens secured
and The

Pouten,
No
other

Hainan,
other

July
forms

including
taken

adult

immature

individuals. of this
to

specimens

since.
clear.

described
doubtless

yet
to

wholly

Dr.

relationship J. A. Allen notes

that from

it "is the

closely
Hills, eastern
details

Hipposideros
but

leptophyllus (Dobson),
it in

Khasia
and

Bengal,

differs from
as

being considerably smaller, relativelymuch

Perhaps,
is of about
shorter

in many

of structure,

in the

smaller

ears,

tail, broader
related
to

transverse

portion of the
of the

nose-leaf, etc."

too, the

it is
same

H. has
a

turpis

Japanese

archipelago which

size, and

nose-leaf

apparently
"

similar.

Specimens examined:
89.

Ten

of the type series,from

Pouten,

Hainan.

Hipposideros gentilis sinensis

Ann. Soc.

Andersen
2, p.

Hipposideros gentilissinensis Andersen,

Phyllorhina
aurita

Mag. London,
and

Nat.

Hist., ser.

9, vol.

380, 191 8. Yunnan, 98, 1879.

Swinhoe,
in

Proc.

Zool.

1870, p. 616.
Zool. Researches
Western p.

Phyllorhina fulva Dobson, Hipposideros ?Hipposideros

J. Anderson,

Anat. Mus.

fulvus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

stoliczkana

Nat.

Shih, Bull. Dept.

Biol., Sun

Hist., vol. 22, p. 484, 1906 (not of Gray). Yatsen Univ., Canton, no. 9, p. 2, 1930.

Type specimen:
Foochow, Fukien,
"

"

^A skin

and

skull. No. by J.
D.

92.2.1.3, La

British

Musevun,

from

China. This

Collected is the
44

Touche.
member of the and genus
a

Description: known,
The

smallest
mm.,

Chinese
occvu-s

hitherto

with

forearm is with

about

and

in

brown

yellow phase.
in under

horseshoe
and

simple, lacking supplementary

the other of the the

leaflets, unnotched

the
a

middle,
lens the

parts

of

the is

nose-leaves
seen

minutely
border.
ears are

hairy;
a

external

border

nostrils nostrils

to

be

slightlyraised, and
The The

median

ridge
erect

runs

from

between
low and

to

the

anterior

portion is
except

divided with
a

into

three

cells.

posterior large, thin and

In the

naked,
third
the

at

base,
is
of

low, well-haired shortest, the

antitragus.
fourth and the

wing the equal; length;

for the
throat

metacarpal
basal

slightly the
the

fifth

about in

phalanx legs are

brown

third

finger slightly exceeds

surface
dull

second

the

hind
In

proportionally long.
phase,
to

the

the

fiu- of the

upper

is cottony

white
the

basal and

two-thirds
abdomen
are

three-fourths, tipped
dull

with
across

brown;
the

below,
a

grayish white, with

chest

band

of

drab.

198
In
the

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

brighter phase, the

the skull the
small

fvir of the the upper lower

dorsal

side

is golden

yellow

at

base,

conspicuo in-

brown-tipped,
In the
the may weak

side

uniformly pale yellow.

very

premolar is
and
to

cingulum
upper

of the

canine,
external

lies in the
the
two

minute, barely as high as the latter and angle between

tooth
row,

large
be
a

premolar,
space
"

line

of the

although there

minute

between

these

teeth. from

Measurements:

This

race

differs

typical
In H.

H.

gentilis of
latter
on

Masuri,
the
west

Burma and

and

Pegu by its slightlylarger size, grading into the

g. alrox

into

H.

in

the
40-43

Malay
mm.,

Peninsula.

g. sinensis

the H.

forearm

measurement not
a

is from

against 38.5-41.5
a

in

typical
Yunnan,
same

gentilis,
sion dimen18 ;

very

striking difference.
mm.,

In

male 42.

from

western

this
two

is 43.5 third

in

one

from 31;

Fukien,

The

tibia in the
33, 31.5.

is, 17,

metacarpal,

31,

fourth

metacarpal,

Head

and

body, 45;

tail,32; foot, 9.5

The cranial
CRANIAL

; ear,

measurements 24.5 (flesh

are as

of the former
:

specimen).

measurements
MEASUREMENTS

follows
HIPPOSIDEROS

OF

GENTILIS

SINENSIS

Occurrence

and
not

Habits:

"

This
so

is another
far north
seems

species characteristic
as

of southern
the genus.

China,
At

probably
on

extending
eastern

the
to

large species of
be
no

all events, than

the

coast to

there westward Its in the

evidence
in

of it farther

north

Fukien,
not

while

the

it is present

southern

Yunnan,
to

but hairs
once

apparently
in the from
or

in Szechwan.

small

size, cottony- white

will
serve

bases

the
at

brown among
not
are

phase, golden
Chinese
but A

yellow,

to
ones

distinguish it
represent
and

species.

Whether

the the

golden
immature

old

adults

is uncertain, drab-brown. Clifford H.

doubtless

young-adult phase,
stone
was

specimens
secured in the

series of nineteen, all in the

from

brown
an

by

Mr.

Pope,

"the Fukien

coffin
coast

cavity of
a

old south

grave" Futsing.

low, rollinggrassy

hills of the

few

miles

of

THE

BATS

199

Seven
season,

of these
at

(November
rate,
the
on

27,
sexes

1925)
were

were

females,

the

rest

males, hence
others

at

this
at

any

not

segregated.
are

Five

taken

Nodoa
those

and

Namfong,
mainland

the

island
two

of
were

Hainan,
in the

not

distinguishable
A number

from from

of Fvikien

; only

yellow phase.
are

Yenping,
Five
others

Fukien,
from but bat

collected

by
in
to

Dr.

R.

C.

Andrews,
would be

in the
to

yellow phase. approach

the

Yungchang
do
not
seem

Yunnan,
differ

expected
the in

the

typical form,
This is the collected

appreciably from
Dobson,
Yunnan

eastern
on

specimens.
bats

called

Phyllorhina fulva by
and
western

reporting
from

in eastern records
the brown

Burma
as

by

Anderson

(1879), while
Rinsui, Hainan,

J.

A.

Allen that

noting

Hipposideros fulvus, specimens Doubtless, too, Swinhoe's phase is Gray's H. muriniis.

he

Phyllorhina

aurita, which
bat

found

common

at

Amoy
of the

in

May,
p.

is the

same.

Possibly
he
does

the

recorded

without
the

comment

by Shih
border

(1930b,
Hunan,
latter

2)

as

sideros Hippothis, for

not

stoliczkana, from
not

southwestern

is also

mention from

this

common

species, and

(an Asellia) is

positively known

China.
"

Specimens examined:
Fukien: Hainan Yunnan:
:

In

all,fifty, as
21.

follows:

Futsing, 19; Yenping,

Namfong,
Yungchang,

Nodoa,
5.

4.

Genus Tricenops Dobson, Joum.

Asiatic

Triaenops Dobson
2, p.

See. Bengal, vol. 40, pt.

455,

1871.

Externally well-developed
three dental
narrow,

the

bats

of

this

genus

resemble

Hipposideros
nose-leaf
a are

in

having
fold.
The

tail, but

the

terminal instead
structure
are

portion
of of bifid. the The

of the
in

is divided

into

pointed lobes
and upper

ending

semicircular likewise
are as

formula but the

some

general

teeth

in

sideros, Hippo-

incisors

zygomata

much

expanded,
The

so

that

in

species there
One

is

high vertical

plate forming the greater part

from China.
type geno-

of the

posterior portion.
is T.

species only

is known

persicus of Persia.
90.

Triaenops wheeleri
Mus. Nat.

Osgood
ser.,

Tricenops wheeleri

Osgood,
vol.

Publ.

Field

Hist., 200I.

vol.

18, p. 224,

1932.

Sanborn,

Proc.

Biol.

Soc. Washington,

46, p. 56, 1933.

"

Type
Museum

specimen:
of
Natural

An

adult

female, Muong

skin

"and

skull. No.

32236,
French

Field Indo-

History, from
March A small the
21,

Moun,

Tongking,
Wheeler.

China.

Collected
"

1929,

by

Dr.

Ralph
42

E.

Description:
except
distinct from
the

bat, forearm

about of the

mm.,

externally like Hipposideros,

is divided into
three

that

terminal close

margin
at

nose-leaf apex. The

pointed lobes edge of the

together

the

Tail

slightly projecting
horseshoe

interfemoral

membrane.

anterior

is

200

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

supplemented
nostrils The when color

by
laid is

two

lateral

marginal
brownish

leaves.

Ears

about

reaching
sooty,
The bases

to

the

forward.

described

representing
surfaces hairs.

two

color

(bister) above, phases, the hairs broadly white at the

as

or

perhaps
under

base.
at

of the

body

are

pale "snuff

brown,"

slightlypaler

the

of the

Measurements: of hind second six adults

"

Osgood
from
the

gives the
type
An

following
adult

averages

for

the
mm.;

ments measure-

locality: total

length, 84
measured:

tail, 39;
42;

foot, 8; forearm, 41.6 (dry).

in alcohol

forearm,
fifth

finger, metacarpal,
skull of the
13;

32;

third
9;

finger, metacarpal,
calcar,
10. mm.

31.5;

finger,
to

metacarpal, 28; tibia, 18; hind

The

foot,

type

measured:

greatest length, 15
7.4; mastoid

condyle
across

front nasal

of canine,

zygomatic
of

width,

width,
upper

7.1;

width

swellings,4.4; height
Occurrence in
two

zygomatic plate, 2.0;

"

cheek

teeth,

5.2.

and in

Habits:
western

This

recently
in

described

species
the
was,

was

discovered

places
in
and

Tongking,
presence

Indo-China,
southern

by

Kelley-Roosevelts
therefore,
three
to

Expedition expected,
at
now

1929. has

Its

China
the

be

lately been forty miles

substantiated
southwest

by
and

finding of

specimens
These
are

Tungwongtien,
in the
on

of Wenshui,

Kweichow.

Field

Museum

of Natural

History,
are

Sanborn

(1933)

in commenting and
were so

them,
shot

writes: but

"The
one

specimens
is

preserved in alcohol
for

badly wing
More

that

skvdl
both

complete enough specimens

of the genus
two to

study.
of the

The

skvdl
.

and
.
.

measurements

are

slightlylarger than
Chinese

those

type series.
a

material
.
.

may
.

show

these

represent
for

slightlylarger

subspecies.

This

is the first record

"

China."

Specimens
Indo-China.

examined:

I have

examined

of

the

original series from

Genus Ccelops Blyth, Joum.

Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol.

Coelops Blyth
1848.

17, pt. i, p. 251,

Chilophylla Miller,

Proc.

U. S. Nat.

Mus.,

vol.

38, p. 395,

1910.

This

genus

is

readily distinguished
in which
the
more

from

its

ally Hipposideros: (i) By

of with

the off

large by
a

funnel-like

ears,

antitragus, instead
or

being
the of the
two

marked upper usual

deep notch, is high and

the

less

continuous

edge.
shoe horse-

(2) By
over

peculiar shape of the nose-leaves, which

the

consist
to

muzzle, but

modified

so

that

it appears
while

be

distinct
each

broad

leaves

separated

by

deep cleft
the

in the

middle,
a

beneath

is

single
usual
that

supplementary
forward
transverse
on

leaflet in side

shape
the

of
upper

strap-like narrow
horseshoe-like
the

lappet projecting portion.

The

each

beyond

upright portion
All
these

is present

behind
a

nostrils, and

behind

is
the

the

transverse

posterior leaf, having outgrowths

are

small

heart-shaped projection in hairy. (3) By

the very

middle.

minutely

rudi-

THE

BATS

201

mentary
marked

tail,less than secondary

in the cusp

mm. on

in the

length.
upper inner

(4) By the teeth

canine,
while the the

in which
upper

there
molars

is
are

"peculiar
the
The tooth Two

narrowness

of the

portion,

unusual

development
p.
=

of

styles,and

the

great depth of the

is the
same as

reentrant

angles" (Miller, 1907,

:

114).

formula

viz. in Ilipposideros,
a

i.h c.t pm.f

a

m.^

30.

species occur
to

in

China,
few

brown,

C. inflata, and
have

gray,

C. sinicus.

They

seem

be rare,

for very

specimens
inflata
41, p.

been

taken.

91. Ccelops inflata Miller, Proc.

Nat.

Coelops
vol.

Miller 85, March 16, 1928.

A. B.

Biol. Soc.

Washington,

Howell, Proc.

U.

S.

Mus.,

vol.

75,

art.

i, p. 15, pi. 2, fig.f, 1929.

Type
Museum,

Specimen:
from
near

"

An

adult

male, in alcohol. China,

No.

238991,

U.

S. National Collected

Yenpingfu, Fukien,
de

2,000

feet altitude.

April

7, 1922,

by
"

Arthur

C.

Sowerby.
there appears
to

Description:
the C.
animal from

"Externally
fur

be

nothing
a

to

distinguish
form In of

Ccelops robinsoni," which grayish

with
at

in turn

is merely
with
warm

smaller brown. The

having frithii,
type,
the

the

base,
not

tipped

the

alcoholic
as

color

is doubtless C. robinsoni

readily
from

made

out.
are

main

ences, differ-

compared
more

Pahang,
interorbital
the
rostrum.

in

the and

larger brain
less

case,

the

extreme

narrowing

of

the
on

region,
In the

sharp
the gomata. zya

definition brain
case

of

the

supranarial swellings
once seen

dorsal level

view of the

is at The

to

project
the
lower

more

laterally beyond
than those of

teeth

"are in

slightly larger
the inner border
the

Ccelops robinsoni,
the the
to

featirre
and

more

noticeable
molars have better

mandibular
broader

series," in which
in

first outer,
on

second the
outer

proportion
is
more

and the

hypocones
borders

developed;
lower in

cingulum
the
to

conspicuous
lower

of the

molars;

and

posterior

premolar

is

larger and

its

length is greater
"

proportion

its

height (Miller,1928).
are

Measurements:

The head

following
and

measurements

given

for

the

type

and

only

known

specimen:
from

body,

34

mm.;

tibia, 15.0;

foot, 8.0; forearm,

28;
fifth
carpal, meta-

35.6; thumb,
29;
ear

8.8; third

metacarpal,
14.

27;

fourth

metacarpal,

meatus,

The
13.0
;

skull

measures:

greatest
6.6; rostral breadth

length,

15.

mm.;

condylobasal
7.6; depth

length,

zygomatic

breadth,

breadth,
of brain

3.6; interorbital
case,

constriction,
of brain 5.0;
case,
dibular man-

1.6; length case, 9.2; including auditory bulla, 6.4; mandible,

tooth Occurrence
row,

of brain

8.8; maxillary tooth

row,

5.6.
Habits:
"

and

Beyond
Fukien,
prove

the there that

single type
are no

specimen
other

taken

by

Mr.

Sowerby
known. robinsoni.

near

Yenping,
his paper

in

Chinese
a

specimens
C.

Eventually
In

it may
on

this

is

merely
U.

subspecies of
Museum,

Chinese

mammals

in the

S. National

202

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

A.

B.

Howell

has

figured the skull of this and

case

C. robinsoni, to

show

the

very

differently shaped brain

(Howell,

1929,

f). pi. 2, fig. Yenping, Fukien.

M. Allen May
19,

Specimens examined:

"

One, the type, from

92.

Ccelops sinicus
Novitates,
no.

G.

Ccelops sinicus G. M.

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

317,

p. 4,

1928.

Type specimen:
American
Museum

"

An of

adult

female, skin, No.

84893,
cave

and

skull, No.
miles

84388,
of Walter

Natural China.

History,
Collected

from

two

northeast Dr.

Wanhsien,

Szechwan,

February

26,

1926, by

Granger, Central Description:

"

Asiatic

Expeditions.
and

Pelage long, dense,

back, blackish

woolly, about
basal

11

mm.

in

length
third

in the

middle

of the

for the of

two-thirds,
lower

the

terminal

indistinctlybrown,
blackish with
at

nearly sepia
hairs,
then

base

of the
an

Ridgway (1912); minutely ringed with

effect.

surfaces
and

similarly tipped

brownish
and

gray,
ears

giving
smoke

indistinctlytricolor
similar
the
to

Membranes

lucent large trans-

gray.
are

The
erect

nose-leaves

those

of C.

the horseshoe frithii,

and

median

process

posteriorto
well-defined

nostrils the

thickly clothed
of the

with

short behind

stiff hairs,
the
one

while

longer hairs,
form
a

arising from edge

of the

sides each

nose-leaves
are

shoe, horsefrom
two

fringe. On
raised is
;

side
three the

six

longer hairs,

back

of the

anterior

horseshoe,

along its lateral edge,

nostrils. shortness of the

and

erect, from
The

the face of the

ridge behind
thimib
has

wing in this length of

the

genus

peculiar for the

a

third

finger
short second

and

the

fifth

the

very

long metacarpal and

in the the

digit has
and

phalanx (7: 1.6 mm.), the former wholly involved no phalanges and is minutely longer than
first

membrane;
combined

the

metacarpal
to

phalanx of
those
at

the

third

digit.
and

The

latter is the

longest digit,due
and first

the
are

great length of
shorter
metatarsus
as

its second

phalanx, for its metacarpal

fottrth
toes.

phalanx
from
as

than

of the
base

fifth
The

digits.

The

wing arises

the

the

of the

calcaneum

is well

developed,

long
and

the toes. The skull is

remarkably
is

delicate, with

nearly globular brain sharp sagittalcrest

inclined
at
a

case,

very

narrow

interorbital shield

The

frontal

portion, to which nearly flat, its dorsal

row,

the

is confined.

stirface

sharp angle
above

to the

the and

plane of the tooth general level on each

maxillae The canine is
on

and

its anterior The

swellings but

little raised
the

side.

peculiar prolongation of

premaxillae

gives the skull half-way

to

upper

that tapers nearly to a point in front. a profile noticeably compressed, with a prominent secondary

cusp,

about

the
outer

posterior edge.
side
and

The

small
row,

upper there

premolar
is In
a

is

distinctly crowded
space

the

of the the

tooth base

but

minute lower

between

the

large premolar

of the

canine.

the

THE

BATS

203

jaw

the
a

outer
as

incisor abuts
in

closelyagainst the canine,

in

instead

of the

being separated cingulum

to

by
the

space

C.

and frithii,

height barely premolar

teeth
are

exceeds

of the
line

canine. tooth

The
row.

anterior All the

small
lower

lower

is

slightly external compressed,

head

the

of

cheek

much

almost

like. blade-

Measurements:

"

The

collector's
of

measurements 232. The

are

and

body,
35.5;

about

38

mm.;

ear,

16;

spread

wings,

forearm

measures

thumb, finger,
22;

metacarpal,
fourth fifth

phalanx, 7; metacarpal, 26.3; its first phalanx,

finger, metacarpal,
28.6;

its

1.6; second
7;

finger, metacarpal,
second

35;

third

phalanx
9.0;
lo.i;

(somewhat
second second

bent),

its first

phalanx,

phalanx, phalanx,

10.2; 12.0;

finger, metacarpal, 30.5;

5. 17.0

its first

phalanx,

tibia, 16.4; foot, 8.0; calcar,

Skull:

greatest length,
i ;

mm.;

basal

canine, width, shield,

15.

palatal length, 6.2; median

outside
tooth and
row,

length, 13.5; condyle to front of length of premaxillaries,4.0; zygomatic

constriction, 1.8; width
of canine
to

7.8; mastoid
3.9;

width, 8.2; interorbital molars,

incisor
"

of frontal
last upper

width
lower

5.8; front
to
a

back

of

molar, 6.4;

back

of last

molar,

6.8. the

Occurrence this

Habits: and

By
sent

curious

coincidence,
before

description of
of

species was
me,
as

written
was

in for

publication
two two

that the

C.

inflata Any
when,

reached doubts in

but the

not

published until
of the H. of

months
were an

after

latter.

to

specificdifference
Dr.
as

dispelled,however, opportunity
present is
for the
gray the The
a a

company

with
as

Wilfred

Osgood,
C.

I had The

to

compare different

both

types,

well

specimens
that

frithii.
hairs

very

species,lacking the shining brown-tipped

are so

above,

brownish

rings
of the
known Wan-

small

in C.

comparison
a was

they hardly lessen

bat. in in

appearance

fiu-,while

frithiiis
it

very

brown-looking
midwinter

type

and

only
cave

specimen of C. -sinicus
hsien,
and
seem

taken

"warm-air"
had very Bats

at

where much be

was warmer

evidently hibernating.
than few

This

cave caves.

few

bats

in it
genus

was

other

neighboring
into

of

this

to

rare,

for

specimens get

collections.

No

doubt,

too,

it is

largelysolitaryin habits. Specimens examined:

"

One

only,

the

type, from

Wanhsien,

Szechwan.

Family

VESPERTILIONID^
BATS

VESPERTILIONINE

This and
the

is

widely distributed family

that
are

family commonly
the

of bats

in both

Old in

and

New

Worlds,

only

is

represented
head),
with

temperate

regions.

Externally its members

ears,

usually distinguishableby the moderately developed

across

separate
or

(rarely joined outgrowths

interfemoral

tragus, reduced,

and but

lacking

nose-

leaves

other

of

the

muzzle,

tail not
In the

extending finger

to

the

margin

of the

membrane.

wing

the

second

has

204

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

metacarpal
the in

and

one

small
one

bony

phalanx,

the

third
The the

finger three
skeleton
outer

phalanges,
of the

of which is

terminal the

is

mostly cartilaginous.
articulation
the

wing

head

large secondary peculiar (trochiter)with the scapula, distally, while

vertebra
at

of

supplementary
ulna The
to
a mere

great

reduction

of

the

thread

the

base with

it is fused
the first

with

the
nor

radius.
are

seventh

cervical while

is not

fused

dorsal,

the

lumbars
The of the

fused,
lacks

the

sacral

vertebrae
and

still have
has

their the

outlines

traceable.

skull

postorbital processes,
laries only.
There The

present
a

ascending branches
or

premaxilthem

is
teeth for

always
are

distinct usual

emargination
insectivorous

notch

between

anteriorly.
of the

of

the

type
These

without
bats

tion modificacombine

cusps

fruit-eating(see Miller, 1907).

structure

thus

rather

unmodified

external

with

specializedwing development. by
at

The genera, genera

family is well represented in China possibly

here
more,

least divides

twelve
the

or

thirteen
The

depending
may be

on

how

closely one
the

group.

recognized
as

known

by

following key, representing four

subfamilies

defined
to the

by
Genera

Miller
of

(1907).
Chinese
and

Key A. Nostrils

Mongolian

Vespertilionid^
upper

normal,

not

produced

as

short

tubes; anterior
smaller

premolars
last
a.

(p^, p'), if present, conspicuously

than

the

(p^).
Ears
not

funnel-shaped.
phalanx
of third

a'. Second

finger less than

lobe

three

times
not

the

length
than a".

of the first ; median

of presternum

larger

the Six
1. 2.

body
teeth Hind Hind
than

of that behind

bone the

Subfamily Vespertilioninas
and than below. tibia

canine, above

foot, plus claws, shorter

Myotis
Rickettia

foot, plus claws, equaling tibia

six teeth much
on

b".

Less
1.

behind than

the

canine, above.
three lower
molars pre-

Ears

longer
each side

head,

Plecotus
two

2.

Ears

not
on

especially elongated,
each
upper

lower

molars pre-

side. incisor its

not
crown

a.

Outer

extending beyond
flat ; size

cingtilum of inner,
b. Outer
upper

large

la
. .

incisor

yond extending distinctlybeof

the small
or

cingulum

inner, pointed; size

is folded 3 and 4
.

medium.

a'. Fifth

finger short; when

wing

it
. . .

scarcely exceeds
b'. Fifth

metacarpals

Nyctalus

finger longer than

and first
not

combined in

carpal meta-

phalanx
across

digits 3 and
forehead
a

4.

a". b".

Ears Ears band

joined

Pipistrellus
brow Barbastella

distinctly joined by

low

THE

BATS

205

b'. Second

phalanx of third finger long, about

first phalanx formula:

three

times

the

length of the
One b. Ears
genus;

Subfamily Miniopterinas i." c.\ p.f m.f margin

; sternum
=

tooth

36
ing commenc-

Miniopterus

funnel-shaped, their outer

in slightly front of the inner

margin wide, and

twice

very

short of its

and

broad,

its median

length less than

the width

anterior One B. Nostrils

expansion
tooth
as

Subfamily
formula:
a

Kerivoulinae Kerivoula

genus;

i.fc.\ p.f m.f

tube; first and

38
upper molars pre-

produced
of about the

short size

second

same

Subfamily
=

Murinin^ Murina

Tooth

formula:

i.fc.^ p.f m.f

34

Genus

Myotis Kaup
Syst. d. Europ. Thierw., vol. i, p. 106, 1829. Tjrpe species,

Myotis Kaup,

Skizzirte

Entw.-Gesch.
=

u.

Naturl.

Vesperliliomyotis Borkhausen

Afyo/ii myotis (Borkh.).

Bats

of of far

this
the
as

genus

are

very

widely distributed, for they

and in the northern
season.

occur

in every

continent extend is
no as

globe, including Australia,

the

hemisphere
Indeed,
in
occurrence.

limit of tree
of

growth
that

in the

summer

there

other

group of the

land

mammals
are

The often
groups

species
not

genus
on

many,

is quite so differingin details of

it is

universal

structure

that

are

apparent
more or

casual

inspection ; yet
forms,
to

possible to recognize
names on

several

of

closely interrelated
a

which

have account

been of the

applied
many

in

generic

subgeneric
or

sense.

Nevertheless,
of characters them

intermediate it
seems

stages
for

combinations

shown

by
been
names

various

species,
genus. Leuconoe

better the

the

present
has

to

retain
very

all within
have

the

single

Thus

Old

World
and
to

species with given

certain
names.

large feet
additional
and

called

by Thomas,
and
some

Bianchi include

the

generic

Capaccinius
to

Rickettia

European

Asiatic

species, in addition
the

half-dozen
The

subgeneric
of

Chinese forearm
the

species of this
65
the
mm., to

genus

vary

in

size from M.

big M.
dark handsome

chinensis
of

with
than

the M.

small, weak-footed
chinensis.
In

moupinensis
are a

less
or

half gray, In

proportions
characters

of

color

all is

brown

dark

except

large M.formosus
this genus

rufo-nigerwhich probably represents

The formula

rufous.

its tooth in the

to

the most contains

generalized
the
=

condition

subfamily
be

Vespertilioninae.
in
two

mum maxiOf

number

found anterior

living bats, namely:

are

i.t

Ct

pm.f
of

m.f

38.
well

the
and

premolars, the pm4)

on

small,
have upper
a

while the

the

third

(representing pm^
cusps veloped deand

is the the In

largest.

The

molars of the

W-pattem
a

first and many

second

jaw, with
is reduced

distinct
between

protocone
the the loss

hypocone.
and the

species there
The third

is

small

protoconvde
and

former
of the

paracone.

upper
and

molar

through
the

posteriormost style (metastyle)

of the

its commissure

diminished

size

hypocone.

206

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

The
case

skull

itself is

usually

rather

slender

with

smoothly

rounded

brain

and

slightlyupturned

rostrum.

The

type species is the large Myotis myotis of Europe.

Key
to the

Chinese
or more.

and

Mongolian

Species

of

Myotis

A.

Size large, forearm

a.

45 45

mm.

Forearm muzzle

about

mm.,

skull with

short, slightlyupturned
'"

Myotis
.

altarium

b.

Forearm a'. Forearm a". b".

more

than about

45
50

mm.

mm.

General General
60

color color
mm.

orange

and brown

black

M.
gray

dark
or more.

above,

below

formosus rufo-niger M. pequinius

b'. Forearm
a". h".

Forearm Forearm

60

mm.

; belly whitish

M.

myotis ancilla
and
c.

about

65, belly dark

grayish

M.

chinensis M.

luciuosus

B.

Size small, forearm

a.

less than 31-33 small small 35-39 39

20 mm.

40

mm.

Smaller,
Second Second

forearm
upper upper

premolar
premolar
mm.

in the internal

tooth
to

row

M. tooth
row
. .

muricola

moupinensis
M. davidii

the

b.

Larger, forearm
a'. Forearm a". b". Tibia Tibia

about

mm.

long,

mm.,

foot

less than foot

half its length.

more

M.f
M.

rater

shorter, about

15 mm.,

than

half its

length
b'. Smaller, a". Foot Foot
1.

fimbriatus

forearm

less than

39
more

mm.

large, obviously smaller, about Upper

molars

than

half the

tibia

M.

daubentonii

b".

half the

length

of tibia.

without

obvious

protoconule, hairM.

tips above
2.

glossy
with distinct

mystacinus
M.

Upper
above

molars

protoconule,

fur

dull, face densely hairy

ancilla
Soc.

laniger

93.

Myotis myotis
Proc. Zool.

Thomas April 26,

1910, p. 25; Proc. Zool.

Myotis

myosotts

ancilla p.

Thomas,

Abstract

London,

See.

London,

1910,

636; ibid., 191

"

1, p. 688.

Type
Museum,
27, 1909,

specimen:
from

^An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull, No.

10.5.2.4,

British

Shangchow,

southeastern

Shensi, China.

Collected

November

by Malcolm
"

P. Anderson. Smaller
The than color

Description:
with
wood
more

the
above

European
is

M.

myotis,
of dark
as

and

paler

in

color,
of

shorter brown

ears. as

nearly
head
lower

"drab"
grayer;

Ridgway,
shoulder in the

instead

in

the

typical form, everywhere

the

patches
race,

strongly defined, blackish

the

brown;
with

siurface

typical

grayish white,

hairs

dark

slaty bases.

THE

BATS

207

Skull

slightly smaller
with the shorter

than
ears.

in

the In

European
its

animal,
form and the

the

bullae

smaller

in

correlation is

general
brain the

skull

of this

species
two
;

relatively slender, with premolars

molars stand have

rather the

narrow

case

zygomata.
upper
one

The the

small the

quite in

toothrow,

middle and

smallest and

upper

practically no

hypocone,

the

protocone

is low

without

protoconule.
"

Measurements:

The

type
61

measured:

head

and

body,

75

mm.;

tail, 56;
of canine

foot,

12;

ear,

21

forearm,

(range 59-62).
22.2

Skull:
to back

greatest
9.2.

length,

mm.;

basi-sinual

length,

17;

front

of m^

Occurrence

and

Habits:
was

"

The based

above
on a

description is taken
series of
three males

from
and

Thomas's
a

original account,
taken
at

which in

female
191

Shangchow,
as

southeastern

Shensi

(see Thomas,
of the

1910b;
of

le).

He

regards this
its

the

eastern

representative
Indian
M.

large Myotis
southern
be well
to

Europe,

although
the

relationship to
seems

the
a

blythi is still uncertain.

and
to

Although
northward.
the end of

typical form
the few in
seems

to

be

species of central
eastern

Europe, ranging
the

eastward, Thus,
other Great

records
to

for

Asia

seem

addition
to

the

locality in
east

southeastern

Shensi

mentioned,
the

only
the

be and

Tuntzia-inzia,
so

of

Dalai

Nor,

at

south

Khingan,
The
two

perhaps
collected
at

just outside
here

Mongolian
are

territory (Bobrinski, Zoological

Museum

1929).
of the with

males

by Putiata

in the

Academy
those

of Sciences Thomas.

Leningrad and

agree

in details

of measurement

given by

Specimens examined:

"

None.

94.

Myotis

altarium

Thomas February
14, 191 1, p. 3; Proc.

Myotis altarium
1911, p. 161.

Thomas,

Abstract

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

Zool. Soc. London,

Type specimen:
Museum,
from Omei

"

^An

adult

female, skin
China.

and

skull. No.

1 1.2.

1.9, 1910.

British

Shan, Szechwan,
^A medium-sized

Collected

August
with

2,

Description:
shortened Ears
several
convex,

"

species, forearm
M.

45 mm.,

remarkably
is,reaching

rostrum,

recallingsomewhat
as

pequinius
rather

in this respect.

"nearly
outer

long beyond

as

in the

bechsteini,but
nose

narrow,"

that

millimeters

when

laid forward,
convex

their inner

edge evenly
a

slightly concave
a

above,

in

lower
not

half, with
very

strong

antitragus separated by
evenly
outer

deep notch.
outward,
not

Tragus
and

long,
a

sharply pointed,
lobule
at

but base.
more

slightly ctirved
Feet than

with

weU-marked
so;

the

large,

but
to

disproportionately
tail, with
not
a

calcar

long, extending
lobule.

rather

half-way

the

very

narrow

postcalcaneal

Membranes

naked,

interfemoral

fringed.

208

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

The

fur
8

is rather
mm.

long,

but

thin
General

in

the color

summer

pelage,
uniform rather the

the

hair

of

the

back

about

in

length.
the

above,
hairs

"dull

brown,"
surface

paler than lighter.

The

'Trout's

brown,"

tips

of the

vmder lighter,
are more

hardly paler than

skull

the upper

except that the tips of

that of the usual

hairs

distinctlyrostrum,

differs from and

Myotis
instead

in the of

shortened

which sided.

is broad In
to

evenly

narrowed of

forward,
the

being nearly parallelfrom its

profile the

outline
small

skvill is nearly
then

straight
concave

highest
a

point
and small

the

level of the

premolars, region.
The both

abruptly
is in the

with vaulted.
row,

short The

slightly upturned
first and
half

nasal upper

palate
stand

unusually
tooth

second

premolars
tooth.

the

second

about

the size of the

"

anterior

Measurements:

The

type
on

specimen

measured:

tail, 48;

ear,

22;

tragus

inner

edge, 8; third
foot with

body, 55 mm.; finger, metacarpal, 40; first

29.

head

and

phalanx,
The

13.3;

combined measured:
case,

tibia and

claws,
15.2 back

skull of brain

greatest

length,
to

mm.;

basi-sinual

length,

12;

breadth

7.9; front
"

of canine

of m',

6.5.
identified
in

Occurrence

and

Habits:

Hitherto in central four

this

species has been

where

from
1910,

the the

type localityonly, Omei

Shan

Szechwan,

August,
a

originalseries
was

of five males

and

females Dr. taken

(no doubt J.
A.
from

from and

roosting colony)
Mr. F.

secured

by

Malcolm

P. Anderson, has been

C. Smith Thomas's He

Kingdon
p.
a

Ward.

The which

description
and of

(191 id,
that
narrow

161)
most

account,

gives all that

is known

of this bat.

notes

"it is

peculiar species
the
unusual of
an

readily recognizable by its size, long

its skull, which differs
another

ears,

and

shape
the

considerably from
Chinese

that
M.

of most

members

genus,
to

although

species,

pequinius,

shows

approach

it."
"

Specimens examined:
95.
chinensis Vespertilio

None.

Myotis

chinensis

chinensis 1857, p. 52.

(Tomes)
Swinhoe, ibid., 1870, p. 618.

Tomes,
M.

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London, Mus.

Myotis chinensis

G.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

no.

85, p. 5, 1923.

Type
sent

specimen:
South
"

"

The

type
Robert

is in

the

collection
a

of the

British

Museum, 1850.

from

China
A

by

Fortune,

botanical
66
mm.

collector,
The

about

Description:
of the
color upper
on

large species, forearm body is

of the
a

about dark

general color
smoke
the

parts of the

uniform

olive brown, the base.

becoming
Below,
the

the muzzle,
central

the hairs

everywhere
abdomen

slaty at
are

throat,
hairs
dark

chest, and
fuscous blackish
at

parts
and

uniformly
gray;

dark

gray,

the

base

minutely

tipped with

sides

of

the

body

brown.

THE

BATS

209

The

general proportions
with

of the

body
when

are

about

as

in

smaller about

members
to

of

the the
fifth the

group,
nose

large

ears

extending

laid

forward
a

the base

tip

of

the

calcar

is very

long
is
a

and

slender, without
membranous

keel

; at

the

of the

finger, ventrally, there

wrist The
to

prominent
form

slip extending
of most of the from the

from

the

base the the

of the

metacarpal.
slender

skull has

general
second
lack

characteristic is drawn

genus. tooth

In
row.

the

upper The

jaw
upper

small
a

premolar

slightlyin
and

molars

distinct
group.
a

protoconule,
The of the

approach
is very

somewhat

the

condition and

in the

Myotis
forms Tomes
;
more

myotis
than

hypocone

indistinctly

marked,

hardly
"

shoulder

protocone.
of the

Measurements:

gives
mm.

the
;

following

measurements
mm.

type:

head

and

body,

95

mm.

tail,55

forearm, 64
OF MYOTIS

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

CHINENSIS

Occurrence the
at

and

Habits:

"

This
to

large

bat

is very
prove and show

little inferior
more

in

size to than

European
present

Myotis myotis,
for in the upper of the

which

it may

closely allied
the

believed,

loss of

protoconules
it
seems

in

great
of

reduction

of the Its with

hypocones
under
more

molars,
gray

to to

points

relationship.
however,

dark

side,

with

minute

tips

the

hairs, contrast,

the Tomes

extensively whitish
first described this bat botanical
so

under
on

side of that basis "China." of

a

species. single skin

His
work
sent
was some

the

by

Robert

Fortune,
southern

collector, from
that the

chiefly point
where the
near

in

China,
of that
other

specimen
country,
form

probably possibly

came

from

the

coast

part

of the

from

Shanghai,
ranges
over

he

tained ob-

bats.

The

typical
and

probably
broad black

lowland
of eastern

country
Szechwan the from

of southern

China,

is replaced in the
definite

western

hill country band

by

race

lacking
from the

the

along
I have
American thus be

the
seen

sides
none

of

body.
other

Apart
in

eastern
a

specimens
secured

listed

below,
the

localities, except
extreme
across

single one
China.

by

Museum's

expedition
the
range

southwestern southern

Yunnan,

at

Yungchangfu,
seems

extending
recorded of

quite

Nothing

to

its habits.

210

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Specimens examined:
Chekiang: Tunglu,
Fukien Yunnan:
: 2 i

"

In all,five,as

follows:

(M.C.Z.).
no

Yenping,

definite
i.

i (sldn only) locality,

Yungchangfu,

96.
Myotis chinensis
luctuosus G. M.

Myotis
Allen,

chinensis
Mus.

luctuosus

G.
no.

M.

Allen August
28, 1923.

Ainer.

Novitates,

85,

p. 5,

Type
Museum October

specimen:
of
12,
1

"

An

adult

male,
from

skin

and

skull. No. Szechwan,

Asiatic
and

56867,
China.

American Collected

Natural
921,
"

History,
Dr.

Wanhsien,

by

Walter
in

Granger, Central

Expeditions.
to

Description:
form, but
of with
a a

Similar

general proportions
the under

coloring
body.

the gray

typical
instead

differingin having prominent

darker

surface
the

almost

uniformly Ridgway,
the
an

black

stripe along
below,

sides

of the
of

Color
the

above,
of the
at

uniform

grayish brown,
and

nearly "bufify brown"

uniformly

top

head

somewhat base

smoky;

gray,

hairs

fuscous

their

minutely
and in teeth

tipped with
do
not

whitish, resulting in
hairs
those
as

evenly frosted
in southern
few

appearance, The

darkened skull

by the bases

of the

showing through.
of the

differ from
little

typical form by
the

China, except

being
latter.
"

very

smaller,

indicated

available

specimens of

the

Measurements:

Two

specimens, the type and

in the first four columns

topotype, show

the following in the

measurements,
flesh.
No. Head
and

those

taken

by

the

collector

body

Tail

Foot

Ear
21 22

Forearm

Third

Mc.

Fourth 62

Mc.

Fifth

Mc.

56867 56871 The

80

65 65

16 16

65
66

64
61

59

89

59
are

57

skull measurements

of the

same

two

specimens

given in the table

preceding.
Occurrence
and
to

Habits: the
at

"

This

is

perhaps
eastern

race

of

the

interior

part

of

China, extending
Asiatic I have the
and

western

highlands.
in

The

series secured

by

the

Central
all that

Expeditions
seen,

Wanhsien,
uniform

Szechwan,
of the

constitutes blackish
area

is very

in the
p.

reduction

along Changhe

sides.

A.

B.

Howell and

(1929,

15), however,
in should

has

recorded the be

it from

showkai,
mentions
race

Hunan,
from
coast.
seems

Hwangtsaopa,
Fvikien,

Kweichow;
doubtless

single specimen
to

Yenping,
to

referred

the

typical
the

of the
This

be
a

cave-inhabiting species,for
where
"

Dr.
were

Granger

sectired

Wanhsien

series in

cave

several

species of bats
Wanhsien,

hibernating. including
3

Specimens examined:
in alcohol, 5 skins
and

In

all,ten, from

Szechwan,

skulls, 2 skins.

THE

BATS

211

97.

Myotis
Zool.

formosus London,
Brit.

rufo-niger (Tomes)
1858, p. 79, pi. 60
p. 311,

Vesperlilio rufo-nigerTomes,
Vespertitioformosus
1 Miniopterus Dobson,

Proc. Cat.

Soc.

(Mammalia).

Chiroptera Dept.

Mus.,
Yatsen

1878.
no.

schreibersi Shih, Bull.

Biol., Sun

Univ., Canton,

4, p. 4, 1930. as

Type

specimen:
and It

"

The

type

is in the recorded

British

Museum,

part of the Tomes

as

Collection,

is the
was

specimen
at

by

Dobson

(1878)

the Robert

one

figured
Fortune,

by

Tomes.

collected i860.

Shanghai, Kiangsu, China, by

between

1850

and
"

Description:
of
about
a

This
Ears

is

fairlylarge species for

ovate, membrane side of the elbow

the

genus, and base and

with

forearm

49

mm.

narrowly Wing
upper

tragus
from

long
the

obtusely pointed,
of below the
toes.

with

small
out

basal
on

lobule.
to to
a

Fur the

extending
membrane Color

the line
for

humerus,
and

covering

about

joining the
the the

the

knee. entire all but the the

remarkable
out

bright orange-nifous of the

membranes
so as

body, this
the

coloring extending
the
ears,

on

to

include

tips

of

and

in and

broad

line

along each
That fore

side of the

fingers and
of

basal
membranes
two

part

of the
of
a

wing

tail membranes.
are:

is, the

only parts
and
the

brownish

black spaces
as a

the

part of the
and

antebrachial

membrane,
fourth
and from fifth

large digits
ankle The

triangular
of the

between

the the

third

fourth of the
to

fifth
the

wing,
in

well

as

outer

part

wing
base

membrane

forward,

triangle extending nearly

is also
"

the

of the

finger.

tail membrane
Measurements:

orange.

Lower

surface
are

of the

body

slightlypaler.

No

measurements

available.
orange

This the
same

bat hue
as

is remarkable

in the
out

genus the

for its handsome

coloring,with
of the

extending
well
as

along

fingers and
so

covering much
Bianchi

wing

membranes'

the

interfemoral,

that

(191 7)

has

proposed

for the

species the
and

subgenus Dichromyotis.
Habits:
"

Occurrence
was

The

Chinese
on a

form the

of of

the
a

Orange-colored specimen typical

collected He
M.

Bat
at

first recorded
the
at

by Tomes
botanist
first

(1858)
and
as

basis

Shanghai by
that
he had

Fortune these
to
name

second

from from form

"Kiang."
the

mentions

regarded

different
the

formosus

of India, and but

as a

had

intended the difference

Chinese

Vesperliliorufo-niger, hardly important

"race."
The malia), MamIt
eastern

decided

that

in the it

intensity of coloring was might

represent
an

specificdistinction, though specimen is figured

is mentioned
to

Shanghai
therefore,
associated
p.

in his colored

plate (Tomes,
as

1858, pi. 60,

Museum.

and

by
as

Dobson the

(1878)
is shown

in the That the in

British this that

is,

be

regarded

type

specimen. by hanging
secured

bright coloring is
Swinhoe
of

with
a

tree-livinghabits
cluster the"
Mr.

fact

(1870c,
a

617) found
found

of about

ten

the the

leafy branches
Central Asiatic from

tree

in Formosa,
was

while

single specimen Pope's

Chinese

by

tions Expedia

by

hunter,

Da

Da, hanging

bush

212

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

on

low

mountain

in the

thickly settled region of Futsing, Fukien, in October,

was

1924.
same

Unfortunately, its skull species is the subsp., picta.

It

not

preserved.
Shih

What
p. and

is doubtless

this

specimen
described from
seems,
as

recorded
as

schreibersi Kerivoula
The

but
came

by having the
in the
to

(1930,
orange Yao Shan

4)

as

Miniopterus
pattern
of

black

Loshiang,
Indian form

district of
to

Kwangsi.
parts
that

general

distribution

therefore,

be

limited

the
warm

warmer

of southern

China, just

the

is found

in the

parts of
the

country.
Howell in the
the

(1929) questions
ear

the Tomes

validity of this
do
not

race,

since

ences slight differ-

described

by

hold

for Formosan

specimens, but
it.

color

differences, if found
"

constant, One skin

may

suffice to

characterize

Specimens examined:

from

Futsinghsien, Fukien.

98.

Myotis

pequinius Thomas
vol.

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 637. Myotis {Leuconoe) pequinius Thomas, Zool. Acad. Mus. Sci., Petrograd, for 1916, Capaccinius pequinius Bianchi, Annuaire

21,

p.

Ixxviii, 1917.

Type
from

Specimen:

"

male,

skin

and

skull. No.
China.

8.8.7.2, British
Collected
forearm October about

Museum,
11,

thirty miles

west
"

of

Peiping, Hopei,

1907.
mm.,

Description:
with
a

comparatively large species, membrane. fringed interfemoral

^A

50

Fur

rather

short

and the

velvety, about
bases
of the

mm.

long in the middle

side
of

of the back;
gray, and the

above of the

"drab

gray,"
the

hairs

slaty; below, whitish practically hairless. height

Wings
of the
ear,

ends anal

hairs

nearly white, their bases

membranes,
white

slaty. Under
and

legs

the

region, edging
rather
narrow;
narrow

Ears

medium,

tragus
but
not

short, about

half the

curving outward
lower

above,

sharply pointed. fringed with

The
to

from

the

end

of the

tibiae;interfemoral

membrane

slightlymarbled
shortened

with

white.

border pale buffy hairs, its outer has skull in profile peculiarly upturned, a
The middle upper In
one

rostrum,
as

according

Thomas.
one

premolar
of the
two

is

minute,
known

is also the

corresponding
this tooth

of the is

lower

jaw.

specimens, however,
Measurements:
"

lacking.
in the
12;

The

type

measured

flesh

head In

and the

body,
dried

62

mm.

tail, about

42;

hind

foot

without

claws,

ear,

18. second

skin,

the

tibia is 18; third

The

metacarpal, 46; forearm,

the

50

(in a

specimen, 48.5).
the

skull
at

of

type
of

measured:

"basi-sinual"
mm.;

length (to
width,

hind
breadth

edge
of

of the brain

notch
case,

back

palate), 14.5
to

zygomatic
6.9.
two

12.2;

4.7; front
and

of canine

back

of m',

Occurrence
a cave

Habits:
west

"

Except
of

for the

original specimens
seems

taken known account.

in of

thirty miles
bat,
the above that

of

Peiping, nothing further

which
were

to

be

this
He

description
these

is taken

from
the
cave

Thomas's
in company

mentions

specimens

occupying

with

THE

BATS

213

colony of Miniopterus,

an

association

of genera

sometimes

found

in southern

Evirope. Specimens examined:

"

None.

99. daubentonii Vespertilio

Myotis
Ges.

daubentonii Naturk.,
vol.

(Kuhl)
4, pt. 2, p. 195,

Kuhl,
"

Ann.

Wetterau.

1819.
was

Type

Specimen:

Not

known

to

be

in

existence.

It

from

Hanau,

Hessen-Nassau,

Germany.
1912, p.
more

Description (after Miller,

forearm
about naked 35 upper the size
one

184):
"

Recognizable
half the

by its small
the

size,

mm.,

large foot,
of the

than

length of

tibia, and

by

the

surface
of M.
or

legs.
the
ear

About

mystacinus,
two

moderately
the the

long, extending
foot

when
more

laid forward
than about

millimeters

beyond
from

muzzle;

decidedly

half the
half
as

length high
to
as

of the
the

tibia; wings
ear,

side of the
;

metatarsus;

tragus
calcar

its

tip rather
the

blunt

metacarpals evidently
than the tail dense

graduated
long
as

from
and

third

fifth, the
without

third
on

slightly shorter
and

forearm;
about than
as

slender,
without
wood
as

keel Yvtx

posterior border;
more

long
M.

body

head. brown

slightly shorter
below.

in

mystacinus,
The and
brain

above, bufifygray
as

skull is

small

that

of M.

mystacinus, but
and

with

broader
the

rostrum,

palate
width

case,
case

lower

occipitalregion
than half and
on

deeper rostrum, length

of

greatest
teeth
upper

of brain

slightlymore
in M.

greatest

skull

; the

slightly smaller
molars
a

than but

mystacinus, protoconule

differingin
the anterior

having in
commissure

the

small

distinct

of

the

protocone.
Measurements:
"

Miller
;

gives the
;

following
1 1 ;

for

Eiu"opean
; third

specimens: finger,62 lachrymal

5.4;
;

head fifth

and

body,

43

mm.

tail,34

tibia, 1 7 ; foot,

forearm, 37 width,
case

finger,49;
Skiill:

ear,

13.

condylobasal
breadth
row,

length, 13.8
brain
case,

mm.;

zygomatic
of brain

9.0;
at

breadth,

5.0; tooth

of

7.8; depth
tooth
row,

middle,

maxillary

5.2; mandibular

5.6. bat, though

at
once

Occurrence
M.

and

Habits:

"

This be
other M. It is

small

brown

superficiallyresembling
by
the

mystacinus,
well North upper
as

may the

distinguished
characters

relatively
to
some

large feet,
extent to
on

as

by

given.
like

It

corresponds
a

the

American molars.
to

lucifugus, and
a

it has

distinct

conule protoOld
ward east-

the

species of the
tree

temperate

parts

of the

World,

from

Sweden
to

the

Mediterranean

region in Europe, extending

growth apparently
here Asia. It is included furnished

probably
to
on

the

Pacific, following the

wholly

the the

north

of the

desert

regions of central
in northern

chiefly

evidence

of its presence

Mongolia,

by

Bobrinski

214

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

(1929, p. 225), who

Academy
northwestern from River of

records
as

specimens in
follows:

the
one

Zoological Museiim
from the

of the

Russian

Sciences

(i)

River the
from

Toi, Kosso
Gol
;

Gol,
one

Mongolia;
Halhen,

(2)

second

specimen (4) Sangin,

like
so

from
one

Kosso

(3)

northwestern

Mongolia;
from

Urto-tamir,

Hangai,
These

northern localities
occurs as

Mongolia;
indicate far south
that
as

(5)
in the

one

near

Urga,
other

Mongolia.
northern
the

Mongolia, edge of the

seems

many forest

species, it grasslands
south

scattered
to

bordering

of the
of

northern
area.

Gobi.

There

be

no

evidence

of its presence

this

Specimens examined:

"

None.

100.

Myotis
Proc.

fimbriatus London,

(Peters)
1870, p. 617. Dobson,
Cat.

fimbriatusPeters, in Swinhoe, Vespertilio

Mus., p. 298, 1878. Myotis hirsutus A. B. Howell, Proc.
art.

Zool. Soc.

Chiroptera

Brit.

Biol.

Soc.

Washington,

vol. 39, p.

139,

1926; Proc.

U. S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75,

I, p.

15, 1929.

Yenping,
"

Fukien.

Type

specimen:

The

type
Robert bat

is

skin

in the

British

Museum,

collected

at

Amoy,

Fukien,

China, by
"

Swinhoe. with dull brown lustreless

Description: large hind

the Size meditma,

small

fur, and

relatively including
above,
dark is
a

feet ; tibiae

hairy.
about 40 mm.,
short

forearm

foot stout,

about dull
the

10.8

mm.,

large pale claws, fur rather

at

and

dense,

of

grayish brown
hairs
have

hardly darkening
bases, with

the

bases

of the
at

hairs; below,
the anal

slaty
small

ashy-brown

tips, except

region where hairy;

there

patch
a

of hairs white

to the base.

Backs

of the tibiae

calcaneum

without

keel.

The

skull is

considerably larger than

The
are

that have
a

of M.
small

laniger,with
but the

ately proportionprotoconule,

larger canines.
and

upper
not

molars

evident
tooth

the

small

premolars
"

crowded

inward

from

row.

Measurements:

Howell head

(1929) gives the

and

average

measurements ear,

of twelve
39;

specimens
foot,
10.4;

as

follows:

body, 48

mm.;

tail, 39;

15; forearm,

tibia, 15. 1.
SKULL MEASUREMENTS OP MYOTIS FIMBRIATUS

Occurrence

and
of

Habits:
the

"

This

bat,
M.

as

Howell

(1929) remarks,
eastern

may
to

be which
the

the

representative
seems

Eturopean
There

capaccinii in
skull, the

Asia,

it

allied in the surface

of the

characters tibia.

of the is

large heavy
no

feet and
at

hairy
elbow.

upper

apparently

patch of hair

the

THE

BATS

215

This
whence

is another
he
sent

species that specimens

it
was

Consul
to

Robert
at

Swinhoe
for

found

common

at

Amoy,
latter

Peters

Berhn named
sent

identification.
it

The

determined

that paper.
one

undescribed

and

fimbriatus in Vespertilio
to

Swinhoe's

Swinhoe
alcohol
states

apparently
two
as a

three

specimens
these Dobson
state

the

British

Museum,
as

in and B.

and that

skins.

One

of

(1878) lists preservation."

looking over-

the

type
A. the

it is in

"very imperfect
same

of

In

1926,

Howell

redescribed He

the

species as
thirteen
and there It is
cave

Myotis hirsutus, specimens

in from the others

earlier

description.
from

records

U.

S.
in

National the and

Museum Museum

Yenping,
of Natural in the
"

Fukien,

are

there in

American
was

History.
well known

evidently
at

colonial

habit,

doubtless

secured

Yenping.
is
an

Specimens

examined: and

In
three

all,four, of which
from

one

old

specimen

from

Amoy

in the

M.C.Z.,

Yenping, Fukien,
mystacinus
vol.

in the

A.M.N.H.

1 01.

Myotis
Wetterau. Asiatic

mystacinus
Ges.
Soc.

(Kuhl)
202,

Vespertilio mystacinus Vespertiliomontivagus

Kuhl, Dobson,

Ann.

Naturk.,

4, pt. 2, p.

Bengal, vol. 43, pt. i, p. 237, Western Zool. Researches Yunnan, Hotha, Yunnan. p. 98, 1879. Viv. Foss., p. 91, 1904. Myotis montivagus Trouessart, Cat. Mamm.

Joum.

1819. 1874; in Anderson,

Anat.

and

Type specimen:

"

Probably
a

not

in existence

(from Germany). typical subspecies,

and
see

Description:
"

For

minute

description of the Europe" (1912,

with Ear
p. short

Miller, "Mammals
small size
at

of Western
35

169).
foot,

Recognizable by its wing

membrane

(forearm
the
i as

mm.),

combined
toe.

inserted laid half short

as

base
or 2

of the
mm.

outer

moderately
tragus
fifth

long, extending, when pointed,

Foot of the about
outer

forward,
as

beyond

the

nose,

narrow,

about

high

the

ear;

third, fourth,
3 mm., membrane

and

metacarpals subequal, falling

is folded.

of the
as

elbow

by about wing

when

the

wing
at

half
toe.

long

tibia, the
and

inserted
keel.

the

base

Calcar

long

slender, with

practicallyno
similar but

Color basal
gray

above, light yellowish brown,

the

hairs less

with

distinct the

gloss, their
of the hairs

three-fourths
with Skull
a

slaty; below,
and than

bright,

tips
that

tinge of yellowish.
delicate, breadth
half
the

slender

of brain

case

more

than small

of rostrum second
more or

but

slightly less
alike

greatest
the

length.

The

first and
and

premolars
less drawn molars
In
are

in form, from

but

second

decidedly the
row. nor

smaller first and

inward

the

line of the

tooth

The

second

upper

practically without
jaw the
the first and second

hypocone,
second shows

is the
are

protoconule developed.
than the
drawn inward

the

lower

premolars
a

considerably smaller
be

the third, and line of the

again

tendency

to

from

others.

Measurements:

"

Miller

(1912) gives the following dimensions

of

European

2i6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

specimens:
7.6-8; head
A

forearm,
and

32-35
44;

mm.;

third

finger, 49-56;
measured:
The basal cranial

tibia, 15;
and

hind

foot,

body,
from

tail,40.
Tombs head

specimen
ear,
are:

Eastern

body,

43

mm.;
same

tail,35;

12;

foot, 6.8; tibia, 15.2.

14
mm.;

measurements

of the

specimen zygomatic
cheek different The which him foot
as

greatest length,
8.0; mastoid
lower

length,
width

11.6;

palatal length, 6.0;

molars,
are

width,
5.0;

width,

7.0;

across

5.5;

upper

teeth,
from

cheek

teeth, 5.8.
for

The

dimensions

not

essentially
nan, Yun-

those

given by Miller
of Dobson's
in

European
of

specimens.
from

type specimen
I have follows

montivagus Vespertilio
this

Hotha,
measured
;

placed

the
to

synonymy

species, was
and

by
;

(inches reduced
ear,

millimeters) : head

body, 46

tail,40.5

and

claws, 8.0;
and

height, 15; breadth, 7.0; forearm, 38; tibia, 15.

"

Occurrence

Habits:

This

is in

general
to

bat
tree

of the limit
at

north

temperate
north.
seems

parts

of

Europe
while

and

Asia, extending nearly

east

in the

Its
common, un-

precise status
Museum

in the its

has

been

rather has
a

uncertain, but
been
also
at

least it
The

subspecificreference
alcohol
to

doubtful.
Eastern

American

Asiatic

Expeditions secured
in
so

specimen
to

Tombs,
make
ears

Hopei,
out,
reach

which,

although
to

that
be

its exact

coloring
the

is difficult to
race.

is nevertheless forward about the about

probably
the
end

referred
nose;

typical

Its

of the

the

forearm

is 32.5
are

mm.,

and

the

wing given

arises from the third

are

base 0.5

of the toes.
mm.

The

metacarpals
the fourth.

very

slightlygraduated,
it otherwise

longer than
of the

Its measurements,
and from
seems

above,

practically those
same.

Etiropean animal,
Museum,
in alcohol recorded
on area

quite the
also In the

skin

in the well
as

American
a

"North

China,"
Fukien.
a

is

apparently this, as
southwest
M.

specimen
has

from

Yenping,
p.

of

China,

Thomas
10,000
a

(1923,
the

656)
of

Myotis

"near

mystacinus," from
the
and

feet,
wide

the

Likiang Range
northern

Yunnan,

indicatingthat
or so

species covers
from
have record
came a

across

two-thirds

of China;

careful

perusal
that

of Dobson's
name

description of "Vespertilio
a

montivagus," I
and
a

little doubt

this

is

synonym

of M.

cinus, mysta-

second

of the
from

species for the highlands

where

of western

Yunnan.

Dobson's the
course

specimen

Hotha,
in the

it

was

collected

by

Anderson

in

of his work
to

there be: the the

early '70's.
feet, wings

The

diagnostic points of the

the upper base

description appear
forearm,
the

small

from

of the

toes, small

38

mm.,

and the

position of the minute

third

middle

premolar
the does

in

angle

between

first and

premolars.
measvu"ements

In

other
agree

respects

length
the

of foot and

tibia and
of the

the

general body
It may
the

closely, as

description
range south
or

color.

be

supposed that in this southern

and hence future those has

part of its

the

species inhabits
characters

uplands
In from

followed

the

high country
that the

into this part of Yunnan.

are

case

collections

show

color

other

different

of the

European

form,

Dobson's

THE

BATS

217

name

may

be

available
the wooded

in

subspecificsense.
area

In

the

northeast,
for

it

apparently (1929,

follows
p.
as

along

of
Museum

northern of from
near

Mongolia,
the Russian

Bobrinski

224) records
follows:

three
a

in the in

Academy
northwestern

of Sciences,

(i)

male

alcohol
one

Uliassutai,

Mongolia,
Tsummode,
east

collected

by Potanin;
14, the 1924,

(2)
of the

from

August
Nor,
at

collected
end

by Kozlov;
Great

TJrga, (3) one from

at

place

called

Tintsa-intsa

of Dalai

south

Khingan

Range.

Nothing is recorded Specimens examined:

Hopei:
Fukien: "North Eastern

of its habits
"

in China.

Three,

as

follows:

Tombs,
skin.

i, in alcohol.

Yenping,
China":
i

i, in alcohol.

102.

Myotis

mystacinus przewalskii
Rend. Acad.

Bobrinski 1926,
ser.

Myolis

mystacinus
Acad.

przewalskii Bobrinski, Compt. URSS,

vol. 30, p. 219, 1929.

Sci. URSS,

A,

p. 95;

Annuaire

Mus.

Zool.

Sci.

Type
the

specimen:
the
north

"

skin

and

skull. No.

13906,

Zoological Museum
the

of

Academy
on

of Sciences,

Leningrad, U. S. S. R., from

of the Russian

valley of

the

Moldja
Kash-

River,

slope
4,

Range,

Khotan-tag,

southern

garia.

Collected
"

May

1885, by Przewalski.
of M.

Description: A pallid desert form

similar
more

mystacinus.
above,
the
same

This
in

is

structurally
to

to

the

European
tone

race,

but

pale ochraceous
hair white
with

contrast

the

ochraceous

of the
are

latter, the

silky gloss; below,

gray.

the bases

tips
No

of the

hairs

pale grayish
and below for
are

instead

of

decidedly

The

of the

hairs above
are as

slaty.
the
to

skulls
same

available
in the smaller the

comparison, but According

incisor
to
;

characters
its

doubtless
the

are

much upper and the

the

typical race.
than tooth
the
row are

describer,

anterior

premolar is
drawn

outer
so as

the

middle from

premolar is minute
the

in from third

be
;

invisible

outside, while
the

first and

premolars
and

in contact
on

in the
side

lower

jaw,
tooth

middle

molar pre-

is likewise first and third

minute

lies

the

inner

of the

row,

leaving the

premolars in
"

contact.

Measurements: A skin from

The
are

No
has the

measurements

of 34.5
mm.

fresh

specimens
; foot, 7.

are

available.

Shansi has

forearm

; tibia, 15

skull

been

figured in outline

by Bobrinski

(1929) but

no

ments measure-

available.
and Habits:
"

Occurrence
common

This

appears

to

be

pallid, desert
its surface.
almost

race

of

the

M.

mystacinus above,
that and the

of

Europe, differingchiefly through

instead
form of

paler tawny
But

coloration

whitish

dusky

lower

Miller below. limited

(1912)

notes

European

is
and

"occasionally
believed

whitish"
to

Although

described

from

Kashgaria,

by

Bobrinski

be

2l8

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

to the

that
form

area,

it

seems

likely that
in

it cannot of

be

satisfactorily separated
southern the
the in

from and

occurring
himself

the

drier

parts
and

Turkestan,

Mongolia,
Gobi. collection of

the

provinces of Kansu, (1929,

at western

Shensi,
p.

Shansi

bordering
in

Indeed,
the the
west

Bobrinski

221)

records

specimens
Hotin Gol
Gol

Academy
Chansai

of Sciences

Leningrad, "of przewalskii type"

Nan
and

alcohol, from

River,

Shan,
from

from

near

Dinyuanin, slope
the of

slope of the evidently

describes south
not
as

Alashan,

Ucheten

Pass,

west

Alashan,
and
even

distinguishable,collected
new

by
m.

Roborovski kukunorensis

and from
and

Kozlov,

the

subspecies
on

M.

Hwang
size.

Ho
There

of

Koko

Nor,
be

the

ground
to

of

darker

color

larger
of five

probably should skulls) in

in the
the

referred of

M.

m.

przewalskii a
Museum

series

skins

(lacking
from

collection

the

American

of

Natural
seem

History,
to
no

Maitaichao,

forty-three miles
the Turkestan

east

of Paotow, bat
as

Shansi, which

correspond
doubt,
too,

pale coloring to specimen

same. one seen

described
p.

by Bobrinski;
from and

recorded
Bats
are

by
rare

Thomas
in

(1909,
semiarid
M.

964)
area,

Paotehchao,
the

Shansi,
was

is the

this

specimen
this
very

the desert

only
race

by

the

collector,
with

P.

Anderson.
or

Eastward,

doubtless and

intergrades
still farther
The

the

typical form
the
saturate

something
M.
m.

nearly
Asia is

identical,
from

east, with
form M.
m.

form,
Eversmann

gracilisOgnev,
western

Vladivostok.

brandtii
must

of
to

apparently recognized by Ognev

cinus.

but

be

very

close

the

typical mysta-

Specimens examined:
east

"

^Five

(skins only) from

Maitaichao,

forty-three miles

of Paotow,

Shansi.
103.

Myotis
Zool.

laniger (Peters)
London,
p.

laniger Peters, in Swinhoe, Vespertilio Vespertiliofimbriatus Dobson,

Cat.

Proc.

Soc.

1870, p. 617. 138, 1926; Proc.

U. S. Nat.

Chiroptera
Biol. Fukien.

Brit.

Mus.,

298, 1878 (part). Mus., vol. 75,

Myotis sowerbyi A. B. Howell, Proc.

art.

Soc. Washington,

vol. 39, p.

I, p. 16, 1929.

Yenping,

Type
Fukien,
account

Specimen:
sent

"

Swinhoe

procured
whose

specimen
was

of

this

bat
in

at

Amoy,
in the

and

it to

Peters,

description
China.
Dobson

published (1878)
lists

Swinhoe's
as

of the
Museum.

mammals

of South

it

British

Description:
"

small

dark-brown than half

species, forearm
the

about

35

mm.,

foot
not

about

8 mm.,

slightly more

length of the tibia, calcaneum

membrane

obviously keeled, metacarpals

base of the toes, upper
The

slightly graduated, wing

ears

from

the

part of
above

narrowed,
a

face densely

hairy.
near

general
the

color the

is

dull

dark

drabby
at

brown,

"iron

gray"
The

of

Ridgway;
fur

below, chest,
and and

fur is

everywhere
shortness,

dark in the

base, tipped with

of the

brownish

across

with

paler grayish

center

abdomen.

lustreless

its relative

the

dull

sooty-gray

tint,

and

the

THE

BATS

219

densely hairy face

external cinus characters

without
of this similar

bare

area

surrounding

the
at

eye
once

are

the M.

obvious

species, and
general
show in
;

distinguish it

from

mysta-

of somewhat
Skull: the

appearance.
a

upper stand

molars

distinct
tooth
row

protoconule
without has
a

in

front

view; the
and in
one

small
case

premolars
are even

wholly

the

crowding,
small

slightlyspaced

the

upper

canine

posterior cingulum

cusp.

Measurements: forearm hind

foot A. B.

"

No

measurements

of fresh

specimens
and
35
mm.

are

at

hand.

The

in

two

specimens
8
mm.

from

Fvikien

is 34

respectively, the

7.6

and

Howell in

(1929) gives the following

head 15.
MEASUREMENTS
OF

average

measurements ear,

of fifteen 12.3;

specimens
34.8; foot,

alcohol:

and

body,

41.3

mm.;

tail,38.6;

forearm,

7.9;

tibia,

CRANIAL

MYOTIS

LANIGER

Occurrence of the
dense

and
warmer

Habits:

"

This
of

small southern

sooty-colored bat
China,
the
sent
new

seems

to

be

acteristic charrather

parts
M.
at

and

in its short

and

fur

recalls secured

the
one

austro-riparius of Amoy,
for

southeastern it to
Peters

United
at

States. for
of

Swinhoe

Fukien,
it
as

and
a

Berlin

identification. which observed series

at

The
to

latter

regarded

species, the
latter's
Dr. R.
account

description
of mammals
secured

he

sent

Swinhoe

inclusion
in

in

the

in

South

China, Fukien,
of the

published
and Mr.

1870.
H.

C.

Andrews

Yenping,
corner

Clifford
at

Pope

collected He
the

others

in the
a

northwestern

province,
Hainan,

Chunganhsien.
first record
and skull for

also

obtained
In

pair

in alcohol, from I have referred

Nodoa,
to

the

island.

tion, addi-

this

species a skin
at

collected

by

the

American
a

Museimi

Asiatic
extends the Mr.

Expeditions
known A. B. range

Tengyueh,
to

in southwestern

Yunnan,

record

which
In

the

western
as

part of China.

1926,
bat Peters.

Howell

described

Myotis

sowerbyi specimens
Foochow,

of

this

same

from He

Yenping,
further of the

apparently
records
a

overlooking the
from
coast

previous description indicating

southern

of
the

specimen
the

general

distribution
who

species along
both the

region of
and

China.

Dobson,

examined

type

of this

of M.

fimbriatus,

220

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

regarded

the

latter

as

synonym

of

M.

laniger, but

they

are

really quite

distinct, as

Peters

showed. In all,thirty-three, as follows:

12.

Specimens examined:
Fukien: Hainan: Yunnan:

"

Yenping,
Nodoa,
2.

i8

(lo

in alcohol);

Chunganhsien,

Tengyueh,

i.

104.

Myotis
Novitates,

frater

G.

M.

Allen 28, 1923.

Myoiis frater G.

M.

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

no.

85, p. 6, August

Type specimen:
of Natural

"

An

adult

male

in alcohol. No.

48039, American
Collected

Museum

History, from
Rev.

Yenping,

Ftikien, China.

August

10,

1920,

by

H.

R. A

Caldwell. small

Description:
"

species (forearm 39) structurally similar

but the

to

M.

volans
as

of western
M.

North
about

America,
one-half foot much
the

differingin details
total

as

follows

Tail

long

in

volans,

length;
half its

that

of M. evident the

-the volans, keel

at

less than

long, exceeding very length, provided with a low

tibia from the ankle.

but

about

length of the
the third Ears folded. less

tarsus

Wings
of the

ample;
elbow when

metacarpals
1.5
mm.

graduated,
when

longest but

falling short
in
M.

by about
laid

short, barely reaching the muzzle

off than volans.

forward,

their

tips

abruptly rounded

its lower half Tragus similar in both, short, its anterior edge slightlyconcave, and crenulate abruptly beveled margin slightly broad, the posterior upper
off to

the

tip.
lower side the fur extends
to

On middle is not

the

thinly
as

on

the

wing from

line from
The

the color

of the femur evident in the

quite

the

elbow,

in the American

species. species
in

alcoholic

specimens, but is apparently dark

that of the
seen

reddish

brown. its short

The

skull

closely resembles
elevated in the American

American in

uptiuTied
brain
case.

rostrum, As

forehead

(as

and profile),

slightlyinflated
to

species, the
are

temporal
small

ridges, after uniting

the lambdoid and the and tooth it is

anterior
crests
as

to

the

occiput, diverge, and

not
concave

continued teeth inward

are

back

convex,

lines.

The

weak,
row,

second of
as

premolar being practicallyin the

small well is
as more

is much
row as

crowded

from

the

instead

in the American the lower crowded

form, and
the

proportionally
same

actually smaller.
reduced

In

jaw,
a

second

premolar in the
from

way
row.

in size and

very

little inward

the

tooth

Measurements:

"

The

type
11 ;

measured:

total

length,
20;

94

mm.;

tail, 47;
to end

foot, 8; claw,
29.

ear

from

meatus,

forearm,

39;

tibia,

leg

from

knee

of

Sloill: greatest

length, 13.5

mm.;

basal

length, 13.2; palatal length, 6.6;

THE

BATS

221

maxillaiy width,
tooth
row,

5.9;

zygomatic
tooth
row

width,

9.2;

mastoid
of

width,

8.0; maxillary-

5 ; mandibular and

exclusive

incisors, 5.4.
appears
to

Occurrence

Habits:
western

"

This

interesting little bat

M. details

be

the

counterpart
it agrees

of the

American

volans,

or

long-legged bat, with though with

that
even

which
more

in most

of the
and

important
more

of structure, in

lengthened tibiae premolar

Asiatic of both

progressive dentition,
gone

the

minute

middle The this

jaws has
The

farther
may
on

on

its way have it

toward been
was

suppression.
derived remain
near

less-progressive American species.

were

species

thus which

from

three

specimens

based

unique. Yenping,
of the short elbow

They

taken
at

in holes
2,500 of

of live bamboo

stems

on

the mountains

Fukien,
The
ears,

about bats

feet altitude.
group
are

this

distinguished by the
keeled short

combination
to

long

tibiae and

small

feet

with

calcar, fur extending

rostrum,
elevated

ventrally, and
convex

by the inflated skull, with

of the

occiput, and

outline

temporal ridges at the occiput.

"

Specimens examined:
Fvikien.
105.

Three

in alcohol,

including the type, from

Yenping,

Myotis

muricola
Recherches

moupinensis (Milne-Edwards)
pour

Vespertiliomoupinensis Milne-Edwards, fig.2; pi. 37C, fig.4. 1868-74. Vespertilio muricola Dobson,
Cat.

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

des Mammiftres,

p. 253,

pi. 37A,

Hilzheimer, Chiroptera Thomas,

Abh.

u.

Ber.

Mus.

f. Natur-

u.

Heimatk.,

Magdeburg,

vol. i, p.

184, 1906.

Brit. Proc.

Myotis moupinensis

Mus., p. 316, 1878 (in part). Zool. Soc. London, 1911, p. 162.

Type

specimen:
central

"

The

type

was

collected and
sent to

by
the

Pere Paris

Armand Musevun

David where

in it

Muping,

Szechwan,

China,

presumably

stillis.

Description:
"

Readily
small

distinguished
delicate

among

Chinese keeled

bats

by

its small

size

(forearm 33), very

Fur

feet, and

calcaneum. the
center

long and yellowish

of the hair the The

silky, and
brown
upper
or

of characteristic

color; above,
with
dark

of the

back the

is

bronzy,
the

the

hairs
are

long

burnished brown

tips, while
to

sides

part of
of the
area

body slaty
side
dark

blackish

sooty;
three

below,

is

everywhere
bronze

dark dorsal
and
more

at

the

base, tipped minutely with

ashy.
The

appearance

is thus

peculiar in showing stripe on

each

the stripes,

central
are

the

smoky
than

side. Chinese lobe

or

feet

smaller
the from off

and

delicate

in other
has
a

small

bats, keel;
with
a

measuring

half

length of tibia; the

the

calcaneiim
; ear

distinct

wing membrane
narrow

base
a

of the
notch
a

toes

delicate basal

and

fairlylong,
in

tip marked
The
small
not

by

sharp
has

from

the

portion. profile,brain
show
no

delicate

skull

sharply rising forehead

in dorsal

case

flattened, and

of oval

form

aspect.

The

teeth

trace

222

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

of

protoconule
and
below

in the

upper the

molars,

nor

do The

the

latter

have

the

hypocone

at

all well above

separated from
are

protocone.
but from

small each

first and in the tooth

second
row.

premolars

not

crowded

stand

Measurements: follows:
The

"

specimen
40
mm.;

Likiang

measured
7.5;
ear,

in
12;

the

flesh

as

head skull

and

body,

tail,38; hind

foot,
mm.;

forearm,
ii.o;

33.

measures:

greatest length, 13.0 8.0; mastoid

tooth
bat
row,
was

basal

length,

palatal molars,

length, 6.6; zygomatic width,

5.2
;

width,
6.0.

6.6; width

across

upper

tooth

row,
"

6.g; lower
This small

Nomenclature:

described

from
very

species, by
muricola
p.

Milne-Edwards,

but

it is

evidently
it is the
does

Muping as a distinct closely related to M.

Thomas

(Hodgson)
says that the

of India, if indeed

really separable.
latter
not

(191 id,
in the
nor a

162)

it is
ear,

distinguished
but

from

by
seem

the very

sharp

notch

outer

edge of
This

this character I have

trenchant,
form close
as

is

it obvious

in skins.
bat

Nevertheless,
is

retained

the

Chinese
a

species. sub-

particularly interesting as
of
western

probably
whose of Alaska.
eastern

ally of the
northward suppose

M.
range that

californicusgroup
now

North southern

America,
coast

present
One Asia
was

extends
some

to

the extreme

may

at

time
western

in

possibly
North break

the

Pliocene, when
these bats

connected
across,

by land
but
to

with
the

America,
of this of the

ranged continuously
and both
lowered

with the

subsequent
the
to

connection
group
or on

temperattires
Pacific have in the

northward,
somewhat

members the

sides of the
were

retreated north. the

southward,
very

at

least

exterminated
keeled

They

agree

in the

small from

delicate the
and base

foot, with
of the

calcaneum,
delicate
and with

origin of the wing membrane

ear,

toes, the

narrowed

in the

long silky pelage

well
as

its

unusually dark-based
of the union

fur,

bright contrasting tips, as protoconules in the hypocone.

Occurrence
across

in and

the

formation intimate

skull, the

lack

of and

upper

molars,

the

of protocone

and
the

Habits:

"

This

small

bat

is

now

known

from south
Thomas

various

calities lo-

southern

half of China,
from
near

exclusive

of the

area

of latitude

25".
and

It

was

first recorded very

Muping,
the
same

in Szechwan,

and
one

(191 id)
Tatsienlu Asiatic

again reported it from

two

region, namely,
The range
at

from Museum

from
have
two

Yinchinwan,
extended

Szechwan. its known

were

American

Expeditions
for
in 19
1

considerably
Ssushanchang,
in

to

the

southwest,
Yunnan.

specimens
been
a

taken

Likiang,

Eastward

it has

recorded

from
was

Kiiikiang,
secured
not
a

northern
the

Kiangsi
Asiatic

(Hilz-

heimer, 1906), and

at

singlespecimen
It is be
as

by

Central

dition Expethe

Foochow,
taken
M.

Fukien.
seem

apparently

common

and species, in India

few

specimens
has recorded

to

scattered

individuals;

yet

Dodsworth
as

muricola

colonial, sometimes

living in bungalows,

the

THE

BATS

223

specificname
or

implies, and withdrawing

He found examined:
i 2.

at

Simla
the

apparently
of the

to

some

degree hibernating during

the and cooler

at

least year.

from
females In

shelter
a

house
one

part
there.

of the

with

singleyoung
as

in

May

June

Specimens
Fukien:
Yunnan:

"

all,three,

follows:

Foochow,

(in alcohol).

Likiang,

106.

Myotis
Preuss.

davidii
Wiss.

(Peters)
Berlin, 1869, p. 402.
B.

Vesperlilio davidii Peters, Monatsb. London, Myotis

Kon.

Akad.

Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

1870, p. 618. davidii J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

art.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 488, 1906. A.

Howell,

Proc.

U.

S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75,

i, p.

15,

1929.

Type
Pere

Specimen:
and
"

"

The

type
Museum

was

collected d'Histoire

at

Peiping, Hopei, China,

at

by

David,

is in the
The

Naturelle
as

Paris. the
common

Description: European
second the base Color
M. small

type

specimen jaw
and

is described

resembling
internal the

daubentonii, but

distinguishable by
the

the

position
membrane

of

the

premolar
toes.

in each

origin of
dark

wing

from

of the

described

by
the

Dobson but

(ex Peters?)
with
gray
was or

as

with

light-brown tips to
the its
a

the fur above, below

similar

ashy tips to
alcohol, and
Allen describes

dark-based

hairs.

Probably, however,
therefore, somewhat
referred whitish
to

specimen having
with bats the

in

precise coloring,
Hainan

indeterminable.
the

J. A.
upper

specimen
with

this

species as
of dark

parts

"nearly

black

frosted
of

tips instead
feet

light brown wing

of the

tips."

In this type

coloration,

it is,therefore, The the tail.

peculiar among
rather

of this genus. membrane than is from

the

are

large ;

base
to

of the

toes,
of the

calcaneum The
The
two

long, extending slightly more

terminal

half-way
small

the

tip

vertebras

tail

project free.
of the
the

skull
to
are

is characterized
tooth
row

by

the

position
so

second

premolar
third
a

internal

the

in each

jaw,
but

that

upper

first and

molars pre-

closely approximated,

in the

lower

jaw separated by

slight

space.

Measurements:
converted 30.0;

"

The

measurements
are as

of the follows:
7.0;

type

as

given by Dobson, body,

31.7; 41.4
mm.;

and

into

metric

units,
ear,

head

and

tail,

hind

foot, 8.4;
Allen

15.3;

tragus, calcaneum,

forearm,
The

third
from

finger, 43;
Hainan

fifth

finger, 35.5; by J. A.

tibia, 12.6;
had
a

18.
mm.

specimen

recorded

forearm

of 34 little

Occurrence The
may

and

Habits:

"

Very
for

seems

to

be

known
so

about that

this

bat.

type
be of

specimen
Hainan,

from

Peiping
and

was a

doubtless second

in alcohol,
taken

its colors
on

incorrectly described,
a

example,
otherwise

at

Rintoi,

the

island

skin

skull, while

agreeing

in

general, seems

224

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

to

be

unique

among

eastern

bats

of this genus
a

in its blackish

coloring, with
appearance. the lower

scattering of white-tipped hairs, giving it

withdrawal
row,
seem

slightlyfrosted premolar
of the
these

The tooth

of
a

the

second

minute

upper in the

wholly inside corresponding

Museum

and
to

closelysimilar condition
characteristic.
that and
ten
were

case

tooth,

be

In

addition
sent to

to

records, Hilzheimer
from
note

(1906, Kiukiang, specimen

latter,

p.

184)

mentions

the

Magdeburg
p.

northern in the the

prove p.

Kiangsi,
U. S. is said to
be
a

A.

B.

Howell

(1929,
from
than

15)

adds

the

of Of

National
be
a

Museum

Hsinlungshan,
M.

Hopei.
has

the

color
to

trifle darker of the

daubentonii.

It may

eventually

close relative the Hainan

latter, and
may

J.

A.

Allen
a

488) that

specimen

represent

suggested (1906, geographically different

form.

Specimens

examined:

"

None.
Genus Rickettia Bianchi
as a

Rickettia Bianchi, Annuaire

Mus.

Zool. Acad.

Sci.,Petrograd, for 1916, vol. 21, p. Ixxviii,1917, Mammalogy,

vol. 17, p.

subgenus
to

of

Capaccinius ( rank).

Myotis). G. M. Allen, Joum.

168, May

14, 1936 (raised

generic

This it resembles different attachment

enormous

genus

is

evidently
number

specialized offshoot
structure

of

Myotis, which
in the
are

in

general widely point of

hind

in the

and

of its teeth.

It is,however,

in the

proportions of the wing membrane

of the Inclusive

hind
to

foot
the and

and

tibia, and
The

of the size.

tibia.

feet curved

of

relatively
of

large
in

strongly
from ventral limb

claws, the
instead

foot from the

equals the tibia in length, while

the
base

the

wing membrane,
or

arising
few of

of the

toes

as

usual

Myotis,
lower

the

ankle

as

in

species of that essentiallyas

and

genus,

takes

origin from
the

the

side of the

tibia, about
The
are

half-way of its length.

are

This

leaves the

unusually free.
upper

teeth
more

in is

Myotis but
no

hypocones
as as a

of the

molars

reduced

there

protoconule such
to

is present

in
or

some even a

of the
genus.

smaller The than

species,sometimes
outer

referred
has
a

Leuconoe

subgenus
cusp,

upper

incisor The

conspicuous inner
of Rickettia it lacks
the
to

rather

more

prominent
Gulf in the
moreover, outer

in

Myotis. region is rather

of the of the

resemblance

Pizonyx

of the

of California

striking,but
and

the
are

gland-like structvire
much
more

part
sertion in-

wing membrane
dorsal

feet
of

hairy;

the

wing membrane
the

Pizonyx
outer

is different, in side of the

that

it continues
The

ridge-liketo the
of the genus and

siuface. of the

metatarsus.

type

only

species hitherto
107. Rickettia

recognized is Rickettia pilosa (Peters).

pilosa (Peters)
BAT Akad. Wiss.

RICKETT'S

BIG-FOOTED Kon. Preuss.

Vesperlilio{Leuconoe) pilosus Peters, Monatsb.

Chiroptera
Brit. Mus.,
pp.

Berlin, 1869, p. 403.

Dobson,

Cat.

285, 289, 1878.

THE

BATS

225

{Leuconoe) ricketti Thomas, Vespertilio Myolis pilosus Trouessart, Cat.

no.

Ann. Viv.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

6, vol. 14, p. 300,

G. M.

1894. Mus.,

Mamm.

Foss., p. 89, 1904. Miller and

Zool.

Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat.

144,

p. 208,

1928.
Mus. Acad.

Capaccinius ricketti Bianchi, Annuaire

Sci., Petrograd,

for

1916, vol. 21, p. Ixxviii,1917.

Type
remain
Museum

specimen:
d'Histoire It
was

"

The

origin of the
based
at

type

and

its present
on a

whereabouts
in the

unknown.

Peters

his

originaldescription
and gave but

specimen
to

Naturelle
an

Paris,

its

locality as
now

Montevideo,
have
to

Uruguay.
lost
on

adult

female

in alcohol, of the

appears

been

sight of;
the

at

least, M.

J. Berlioz
find has agree

Museum,
wrote

in response that he could

inquiries
cover dis-

part
the

of G.

S. Miller, Jr., and

nor

myself,
been

neither

specimen
other

any
ever

mention

of

it in

the

Museum

catalogue.
America,
and
seems

Since since
no

no

specimen specimens
that
a

reported
with from

from

South

Chinese
to

exactly
instead

Peters's
eastern

description, there
China,
B.

reason

doubt

it

came

whence

in

1894

Thomas
a new

obtained

skin

and

skull, collected

by

C.

Rickett.
secured

Believing it
it in Fukien,

species,he

named

it in honor

of the donor, who

had

at

Foochow. Fiir Hind

Description: bristly whiskers.

"

short, close

and above

velvety.
and
short

Muzzle
the

well

clothed

with and

legs, both hairy.

rather
a

below,

ankles, feet
half
of

calcar femoral of the the

ear.

covered
membrane

with

rather

conspicuous
Ears

stiff hairs; basal

not

interthe

also

when and

laid forward
narrow,

reaching
half
the

muzzle. Thumb
to

Tragus
with the

short
slender

less than
very

tip height of

long

claw;
vertebra

calcar

long, extending fouris free.

on

fifths the way Color the

head. of

tail,the terminal
upper surface the

of which

the

entire surface

drab,

slightly darker
hairs

the

sides

of

Under
rather

white,

bases

of the
a

plumbeous.
outward

Skull small
to

slenderly proportioned, with

slender

slightsagittalridge, relatively
bow
a

audital
an

bullae, and

zygomata

which
with

posteriorly
the

form

angle.
second

Upper

incisors

large, each

conspicuous secondary cingvdtim barely half that

tooth
as row. seen

cusp.

First upper

premolar low, its point hardly projecting above

premolar
very much

of the of the Lower from

two
a

canine;

smaller, its
to

crown

area

first,both
incisors in

teeth

slightly internal
two

the

axis

of the

imbricate, the
the
outer

inner incisors

pairs with
third

their

crowns

trifid

front;
from

lower
in

conspicuously larger, showing

a

only

cusps

in front, but

crown

view

is

seen

behind

them

forming

blunt

elevation.
^A

Measurements:

"

skin
55

in
mm.

the
An

American alcoholic

Musetim

of

Natural

History
of

has

forearm

length of Zoology
with Thomas

specimen
mm.;

in the and

Museum

Comparative
tail, 50
20;

meastires:

forearm,
20; ear,

56.5
19;

head

body, 65 (ca.);

(ca.);foot

claws,

tragus,

inner his

margin, 6.8; tibia, Vespertilio ricketti:

calcar, 21.5.

records

for

the

type

of

226

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

forearm,
6.2 ; third The 21.3
mm.;

58

mm.;

head

and

body, 69; tail,48;

18.

ear,

18; tragus,

inner

margin,

finger,94
skull of basal

; calcar,

the

second

of

these

specimens
11.

measures:

greatest length, width,

14.0;

length, 18.0; palatal length,

10.6; width
across

5;

zygomatic
cheek

mastoid cheek

width, teeth,

molars,

8.9;

upper

teeth, 8.5; lower

10.9.

Occurrence information

and

Habits:

"

Little

is recorded
on

of this bat.
eastern coast

So

far

as

present
to

goes,

however,
the

it is found

the

from
an

Fukien
erroneous

Shantung.

Following
next

description of the
recorded
are

species in 1869, under

two

locality,the
taken of in

specimens
other
in

from

Foochow,
former
served

Fvikien,
as

one

April, the

November, by
Thomas

1894.
for the

The

the
are a

type
in the third
More
at

named ricketti, Vespertilio Museum.

a

collector, and

both

British

The

American

Museum

Asiatic

Expeditions secured
Min

record, namely,

skin without

skull, from
Allen,
C. C.

Shaowu,

River, Fukien.
of this

recently
Suchow,
which
Museum

I have lower

reported (G. M. Yangtze, by

Dr.

1936) the
who

capture
two

species
one

Liu,

secured

specimens,
other in the

of

is in

the

Museum

of

Comparative Unfortunately
the

Zoology, the
no

Field
any

of Natural Since
then

History.
I have had

field notes of

accompany
a

of the

these. British
these

opportunity
This

examining
a

skin

in

Museum,

received
in at

in 1926, and

representing part of
is at

"batch"
most

of 56 of

bats

brought

Taianfu, Shantung.
as

record

of the

species,as well
the
rather
to

the

The

large foot, long and

short the freedom very

northerly once in numbers. only report of its presence strong calcar for spreading the interfemoral
the

membrane,
as

tail, the

reduction

of

the

wing
has
to

attachment in Noctilio

so

to

give

leg, are

all characters that

recallingthose
Rickettia
close

and

Pizonyx,
and
uses

and

likelyindicate
feet
to

like them,
small

habits fish-eating

its strong
no

for
the

hooking
food

fish from
be

the

svirface. Liu's

fortunatel Un-

clue

habits
were

could

secvired

from

Dr.

mens, speci-

for the

intestines

of both
Four:
i;

empty.

Specimens examined:
Fukien: Anhwei:

"

Shaowu, Suchow,

Min
i

River,

Foochow,

(B.M.).

(M.C.Z.)i

Shantung:

Taianfu,

(B.M.).

Genus

Kaup Pipistrellus
Naturl.

Kaup, Pipistrellus The bats

Skizzirte

Entw.-Gesch.

u.

Syst. d. Europ.
some

Thierw., vol.

I, p.

98, 1829. so,

of this

genus

are

small,
small

of

them
are

extremely

and

may

usually be
than
in

distinguished by Myotis, their short

otherwise

their
blunt

ears,

which

proportionally
The

broader

tragus

which

projects slightlyforward, and

feet
are

by

their

generally

unmodified

exterior.

small

and

THE

BATS

227

delicate; the

tail is wholly shows

no

included

in the

membrane,
fifth

except

for the

extreme

tip; the
broader

wing

shortening of the
than in

finger. The
is
one

skull

is somewhat in each

proportionally
minute
closed. the
eastern

Myotis, and
of the

there
is

less tooth lost than in the The

jaw,

for the
the

middle The

premolar
outqr
forms the has upper

latter

quite

Pipistrellusand
inner, and
lower cusp the is the

space in and

upper
a

incisor

is smaller

latter short

small

secondary
shows

cusp.
an

canine
at

stout,

while
The

sometimes is: i.f c.t

names

incipient
34.
to

posterior base.
from

tooth that further in

formula various

pm.f

m.f

Notwithstanding
genus

have

been the

assigned
and

bats be

of

this

China,
So that

study

is needed

before
appearance,
to

species can
cranial

correctly
characters

estimated.
are

similar it is

size, general

they
or

frequently impossible
in which of
at

mens identify poorly preserved speciMore

those

in alcohol the the

color is not
least in
two

apparent.
of the

recently Thomas species

are

has

shown

that

males

eastern
or

readily
Until
a

recognizable by
thorough
of the
genus

wide
group be

differences
as a

the
can

baculimi
be

penis
The

bone.

study
is the

of the
must

whole
as

made,

the

tion following determina-

species

regarded

wholly provisional.
=

type

species

of

European

( Vespertilio

Pipistrellus) pipistrellus.

Key A. B. Color Color

a.

to

Chinese

Species

of

Pipistrellus
P.

nearly

black
or

above, lightlysprinkled with

above,
baculum

whitish

pulveratus

grayish

brownish.

Grayish
Dark

brown

long with
shorter and

double

curve

P. P.

abramus

h.

brown

above, baculum

straight

tralatitius tramatus

108.

pulveratus (Peters) Pipistrellus

Proc.

Vesperugo Vesperugo Vesperugo

pulveratus Peters, in Swinhoe,

maurus

Zool. Soc. London,

1870, p. 618.
1897

Dobson,

Cat.

Chiroptera
Cat.
Mamm.

Brit.

Mus.,
Viv.

p.

218, 1878 (in part). (errorim).

pulverulatus Trouessart,

Foss., p. I12, Mus.,

vol.

Pipistrellus savii pulveratus Thomas, Pipistrellus pulveratus A. B.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

1898, p. 771.
75,
art.

Howell, Proc.

U. S. Nat.

i, p.

17,

1929.

Type specimen:
by Robert

"

skin

in the

British
to

Museum,

from

Amoy,

China,

lected col-

Swinhoe,
"

previous

1870.
the
with genus,

Description:
general
below.
The color

Size

fairly large for

frosted

forearm
gray
or

about white

35 above

mm.,

blackish, minutely
above is darker

pale
deep

and

color
of

than

below,

blackish suffice

brown,
to

with
more

scattering
than
are a

pale-tipped hairs, which,

effect
to

however,
of the

hardly
back;
lower

give

slightly frosted
and
more

the

middle

below,
surface.
and

the

pale tips

longer
"Ears

abundant,
a

evenly frosting the

fairlylarge for

Pipistrellus, tragus short, broad

bluntly

rounded.

228

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Wings
In

from

the

base

of the

toes, fur of the

body

not

extending pair
outer

out

on

to

the

membranes. the

skull, the

upper

and the

inner

incisor
cusp

of each
on

are

about

equal in
directed
tooth
row

length, the inner slightly backward.

but visible between
Measurements:

bifid,with
The the

secondary
small third

the

side and
to

upper first and

premolar premolars, which

of

is internal
are

the

nearly

in contact.

"

The

measurements

the

type,

as

given by Peters, and

of other

specimens follow.

Nomenclature: the
genus

"

This

bat
the

is

easily recognized
of

among

Chinese
hairs
on a a

species of
dark

by
It
was

its size and first made

at

light sprinkling by Peters

This
the
on

pale
the

ground. backtured cap-

known

basis

of

specimen

by

Swinhoe

Amoy,

Fvikien.

specimen is in
the
eastern

the

British

Museum,
maurus,

listed by Dobson
a

in his

"Catalogue of
he

Chiroptera" under
name race

Vesper

ugo

European

species,of which
later
maurus

considered
as a an

P.

pulveratus a

synonym.

Thomas which correct,

(1898) Vesperugo
but be made

regarded it
is in tvim it may

of

Pipistrellussavii, of
view
a

synonym.
to
use

Very likely Thomas's

the binomial
genus. go,

is

for the present

be better
members

until

thorough

study

can

of all the Asiatic

Habits:

of the

Occurrence
be

and
warm

"

So

far

as

available China. Thomas

records

this bat
to the

seems

to

confined

to the

portions
of

of southern

In addition

original
it from
was

locality,Amoy,
the northwestern
near

in

southeastern
corner

Fukien,
same

(1898)
at at

has

recorded

the

province
H.
eastern

Kuatun,

and

second Dr.
R.

secured

the

same a

place by
few
at

Clifford

Pope,

Chunganhsien.
in late

C.

Andrews from
Mell

procured
a

Futsing,
as

Fukien,
are

July, 1916, probably

Still farther

small p.

(1922,

breeding colony, the 14) has recorded

of

they
capture
the the

immature.
one

south,
in the

of

in
of

Lackpass Forest,
southeastern for in Dr. Andrews and

Canton

region
ranges from skin

Kwangtung.
westward

From
across

coast

China,

it

apparently
back
a

quite
and

country,

brought
Howell

Likiang

another

from

Makaihsien,

Yunnan,

THE

BATS

229

(1929) mentions
these

others
as a

from

Suifu, Szechwan,

and

Pingkiang, Hunan.
a

Dobson

(1878) lists Peiping

records

localityfor it,but
seems

this is doubtless of the follows:

i

mistake.

Beyond

little more

to

be

known
as

species.

Specimens examined:
Fukien: Yunnan:

"

In all,nine,

Chunganhsien, Likiang,
i;

i;

Futsing, 5 (young); Amoy,

i.

(M.C.Z.).

Makaihsien,

109. abramus Vespertilio

abramus Pipistrellus
de

(Tenmiinck)
vol. 2, p. 232,

Temminck,

Monogr. Mag.
Proc.

Mammalogie, Hist., ser.

1835.
Chusan

Vespertilio irretilus Cantor, Ann. Scotophilus pumiloides Vesperugo

abramus

Nat.

I, vol. 9, p.

481, 1842.
?China.

Island, Chekiang.

Tomes,

Zool.

Soc. Soc.

London,

1857,

p.

51.

Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool.

London,
Nat.

1870, p. 618.

Myolis abramus

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Scotophilus pomiloides (sic) Mell, Arch. Pipistrellus abramus Thomas,

"

Hist., vol. 22, p. 488, 1906 (lapsus calami). f. Naturgesch., vol. 88, sect. A, no. 10, p. 14, 1922.
Mus.

Proc.

Zool. Soc.

London,

1928, p. 143.

Type
may

Specimen:

The

original specimen
Museum,
Holland. about keel

is from

Nagasaki,

Japan,

and

still be in the

Leiden Size
a a

Description:
"

small,
low

forearm

32
on

mm.,

wing membrane
calcar. Penis bone

from

the
10

base
mm.,

of the

toes;

but

distinct
curvature.

the

long,
dark

slender, with
color

double
a

General brown Females

on

above
;

dull

sandy
lower

brown svuf
ace

over

the

back, becoming
with dull gray

the may the

head
be

hairs

of the

dark-based,

tips.
inner,
same

slightlybrowner.
upper

Skvdl:
or

outer

incisor
or

may

equal the tip of the

even on

cusp

of the

it may

be

minutely longer

shorter,

opposite sides of the

skull.
Meas
iirements
:
"

230

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Nomenclature:

"

Several

small
but
are

species of
so

this in

genus

inhabit
appearance Thomas
an

the

warmer

parts
not

of

Asia

and easy

Europe,
to

similar

general

that

it is

always
the

identify specimens.
of the males. baculum The
or

Lately, however, penis

bone affords abramus
a more

showed
means

that

size and

shape
the

excellent

for its

distinguishing the length

and

baculum
curve.

of P. Until

is remarkable

for

double

sigmoid
can

thorough
most

treatment

of all the

Old

World
must

species
be P.

be

undertaken,

however,
the

of the

older

identifications

disregarded.
correct.
as a

Contrary
as a

to

opinion

I had P. A.

previously
abramus,
B. Howell

formed,
a

Thomas that

regarded

tralatitiiis

species distinct
my of the the

from

deduction

is doubtless this bat

Following
I have

suggestion,

(1929) had
P.

recorded
to

northern

subspecies
examined

former, series, on

and
one

applied men speciHainan,

are as

pumiloides
of which foimd
the

southern A.

animals.

J.

Allen
to to

(1906,
be

p.

487) based
and

his P.
hence

portensis from
in
in

and

specimens
what

immature,

dark Cantor

coloring; they
1842 described
island
that
to

probably
off the

closely related
of the

the

following species.
this
same

Vesper tilio irretitus

mouth

is doubtless

bat

from

the

of Chusan, the the

Yangtze.
from

Nevertheless,
that of North

if it shoiold

later prove
will

Japanese form
latter.
' '

is different

China, his

name

apply

Temminck

explains
"
.

that

the

specificname

is from

the

Japanese

word

abr amusi

(insectedu lard)
and and Habits:
"

Occurrence Eastern Ftikien Tombs

and

This

is

common

species in through
borders

eastern

China,
to at
a

from

Peiping in Hopei, south

and westward
small
to

Shantung
at

least
house

Hainan,

the in

of Szechwan.

It is

bat, frequently making

about
the

colonies Swinhoe
where

dwellings, and
mentions He lived.
but

night coming
a

in

the lamps
eaves

for

insects.
in

(1870a)
he

such adds

colony
the

under

of

house

Hainan
or

that

Chinese

Gazetteer
or

calls it Mouse.

"Foo-yeh"

"bellywings,"

it is also called

"Feishoo"

Flying
A

specimen from

Shenchowfu,
both

Hunan,

contained

three
p. but

embryos.
A.
case

Under

Pipistrellussp.?
recorded

Sowerby
from

(1912,
Kansu,

172) and
in each

B. the

Howell

(1929, p. 17) have

was

this genus

men speci-

unsatisfactory for determination.

"

Specimens examined:
Hopei
:

Forty-seven,
Weihsien,
4.

as

follows:

Eastern

Tombs,
9. 2;

1 1 ;

Shantung:
Fukien: Szechwan:

Chimo, Yenping,

Futsing,
3.

8.

Wanhsien, Ichang,
6.

Hupeh:
Hunan: Hainan:

Shenchowfu,
3.

i.

THE

BATS

231

no.

Pipistrellus tralatitius
Thomas,
Proc. Zool.
Soc.

tramatus

Thomas
1928,
p.

Pipistrellus coromandrus

tramatus

London,

144.

Type
from

Specimen:
Stevens.
"

"

Adult

male,
French

in

spirit,No.

25.1.1.120,

British March

Museum,
30,

Thai-Nien,

Tongking,

Indo-China.

Collected

1924,

by Herbert

Description:
brown small

Size
4
a

small; forearm,
mm.

30

mm.,

baculum
dark

small

and

mately approxiextremely hardly

of

straight,about
below,
with

long.

General

color

brown,
due
to

slightlybrighter
the

minutely

peppered
visible

appearance,

paler tips of the

Skull

hairs, hardly
12
mm.

without
to

lens. this

length

about P.

According
except
in

Thomas,
more

form build

differs from
skull.

typical

coromandrus

the

delicate

the

Measurements:

"

Thomas
ear,

gives
10.5;

the

following
foot,

meastirements

head

and

body, 38
The

mm.;

tail,28.5;
of the breadth

tibia and

16. 11.8
mm.;

skull
1

type

measures:

greatest

length,

condylobasal
cheek

length,
teeth,
This
once

1.4;

of brain

case,

6.1; mastoid

breadth,

6.6; upper

4.1.

species, which
in

resembles superficially
very

P.

abramus,
is

may

now

be

at

distinguished by the
side view
from

different
to

baculum,
about

which
4
mm.

practicallystraight,
long.
The color is

tapering

base

tip, and

probably consistently different, a

Occurrence southern
at

more

chocolate in China that

brown.

and

Habits: but the

"

The

range

probably
I would the

includes

the refer

more

portions,
is
one

only specimen
northward

positively
characters

to

it

present
carries

from
known

Yenping, Fukien, which

range southern

shows

indicated,

and
a

the

from
are

Tongking.
same.

Probably, however,

few

specimens from Specimens

Yunnan

the
i.

examined:

"

-Fukien:

Yenping,
la Thomas
163, 1902.

Genus
la Thomas,
Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

7, vol.

lo, p.

This

genus the

contains

but
the

the

single species, la io,

in turn is similar In la the
a

"gigantic Serotine,"
to

probably
it is

largest of
to

vespertilionidbats.
incisor.

According
to

Miller

(1907),
outer

closelyrelated

Scotozous, which
outer

Pipistrellus, differing
of the upper

chiefly in the
incisor
and

reduced

upper

form

is still different, indicated

less the The

being flat-crowned, with

elevation";
in the

well-developed cingulum
second
to

"barely

central

first and outward

upper line

molars

the

mesostyle is
of

prominent, "barely extending

two

joining the
as

extremities" related

other tooth

styles, instead
formula
as

of

exceeding

them and

in

other is:

genera.

in

Pipistrellus

Scotozous

232

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

i.l c.T pm.f m.f above,

is hidden
The

34.

The

canine

is

strongly in
the
two. to

contact

with

the

large premolar
a

while
away

the

small

premolar (pm') is ininute, visible only angle

shows
between
an

with

lens, and

in the in the la

wing

approach
that of

the

condition about

in
to

Nyctalus, in
the end of

the

shortening of
second third

fifth basal

so finger,

its

tip

reaches

the

of the

phalanx
III.

digit3.
la io Thomas
10, p. a

la

to

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

7, vol.

164,

1902.

Type
Museum,
1902, F.

specimen:
from

"

The

type

is

skin

and

skull, No.

2.6.10.2,

British
13,

Changyang, Styan.
"

southern

Hupeh,

China.

Collected

January

by

W.

Description:
color above
hairs
a

large dark-colored
sooty
a

bat, forearm
face

about
A

70

mm.

General tuft of dark

uniform
marks

brown;

nearly
Under

naked.

small

bristle the
brown

submental dark
brown

gland.
at

parts dark

grayish brown,
to

hairs
at

everywhere
the
Feet

the

base, indistinctlypaling
little

grayish
half the
the
not

tips. Wings long

but
former the

from

the

ankles; tip of tail slightlyprojecting from strong,

a

the
the

membrane.

proportionally large and

claws. the Fifth total
half

longer

than than
to

tibia, with
and fourth

metacarpal
the

considerably
fifth Ears

shorter

third

length of
the

finger nearly equal

The

length
that
on

of the

plus

first
near

phalanx.
the about the

relatively short,
tragus
its is

longer than
of the inner

head, densely haired short, its greatest

is

tip inside.
outer

is like

Nyctalus,

breadth

three-fourths

length

margin, which
is

straight, while

margin

convex.

The

tip is bluntly rounded.

The

skull

proportionately large and

the

stout, the
above

rostrum

rather

evenly
of the

flattened brain forward extends reduced

case,

above,
and
a

occiput distinctly elevated

a

the

fore which

part

with

strongly overhanging
to

sagittal crest region.

the the the

continues

as

low about
outer

sharp ridge
to

the of the

interorbital
the

The of the
upper

palatal notch
canine. molars
but the The have

back
upper been

the

level and

posterior border mesostyle of

from
at

incisor
as

short

already
genera
are

noted

important generic
Scotozous.
The

differences basial

smaller back of

allied skull inner with

upper

Pipistrellusand
marked
a

pits

well

and

deeply excavated,
of
a

longer
the

than

broad.

Upper
incisors in

incisor

with

faint indication

cusp

near

outer

tip ;

lower

trifid crowns, molars. Measurements

Head

strongly

imbricated.

Hypocones

practically absent

"

and

No.

body
104

Tail

Foot
"

(type)
56872

63
61

89

18

Occurrence

and
the F. W.

Habits:

"

-Despite its large size, this bat specimen

at
was

seems

to

be the

rarelytype,
Central
sumably pre-

captured,
collected Asiatic

for

first known

not

taken

until

1902, The

by

Styan
secured

Changyang
two

in
at

southern

Hupeh.
Szechwan,
a cave

Expeditions
they
were

others

Wanhsien,
bats
in p.

where

found

with

numbers

of other

at

Yenchingkou,
of
a

in which from

several

species wintered.
and Sanborn the

Sowerby (1933)
known

(1932b,
has
range

304) speaks
another

men speciTung-

Nanking, wongtien, Kweichow,

recorded

from

extending
"

slightlyto the south.

eastern

Specimens examined:

Two

only, from

Wanhsien,

Szechwan.

Genus Nyctalus Bowdich, R^gne

Excursions
in Madeira p. 27,
u.

Nyctalus
Porto
a

Bowdich 36, 1825

of

and

Santo, subgenus
d.

p.

(as

subgenus).

Lesson,

Nouv.

Tableau

Anim.,

Mamm.,

1842 (as
Naturl.
no.

Vespertilio). Thierw.,
1880 vol.
a new

Pterygisles Kaup,
Noclula

Skizzirte

Entw.-Gesch.
2""

Syst.
p.

Europ.
15,

I, p. 99,

1829.
of

Gerbe,

Le

Naturaliste,

ann^e,

24,

187, March to

(as

subgenus

Vesperugo).

This tooth

genus

is

evidently related
are,

Pipistrellus,with
heavier
The

which

it agrees somewhat

in

formula.
and

Its members

however,

of

body, with wing,

the

less delicate feature

proportionately shorter
greatly shortened
or

ears.

chief
the

distinguishing tip
of

ternal ex-

is the

fifth fifth

finger of
the

this

finger barely exceeding the fourth

genera,

metacarpal, whereas
exceeds reaches

in the

related
of of the

the

tip of
and of

the

fifth

finger usually
(in
la

combined
to

length
the notch
to

the the

metacarpal
second of the orbital
also. very third
rostrum

first

phalanx

its

tip

about
The

end
at

the is

basal

phalanx

of the

third
back

finger).
about

tip

unusually deep, extending

above,
are

half-way
outer

the

inter-

constriction
The teeth
concave,

while
as a

on

the

palatal aspect
the and the
two

it is unusually
upper

large
is canine
and

much with

in

but Pipistrellus,

incisor
; the

deeply

large anterior
while
upper

small
small

posterior cusp
molars

is in contact

with

the

large premolar,
external p.

premolar is minute,
with

usually hidden hypocones

At
are

from

view;

anterior

small

(Miller,
two

1907,

207).
occur

least

forms

probably
out.

in China,

but

their

exact

relationships
Bowdich.

still imperfectly made The

type

species is the Madeiran

Key
to the

Noctule,
Forms

Nyctalus
Nyctalus

verrucosus

Chinese

of

A.

Size

larger, forearm

about

62

mm

A'',aviator

234

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

B.

Size smaller, foreann

a.

about

50

mm.

General General

color color

darker less dark N.

A'',velutinus noctula

b.

plancyi

112.

Nyctalus
THE LARGER

aviator
NOCTULE 8, vol.

Thomas

Nyctalus aviator

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.
in

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

8, p. 380, 1911.

Vespertilio molossus

Temminck,

Siebold, Fauna

Japonica, Mamm.

(apergu g^n.),

p.

15,

pi. 3, fig.3, 1842-45

(not of Pallas, 1767).

Type male,
skin

specimen:
and

"

Thomas

selected
5.1.4.5, 1904,

as

the

type

of

Nyctalus

aviator, Hondo,

skull, No.

British

Museum,

from

Tokyo,

Japan.

Collected

April
This
their

30,
a

by H.

Ogawa.

Description:
"

is

large bat, resembling the large species of southern

not

Europe, although
has the

relationships may
of the

be and
as

close. extends
a

The
out

fur
on

of the
to

body wing
and

usual

plush-like character
the

of this genus

the

membrane elbow. The

along

sides

body

as

far

line

connecting knee
below

color

above

is uniform

dark

reddish

brown;

somewhat

lighter,"dead-leaf
The skull is

color."

large and
"

of the forearm

general form
measurement,
are

as

in others

of the genus.
to

Measurements:
mm.

The

according

Thomas,

is 62

No The

other

fresh measurements of the

available. mastoid

skull

type

measured:
teeth bat

width, 14.2;

upper
"

cheek This
was

condylobasal length, 21.2 mm.; (front of canine to back of m'), 8.5.

first described

Nomenclature:

was

by Temminck,
use

but

his name, Dobson

N. noctula
to

Vespertiliomolossus,
called it V.

invalidated
that
term

by its previous
is
a

by Pallas. European

but lasiopterus,

synonym
to

of the that

probably, although Dobson's

N. maximus
of southern
eastern

specimen
a

referred

species proved
the
latter

be the

Europe,

bat

perhaps
bestowed

somewhat upon

nearly allied to
the

species. Thomas,

therefore,

name

N. aviator. Occurrence in Chinese

and

Habits:

"

The be

only record
that of Thomas in

of the

occurrence

of this
in

species
the

territoryseems
animal,
as

to

(191 if),who,
to

renaming
from

Japanese
and River.

mentions
well
as

specimens
Shaweishan
the
to

addition

his

type,

Tokyo Yangtze Japanese species,

Nagasaki,
The

from

Island,
range very

ofE the

mouth

of the the

latter

record
we

extends
seem

southward

from

archipelago, but otherwise

its distribution
or

have

little knowledge

of the

relationships.
"

Specimens examined:

None.

THE

BATS

235

113.

Nyctalus
Le

noctula

plancyi (Gerbe)
no. no.

Vesperugo Vesperugo
Noctula

{Noctula) plancyi Gerbe,

noctula

Naturaliste, 2"'

ann^e,

24,

p.

187, March

15,

1880.

plancyi Trouessart, Le
Le

Naturaliste, 2"' annde,

no.

ann^e,

26, p. 202,

April 15, 1880. Peiping, Hopei. (? in part).

plancyi Gerbe,

Naturaliste, 2"'
Kon.

26, p. 203, Wiss.

April 15, 1880.

p.

Vesperus sinensis Nyctalus noctula

Peters, Monatsb.
sinensis A. B.

Preuss.

Akad. S. Nat.

Berlin, 1880,
art.

258.

Howell, Proc.

U.

Mus., vol. 75,

i, p.

18, 1929

Type
Collin
de

Specimen:
Plancy,
Museum.

"

The whom

type
it

was was

sent

from

Peiping, Hopei, China,

named. It is

by

V.

for

subsequently

presumably

in

the Paris

Description:
"

The

original description gives few

black,
curved the darker
more

details

of

value.

The

color
the

is said

to

be

brownish

than

in the

typical form
on

of

Europe, margin;

tragus

more

abruptly
from

and

deeply
third

notched

its inner
or

tail not
short

projecting
elbow.

membrane;

digit falling 3

4 millimeters

of the

Measurements:

"

The and p.

type

is said

to

have
mm.

been

smaller instead
from

than of 75
as

the

European
latter.

form, with
Thomas
N.
n.

(? head

body) length of 65 129), writing

of
"

in the says
"

(191 2e,

specimen

Szechwan,
size

that the
the

plancyi is "just distinguishable

N. labiatus

^by its

rather the

smaller

from
of

Nepalese
outer

Hodgs.,

with

which

it shares the

reduced
of the

length
dark

incisors."
he

Peters
V.

(1880), describing
says

color

Peiping example
brown 70
mm.

that

named
and

sinensis,

it is brown

above,

the head

hairs
and

at
;

the base
ear,

brighter at their tips;below, pale brown;

11;

body,

19;

tail,45; foot,

tibia, 18; forearm,

Berlin

49.
was

His
read

description,published
on

in

the
was

Monatsbericht

of the issued

Academy,
the

March

i,

1880,

but

probably

not

until

following month,

hence

is antedated

by

Vesperugo

plancyi of Gerbe.
and

Occurrence

Habits:
and that
name, to

"

This

was

described
the
name as a

from

Peiping,

in

North
Peters.

China,

first

by Gerbe, suggested

again

under

Vesperus sinensis, by

Trouessart

it should

stand

subspecies of
has

V.
a

noctula, and
course,

Howell,
so

using Peters's
it is reasonable noctule

Vesperus sinensis,
that this is
a

followed China
seen

similar of the

that

suppose No
one

North
to

race

widely
from

distributed
North from another southern N.

bat.

since

seems

have
as

specimens
a

China, although Yachowfu,

from

Thomas

(1912e) has recorded

altitude 2,599

of this form, B. Howell

specimen

Szechwan,
Hunan
are

feet, and

A.

(1929, p. 18)
these of the
more

(as

N.

n.

sinensis). Whether, subspecies,

a or are

however,
members

individuals
even

the

present
this is

dark

velutinus, or

whether

valid

form,

must

for the

present remain

unsettled.

Specimens

examined:

"

None.

236

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

114.

Nyctalus velutinus
Mus. Soc.

G.

M.

Allen
28, 1923.

Nyctalus velutinus G. M.

Allen, Amer.
Proc. M.

Novitates, London,
Mus.

no.

85, p. 7, August

Vesperugo

molossus

Swinhoe, G.

Zool.

Nyctalus noclula

labiala

Allen, Mem.
f.

1870, p. 619. Zool., vol. 40, p. 243, Comp.

88,
sect.

1912.

Vesperus lasiopterus Mell, Arch.

Naturgesch.,
U. S. Nat.

vol.

A,

no.

10, p. i, p.
no.

14, 1922.

Nyctalus species A. B. Howell, Proc. Vesperugo noclula Shih, Bull.

Mus.,
Yatsen

vol. 75,

art.

18, 1929.
4, p. 4, 1930.

Dept. Biol., Sun

Univ., Canton,

Type
Museum 29, 1916,

specimen:
of Natural
Edmund

"

An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull, No.
China.

44649,

American

History, from
Heller Smaller
and R.

Futsing,
C. Andrews.
than
near

Fukien,

Collected

July

by

Description:
"

and

darker

the

western

N.

nochila.

Color
on

above,
the

Prout's The

brown;
bases

below

paler,
hairs,

Dresden above and

brown,

slightly grayer
are

chest.

of the

both

below,

darker,

about

fuscous. On the dorsal and surface the the fur of the

body
the

extends

out

as across

far

as

line

joining the knee

femoral the
membrane

proximal half of the humerus,

to
a

and

the

inter-

nearly
is
the
at

line

joining
from

middle knee
as

of the
to
on

tibiae. third

Below,
of the
and

wing membrane finger and

the under

thickly furred
base

the
as

the

basal

fifth

of the
humerus.

fourth,
On
on

well

the

propatagium
to

along

side

of the is about the

In

the
the

under
upper

side

of the

interfemoral
a

membrane

its extent
across

like that
of the

side, namely,

line

extending

from

middle

tibiae.
the

Measurements: taken

"

the

following list
from the

first four skin.

measurements

were

by the collector, the others

dried

THE

BATS

237

Occurrence bat of South shown

and

Habits:

"

Undoubtedly
that

the and

relationship
northern

of

the
and

noctule it mayvery
outer

China
that

is close it is but
seem a

to
a

of

Europe
of the

Asia,

later be
dark

subspecies
character

latter.
as common

Its small
as

size and shorter N.

coloring, however,
of
to

quite distinctive,
it has
M. in

well

the

incisor

the

upper I

jaw,
had

with

labialus

of

Nepal,
In

which

previously (G.
to

Allen, 1912) referred

of

specimens.

this last
not

respect, also, it is like the

been
to

noctule

North

but

having
decided

able
treat

compare
as a

it with

undoubted

China, n. plancyi, specimens of the latter,

further studies
can

N.

I have made. This

it

separate

species until

be

bat few

is

apparently

not

very

common

over

southern
of

China,

judging
the

from

the
came,

specimens
American Yuki.
Two and and the
one

available.
Museum

In

the

Province

Fukien,

whence

type

the
and

Asiatic

Expeditions secured
Tunglu,
well
are

it at

Futsing, by J.
of T.

Foochow,

specimens from
March
from
a

Chekiang, taken
as one

Wright
eastern

in November

respectively,as Ichang, Hupeh,

B.

from Museum

Kweichowfu,
parative Comtaken

Szechwan,

in the

Zoology, July
small
21,

last

nearly full-grown
A.

but

still immature
has

one, two

1907. from

In

addition, Omei,

Howell

(1929)
Swinhoe

recorded
on

immature

examples

Mount

central

Szechwan,
that

remarking (1870c)
doubt
name

their

apparently
from of

size.
as

It is

probably

this bat
and

records record

kong HongVesperus
same

Vesperugo molossus,
near

perhaps Mell's
is the
same.

(1922, p. 14)
No
the of

from lasiopteriis bat that

as

Canton
p.

also, it is the Vesperugo

sometimes
in the

of

which

Shih

(1930,
Yao

4) writes,
in the

under

noctula,
as

it abounds
may

in the

Shan

district,Kwangsi,
hollow

where

many

twenty

be

found

by day

joints of bamboo

bamboo

forests.

Specimens
Fukien:

examined:
2

"

In all,twenty-five,

as

follows:

Kiangsu: Nanking,
Foochow,

(Univ. Mich.). Futsing,

9;
no

5; 3

locality, 2; Yuki?,

i.

Chekiang: Tunglu,
Hupeh:
Szechwan

(M.C.Z.).

Ichang,
:

(M.C.Z.).
i

Kweichowfu,

(M.C.Z.).

"China,"

(Univ.

Mich.L

Genus

Eptesicus Rafinesque

EptesicusRafinesque, Annals The

of

Nature,

p. 2, 1820.

bats

of this genus that

are

not

very

different

in external

appearance

from

Pipistrellus, except
due
to

the

muzzle
on

is

slightly more
part
of the

blunt

with
the
a

heavy
blunt

lips, point.

the

presence

of

glands

the
more

fore

face;

tragus, too, is

slightly longer in proportion

and

nearly straight

with

238
instead side

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

of short

and

roiinded. and the

The

skxill shows

shallow

depression
with
an even over

on

each

of the
from

rostrum,
the

profileis slightlyflattened
The

upward
that

slope

anterior

end. in

tooth

formula
loss

shows of the
In this

an

advance upper

in

Pipistrellusand
of these
and

Nyctalus
with

the

complete

minute
group

premolar
are

latter, giving: i.f

forms
a as

c.t

pm.i

m.|=32.
range

there the

large
but
perate tem-

small
be and

considerable

of size between
same.

extremes, the four is

all may

considered

generically the
of both
Old

The Worlds.

range

includes Three
genus
or

tropical parts
limits here
=

and
The

New

forms

occur

in the

considered. E.

type

species of the

Eptesicus

melanops Kafmesque
Key A. Forearm
a. to

fuscus (Beauvois).
and

Chinese

Mongolian

Species

of

Eptesicus

40

mm.

or

less.
outer upper

Forearm inner

40

mm.,

incisor

obviously
incisor

shorter

than

the E. nilssonii

gohiensis

b.

Forearm
extent

about

37

mm.,

outer

upper

equaling

the

inner

in E. alashanicus

B.

Forearm
a.

more

than about

40

mm.

Forearm

51

mm.

paler, the bases

of the

fur not

ously conspicuE. serotinus

darker b. Forearm darker about than

than

the
mm.

tips
; darker, the

pollens

56

bases

of the fur

conspicuously
E. andersoni

their tips

115.

Eptesicus

nilssonii
Rend. Acad.

gohiensis Bobrinski
Sci.
as

Eptesicus nilssoni gohiensis Bobrinski, Compt. Eptesicus nilssoni

centrasialicus

URSS,

1926,

ser.

A, p. 96.

Bobrinski, loc. cit. (in part,

to

Mongolian

specimens).

Type
Museum

Specimen:
of the

"

An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull, No.
U.

2135,

Zoological
Btu-chastei-

Academy
Altai.
"

of Sciences,

Leningrad,

S. S; R., from

tala in the Gobi

Description:
E.

pallid desert
is
a

race

of

the

north

European
variation

and
in

Asiatic
in
a

nilssonii. from
the "warm

There
same

slight amount
the hairs
of

of individual

color

series
to

locality,from
buff,"
fur
are

nearly
dark,

"ochraceous dark

tawny"
blackish their
where

of

Ridgway basally.

about

everywhere along
below. of E. the

brown

Below,
with
upper
an

the

bases

of the
contrast

"mummy
sides

brown,"
of the neck

tips white,
the

evident

color

btiffy

surface
The

gives place

to whitish

sktill is smaller rounded

than

that

serotinus, with
interorbital

somewhat

smoother

and

more

outlines, relativelybroader
The

region, and

slightly

stouter

proportions.
upper

teeth

are

in

general similar, though

smaller, the

inner

incisor less slender.

"

Measurements:

The

external
are

measurements

of

series

of

adult
on

females labels.

from

the

Gobi, Mongolia,

taken

from

the

collector's

record

the

Eptesicus nilssonii
the
E.

and

its their

races

are

readily distinguished from

size

those and
as

of
the the

serotinus
contrast

group between

by

smaller

(forearm
of the upper

about

40
as

mm.)
well

strong
evident
at

the

tips and
between

bases the

fur,
and

by

line

of demarcation

color

of upper

lower

surfaces

the

sides of the neck. and

at

Occurrence Burchasteitala

Habits:
eastern

"

The
end in

type
of the E. the
same
n.

locality of this pale desert

Altai paper

form

is
Its
new

the

Mountains
named
as

in

the

Gobi.

describer, Bobrinski

(1926), (1929)
two

additional

subspecies, E.
former northwestern from
Orin

n.

centrasiaticus paper

and from in

kashgaricus, listingspecimens

of the

in his later China:

the

following
collection

localities in
of

Mongolia
from

and

skins

the

the
an

Russian alcoholic

Academy
near

Nor,
north

Nanshan,
of the from

collected

by

Przewalski;

Shachow,

Humboldt
the

Mountains
of Orok

(Kozlov
Nor,
Sain

and

Roborovski,
central

lectors) col-

; two

others
others

valley
by

Noin,

Mongolia
Gobi,
and

(Kozlov)
and
are

and

obtained northern

Kozlov It

from

Holt, northwestern
from E. the
n.

Huluetenkuduk,
from

in the localities

Gobi.
these

the

given that
E.
n. are

seems probable specimens listed as

description supposed
in
a

centrasiaticus

indistinguishablefrom
separate
the
two

gobiensis,in

which

the

color

variations

to

forms
Dr. Walter
were a

clearly present Granger

of the

in the
Central

series from Asiatic

of adult them.

Kholobolchi

Nor,
the

collected Gobi.

by

Expeditions
females,
In for

These
one

last about

from

breeding colony
was

single young

third

grown

preserved with

addition.

240

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

the

expedition secured
his second
two

three 1929,

mummies Bobrinski
near

and

an

extra
as

skull at Ula

Usu, Mongolia.
two

In
and

paper

of

records

Eptesicus
taken

nilssoni

males Kastin
more

females

from
two

Suzukte,
females

Urga,
the

in northern
name,

Mongolia,
by
It
for

and

schenko

mentions
the that
on

under

same

Manakin
seems

1898

on

western

slope
records

of the

Great
to

Khingan
n.

Mountains.
as

probable

these

refer

E.

gobiensis
can

well,

the

color

tinctions dis-

which

the

diagnosis chiefly rests specimens

are

hardly be considered

whoUy

reliable,since three

of the four
"

in alcohol. follows:
i

Specimens examined:
Mongolia:
Kholobolchi

In
27;

all,thirty-one, as
Ula

Nor,

Usu,

(3 mummies,

skull).

116.

Eptesicus serotinus
Biol. Soc.

pallens Miller
vol. 24, p. 53,

Eptesicus serotinus Vesperugo serotinus

pallens Miller, Proc. Buechner,

Bull. Acad.

Washington,

February
ser.,

24,

191

1.

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, vol. 34 (new

Mus. Zool. Acad.
Sci.

vol.

2), p. 106

(Melanges

Biol., vol. 13, p. 152), 1892. Eptesicus serotinus turcomanus Bobrinski, Annuaire
as

URSS,

vol. 30, p. 234,

1929

(in part,

to

eastern

specimens). pallidus Bobrinski, ibid.,p. 235

"

Eptesicus serotinus

(errorim for pallens).

Type
National

Specimen:
Musevim,

An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull, No.
miles de
west

155156,
of

U.

S.

from

Chengyuanhsien, August
to

seventy

Chingyangfu,

Kansu,

China.

Collected

4, 1909,

by

Arthur

Carle

Sowerby. paler, especially

Description:
"

Similar

the

typical European

form

but

below, skull slightlysmaller.

General color the above of
a

uniform hairs

olive

brown,
not

about

"Dresden

brown"

of for

Ridgway;
the
the first basal

bases

the

slightly but
and

conspicuously darker
to

third; below,
half

very

pale bufiy, in strong

the chest upper clear. from that

contrast

the

upper

surface,
of

of the

fur

on

belly

with

drab

bases, that

the throat The

and
skull

posterior abdomen
is

hardly
"

different

of the
head

European
and

".

serotinus.

Measurements:

The
19;

type

measured: 49;

body,

70

mm.;

tail, 50;
forearms
tively. respec-

hind

foot, 13.8;
other The

ear,

forearm,

tibia, 22;

third

finger,90.
51, of the

The

of three

Chinese cranial

specimens from

Shantung

measure:"

52, 50,

measurements

of the last two

and

type follow.

THE

BATS

241

Occurrence
across

and

Habits:

"

This

is the

form

of the

European Mongolia
E.
s.

serotine with
that the

found

northeastern To

Asia, intergrading westward

referred have
access

undoubtedly
from

typical

form.

it I have did not

the
to

specimens
Miller's
turcomanus

Bobrinski

(1929), who
as

description of
of Caucasus
desert the

pallens, regarded
The is
a

probably
as

identical shown
and may

with

E.

s.

Eversmann.

latter,

however,

by specimens
be
very

from

region,

somewhat

paler animal,
Bobrinski four
taken

pale indeed
from

in the the

region of Transcaspia.
desert,
as

records

nine

specimens
August
the the

Mongolian
in the

follows: of

by

Przewalski,
; two

18, 1880,
Ucheten Uroti
Gol

southwestern
west

foothills

the Alashan collected

Range

from
from the

Pass,

slope of the Alashan,

Gobi, collected

by Kozlov;
one

two

district

of the

southern

by

Przewalski;

from

Ordos
had

Desert,

Hwang
from
one

Ho
a

valley, collected specimen

in the
from
summer

by
the of

Potanin.

Buechner

(1892)
the
two

previously recorded
not

Ordos, in the valley of 1884.

made
as were are

Chuanche
in

far

Chekou,
at

Sowerby
the
as

secured
of E. others
s.

Kansu
one

in 1909,

Chengyuanhsien
east

(later

type
two

pallens),and
in his
at

eighteen
in the
The

miles

of

Kuyuanchow;
These all but
one

well

Shensi, eighty miles

camp

southwest

of

Yenanfu. and

shot
now

flying around
in the U. S.

dusk

loess country, latter

National
and from

Museum.
ten

collection

also

contains

two

from
p.

Tientsin, Hopei, 18).

of
are

from

Tsingtao, Shantung
and

(A.
in

B.
are

Howell,
in the

1929,

Specimens
the

Chimo

Weihsien,
others

Shantung,
Tsinan

collection

American
Museum that

Museum,
of

and

from

the

same

province

in the
notes

Comparative
from

Zoology.
and
an

Howell
are

specimen
than the

Hopei
from

advdt

from

Shantung
be and

somewhat

darker

below
a

type

Kansu,
in

but

this may of dark

merely light

individual is shown

variation, for

considerable
from

difference
Tsinan.
some

degree

by
are

the

two

specimens

Indeed,

the

lightest-colored
s.

specimens
that I have

hardly distinguishable from

except perhaps by
a

specimens

of E.

turcomanus

seen,

the

slightlysmaller
occtir

size.
nimibers of
over a

This
extent
or

is

evidently
barren and

species that
country
as

may in

in small
areas

wide

of the

rather cleared in

the

loess

Kansu It does

and
not

Shensi
seem

in
occur

long-cultivated Shantung
where

peninsula.
by
the much that

to

South

China

its place is taken

p.

darker-colored
commonest
warmer

E. the

andersoni. North

Sowerby
bats
and

(1914,
may be

54)

writes

this

is the

of

China

seen

"everywhere
westward

dtiringthe
from
out

months,
of Chihli.

but
. .

is most
.

plentifulin the
It hides

higher country
day
in loess

the

border

during

the

cliffs, coming

in the

evenings

to

feed, flyingat comparatively great altitudes."

Specimens examined:
Shantung:
Chimo,
5;

"

In

all,eight, as follows:
i;

Weihsien,

Tsinan,

(M.C.Z.).

242

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

117. Eptesicus alashanicus

Acad.

Eptesicus
Rend.

alashanicus
Sci. URSS,

Bobrinski 1926,
ser.

Bobrinski, Compt.
vol. 30,

Acad.

A, p. 98; Annuaire

Mus.

Zool.

Sci. URSS,
"

p. 228, text-figs.4, 5, 1929.

Cotypes:
near

female,
west

in

alcohol, No.
Alashan

13945,

from
and
a

the

Pass

of Hotin

Gol, 2146,

Dinyuanin,
northern

slope of
on

Range;
of the Uroti

male,

skin. No.
in the

from of the

Alashan,

the

border

district;both

Museum

Academy

of Sciences,
"

Leningrad, U.
the

S. S. R.

Description:
buff,"
bases the

Above

"brownish," below,

tips of the
the back

hairs but the

pale, "vinaceous
outer

middle

portion brown;
hairs
dark defined
narrower

like

paler, the concealed

edge
of the

of all the
with
a

brown;

membranes

black,

wing
defined

sharply
somewhat lobe
;

pale

border. than in E. from that

Tragus
basal

caucasicus
the membrane.

with

somewhat

better

tip of tail
bat its

exserted

The

skull

of this
in

differs from

of E.
The

caucasicus,

to

which
upper much

it

seems

closely related,
incisor, which

slightly greater
the
same

size.
the

length
of E. have and
to

of

the

outer

reaches

level E. in

as

inner

instead

being

shorter,

distinguishes
The above

it at

once

from shown

serotinus

pallens
paper

nilssonii
a

gohiensis.
the
are

skull
the

in

profileis

Bobrinski's
lacks any

slight convexity
at vertex.

interorbital
"

region, and
The

prominent
of

overhang
the

Measurements:

following

measurements

cotypes
case.

given

by

the

describer, those
mm.;
"

of the

alcoholic
32,
"

specimen
fifth without

first in each
31,

Forearm,
tail from
13,
"

37-5i
anus,

36

third
;
.

metacarpal, leg,
15. i,

31;

metacarpal,

30.5;
"

39.5,
"

lower

foot

claw, 7.9,

; ear,

tragus, 5.7,
Skull:

total
"

length,
width

14

mm.,

"

condylobasal length, 13.8,

7,
"

"

zygomatic
5; lower

width,

9.2,

of brain

case,

upper

cheek

teeth,

5.2,

cheekteeth,

5.4, 5.1.
and

Occurrence hitherto the

other

Habits:
one

"

The the

two

cotypes
of Hotin

of this bat

are

the

only specimens
Alashan,
habitat
desert

recorded,
from the

from

Pass

Gol,

west

slope of the

Uroti

district,northern
the

Alashan,

indicating a
from
than Hunan E.

for the
A. and B.

species. Possibly, however,

Howell
he

specimens
and
to

mentioned serotinus
may E.

by
this.

(1929,
did
not

p.

18)

as

smaller

darker any
a

pallens,
be

which

definitely refer
size is
the

described
darker bat

form,
than

Judging
and

from

Bobrinski's
to

description, it is
to

serotinus,
upper

in addition

its smaller

easily recognized by the long

of the
inner

outer

incisor, whose
shorter
as

tip extends
in the

tip

incisor, instead

of

edly being markas

other

Chinese

species. Bobrinski
Asia,
be but it

regards it
is somewhat
show

closely
larger.
and

related

to

E.

caucasicus

of

southwestern would

Additional

specimens of this bat

interesting to

its range

relationships. Specimens examined:

"

None.

THE

BATS

243

118.

Eptesicus andersoni
Soc.

(Dobson)
211.

Vesperus andersoni Vesperugo andersoni Mus., p. 195, 1879.

Dobson, Dobson,

Proc.

Asiatic

Bengal,

1871, p.

Monograph

Asiatic
and

Chiroptera, p. no,
Zool.

figs,a, b,
Western

c,

1876; Cat.
p.

Chiroptera

Brit.

1878; in Anderson,

J., Anat.

Researches

Yunnan,

loi,

pi. 4, figs.2, 6,

(Eptesicus)serotinus Vespertilio

andersoni

Trouessart, Cat.

Mamm.

Viv.

Foss.,

p.

77,

1904.

Type
in

Specimen:

"

Dobson,
Indian in

writing
Museum

in

1876,
at

stated

that It Dr. in

the

type
of

was

then from
in

the

collection
or

of the

Calcutta. taken

is

one

two

Momein the
course

Tengyueh,
of his Western

western

Yunnan,

by

John
1868.

Anderson

Yunnan

Expedition, probably
E.

Description:
"

Somewhat about E. 53

larger than
mm.

serotinus, very

dark

brown

above,

paler below;
In
E.

forearm

comparison with
may

serotinus, which

this

species at first sight resembles,

ear,

andersoni

be

distinguished by its slightly wider

and

slightly larger only of general

the
The the

foot, longer forearm,

tail is free with is
a

by
two

the

fact

that
ones.

the

terminal The color

vertebra

instead

of the fur

terminal and
a

also is very
the
across

different,
color

the
very

bases

of the

above with short

below

darker.

Above,

dark

olive
to

brown
very

slightlypaler
for

appearance

middle i\xr of for the

of the the

back, due
is dark

pale tips to the hairs of this region.

the basal
contrast

back

blackish
a

brown
very

half,

and

olive
the

brown bases the

terminal

half, without
the The basal fur skull half
not

noticeable hairs

between

and

tips;

below,
gray.

of

the

everywhere
out
on

is dark
to

slaty,

tips buffy

does

extend

noticeably

the

membranes. than of the incisor

of the

The serotinus
and

is

slightly larger and

a

notably
The

more

massive
the
root

that

of E.

pallens, with posterior

the teeth

greater
of
to

distance
skull.

between
outer outer

squamosal
is

the

border

the the

upper cusp

slightly
incisor. those of

longer, extending half-way

Otherwise
the latter.

tip
are

of the
not

inner from

of E.

andersoni

essentiallydifferent

Measurements:

"

The

measurements eastern

of
are

two

specimens
those

from
of

the the

type
former

locality and
converted
to

others

from units.

China

given below,

metric

244

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

EPTESICUS

ANDERSON

Occurrence the
more

and

Habits:
E.

"

This

larger and pallens

in the
over

darker South

Eptesicus
China.

seems

to
was

replace

northern

serotinus
Anderson
two

It

covered first dis-

by
in 1868, when

Dr.

John
he

course

of his first Yunnan

Expedition
These Dobson's
of of

secured Indian
range

specimens
at

at

Momein,
formed the
to

now

Tengyueh.
the

specimens,
to

in the

Museum

Calcutta,
across

basis

description. Its
the
eastern

probably
in Ftikien has
a

extends

wanner

parts
of the
Dr.

China

coast

and

northward
of

the

mouth

Yangtze.
and
three

The

American Heller of
no

Museum
at

series
at

skins

secured

by
and

Andrews
are

Edmund
the Museum

Futsing and
from

Yenping

in Fukien,

there

in

Comparative specimens
cannot

Zoology (without skulls)from

intermediate but localities,
has been

Lanchi, Chekiang.
its presence
across

I have

seen

southern but
was

China

be

doubted.

Nothing
American

recorded

of its habits,
sexes

it is

evidently colonial, for the

at

Museum's

series of both

taken

the

same

time

and

place.
follows:

Specimens examined:
Chekiang: Lanchi,
Fukien:
3

"

In all, twenty-six, as

(skins only, M.C.Z.).

skins and

Futsing, 23 (10

skulls, 2 skulls,

11

in

alcohol).

Genus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Vesperlilio

ed. 10, vol.

VespertilioLinnaeus
I, p. 31,

1758.

The

bats

of this genus
that

resemble
ear

in

general those

of the
and

genus

Eptesicus,
and

externally, except
coloration
appearance, that much

the

is

proportionally
in

shorter
a

broader,

in

the

fur

is

minutely
has
the

white-tipped, giving
Old
World

characteristic The skull

frosted resembles in the

which

is found

rarely
same

bats. It

of

Eptesicus and
at

the

tooth
end

formula.

differs,however,
back it is
so

larger notch
to the

anterior

which
in

dorsally extends palatal aspect

included

way nearly half-

interorbital
than

constriction, while

large
bats

as

to

be

wider distinctly Of the old genus

deep.
Linnaeus
all the V. known and
western
a

in which Vespertilio,
but The
a

to

him,

at

the

present time
m. across

single species remains,

range in

murinus from It is

its

subspecies V. Europe
whether A. B. from

super
Asia

ans.

general

extends
zone.

quite
the

to

China,
not

in the extend

temperate
all the way

question
at

typical form (1929)

records

may
a

to

Manchuria,
as

least

Howell

specimen from

that

country

indistinguishable

European

examples.

THE

BATS

245

119. murinus Vespertilio

Vespertilio murinus

murinus

Linnseus

Linnsus,

Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. i, p. 32, 1758.

"

Type
Sweden.

specimen:

Not

known

to

exist; the

type locality is assumed

to

be

Description:
"

About
a a

the

size
and

and
shorter

proportions of the
ear.

Serotine the the

base

Bat

of the fvu" first

Europe,
toes;
extends

but

with with
on

broader low

Wings

from
off at

of The

calcar
out

keel; tragus

bluntly

rounded
as

tip.

the

interfemoral

membrane

far

as

line

joining the

third

of the General

tibiae. color
a

above

dark

blackish
to

brown,
the

the

tips of the hairs minutely

on

whitish, giving
center

hoary
and

appearance abdomen
a

entire

back;

the

under but
on

side, the longer

side of

of the

chest

is

similarly blackish
across

brown and the

with
each

whitish the from

tips to the hairs, while

from

band

the

throat
to

body

the

axilla

to

the

anal

region

is whitish

base

(description

Russian

specimens).
"

Measurements: adults

Miller
:

(1912) gives the following

measurements

of three

from

Denmark

Miller Sweden:

(1912,

p.

241) gives
of brain

also

the
mm.;

following dimensions zygomatic

tooth

of

skull

from

condylobasal
6.2; breadth

length, 14.8
case,

width,
row,

9.2;

lachrymal

breadth,
tooth
row,

8.0; maxillary

5.2; mandibular

5.6.
and Habits:
"

Occurrence

There

seems across

to

be

some

evidence
of At
so

that

the
and

typical
Asia
Thomas

form in the

of this
north

species extends
temperate
Nat. and
zone ser.

quite
without

the

continents

Europe
all events,
a

obvious
4, p. 500, p.
as

change. 1909) 19)

a

(Ann. Mag.
from

Hist.,
A.

8, vol.
Howell

identified

specimen
a

Manchuria,
from

B.

(1929,
as

has

similarly determined
from

second
north found

Sansing, Manchvuia,
Kansu.
as near

well

third

eighty-five
at to

miles be

of Lanchow,
to

Very likely the

the

third
m.

specimen
ans as

least would
the
same

be

quite

subspecies
material

V.

super

Eviropean
may
a

animal
true

if sufficient

comparable
northern in

were

available,

and

the

be

of yet another
from

record, namely, that Alashan,

and

of Bobrinski

(1929, p. 235), of
May
normal 17, in 1909. be

men speciThis

Alyshkan,
is

taken
may

by Kozlov,
not

example
Bobrinski

preserved

alcohol

hence of the

appearance.

mentions

other
"

specimens
None.

typical form

from

Kashgaria.

Specimens

examined:

246

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

120.

Vespertiliomurinus
Proc. Zool.

superans

Thomas

Vespertilio murinus

superans

Thomas,
De Winton

discolor superans Vespertilio

and

See. London, Styan, Proc. Zool.

1898, p. 770.
Soc.

London,

1899, p. 573.
2

Type
said
to

specimen:
from

"

skin

and

skull, No.
the
same

97.4.

i.i,

British

Museum,
from

be

Sesalin

(but doubtless
China.
race a

individual W.

recorded

Sasahu), Ichang, Hupeh, Description:

"

Collected
to

by

F.

Styan.
the

This

is said
forearm

differ
from

from
mm.

typical subspecies in
In the

its

slightlylarger size, with

at

4-9

longer.
constant at

series of
in

three of the

hand,

however,

there is

is

noticeable
dark
to

and
brown
two

difference
bases

color

under

side, which

uniformly
in
contrast

the

of the

hairs,
the

minutely tipped with typical form,

white
to

gray, the

from

Russia
are

representing contrastingly
China
race

in which
roots

throat

and In both

sides other above

a

of the

body
the

pvire

the

of the

hairs.

words,
and

South

formly is uni-

dark the

brown and

throughout,
the there upper

below, with
than
area on

only
lower,
throat but

the

tips of
in sides.

hairs

whitish

side
a

trifle darker white of the

the the

whereas and

the

European
The

animal is

is

contrasted
than that

skull

slightlylarger

Eiiropean bat,

otherwise

similar.

Occurrence
northern
common,
even

and

Habits: much

"

This
the
same

bat

seems as

to

be

fairlywell distributed Yangtze

with

over

China, with
may

range

the the

serotine, and, though

nowhere

be

looked desert
and As

for

anywhere
It is

from

valley, northward,
the minute
whitish

in the

more

regions.
below,

easily recognized by its dark-chocolate

frosted

ground tips
to

color
the

above hairs.
in the

everywhere

already indicated,
part of its range,

it
as

possibly intergrades
in

with

the

typical form

northern

Manchuria,

but

the

Chinese

THE

BATS

247

specimens
without
In and the p. the the

that

I have

examined white B.

seem

more

uniform

in their

coloring below,
from
;

contrasting
north,
A. Museum

throat

and

sides.
records from
a

Howell
has
one

(1929)
in the

specimen
at

Tientsin,
Bobrinski

American

in alcohol

Peiping, Hopei Leningrad,

Ordos
may

(1929,

239) mentions
in from the north

three

skins of the

Museum

collected

by
the

Przewalski

bend
referred

Hwang
to
came a

Ho,
the

northern

Desert;
be

specimen
this
as

Kansu,
Farther

by Howell
the

typical form,
Ichang,

nearer

well. of

south,

type
has

from second
as

Hupeh,
from
a

and

the

Museum
another F. R.

Comparative
still farther
collected in

Zoology
west
at at

specimen
well
as

there,
that

and Dr.

from
Wulsin

Kweichowfu, Pashuiko,
to

male

Shansi,
at

seventy
the the

miles of

southwest
the

of Taiare

yuanfu.
recorded

Four
A.

from
B.

Hunan,

Yochow,
p.

south
most

Yangtze,
record from

is that

by by Thomas

Howell

(1929,
says six

19), while
that the La

southern

of all

(1898), who
contains In

Touche

collection

Kuattm,

northwestern

Fukien,
examined:

specimens.
as

Specimens
Hopei:

"

all,four,

follows:

Peiping, i.
Ichang,
Szechwan:
i

Hupeh:
Eastern Shansi:

(M.C.Z.). Kweichowfu,
i i

(M.C.Z.).

Pashuiko,

(M.C.Z.).
Genus

Tylonycteris Peters
Wiss.

Tylonycteris Peters, Monatsb.

Kon.

Preuss.

Akad.

Berlin, 1872, p. 703.

The

bats

of

this

genus the

are

extremely bluntly
at

small, of

general bright buffy

are

coloring darkened
as

by

brown
and

tips of the hairs; the

rounded
of the
are

ears

about
In
on

as

long mens speci-

the
a

head, the tragus

but

short

at

the

tip.
and

fresh
the

fleshy pad is conspicuous

foot,
is the
bulla skull

the

base these

thumb

sole of

the

hind

in dried
and very

specimens
much
mastoid rises
as

less

obvious.

The

striking
brain

feature
audital

broad
is

flattened width.

skull, whose
So

depth through the

is the
case

barely
in

half

the

flattened
The there The The
rostrum

that

the

profilehardly
as

posteriorly.
and

is short

and

wide, its

length hardly
at

great
front

its breadth,

is tooth

an

inconspicuous
formula
are

slight projection
same as

the

edge
has

of the m.f

orbit.
=32..

is the

in Eptesicus, namely: that the

upper

i.f c.t pm.i

a

teeth

not
on

peculiar
its posterior

except

canine

well-developed secondary
from

cusp

cutting edge.
The genus
to

is East
the

tropical, occurring
Indies and the

India
A

and

southern

subtropical
in

China is found the has

same

the among

Philippines.
trifle

puzzling diversity
individuals
even

size
from

otherwise
some are

nearly uniformly
a

colored
with

locality,for
the latter

larger

longer forearm.
if these

Thomas

named

T. robustula

but

it

seems

uncertain

larger individu-

248
als

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

really constitute Java,

Indian
and

distinct

species.
the may genus,

The

typical

T.

pachypus

was

described

from the

is the

type of

perhaps barely distinguishable from regarded

as a

form

fulvidus which

be

subspecies.

121.

Tylonycteris pachypus
Asiatic
f.

fulvidus

(Blyth)
1859.
10, p. 14, 1922.

Scotophilus fulvidus Blyth, Joum. Tylonycteris pachypus Mell,

Arch.

Soc. Bengal, vol.

vol.

28, p. 293,
sect.

Naturgesch.,

88,

A,

no.

Type specimen:
Tenasserim. It is

"

The

type

came

from Indian

Schwe Museum
27
mm.

Gyen,
at

on

the

Sitang River,

presumably
Size
very
at

in the

Calcutta.

Description:
"

small, forearm
the

fur

everywhere
brown,
the

ously conspicudarkens
where

pale yellowish
the dark
pure and

buff

base, tipped
the

with

dark and
on

which

general coloring, especially over

back
warm

chest

the

tips are
across

longest ;
the throat.

on

the The

ventral

side the
membranes

buff
are

is

yellower
base
are

and

nearly
toes

wing
on

from

the

of the without
have

there The

is

long low
the

keel

the

calcar. skull and

The

membranes

fur.
been

extraordinarily flattened
under

peculiar upper

canines

mentioned

generic characters.
A

Measurements: the collector

28.
as

"

skin head

from
and

Namting body, 35

River, Yunnan,
mm.;

was

measured

by
9;

follows:

tail,29;

hind

foot, 6;

ear,

forearm,
The

skull
10;

of

this

specimen
5;

measures:

greatest length, width,

8; mastoid
to

11

mm.;

basal 7; width tooth

length,
across

palatal length,
5; upper of last Habits:

zygomatic

width,
4;

molars,

maxillary

teeth, canine

last molar,

lower

row,

incisor to back Occurrence

and

molar, 4.7.
"

This

minute

and

delicately formed
South China.
p.

bat

is found
area,

in the
so

tropical parts of
the

eastern

Asia, extending into the subtropical

parts of
extreme

and

just reaching
Canton from
of

warmer

The

only record
says

I have the
at

of it for eastern

China

is that
in the

of Mell mountain

(1922,

14), who
The

that
bamboos

in

region
600-900
this

it is found

forests, chiefly in the

meters

altitude, in latitude

25" north.
bamboo

usual
and
one

hiding
Mell side
three

place
records the five

little bat
he
a once

during
took had

the

day
from

is in hollow
a

stems,

that of

thirteen
on

bamboo

joint split on
obtained
the

in
to

midst

forest, and

four

other

occasions

from

specimens in similar
China
is furnished
on

situations.

Apparently
skins
at

only record
Dr. R.

for

western southand

by

three

taken the

by
Burma

C.

Andrews
southwestern doubt

Edmund

Heller
at
an

the

Namting
of
1,700 the

River

border,
191 7. No

Yunnan,
search the

altitude

feet,

in

February,
of this Its very

further

will

eventually
southern

reveal border

presence

species here
much

and

there head

along
is per-

extreme

of China.

flattened

THE

BATS

249

haps
to

an

adaptation allowing
hollow
and
to

it to

enter

narrow

cracks
the

and

so

to

obtain
under ago

access

the

interior soles of the

it to

of

bamboo

stalks, while

obvious
as

pads

the gested, sug-

thumbs

hind

feet
the

perhaps
smooth

are

useful,
of such
the

Dobson

long

enable

cling to
"

sides from

places.

Specimens
border,
Yunnan.

examined:

In

all, three,

Namting

River,

Burma

122.

Tylonycteris robustula
Mag.
Nat.

Thomas
15, p. 227, 1915.

Tylonycteris robustula

Thomas,

Ann.

Hist., ser.

8, vol.

Type specimen:
from

"

female, skin and

Collected
T. p.

skull. No.

1.1.18.8, British
Brooks. of

Museum,

Upper

Sarawak,
"

Borneo.
to

by

Cecil

J.

Description:
skull below.
;

Similar

fulvidus,but
is said

heavier dark

body

with

stouter

forearm

not

larger.
"

The

color

to be

brown,

but

little

lighter

Measurements:

"

Forearm,

26-28

mm.;

head

and

body,
follows

43;

tail, 27.5;

foot, 6.3; ear,

The skull

10.

measurements

are

given by
7.6; upper
characters

Thomas cheek

as

greatest length,

12.5

mm.;

breadth

of brain Habits:
"

case,

teeth
as

(c-m"), 4.2-4.4. separating

be that

Occurrence

and
are

The

claimed

this

from

the

typical form
and
two

of somewhat
are

doubtful

value, and
rather A

it may
than
two

the

heavier

skull
as

dark

color
occur

individual
in

matters

especially specific,
alcoholic
at

the

forms

together
River,
Burma

Java.

skin

and

specimens
the
same

from

the

Namting
the

border,
of
T.

Yunnan,

collected
seem a

locality with
and skiill,
are

typical specimens
referred
"

p. fulvidus,

little heavier

of

doubtfully
examined:

to

this form.

Specimens

Three, from
Genus

Namting
Dobson (subgenus

River,

Yunnan.

Scotomanes
1875,
371

Scotomanes

Dobson,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

p.

of

Scolophilus) ; Cat.

Chiroptera

Brit.

Mus., p. 258, 1878 (genus).

This its

is

monotypic
It
on

genus

containing ground.
only
in each

the

single species 5.
has
a

ornatus,

with of

subspecies. markings

is of
a one

fairlylarge
brown

size, and
In

characteristic formtila
and in hence

pattern
it resembles

white

rich

its tooth

Nycticeius, having
reduction
two.
over

incisor
in

premaxilla,
and than half

showing
there
are

the

condition

Eptesicus

its relatives

which
other

The

anterior

palatal emargination depth scarcely

beaded distinctly
=

is smaller
more

in any the

member
between and the

of the
the

family,
edge
i.i Ct

its greatest The

than

distance

upper

canines. of the

lachryrrial region is
and

somewhat

expanded

anterior formula:

orbit

angular (Miller, 1907).

Tooth

pm.i m.f

30.

250

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

typical form of this species was described subspecies (imbrensts) has been Sylhet,
otherwise Assam.
not very

The

from from

Darjeeling, India,
the Khasi is somewhat

and

dark of
but

Hills,

north

The

subspecies

of

eastern

China

smaller,

different.

123. Scolomanes
omatus omatus

Scotomanes

omatus

sinensis

Thomas
27, p. 772, 192
1.

sinensis

Thomas,

Scolophilus 1898,
Scotomanes

Dobson, Shih,

Hist. Soc, vol. Nat. Joum. Bombay Asiatic Chiroptera, p. 125, 1876. Monograph

Thomas,
4, p. 3, 1922.

Proc. 1930.

Zool.

Soc. London,

p. 771. omatus

Bull.

Dept.
f.

Biol., Sun

Yatsen vol.

Univ., Canton,
no.

no.

Mell, Arch.

Naturgesch.,

88, sect. A,

10, p.

15,

Type
from

specimen:

"

male,

skin

and

skull. No.

97.9.3.1,
21,

British D. La

Museum,
Touche. with

Kuatun,

northwestern Size
rather

Fukien,

China,

August
60
mm.,

by J.
color

Description:
"

large, forearm
nearly
the
bases
russet

rich

russet,

conspicuous white
Face from

markings.
to
ears

muzzle

naked,
of the
brown

but

with

minute

dark

hairs.
a

Top of head
whitish
area,

light russet
minutely
and
a more

brown,

hairs
; back

slaty,then

with
the

broad
brown

tipped with
extensive.
tuft
at

similar, but

tips are
of the and
a

darker
crown;

tuft of
and back. from

shining white
one

hair at the middle of the sides

similar

the

front
of the

at

the

back the

shotdder,

white
the

line down
are area

the
dark

middle

Below,
the

of the
to

body
;
a

along
a

membrane median

rich brown
same

front
to

of the
root

wing
of the
ear

the knee tail and around

broad

of the

from

the
the
area

chin

the

similarly colored
the

transverse

collar from
leaves
a

posterior base
on

of the

to

opposite side. stripefrom

The

This
the

white
neck
to

each

side of the

chin

and

broad

white

side of the characters

the base have

of the interfemoral
been

membrane. account

distinctive

of the skull

mentioned

in the

of the

generic characters.
"

Measurements:
eastern

This dark but

race

averages

smaller
Assam. may

than The be

the
forearm

typical

form

of

India

or

its
mm.,

subspecies
in other

of

measurement
mm.;

of the

type

is 60 15.3.

specimens

less, 50-55

hind

foot of type,

CRANIAL
'

MEASUREMENTS

OF

SCOTOMANES
Mas-

ORNATUS Width
across

SINENSIS

ZygoGreatest No. Basal

Palatal

Upper
cheek teeth 8.1

Lower cheek teeth

matic
width

toid
width
"

length
20.2

length
18.0

length
lO.o

molars
lo.o

Locality Fukien

84847

16

(ca.)
to

9.0

Occurrence Ornate
Bat

and

Habits:

"

According
its

Thomas

this

Chinese

race

of

the

is

distinguishable by
or

slightly smaller tawny) place,

and

average the

size and forms.

richer,
No

deeper color
doubt,
from

(near tawny
China

ochraceous
takes

from it is

Indian

however,
western

intergradation
may

quite

likely that

mens speci-

not

easily be distinguished.

THE

BATS

251

This

bat

was

first discovered Fukien

in

China p.

by

J.

D.

La

Touche,

at

Kuatun became

in northwestern the

(Thomas,

1898,

771), and
and from

his

specimen
records

later other

type
from

of the

eastern

subspecies.
same

Thomas

(1921b)

also

mens speciSzech-

Yenping
American
one

in the Museum from is of

one

province,
Asiatic

Chungking,
secured
two

eastern

wan.

The
a

Expeditions
Wanhsien,
a

from

Yenping
The
most

and

single
record

Chunganhsien,
taken
at

northwestern
eastern

Flikien.

northerly
Walter and

Szechwan,
parts country.

by
of

Dr.

Granger.
should
be

Evidently
looked for three

this

is
the

species
southern

of

the

warmer

China A. B.

across

half

of Shih

that

Howell
one

(1929)
and

records

from

Yochow,
a cave on

Hunan.
a

(1930, p. 3)
Yao
at

mentions

(as Scotophilusornatus) from

notes

high

cliff in the
Museum
rare

Shan

district, Mell,
tainous moun-

Kwangsi,
writing

that

it is in p.

from

Canton
of

(1922,

Municipal it not 15), considers

at

the

Canton.
wooded
meters
a

in the
i

region
By
2

northern it is often the

Kwangtung,
found
a

from

600

to

,000 at

altitude. of from the

in
a

day,

he

says,

in the habit

branches

of trees have
a

height
have

to

4 meters

from

ground,
so

that

might
that

been
cave

inferred
may

from been

coloration somewhat
into and his when

of the animal, unusual

that

Shih's
Mell 7.30
to

specimen
adds 9

from

situation.

these

bats

occasionally
of

flew

cabin

in

early evening,
uttered
a

P.M., apparently in pursuit

of other

insects,

captured figure
of the

shrill note
Dobson

like that

bats.

He

gives a good
from Nantin

colored and

species.

(1876)

mentions

specimens

Sanda

valley,Yunnan,
examined:
"

under In

Scotophilus ornatus.
as

Specimens
Fukien: Szechwan:

all,four,
2.

follows:

Chunganhsien, Wanhsien,
i.

i;

Yenping,

Genus

Scotophilus Leach
vol. 13, p.

ScotophilusLeach,
Pachyotus Gray,

Trans.

Linn.

Soc. London,
no.

69, 1821.

Zoological Miscellany,

i, p.

38, 1831 (part).

Externally
in their olive and

the

bats
brown rounded

of this

genus

bear

close
some

resemblance

to

Eptesicus heavy
to

and

type

of

coloration
The keel
on

in

species,the
somewhat the

rather

body,
the

short,

ears. a

tragus
the

is

crescent-shaped,
tail

feet

fairlylarge, with
interfemoral in its tooth

low

calcar,

extending
each

the

edge

of the

membrane.

The

skull, however,
but
one

differs from incisor

on

that

of

Eptesicus namely
:

formtila, having
m.f
=

upper the

side,
duced pro-

i.i c.l pm.i

into
a

30.

The

skull

has

occiput prominently
the

upward
face of the
crest.

sort

of helmet

which

slightly overhangs
and

posterior

cranium. chief
molars

It is rather

stoutly built
feature

has

well-developed sagittal
is

The upper

distinguishing
so

is the
of the

reduction
cusps

of the

that

the

W-pattem

mesostyles considerably altered,

of

the

252 the lower

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

outer

central
the

peak of
second

the

exceeded

by

the

two

other the

styles. In the
first.
southern

molars

triangle is noticeably
and
a

smaller

than

Two of China,

species,a larger
in

smaller,
on

occur

in the while
be

extreme
a

parts

with, probably, subspecies

size
between these genus,
or

Hainan,
to

third

mediate species,inter5.

two,
a

is also

found,

namely,

kuhlii,

the type

species of the

closely allied subspecies.

Species dark

Key A. B. Size larger, forearm Size

a.

to

Chinese color

of

Scotophilus
S. heathii insularis

about

65

mm.,

olive brown

smaller. Forearm below

58-62
about

mm.,

color

olive

brown

above,

yellowish
5. kuhlii S. temtninckii consobrinus

b.

Forearm

50 mm.,

paler below,

buflfy

124.

Scotophilus kuhlii Leach

vol. 13, p. 70, p. 1821.

Scotophiluskuhlii Leach,
} Scotophilus heathii
no.

Trans. Proc.

Linn. Zool.

Soc. London,
Soc.

Swinhoe,
1922.

London,

1870,

619.

Mell, Arch.

f. Naturgesch.,

vol. 88, sect. A,

10, p.

14,

Type specimen:" The

described

type
the

was

specimen in the collection

unknown. in the
The

of D.

Brookes,
tremely ex-

by Leach,
brief,
but

but

locality was
incorrect
came

description is
are

is

evidently
later

stating
British

that

there

four

upper

incisors. studied

The

specimen

to

Museum,

where

it

was

by Dobson.
"

Description:
above,
a a

^A

large species, forearm

to

about the
across

58-62
throat.

mm.

General hairs

color

rich

olive

brown

dark

brown,
intense
the

bases the

of the

below, buflEy;
dark.

pale orange
Skull

more yellow, slightly

Membranes the

large and
a

stoutly built, with

strong
median

risingand profile

occiput slightly

overhanging, with

crest.

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

This is
common

large
the

bat

is

common

house-haunting
of it

species in
Yunnan,
at

parts of India, and

Asia. the
whence

throughout
limits Asiatic

most

tropical and
secured
no

tropical sub-

southeastern

Within

of China,

occtirs

in southern
two

American River.
to

Museum Eastward for all

Expeditions
I have

Homushu,

Salween

of this, however,

certain

record, although it is

be

looked

along

the

southern

subtropical border

THE

BATS

253

to

the

coast.
one

It is

possible that
mentions

Swinhoe from border

(1870c)
Canton.
of

may

have

included

this
the
as

under

of the

species he
the

Perhaps, too, this is

Hunan

bat

recorded

from

southwestern

by

Shih

(1930b)

Scotophilus emarginatus. Specimens examined:

125. Scotophilus kuhlii insularis J. Pachyotus
kuhlii insularis A. A.
"

Two

from

Homushu,

Salween

River, Yunnan.

Scotophilus heathii
Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. S. Nat.

insularis
Nat.

J. A. Allen
vol. 22, p.

Hist.,
vol.

485, 1906.
19, 1929.

B.

Howell,

Proc.

U.

Mus.,

75,

art.

i, p.

Type
Museum

Specimen:
of Natural

"

Adtilt

male,
from

skin

and

skull.
of

No.

26786,
China.

American Collected

History,

Rintoi, island

Hainan,

July

I, 1904.

Description:
"

Size

large, forearm

about

66
on

mm.

Color sides.

above,

uniform

olive brown;

below, pale brownish

"

buff, darker
the

the

Measurements:

In

three

adults

forearm

measures

67, 64, 67
well those

mm.

respectively.
The

available
from

measurements

of the

skull of the
here

type,

as

as

of

complete skull

Nodoa,

Hainan,

are

given:

Occurrence
up
as

and

Habits:

"

The
at

status

of this bat
seems

in China

cannot

be cleared

without
a

more

material
S.

than
on

present
basis
to

available.

Although described
true

subspecies of
the
measurements

kuhlii

the appear has

of greater
be
more

size, it is nevertheless

that which

given
kuhlii

those
or

of the

larger S. heathii, with by

most

until

recently S.
a

been whether

less confused

writers. is

It, therefore, becomes

different
to
use

question

after all the

that

Hainan

animal I have A.

really

from
name

that

of India.

Assuming
as a

it is,however,
of

continued
B.

the

insularis, but
this
a race

subspecies
Hainan,
from each
as

5.

heathii.
from

Howell

(1929)
on

records basis of He

from

Kachek,

the

specimen
of the

in alcohol

as Amoy, Fukien, localityin the U. S. National

well

Museum. animal

writes
for

latter that

it is

indistinguishable from
the
be

the

insular

except

being

somewhat
occur

paler.
all
seem across

Bats

of this genus
area,

probably specimens
records
name

southern

border

of China from
the

in the

subtropical
and the

but

to

few

in collections

mainland,
Mell
a

available the the

(1922, p. 14), under

of

indeterminate to are as species. Thus Scotophilus temminckii, mentions finding of

a

colony roosting among

leaf stalks

fan

palm

{Livings tonia) at Szewui,

254

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Kwangtung,
China colonies in
in

while
and

Shih

(1930,

p.

3) writes
in

that

it

was

first recorded he has

from

South

1824,

is abundant
; he

Kwangtung,

where from

observed
and

large
in
Swinand

Kweilin It is not
p.

also

secured

specimens
these
as

Kutchen
in part
to

Loshiang
in

Kwangsi.
hoe

unlikely that
records

notes

relate
common

5. ktihlii.

(1 870c,

619)

5. heathii

very

in Canton

April

May. Specimens
examined:
"

One

each

from

Nodoa

and

Rintoi, Hainan.
J. A. Allen

126.

ScotophUus

temminckii

consobrinus
Mus. vol. Nat. 29,

Scotophilus castaneus

consobrinus

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Asiatic

Hist., vol. 22, p. 485, 1906.

i860.

Nycticejusi?)swinhoei

Blyth, Joum.

Soc.

Bengal,

p. 88,

Type
Museum

specimen:
of Natural

"

An

adult

female, skin

and

skull. No.
of Hainan,

26788, American
China. Collected

History,

from

Rintoi, island

July

I,

1904.
"

Description: yellowish
brown;
brown

Size smaller, forearm

about

50

to

55

mm.,

nearly

uniform

above, varying
much

from

slightlydarker buffy
on

brown

to

paler yellowish
abdomen,
and

beneath with
drab

paler, nearly
center

clear

the

sides and

tinged
In

in the

of the

breast. of the of the

general

size and

in the

characters

skull

this bat
rostrum

is

hardly
from formed
the

to

be

distinguished
is somewhat
two

from

typical
in

S. temminckii

Java. peak

The
of the

above

pentagonal

outline, with
from fuse
the
to

pentagon
side to
The

by
inter-

slightlydefined region, where

marked,
well
a

ridges
they

lachrymal region
form
at

of each

orbital
but
as

the

sagittal crest.
where it

latter

is low

becoming

higher

the

occiput

distinctlyoverhangs

small

casque-like projection.
"

Measurements: 50-52 hind

mm.,

In the
51.

type
No

series the fresh

1 1

forearm
measurements

in nine

adults
are

ranged

from
The

average in well-made

other
measures

available.

foot

skins

mm.

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

SCOTOPHILUS

TEMMINCKII

CONSOBRINUS

THE

BATS

255

Occurrence
at

and

Habits:
2;

"

The in

type
1923, He

was

one

of

seventeen

specimens
also
collected

lected cola

Rintoi

July
Nodoa,

and

Mr.

Clifford that

H.

Pope
the failed

series of 38 at

Hainan.
in

writes

during
he
one

winter
to

these
find

were

occasionally brought
various tiles and estimated of all
a

by

the

Chinese. he front
were once

Although
secured On

any

in the

prospectors' holes
a

examined,
of the

lodged between
18
a

supporting
at

beam

porch.
found

April
the of

large number, hanging leaves

were

about

one

hundred,
mission

among

dead them
was

palm

tree to to

in be

the

compound;
on

eighteen
9, this
were

shot
to

and have

proved

females.
and

Later,
several leaves of them

June
hundred

colony
killed.

found
had

increased

large size
the

They

sought
proved
were

refuge
to

under

drooping
most
were

of the
with well

palm.
young.

All of those

examined
latter

be

adult

females,
others
and

Many
In milk the

of the

still the
and milk

hairless

but

already
than
was

covered. The
to
crowns

half -grown
were

young

fur is short the

darker

in

adults.

teeth

all present,
two

permanent
are

dentition
and

beginning
the
a

appear. with but

The three the

upper

incisors divisions.
are

slender

long-rooted,
also
one

practically equal
two

The
than the
so

milk the milk

that

canine central

has and

trifid crown,
the of but

lateral

cusps the

smaller In

lower,
reduction

innermost the in
one

cusp

less than

outer.

premolars this
they
are

lateral
or

cusps

is carried

still farther,
cusps
are

almost

wanting,

two

specimens the

distinctlyindicated
described is but is
a a as a

by

minute

points.
it
seems

Although
that of the latter

subspecies of 5. castaneus,
the

most

probable
and The has

form, perhaps distinct, of

darker

older-named the

S. temmmckii

Java, which

much

olive
seems

brown be

than

Hainan
the

bat,

bright chestnut
of the
older but
two
are

phase, which
not

to

lacking in

latter.

skulls the

certainly
The

to

be

distinguished.

I have,
is

therefore,

used

name. specific

relationship with
than
occur

S. wroughtoni
in
on

undoubtedly
the

close,
color

the

skull about but has

no a

is

trifle less delicate

same. are

that the

animal,
mainland

though
of extreme of

is

perhaps
China,

the

It should

southern

records

available, although
across

the

Museum

Comparative
at

Zoology

skin
that

from

just

the

border

of French

Indo-China,
and

Yen-

bey, Tongking, possible

and that

is apparently

identical
record

with. S.

wroughtoni,
at

it is in

quite April

Swinhoe's
to

(1870c)
this.

of 5.

temminckii

Canton

May,
on a

really refers

Perhaps, too, Blyth's Nycticejus{?) sivinhoei,

of upper
as

based

specimen without
from
seems

"trace
same

incisors"
The

sent

him

by Swinhoe,

presumably
and the

Amoy,
not

is the
to

this.

description is unidentifiable,

type

have In

been

preserved.
Nodoa,
Hainan.

Specimens examined:

"

all,thirty-seven, from

256

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus
Barbastella

Barbastella
vol. 15, p. 300,

Gray
1821.

Gray,

London and

Medical

Repository,
f.

Synotus

Keyserling

Blasius, Arch.

Naturgescli., vol. 5, pt. i, p. 305, 1839.

Bats

of

this

genus

may

be

identified

by their
extension the head

general dark
of the of the

color
on

with
to

lighter yellowish tips to the dorsal

interfemoral membrane far
to
a

hairs, the

fur out

the

line

just

below

long tibia, and

each
the the

nearly
the when open

as

beyond

along
ears

the
are

median

portion
short,
across

of the

membrane

side
muzzle

of

tail ; in addition, the laid forward,

but

rather

not

reaching the tip of

the

distinctlyjoined
behind
a

forehead,
The brain

and
case

nostrils

upward

and

outward slender
an

median

pad.

is

relatively
are a

long, the simple,

reduction but

rostrum

and

slightly concave
in

medially; the
The
to two
on

zygomata
shows

without of the

expansion
above full ntunber

the and

middle. below in the

tooth each

formula side

premolars points
anterior
out

of each
as

jaw,

otherwise

the

found the
the

less-reduced canine
upper

genera,

Myotis, is produced
crowded
an

present.
into into
a

Miller

that

lower

has

the

cingulum
is minute,
latter

noticeable

cusp;

anterior
and

premolar
the

the

angle between
cusp. upper
or

the

canine

large premolar,
a

without
no

interior The

The

upper

molars is

have

very
a

large protocone
crown area more are

but

hypocone.
half
as

third

molar

fairlylarge
allies and

with

than

that with

of the Plecotus
a

second and

first.

The

relationships of the Corynorhinus

audital of the of the
at

genus

regarded
but

its American the

ears

and
are

Euderma,

it represents

stage

in which

the

bullae

still small, the

row

zygomatic progressive
formula it may
so one

arch

simple, although
loss of two

in the of

reduction

tooth

it is

more

in the

instead
=

only

one

premolars. supposed;
to

The

tooth

is: i.f c.T

prove
as

pm.f m.f they

appear
are

34.
more

Two

species are

present recognized, but

for the ranges the be

that

closely related
to

than rather

far

known

not

overlap, but
to eastern

continuous,
and the

(of

B.

barbastellus,the genotype) covering

central India
and

Europe
western

Mediterranean

region, the other

extending
127.

China.

Barbastella Horsfield, Ann.

Proc.

darjelingensis (Hodgson)
Mag.
Nat.
1

Plecotus

darjelingensis Hodgson, dargelinensis Dobson,

in

Hist.,

ser.

2, vol.

16, p. 103,

1855.

Barbastellus

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal,

875, p. 85.
160.

Synotus dargelinensis Dobson,

Barbastella

Monograph
Proc.

Asiatic Zool.

Chiroptera, p. 86, 1876.

1911, p.

darjelingensis Thomas,

Soc. London,

Type Hodgson
this

specimen:
in that

"

This

bat

was near

described
the

from of

specimen

collected

by
in

Darjeeling, India,
furnished

borders of the

Sikkim.

It is

presumably

specimen

the

basis

brief

description,by Dobson,
at

1876, and

if so, it is
"

perhaps still in the Indian

rather hairs small
to
near

Museum
dark

Calcutta.
above
to

Description:
from the bases

bat, uniformly
their

brown
are

and

below

of the

tips, which

gray

buffy

above

THE

BATS

257

and

whitish

on

the

under

side

of the

body.
the

About

the

posterior
membrane of the
ear so ear

end

of

the

body

below,
This is

the

fur

along the edge of

in
some

interfemoral characters

is whitish. from that is the

when

slightly different
it extends
about and

of the the
ear

European
laid forward rounded The genus.

species, B.
off, not

barbastellus
,

with
or

slightly longer,
the
nose.

mm.

beyond
tragus
skull

The

broadly

truncate,
of the

with

the and

less attenuate been

above. under in the

characters There

teeth very

have

mentioned difference

the skulls

is

apparently

little if any

important

of the

two

species.
"

Measurements:

Dobson

(1876) gives the

into

following
head

measurements

of
5
1 mm.

specimen
tail,46;

from foot

India with

(converted
ear,

metric

units) :
10;

and

body,

claws, 8;
MEASUREMENTS

19;

tragus,
OP

forearm,

41 ; second

finger,49.

CRANIAL

BARBASTELLA Width

DARJELINGENSIS

ZygoGreatest
No. Basal Palatal matic width

Upper
tooth
row

Lower tooth
row

Mastoid width

across

length
14.3

length
12.0

length 5.7

molars

Locality Yunnan

44562

7.5

7.7

5.7

4.6

5.2

Occurrence
uncommon

atid Habits:

"

In

China,
the

as

in

India, this bat

and
so

seems

to

be

of in
the
;

occurrence, western

chiefly at
of Yunnan, Asiatic

higher levels,
and
a

far In

as

known,

only the
American and

parts

Szechwan,
secured from

Kansu.

Yunnan,
at

Museum

Expeditions
is
a

singlespecimen valley
in the

Likiang

in the taken

British

Museum

second

Weisi

Yunnan

lands, high(191 id,

and
a

by George Forrest.
a

Still farther
secured
at at

east, and Omei

north, Thomas Shan,

in the

p.

160)

records taken

single specimen
W.
N.

Szechwan,
same

second

by

Fergusson
Choihsien,
the in

Yinchinwan,
a

province.
the

Finally, Buechner
these
now

(1892) has
at

mentioned

specimen
Kansu.

secured

by
To

Russian
seen

explorer, Berezovski,
few be
records added
are

southern

It will be

that may Dolan

all from

western

highlands

of China.

these

that 1931

of
at

an

interesting specimen
near

secured

by
May
both

the

Brooke
21,

Expedition
lacks
tooth the the formula

of

Shapai
that

Tsaopo,
in the
In

Szechwan,

1931,

which
the in

minute

anterior is like

premolar
of with

upper

jaw
other

on

sides, so however,
the
dark

that
and fur

Eptesicus.

respects,
hairs
on

characteristic

coloring,

yellowish-tipped
of the

of

the back, it is undoubtedly

and the

typical of this species. Its forearm

The

is large,44 mm.,
upper

hind

foot

mm.

absence

hypocones

of the

molars

is

noticeable

feature

of the

species.
The

Specimens examined:
Yunnan: Szechwan:

"

following
(M.C.Z.).

two:

Likiang, Shapai,

i. near

Tsaopo,

258

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus
Plecolus

Plecotus

Geoffrey
i8i8.

Geoffroy, Description de I'Egypte, vol. 2, p. 112,

This

genus
over

represents, head, with

across a

in the

development

of its external

ears,

able consider-

advance

Barbastella, for the conch

a

is relatively enormous,
The
ears

considerably
are

longer

than

the

proportionally long tragus.

The

joined
feet the

by

fold of skin and

the

the

forehead.

nostrils

are

characteristic, opening
The

upward,
slender;
which

with

posterior
the

slit-like
from and

prolongation.
the base

legs
toes,

and

are

wing
as

membrane

arises
head

of the

and

tail,
brane. mem-

is about

long

as

body,
in the in
a

is enclosed

entirely in
of reduction,

the

The
one more
=

tooth lower The

formula

is less
on

advanced

process

retaining
Ct

premolar
upper

each

side than each

The

Barbastella, namely:
small

i.l

pm.f
inner
row,

m.f

36.

incisors than
the and

have
outer.

secondary
incisors
form

cusp;
a

the
convex

tooth
the The

is much

smaller
the

lower

anterior
lower

smallest,
has
a

increasing in size cingulum

between and cusp the the
a

posteriorly,their
its anterior
base. The

crowns

trifid. the
upper

canine is
on a

small

at two

In upper molar

jaw,
are

there

slight space
inner

premolars.
the but

molars is about
and

short

the
area

side,

lack

hypocone;
small
rounded

third

half the

crown

of the

second, with
has
a

distinct
brain

metacone case,

third slender
lation corre-

commissure. rostrum, and the

The

skull

rather

large

with

well-developed lachrymal ridges.

size of the external
ears,
are

The

audital

bullae, in

with
p.

unusually large (see Miller, (Linnasus),and, although

if any
are are

1907,

224).
been

The

type

species is Plecotus
from

auritus

others
more

have than
and than

named

central

Asia,

it is doubtful Three may forms

at

most

subspecificallydistinguishable. Mongolia, supposed.

but

recognized they
are

from

China

further
may
Chinese

collections be

show the

that

less distinct

They
Key
to

recognized by
and

following key:
of

Mongolian below

Forms

Plecotus P. auritus auritus

A.
B.

Size Size
a.

smaller, forearm larger, forearm

Color Color
as

39-42 about
race

mm.,

pale
mm.

gray

44-46

in

typical

""

P-

auritus

kozlovi ariel

h.

darker,

broccoli

brown

above,

drab

below

P. auritus

128. VesperlUio auritus

Plecotus

Plecotus

auritus

auritus

(Linnaeus)

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. lo, vol. i, p. 32, 1758. Bobrinski, Annuaire
Mus.
Zool.

auritus

auritus

Acad.

Sci. URSS,

vol.

30, p. 240,

1929.

Type
assumed

Specimen:
to

"

Not

known

to

be

in

existence;

the

type

locality

is

be

Sweden.
"

Description:
rather

Form

slender,
bases

ears

very

large,about
the

as

long
a

as

the

forearm,
rib

oval

in

form, their

joined

across

forehead,

prominent

THE

BATS

259

on

the

inner
base.

side, parallel with Tragus

base.
not

the

border,
rather

and

triangular pointed
at

lobe

at
a

the lobe

inner
at

long, tapering Wing

from

abruptly
toe

the

end,
half

and the

with

the

outer

base

of outer

; foot about

length

of tibia, its calcar General

color the

keeled.

above, nearly drab, slightlydarkened

hairs
; at

by the scattered
the

dull

smoky
or more

tips of
of the

the

base lower

of the side

hairs

everywhere,
with On
a

proximal half
basal there

is dark

slaty.

The

is gray

buffy tinge, the

upper side

part

hairs

everywhere

broadly
dark

slaty.

the the

is

slightlytricolor effect produced

minal band
The and the

by the slaty bases, tips.

narrow

prominent

drab

subter-

less obvious
in

skull the in

is

peculiar

its short

rostrum,
with

the
the

smooth

rounded
ears.

brain teeth
two

case,
are

large auditory
the
on

bullae, correlated
number

large

The
to

general normal,
three below
The
are

of premolars,

however,

reduced

above

and

each

side.
measiu-ements

Measurements:
northern I have

"

external

of

several

specimens

from

Mongolia
added for

published by Bobrinski
those of
a

(1929, table), as example

as

follows, and

comparison

European

given by Miller

(1912, p. 260).
EXTERNAL Head MEASUREMENTS
and

OF

PLECOTUS

URITUS

260

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Occurrence
to have
a

and wide

Habits:
range

"

The from

long-eared bat,
the

in

its

typical form,
northern

appears
to

very

British

Isles

across

Asia

the
to

Pacific
be very

coast,

passing chiefly northward

the the that
same,

of the
I named

Gobi. the in size

In

Japan

it appears
race

nearly
on

and, although
of will be found

Japanese
and

Plecotus

sacrimontis,

basis
these very

slight differences
after

proportions, it is
so significant,

quite possible
Bobrinski P. auritus. from
At

all not

very

that of

(1929) is Hopei,
p.
at

likely right in believing the

A. B.

name a

synonym

all events,

Howell
as

(1929) regarded quite

the the
same as

series of nine

mens speciof

Wutingshan,
also recorded

Japanese specimens.
on

Jacobi (1922,
two

2)

has

species from
at

Hopei,

the the

basis

secured
west

by

the

Weigold
northern

Expedition edge of
the the the border

Peiping.

Thence

species
Radde
a a

extends
as

along the
as 1

Gobi

in suitable

localities.
;

long

ago
on

863 found
east

it

on

of northern

Mongolia
and
to

he in

secured

specimen boundary European

for the
northwestern
east

the

slopes of (Kirmski),
of

Apple
he

Ranges
was

another

July

at

post, Kiri
form.

which

unable

distinguish from
added several

the

More

recently Bobrinski Mongolia, namely:

one;

(1929)
middle

has

records

northern

edge
Nor,

River

Khuakem,
one;

Uriankhai, Tintsa-intsa,

Mongolia,
south

Suzukte,
of the All The

near

Urga, five; Urga, Khingan

were

of Dolon

end
two.

Great these

Range,

four; Tzinganshan,
months Nan
Shan

eastern

Nanshan,
and

Kansu,

taken

in the
eastern

of

Jvme,

July, August,
across occur

September.
in Kansu,

specimens from presumption

Gobi,
as

Range,
may

the

border

raise the of the

that

the

typical form
northern

along the
this is

southern
to

part

it does

along the
of

part,

but

impossible

determine, because

of the lack

specimens in localities

eastward.

Specimens examined:

"

None.

129.
Plecotus Acad. Plecotus auritus Sci. auritus

Plecotus
Rend.

auritus
Acad.

kozlovi
Sci. URSS,

Bobrinski 1926,
ser.

kozlovi Bobrinski, Compt.

A, p. 98; Annuaire
ser., vol.

Mus.

Zool.

URSS,

vol.

30, p. 243, Bull. Acad.

1929.

Buechner,
p.

Imp.

Sci. St.

P^tersbourg,

vol.

34

(new

2), p. 106

(Melanges

Biol., vol. 13,

152), 1892.

Type

Specimen:
of

"

male

in alcohol. No.
U.
11,

5880, Zoological
Barun

Museum
eastern

of the Tsai-

Academy
dam,

Sciences, Leningrad,
Collected This
bat

S. S. R., from
1901,
to

Zasak,

Chinghai. Description:
"

June

by
differ

Kozlov. from

appears

the
mm.,

typical form
in does
a

in

size the be

only.
type

The

forearm

averages eleven

larger,

from

44.2-46.5
The

series from
not
seem

locality,including

specimens.

color

to

different. The

skull,

as

might

be

expected, is

little

larger

in

its measurements

THE

BATS

261

than which

those the

from

northern

Mongolia,
are

according

to

Bobrinski's

table,

from

following dimensions
"

reproduced.
seem a

Measurements:
a

The

tail measurements

little forearm

longer and
is about

the
a

ears

trifle greater

than

in northern

specimens.

The

ninth

longer.

are

given by him
CRANIAL

(1929)

as

follows:

MEASUREMENTS

OF

PLECOTUS

AURITUS Width of brain

case

KOZLOVI

CondyleNo.
LENINGRAD

Zygomatic width

Upper
cheek teeth

Greatest length 18.8 18.8

basal

length
17.2

Locality

5880 (type) 5879 5306

531
1

9.2

8.7
9.1

6.2

Chinghai
Chinghai

17.6 17.8 16.7

16.8

9.8

6.5
6.5
6.0 6.2 6.2

18.3 17.8
17.7
19.0

8.5
9.3 9.0
10.2

Chinghai Chinghai
Chinghai
Central Central Central Gobi Gobi Gobi

8.7 8.7 8.5

8.0

5239 13932 141 86

18.5
16.8

17.6 18.4 Occurrence

and

9.5 9.5

6.5
6.1

14187

17.2

8.5
the

Habits:

"

Specimens of
and from
are

Long-eared
seem

Bat be

from

the

desert

regions of central Asia south

than the

west

of

Mongolia
of

to

decidedly larger
forearm is about
It is difficult

typical subspecies longer

just
can course

north

Mongolia.
a

The

one-ninth
to

and such

the

skulls

proportionally
should be

little

bigger.
until
more

know

how be

specimens
from

treated, but

tive representabe that desert

series Bobrinski's
race,

examined is the

various

siurounding
as a

parts, it may

best, that
Koko
Nor

is, to regard it region

out

slightlylarger
the
western

extending
central

from

the

eastward the

into

part of by Buechmay

the
ner

Gobi. the Since

Bobrinski of the
one

points
Etsin of the

that
at

specimen recorded
southern

from
this. color

valley
all but

River

Moming,
did
are:

Mongolia,
were

be
a

series examined
but
not

by Bobrinski
reveal Kliara
any

in alcohol,
The 15,

comparison
localities

was

not

conclusive,

paler tint. (skin,June

two

Gobi

recorded

by

this

author

Khoto

262

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1909,

and He

June 6, 1926, alcoholic) and

doubts
the

Ikhe

Bogdo, Gobi
P. ariel,though

Altai, south

of Orok

Nor. size.

validity of Thomas's

it is of about

equal

Specimens examined:

"

None.

130.
Plecolus ariel Thomas,
p. 160. Abstract Proc.

Plecotus
Zool. Soc.

auritus London,

ariel Thomas February

14, 191 1, p. 3;

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1911,

Plecotus

areal

Bobrinsld, Annuaire

Mus.

Zool.

Acad.

Sci. URSS,

vol.

30,

p. 241,

1929.

Type
Museum,

Specimen:
from
1910.
"

"

An

adult

female,

skin

and

skull.

No.

1 1.2.

1.6, British
Collected

Tatsienlu,

Szechwan,

China,

8,400 feet

altitude.

June

23,

Description:
of the hairs

Size

large,general color dark,

Under surface

"broccoli

brown,"
of the

the hairs

ends dark

dull drab. blackish.

paler drab, the bases

slaty. Muzzle
"Skull Bullae

large, with

swollen
those

brain-case of the
44
mm.;

and

broad

interorbital

region.

large,only less than

"

Egyptian
head and

species" (Thomas). body, 53; tail, 57;

thumb, claw,
with
31.
ear,

Measurements:

Forearm,
39.5; 9.2;

43; and

third

finger, metacarpus,
of

first

phalanx,
hind

15.5;

claw

exclusive Skull:

metacarpal,

lower

leg and

foot with

width,
to back

9;

greatest length, 17.2 mm.; intertemporal constriction, 4; mastoid 5.6; greatest horizontal
and Habits: but
"

basi-sinual

length,
9.4;

13.2;

zygomatic
of canine

breadth,

front

of m',

diameter

of bullae,4.6.
on

Occurrence

The

species is based
believes
to

the
the

single specimen from

dark coloration
and B.

Tatsienlu, Szechwan,
somewhat without considers
the
same

its describer

that

larger size will suffice

comment
a

distinguish it. Sining, typical form

kozlovi
same

A.

Howell

(1929) lists (1929)

makes Kansu

specimen
different
as

in

spiritfrom
small

Kansu.
in western

Bobrinski

that

the of

presence
a

of the

occvirrence

species in Szechwan
Plecotus
a.

questionable; yet
from
the

in

the

paper

he

describes
seems

new

adjacent desert
of

region, which
size and
dark

to

differ in much the former. Asia

comment must

the
For

characters

slightlylarger relationships
material. homochrous
stand P.

color forms

from

the

present, the
the

exact

of the named Thomas

of eastern
the

await

study of additional
genus

himself and
rest

makes

that

"of the

Plecotus,
each

(Nepal)
from the

puck (Murree) owing

to

(doubtfully distinct
narrow

from
; auritus

other)

aside

their
short

brain-case christiei

(Exirope)has

rounder and

skull, small
very

bullae, and bullae; wardi

and very

thumbs;
and

(Egypt) large brain-case

large skull, rather

large

long thumbs,

Kashmir) large bullas, (Ladak (Japan) large skull, rather small pale color; sacrimontis

THE

BATS

263 present

bullae, and

long thumbs;
auritus.

and

finally
and
dark

the

species
It is

has

large
best

rounded

skull, large bullae,long thumbs,

a race

color."

perhaps

considered

of P.

Specimens

examined:

"

None.

Genus

Miniopterus

Bonaparte
1837. at
once

Minioplerus Bonaparte, Iconogr. d. Fauna The

Ital.,vol. i, pt. 20,

bats

of

this

genus

may
ears,

be
and the

recognized
by
the

by

their

rather

short of the
a

plush-like fur, low

third

rounded three of the

very

long
first

second

phalanx
who

finger, nearly

times

length

of the

phalanx.
and

It is made

distinct

subfamily
with bone"
the
as

Vespertilionidasby
lobe
the in

Miller

(1907),
directed character

regards
the of

the

"presternum
part
of

median
and

enormously
and
the
a

developed

forming

greater
the in
a

straight
has
the

inwardly
the

coracoid found
case, groove.

scapula
the short

highly peculiar
The rostrum,
fore in There

family,
rather of

latter

again
with

Molossidae.

skull
in

large globular
which is
a

brain

upturned
the

center
case

conspicuous

In

side view

part of the

brain

is
a

elevation the

profile,succeeded
is The The
a

by

curiously swollen, causing a prominent slight hollow, then rising again to ending just
from

occiput.
side to formula
a

low

but is

distinct

sagittalcrest
both

back
to
rear

of the
and The

interorbital
from tooth with

area.

palate
small
ct

slightlyconcave,
36.
the The

front

side.
is: between the The

basisphenoid pits are

m.|
and
=

confluent incisors
upper

anteriorly.
are

i.f

pm.f
outer

upper The

in

two

pairs
are

space

the anterior last lower

canine.
than

premolars
but of

of

unequal pointed
but twice
the the

size,
form.

much upper

smaller molar the

the

posterior
of

similar
and the

lacks
two

the

posterior commissure
are

metastyle.

Of

the

premolars
the

anterior slender

nearly equal height,

view and

second

is broader; of the is
first.

third

is

high,

in side

nearly
the little

height
genus

This

widespread
and

in the

warmer

parts of the
There

Old is
brown.

World

from

Mediterranean difference of
in

region
color, which

Africa

to

Australia.
shade of

relatively
The

is

usually some
indicates
are

smoky
clear.

number
the

described

forms, however,
some

considerable
in all
cases

local

variation, but
Within the

relationshipsof
China,
is M.
two

of these
a

not
a a

limits
the

of

types

occur,

larger and Europe,

Chinese

smaller.

The

type

species of

genus

schreibersii

(Kuhl)
Key

of

representative
of

of the

larger forms.

to

Species

Miniopterus

A.

Size
a.

larger, forearm
Lower Lower side

about

47-50

mm.

obviously paler
obviously
about

than

the

back the back

'

M. M.

schreibersii schreibersii M.

chinensis

b. B.

side not

paler than
40
mm

parvipes pusillus

Size smaller, forearm

264

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

131. Miniopterus
schreibersi chinensis

Miniopterus
Thomas,
Proc.

schreibersii
Zool.

chinensis

Thomas

Soc. London,

1908, p. 638.

Type specimen:
from
a cave

"

^A skin
west

and of

skull, female,

No.

8.8.7.15, British

Museum,

thirty miles
"

Peiping, Hopei,
a

China.

Description: tinge of russet;

under
seem

Color

above, similar,

uniform
the

drab

brown,
the

almost
are

smoky, without
drab, especially which, therefore,
with the

below,
and
at

but

tips of
of the

hairs

the

throat

the than

posterior part
the
are

of the

abdomen,
chest.

considerably paler
M.

center

Compared
the

European
drab

schreibersii,they
of the
"

much

darker, lacking

nearly

uniform

appearance Measurements:

western

animal.

In

size this bat

a

is not

very

different
The

from

the varies

European
in

form, though
between 47
and
was mm.

if

anjrthing
50
mm.,

very

little
44
to

larger.
in the the

forearm A

length
total
mm.

against by J.

46

latter.

male
as

from

Tunglu,

Chekiang, length,
122

measured
;

T.

Wright,
ear,

collector,
Its forearm

follows:
49

tail,56; hind
Habits:
"

foot, 14;
This
dark

13.

measures

Occurrence

and
no

smoky-colored
China.
cave

subspecies is fotmd (igoSf), in naming original series

associated that all but
Museum
came,

apparently in
it, mentions
some

great numbers
it
was common

in North in the

Thomas the
was

that

whence and

thirty
females.

miles

west

of

Peiping, Hopei,

there
he

with
two

My Otis pequinius.
were

Of

the

series of fifteen

preserved,
secured
same

adds

Two

other
at

specimens

were

by

the

American These

Asiatic
may

Expeditions
in
a

Wanpinghsien,
way
to

in the

province.
on

localities whence record

I

indicate

general

its northward

limit
The

the

mainland,
southern

it ranges
have

southward
a

the

Yangtze
Museum
mouth

valley.
of
river.

most

is of

specimen
far from

in the the

Comparative

Zoology, from

Tunglu,

Chekiang,

not

of that
as

Specimens examined:
Hopei: Wanpinghsien, Chekiang: Tunglu,
i 2.

"

Three,

follows:

(M.C.Z.).

132. Miniopterus Miniopterus Miniopterus

schreibersi

Miniopterus

schreibersii
Mus.

parvipes G. M.
no.

Allen
28, 1923.

parvipes G. M.
Proc.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

85, p. 7, August

blepotis Swinhoe,
schreibersi J. A.

Zool.

Soc. London,
Mus. vol.

Allen, Bull. Amer.

f.

1870, p. 616. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 485, 1906.

no.

Pipistrellus blepotis Mell, Arch.

Naturgesch.,

88, sect. A,

10, p.

14, 1922.

Type
Museum

specimen:
of
1

"

Adult

male,
from

skin

and

skull. No. Fukien,

44656,
China.

American Collected

Natural
Dr.

History, Roy

Yenping,

June 16,

916, by
"

C. Andrews. in size and

brown with

Description:
color is
a

Similar
dark

proportions
a

to

M.

s.

chinensis, but
above

the

uniform

russet

tinge, both

and

below,

THE

BATS

265

lacking
side with

the

drab
same.

tint above, The

brown" bases
on

and

the color

pronounced
is uniform

tipping
dark

of the

fur

of the

lower

the "Verona The

usual of

cinnamon

brown

above,
"snuflE
darker

nearly
brown." than

Ridgway,
on

barely lighter below,

upper
are

about

of the the

hairs
lower

the

side

are

not

appreciably
brown.

the

tips, but
than

surfaces

slightly deeper

Males

slightlydarker
Measurements: smaller
than

females,
"

usually. original description it

is stated
not
are seem

In

the

that
to

the hold

foot
true

is of

in the

North
The

China

race,

but

this does

less-dried

specimens.
mm.;

following
first 9.5.

measurements

from 10.5;

the second 14;

same

type

skin:

forearm, 48
39;

third

metacarpal,
42; In

43.5;

first

phalanx,
second skins from

phalanx,
fifth metacarpal,

fourth
39;

metacarpal,
tibia,
17; between

phalanx, 8.5;
five
mm.,

phalanx,
the the

foot,
47
of

other

place
foot

the

forearm
from

varies
to

and

48.8

average

48;

hind

varies

8.7

9.8, average
MEASUREMENTS

five, 9.3.
OF MINIOPTERUS SCHREIBERSII PARVIPES

CRANIAL

Occurrence
below

and

Habits:

"

This

darker
with

form
a are

of southern
more

China
tone to

is less the

pale

than

that

of northern
bats

China,

russet

pelage. general
possible imof

All the

larger
so

eastern

of this genus
know

very
to

similar
draw the

in size and lines.

coloration,

that

it is difficult to
name,

where

It is not

that

Temminck's

applied blepotis,

to

Miniopterus

Java,

266

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

may from
eastern

finallybe used
China,
but

for the
M.

larger of

the

two

continental
not

species. Specimens
from
somber

India, representing
lack

fuliginosus, are
warm name

very the
to

different otherwise the

those

of

the the

russet

tint to

pelage.
it
now

I have, appears

therefore, given
that bat the

M.

s.

parvipes
is

latter, though

supposedly
common over

smaller the

foot

hardly diagnostic.
at

This from
the

is

warmer

part of
A I
am

least southeastern
in
a

China,

Province

of Fukien is referred

southward.
to

single specimen
also

alcohol, from
the

Yochow,
island of
the

Hunan,
Hainan,
same.

this, and

including
in
at

series from
seem

which,
Swinhoe

although minutely (1870c,

and
are
"

larger
that

skull,

otherwise

quite
are

p.

616)

says

Amoy,
in Canton

Ftikien, they
Mell's

common

in

summer,

found

with

their

young

caverns.

(1922,
The and

p.

14)

record
to

of
the

Pipistrellusblepotis" from
animal,
American
a a

the

region also Kwangtung.

from the

probably

relates

same

specimen

from

Fongtjuen,

collections

of the and

Museum

include

specimens
as

Futsing specimen mens speciPope,

19, he H.

Yenping,
Hunan from

Fukien,
above

fine

series from
A. B.

Hainan,

well

as

from

mentioned.
in the U.

Howell

(1929)
Musevmi. writes
a

records Mr.

additional
Clifford

Yenping
the of
were

S. National

who
found

collected
a

Hainan hundreds

series, at
of these

Nodoa,
bats
"in

that

on

December
a

colony They
under

big hole
formed from

under
one

pile of large

boulders. from
made

clustered
of
a

together large
that
was

for the most which audible

part in

place, hanging ceiling. They

Later
on

the
a

surface

boulder
was

the

continuous

squeaking
west
as

very

without.
the

another
a

well-populated colony temple just by J.

A.

found

lodged
From

between

tiles of the roof

of

Chinese

of Nodoa."
M.

Hainan It is odd

it had that
nor

previously
Dr.

been

recorded Mr. Heller

Allen,
meet

schreibersi.

Andrews
anyone

and
else

did not

with

this bat

in southern in the

Yunnan,
warmer

has

apparently. along
the
the

Nevertheless
border

it may
or

occtu-

parts

of that

province

Burmese

eastward.

Among
entire

the chin

skins and

from

Yenping
white In
as

is
as

one

that

is

partially albinistic,having
ears.

throat

far

the base
as

of the

Specimens examined:
Fukien: Hunan: Hainan
:

"

all,seventy -two,
11;

follows:

Futsing, 3; Yenping,
Yochow, Nodoa,
i

Amoy,

(M.C.Z.).

(in spirit).

56 (skins and

spirit specimens)

133. Miniopterus
Nat.

Minloptenis pusillus
Asiatic

Dobson 162, 1876.

pusillus Dobson,

Monograph

Chiroptera,

p.

J.

A.

Allen, Bull. Amer.

Mus.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 485, 1906.

"

Type specimens:
a

In

his

original description, Dobson

one

did Islands

not and

designate
one

type, but

lists two
may,

specimens,
therefore,
be

from

the
as

Nicobar
the

from
same

Madras,

which

regarded

cotypes.

Later,

in the

THE

BATS

267
in the Indian

work

(Dobson,
there
were

1876,
two
a

p.

220),

he

lists

specimens
Nicobar

Museum,
Dr.

of

which
an

only, collected
skeleton.

in the

Islands the

by

Stoliczka,

alcoholic

and

Presumably,

therefore,

Madras

specimen

is in the

British

Museum. A

Description:
"

smaller

replica of
dark

the brown

subspecies of
different
at at

M.

schreibersii,from
and

which hairs

it differs of the

in

the

uniformly
not

coloring, above
the the
extreme

below,
on

the the

upper fur

side
of the

contrastingly
is in the three in size

tips, while
base.
the and

lower is
not
none

side, the
of the
to

abdomen

faintly darker

There

russet

tinge

specimens examined,
or

males

do

seem

differ from
The

females
smaller
10 mm.

coloring. species is evidenced

that the of the

Measurements:

"

size of this
less than

by

the

shorter

forearm,
occurs

which

is

nearly

larger species which

with

it in Hainan.

Three

skins

show

following dimensions:

Occurrence

and
as

Habits: certain

"

In

the

warmer

parts
as a

of India
as

and

southeastern
two

Asia,

as

well

upon

of the
a

islands

far

east

Australia,

species
M.

of this genus schreibersii

from the

occur

together,
smaller and

larger and
is Madras.

smaller. M.

The

larger is regarded
has others in the

of the

style; the
Nicobars
as

typified by
the

piisillus,originally described
has A. Allen Three the

from
with

Wroughton
latter, and
island

small
to

Indian

species
Clifford
as

identical
from
at

J.

referred

it

also thirteen

specimens
H. that

Rintoi,
Nodoa,
he It took has in

of Hainan.
same

collected
same cave

by
also

Mr.

Pope

on

the

island, and
of M. in
s.

apparently point, and

It should

in which

the
not

large
been
a

series

parvipes, represent
northward range,

this smaller
may, be

species.
therefore,
for
are

taken
more

China

of this

have

general
on

southerly
in extreme

subtropical.
China. of its larger

looked

at not

points
known

the
to

mainland

southern those

Otherwise relative.

its habits

differ

essentiallyfrom

Specimens examined:

"

Three,

from

Nodoa,

Hainan.

268

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus
Kerivoula

Kerivoula
lo, p.

Gray

Gray,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

i, vol.

258, 1842.

The Kerivoula Asia short is the

and

only
the

genus

of the

subfamily Kerivoulinae
two

known

to

occnir

in China

is

itself,represented by
East

species of wide
has five ribs

distribution
the

in southeastern
very

Indies. which

Miller

distinguished
i.f ci
the
two

subfamily by its
The tooth The

sternum,
same are as

with
that

four

or

only articulate. pm.f m.f

three lower upper
=

formula

of Myotis,
than

namely:
genus,

38.

ever, teeth, how-

less reduced the

same

in that

premolars especially,
jaw
likewise
on

all of

nearly fully in the tooth

molars. with
The smooth

size, the
and

anterior

in the
are no

large,
upper

row,

subequal.
and

There

hypocones sagittal

the of
a

skull is slender
rounded the
ears

delicate, resembling slightlythat

Myotis,

brain members
and

case,

lacking prominent
of this genus
as are as

or

lambdoid

ridges. Externally funnel-shaped

The

cate, recognizable by their deli-

long tragus,
fixed

well

by the dense, fine and

K.

almost

woolly-appearing fvir.
type

species

was

by

Sclater

as

hardwickii

(Horsfield) of

Java.
Key A. B. Color Color
orange
to the

Chinese about about

39 34
mm

Species

of

Kerivoula K. K.

and

black, forearm

picta bellissima

dull smoky

brown,

forearm

mm

hardwickii

depressa

134.
Kerivoula

Kerivoula
Ann.

picta bellissima
Nat.

Thomas
17, p. 423,

picta bellissima Thomas,

sect.

Mag.
14,

Hist., ser.

7, vol.

1906.

Mell, Arch.

f. Natur-

gesch., vol. 88,

A,

no.

10, p.

1922.

Type specimen:
Pakhoi,
southern

"

skin

and

skull. No.

6.1.13.1, British

Musetun,
Bell.

from

Kwangtung,
"

China.
the

Collected

by
from

Dr.

Hayley
but

Description:
and

Similar
Fur

to

typical form
and

Java,

slightly larger

the
the the
out

fur

longer.
a

dense

base,
ears,

distal half entire

on

beautiful

crinkly, pale at the extreme orange-rufous, this color extending to the entire
hind
as a

somewhat

interfemoral

membrane,
as

feet and line

legs

above

and

below,
ankle
to

and
a

to

the

wing membranes
out

far

just
of

forward

of the
and

few

millimeters
the

from

the

posterior border
The

of the

forearm,
the

in

narrow

stripe
third

length

of

each

finger.
and
to

interspaces fingers,and
the

wing
the of the

between

the

and

fourth, the fourth

of forearm

fifth

between free

fifth finger and

posterior edge becoming

the

ankle, excluding
On
the
are

edge

wing
at

brane, mem-

contrastingly black.
delicate
russet at

the

lower The

side, the fur is whitish

toes
as

the

base,

interfemoral Measurements:

membrane

tips. fringed with specimen

had

well

as

the hairs.

entire

edge of

minute
a

short

"

The

type

forearm

of

39

mm.,

and

was

said

to

have

but

six caudal

vertebrae,

but

the

single specimen

from

Hainan

THE

BATS

269
fur is about size is also

has

distinctly seven.
a

In

this

specimen
The

the

9.0 shown

mm.

long, against
a

7.0 in of the from

Javanese

example.
in

greater
two

in

comparison
case

metacarpal lengths
No.
54940, of K.

these
from

(the

first measurement
in 37.5

is in each
a

A.M.N.H.,

Hainan,

those

parenthesis of
mm.

Javanese
carpal, meta-

specimen
The

picta picta): third

the

metacarpal,

(31); foiirth

36.5 (31) ; fifth length of

tooth
row

metacarpal, 36 (30).
skull of the
front
at
"

type

was

15
to

mm.

length of palate in midline,

molar, 7.5.
No

7; upper cranial

from
are

of incisor

back

of last

other

measurements

present
This

available.

Occurrence

and orange

Habits:

very

beautiful

little bat, with is

its like

strongly Myotis
in size. southknown:

contrasting formosus
It is
em

body

and

black-marked of

wings,
is
to

rufo-niger in its
uncommon,

style
and there

coloring, but
the but
two

singularly considerably smaller

parts of
extreme

apparently
China,
of the of the in

confined
are

warmer

for at

present
from

instances

of its presence and

a

that

type
skin

Pakhoi,
on

southern

Kwangtung,
by
the

second, consisting
Asiatic

only

mounted

celluloid, secured
have been

Central its

tions Expedi-

Hainan.
said
to

As

might
the

guessed from
among

pectdiar coloring, this

species is
somewhat

spend

day hanging foliage. only,

a

leaves, its pattern simulating

the

tints of withered examined:

"

Specimens

One

skin

from

Hainan.

135.
Kerivoula Kerivoula

Kerivoula

hardwickii
vol.

depressa
19, p.

Miller
i,
no.

depressa Miller,
hardwickii

Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington,

64, May

1906.
1930.

Shih, Bull.

Dept.

Biol., Sun

Yatsen

Univ., Canton,

4, p. 4,

Type
U.
S.

Specimen:
Burma.
"

"

Adult

female from

in

alcohol,
Carin

skull

dry,

No.

National

Museum,
Collected
Fur

southern

Biapo, by L. Fea.
back
on

Hills, northeast

of

18533/38 194, Tounghoo,

Description:
mummy brown

of

the

almost

uniformly
forehead where

smoky
the

brown,
hairs
are

about

(Ridgway), except tipped

in the
with

the

pale

at

the

base, minutely
at

brown. gray.

Below,
There

the
seems

fvir is
to

everywhere
little of the

dark color tri-

fuscous

base, tipped with

mentioned

buffy
case

be

effect The

of the the

typical race
same

and
as

the

type
of K.

specimen.
hardwickii of flattened. skins.

skull, though
a

practically of
globular
brain

size

that

Java,

has

much

less
"

case.

It is instead
are

obviously
the

Measurements:

The
Third

following
First

measurements
Fourth

from
Fifth

dried

No.

Forearm

metacarpal

phalanx
15
"

metacarpal
35
"

metacarpal

Tibia

Foot

84832 84833
The

34.5
330

36.7

33.8
"

15
"

skulls

of

these
as

two

specimens by

seem

trifle

larger than

that

of the

type from

Burma,

recorded

its describer.

270

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

KERIVOULA

HARDWICKII

DEPRESSA

Occurrence best referred

the
to

and

Habits:"

Three
race

skins of the

from

Chunganhsien,
K. be

Fiikien,

seem

this continental
in

Javan

ing hardwickii, notwithstandmay

slight discrepancies they

are

size and

color, which
more

individual. bases hairs.

to

parently Aphairs,
ium cran-

slightlydarker, with
than of that of the

extensive

sooty
of the

the The

thus

almost is
more

or

quite obliterating the

this

tricolor

pattern

flattened extension

Javan form.
Chinese

The

species
Museum

into

territory was
In
were

one

of the
to

coveries disthree

of the

American

Asiatic

Expeditions.
three the

addition
secured
comer

specimens (in by Mr. Clifford

same

spirit)from
H.

Yenping,
at

Ftikien,

skins

in

1926
of the

Pope,

Chiinganhsien, in
a

northwestern

province. by Shih
of

Since

then,

specimen
one

from

Yao

Shan,

Kwangsi,
from

has

been

recorded

(1930, p. 4)
Szechwan.

and

by
be

Sanborn
looked

(1933, p. 56)
for

Yangchaextreme

shan, southeastern
south

It may

anywhere
areas.

in the Its

China,
and the

probably
tooth rather
more

favoring might

the
at

subtropical
first
cause are

small

size,
for
a as

long tragus, Myotis, but

the
dense

formula

it to

be

mistaken
as

fur and

short, funnel-shaped ears particularly the characters

the two

distinctive,
dentition
upper
ones

well

of the anterior

with

three

lower

premolars of nearly equal size, and

and

relatively

large

subequal.
"

Specimens examined:
Ftikien:

In all,six, as

follows:

Chunganhsien,

3;

Yenping,
Genus

(inalcohol).
Murina

Gray

Murina

Gray, Ann.

Mag.

Nat. Tableau

Hist.,

ser.

i, vol.

lo, p.

258, 1842.
p. 30,

Ocypetes Lesson, 1832).

Nouv.

R^gne

Anim.,

Mamm.,

1842

(part; preoccupied by Ocypeles Wagler,

The from
any

extraordinary tubular
other

nostrils

distinguish the members

the

of

this genus
further

Chinese it from

bats, while
the genus

essentially normal
of the
may

molars
same

suffice to

separate
the

Harpiocephalus,
in in

subfamily,
looked
two

Murininas,
since show is

occurrence

of which
to

subtropical Tongking.

China

be the

for,

it is found
no

close

the

border
to
as a

Otherwise from

genera

special external
and

features slender

distinguish them
in the medium-sized

Myotis.
the

The that

skuU
genus.

similarly delicate
teeth

species of
jaw, giving

The

indicate, however,
there
=

curious

specialization over
in

condition
the

in

Myotis,
i.l
c.T

in that

is

one

less upper

premolar
incisors

each
no

formula: and the

pm.f m.l

34.

The

have

secondary

cusps,

THE

BATS

271

outer

of

each

pair is larger than

stands

the the

inner.
tooth The the

The
row

anterior
the filling

upper space upper

outer

premolar is
between molars

unusually large,and
canine
and square the in

fully in
lack

the
are

posterior premolar.
section, and reduced,
is
of

first

and

second
On

nearly

hypocone.
distorts
the

their

edge

the

parastyle is
third
upper

somewhat molar

which

regular W-pattem.
=

The

fairlylarge.- The Java.

recorded

type species is Vespertilio(

from the
the southern
two

Murina)
but
be

suillus
At

Temminck,
present
four

species are
that the

part of China,
may

it is not closer than

impossible
now

relationships of

larger species

suspected.
Key
to

Chinese

Species

of

Murina

A.

Forearm
a.

less than

35

mm.

Color Color

above,
above
more

golden yellow, forearm

28

mm

M.
mm

aurata

b. B.

bright ferruginous,forearm
than 35
mm.

33

M.

cyclotis

Forearm
a.

Forearm Forearm

about
about

38
41

mm., mm.,

color
color

rufous similar

brown

above

M.

huttoni M.

rubella

h.

leucogasier

136.
Murina
aurata

Murina
pour

axirata servir
a

Milne-Edwards
I'Hist. Nat.
des

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

Mamraif^res,

p. 250,

pi. 37B, fig. I

pi. 37C, fig.2, 1868-74 (1872). Harpiocephalus

Murina aurita Asiatic auratus Dobson, Monograph Chiroptera, p. 153, 1876. Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 57, p. 230, 1907 {lapsus).

Type
Naturelle from
the

specimen:
at

"

The

type
been

is
sent

presumably by
Pere

still at

the

Musetmi

d'Histoire

Paris, having

Armand

David,

probably in 1871,

principalityof Muping,
"

Szechwan,
28

China.
mm.

Description:
detached from the from
upper the

Size

small, forearm

Tubular

nostrils
and

long,
at

well

muzzle, directed
an

outward

and Ears

slightlyforward,
short, broadly
membrane hairs.
at

separated
their
of the base

lip by

enlarged
with

lobe.

rounded

tips,their posterior border

toes.

unnotched.

Wing
scattered

from

the

Interfemoral
Fur

membrane
at

above,
of forearm

blackish with

base, then

golden yellow

the fur

extremities;
is blackish

upper
at

surface

short

yellowish hair; below, the cingulum;

lower first upper
three

the

base, the tips grayish white.

The
smaller

canine
than and

has

well-marked which
about

premolar
lower

is much

second,
with in

equals canine;
crowns;

incisors

small,
the

subequal,
first

three-lobed

canine

hardly exceeding

premolar

height.
"

Measurements:

The total

following dimensions length,

of 62
mm.;

of the

type specimen
anus,

are

given
7.0; second

by Milne-Edwards:
ear,
10;

tail from

29;

hind of

foot,
a

forearm, 28; spread

measured 29
mm.

wings,
B.

190;

tibia, 14.
1929, p.

The

forearm

specimen

(A.

Howell,

20).

272

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Occurrence discovered from

and

Habits:
but

"

This since

small Pere

species seems
David
The
sent

to

be the

rare

and

has

been

in China

twice

back

originalspecimen
record

Muping, specimen
by

in central
from A. B. the

Szechwan.

second

Chinese

is afforded

by

Likiang Range, Yunnan, (1929), while

a

in the

U. S. National
Field

Museum,
taken

mentioned in Szechwan. should

Howell

third

is in the Its very

Museum,
size and

Nothing
be

is known

of its habits.

small

tion colora-

distinctive. examined:
"

Specimens

None.

137.
Murina

Murina Bengal,

cyclotis Dobson
1872,
p.
210;

cyclotis Dobson, pi. 14, 1873.

Proc.

Asiatic

Soc.

Journ.

Asiatic

See.

Bengal,

vol.

42,

pt. 2,

p. 206,

Harpiocephalus
Murinus

cyclotisDobson,

Monograph
Amer.

Asiatic Mus.
Nat.

cyclotisJ. A. Allen, Bull.

Chiroptera, p. 158, 1876. Hist., vol. 22, p. 487, 1906.

Type specimen:
No.

"

The

type
of the
from

is said Indian

by

Dobson
at

to

be

an

alcoholic It
was

female,
from
an

692 in

the

collection

Museum

Calcutta. India.

imknown

doubtless locality,
"

somewhere 33
mm.

in eastern

Description:
ears

Size

small, forearm
as

Nostrils with
to
a a

tubular, diverging;

nearly circular, about

tragus
on

wide

as

long,
to

slight convexity opposite point; wing

claws
membrane

the

the the

outer
outer

side; tragus

tapering
foot

fine

attached

along

edge

of the

the

base

of the

; extreme

tip
the

of tail free.
root

Upper

siuiace

of interfemoral
on

membrane

hairy, especially at
backs of the feet

of tail, along the with hair which

tibiae, and

the

calcanea;
the
toes.

thickly

covered

projects beyond
the

Color bases

above

bright ferruginous, paler brown long

and

hairs

everywhere
shorter about

with

dark-brown

; beneath

throughout.
slender, the
outer and

Upper
and

incisors

than
half

the
the

inner^ first
of the

second
;

premolars
molar
"

of upper
smaller

jaw subequal,
than the p.
one

height

canine

last lower

in front

of it. the

Measurements:

Dobson

(1876,
to

160) gives

following
and

dimensions
mm.;

for

an

Indian

specimen

(reduced
ear,

metric

units): head
33;

body, 43.5
Forearm

tail,38; foot with

Hainan

claws, 7.8;
mentioned Habits:
"

15; 33

forearm,
mm.

tibia, 15.

of the

specimen

below,
The record
taken

Occurrence in the from

Museum

and

only

basis A.

for
Allen

the

inclusion
p.

of this

species
female

Chinese

fauna island
Natural all

is the

by J.
June

(1906,
and

487)

of

Youboi,
of

of Hainan,

21,

1904,

now

in the
agrees

American torily satisfacM. tinctly dishair

;

History.
the rufous the

He

writes: Dobson's

"This

specimen
and

in

nearly

particulars with bright

description
fur, however,
the
a

figures of
is not
very of the

cyclotisfrom

Darjiling, in
surface, only

Himalaya.
extreme

The

bicolor, the
on

extending nearly
base

whole

length

the

dorsal

showing

darker,

brownish

shade

THE

BATS

273

below
close

lighter,more
in
and

brownish

yellow

to

the
the the

base

of the

fior
. . .

there

is

agreement

dentition, size, color,

hairiness

of

the

interfemoral

membrane of the
two

feet, etc., notwithstanding

great

geographical separation

localities."
examined:
"

Specimens

None.

138.
Murina

Murina
Recherches

leucogaster Milne-Edwards
pour sen'ir
a

leucogaster Milne-Edwards,

I'Hist. Nat.

des

Mammifdres,

p. 252,

pi. 37A, fig.2;

pi. 37C, fig.3, 1868-74.

Murina

leucogastra Thomas,

Proc.

Zool. See.

London,
was

1898, p. 771.

Type Specimen:
d'Histoire Naturelle

"

The
at

type

sent,
Pere

presumably

in

alcohol, to
who

the

Museum

Paris

by

Armand

David,

collected

it in the

Muping

district,Szechwan,
"

China, in October
tube-nosed

(1873).
41
mm.

Description:
shorter membrane the hairs
than the

^A

small

bat, forearm
from
and the
tarsus.

Ears and

narrow,

head, wing
above.

membrane

Feet chestnut

interfemoral
brown

hairy

Pelage long slaty

gray the
at at

fine, in color
bases.

above,
abdomen

everywhere

their

Throat,

chest

and

white, shading into brown

Measurements:
p.
"

sides.
as anus

The
88

type
mm.

measured tail from

follows
to

(Milne-Edwards,
foot,
11

1868-74,
; ear,

253) : total length,

41 ;

tip, 34; hind

are

14;

forearm,

tibia, 17.
and

No
"

cranial

measurements

available.
the

Occurrence
of
one

Habits: that

Except
taken

for the

originalspecimen from
as

pality princiThomas has

Muping
seems

served

Milne-Edwards in China,

the

type
one

of this

species,only
by however,

other
p.

to

have

been

namely,
Fukien.

recorded

(1898,
recorded

771)
it from

from the

Kuatun,
northwestern
"

northwestern

Dobson,

Himalayas.

Specimens examined:

None.

139. Murina hulloni rubella

Murina Mag.
Nat.

huttoni Hist., ser.

rubella
8, vol.

Thomas
13, p. 440, 1914.

Thomas,
"

Ann.

Type Museum,
21,

Specimen:
from

-An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull. No.

8.8.1 1.6, British

Kuatun,
W.
"

northwestern

Fvikien, China.

Collected

September

1896, byF.

Styan. Resembling
rufous
the

Description:
Color
way, the above the upper dark

Indian
warmer

M.

huttoni, but
than

more

rufous. of

brown,

rather

"sayal
surface
area

brown" rather

Ridgthan

longer hairs glossy golden

at

brown.

Under

paler

the

sides and

still paler down

the

middle

but

without

strong

contrasts.

Measurements:

"

The
nmi.

forearm
;

of

the

type

measured 13.7; upper

37.5 cheek

mm.

Skull,

greatest
of canine

length,
to

18.2

basi-sinual
6.2.

length,

teeth, front

back

of last molar,

274

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Occurretice is known
race

and

Habits:
states

"

Thomas,
that it is

to

whom

we

are

indebted

for the
to

all that

of

this

bat,

readily distinguished from

tint than the F. grayer W.
to

typical
west.

of India

by

its darker, in all

were

more

rufous
collected and

animal

the

Seven Touche

specimens
at

by

Messrs.

Styan
the

and

J.

D.

La

Kuatun,
Dobson

Fukien,

presented by them
huttoni
to

British

Museum,

in

1896.
as 20

but,
skull

Thomas
mm.

assigned (1914a) states, the latter

M.

the
is

synonymy
a are

of

M.

leucogaster,
of 41
mm.,

larger with
the
two

forearm

in greatest
The h.

length;

nevertheless
must

perhaps only subfor

specificallyrelated.
described
a

species
from

be

wide-ranging,

Sowerby

has

race,

M.

fuscus,
"

Manchuria.

Specimens examined:

None.

Family

MOLOSSID^
BATS

MASTIFF

The

bats

of this

family

may

be

recognized by
from which
hind

their the

peculiar plush-lrkefur,
terminal very

the

thickened
of the

interfemoral
tail

membrane

half
narrow

or

abouts there-

projects, the
with
as a

short, strong
than

legs, the metacarpal

the

wing
inner

in which

the

fifth

finger is hardly longer

ears a

the

of the

third, and

by

the

peculiar
is

short

decidedly angular tip, and

Miller
humerus

thickened
border. p.

edge which
tragus
the

is extended
very

ridge projecting from

or narrow.

inner

The
phasizes em-

usually

small, squarish
additional

(1907,

242)
the

following
head

family
the

characters: inner
;

with

outer

supplementary
first

much
very

larger than
slender

ulna

less reduced

than

in the

Vespertilionidae,its
seventh Ivmibar
The vertebrae neck
not

shaft
at

about

half
on

the
the

length
upper

of the

radius;
carpal; meta-

phalanx of third finger,when

vertebra

rest, folded with

skull the

side of the fibula

fused

first

dorsal;

complete;

fused
are

together;
Worlds.
the

lacking postorbital processes.

of the

molossid
and

bats

characteristic

tropics
take

and

subtropics of
to

both
the

the Old roofs

the

New between

Many

of them
the

readily

living under
much genera Two

of houses

ceiling and
and
in the

roofing, often
of

causing
part

annoyance

by
in

their

musky
and These
Key

odor

only
usual

occur

China,

probably
may
to

droppings. deposit southern only the extreme by the following key:

Molossid^

under

conditions.

be
Genera

identified
of

Chinese notch of the

A. B.

The A

palate without
notch

conspicuous
present
at

median front

Chcerephon
palate
Dobson
144,

conspicuous

the

Nyctinomus

Genus

Chaerephon
vol. 43,
ser.

ChcBrephon Dobson,
Andersen,
Ann.

Joum.
Mus.

Asiatic

Soc.

Bengal,

pt. 2, p.
3, vol.

1874
1907

(as

subgenus
a

of

Nyctinomus).

Civ. Storia

Nat., Geneva,

3, p. 35,

(as

genus).

The

wrinkle-lipped bats
members

of this genus Tadarida

closely resemble

in external
but
are

ters charac-

the

of the

genus

(Nyctinomus),

distinguished

THE

BATS

275

by
so

the
that

skull, in which
there in

the

premaxillary Usually
the

bones

are

complete
upper

on

the

palatal side,
as

is

no

deep

notch

extending
two two

back

of the

incisors, such

is

present
with
the

that

genus.

premaxillaries are
small

intimately
at

fused
of the

surrounding
a

bones,
notch

leaving
in front

foramina

the

end the

palate, or
tail,narrow
the the
The genus
same

very

small

of the

incisors. vertical

Externally,
wrinkles
The

half-free

wings,
from

short

and tibiae,

lips with
and

will
tooth

distinguish
formula m.f
=

all except

Tadarida
and

Nyctinovius.

is
30.

in both is
one

Chaerephon
of
reaches

Nyctinomus, namely: subtropical

China. of the
The

i.i

ct

pm.f
the

genus and

tropical and
southern

distribution

in

Old

World

only,

barely

genotype

is

Nyctinomus
the

Chcerephon) johorensis Dobson, species is

as

Malay

Peninsula.

Only

ing follow-

yet known

from

China.

140.

Chaerephon
Trans. Amer.

plicatus (Buchanan-Hamilton)
Linn. Nat.
no.

Vespertilio plicatus Buchanan-Hamilton, Nyctinomus plicatus J. A. Allen, Bull.

Soc.

London,

vol.

5, p. 261,

pi. 13, 1800.

Mus.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 482, 1906.

57, p. 245,

Chcerephon plicatus Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat.

Mus.,

1907.

Type

specimen:
been
"

"

male,

from

Puttahaut,

Bengal.

The

specimen

has

apparently

lost

sight of.
meditmi,
forearm
about 50
mm.,
ears

Descriptio7i:
bases color their
across

Size

joined
dark

at

their

the
a

forehead, lips with

dark

conspicuous
the bases

vertical of the

wrinkles.
are

General

above,

rich

brown;
but

below,
in the

hairs

brown,
and

tips minutely paler; they

the
are

middle

region
in the

of the

throat, chest

abdomen
In

broadly tipped
muzzle of the is

with

whitish. side view, and level

the

skull, the

slightlydepressed
just behind
forward
crowns

there orbits.

is

conspicuous convexity
low
crests

outline

of' the

but
to

well-marked
the

sagittalridge
in
contact

extends The

from

strong
upper

lambdoid
are

interorbital almost

constriction.

of the anterior

incisors of the

vertical, and
is
a

medially.

At

the

comer

orbit

prominent
Measurements:

bony
"

knob. The

forearms

in five

specimens

from

Hainan

range

from

49.7-50.4 The

mm.

cranial

measurements
MEASUREMENTS

follow:
OF

CRANIAL

CHMREPHON

PLICATUS

Length,

276
Occurrence

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

and India

Habits:
to

"

This
East

is

widely
The
to

distributed

species in
of its

the eastern
occurrence

tropics
within who
These other had

from the

the

Indies.
seems

only
that
of

record
Dr.

boundaries adult

of China males
from

be

of

J.

A.

Allen

(1906),
i,

five

Rintoi, island
doubt the

Hainan,

taken

July
be

1904.
at

I have

examined.
the

No
extreme

species will eventually

of China.

found

points along

southern

border

Specimens

examined:

"

Five, from

Rintoi, Hainan.

Genus

Nyctinomus

E.

Geoffrey
BATS
1818.

WRINKLE-LIPPED

Nyctinomus London,

E.

Geoffrey, Description de I'Egypte, vol. 2, p. 114,

p. 251.

Thomas

and

Hinton,

Proc.

Zool.

See.

1923,

The of the
The

genus

Nyctinomus
World in that

is now
there

regarded
are

as

valid, and
instead

distinct

from

Tadarida incisors.
a

New

only

four

of six lower

type
bat

species of the
of northern

genus

is A

Nyctinomus

cBgyptiacusE. species is

Geofiroy,
found

large-

eared China.

Africa.

closely related

in southern

141.

Nyctinomus
Asiatic

teniotis

insignisBlyth
Cat. Mamm. Asiatic Soc.

Nyctinomus
p. 29,

insignis Blyth, Joum. 1863.

Soc. Bengal,

vol. 30, p. 90, 1861;

Bengal,

Dysopes

(Molossus)

rueppelli Swinhoe, Monograph

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

Nyctinomus

cestonii Dobson,

Asiatic

Chiroptera, pp.
Foss., p. 145,
ser.

1870, p. 619. 179 (head of type 1897 (in part; "ad 283, 1920.

of N.

180 insignis figured),

(part),202-203
Nyctinomus
Tadarida
latouchei

(type listed),1876.
Cat. Mamm. Nat. Viv.

tceniotis Trouessart,

Chinam").

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Hist.,
a

9, vol.

5, p.

Type Specimen:
as

"

The

type,
Indian

male

in alcohol, is listed

by by

Dobson It
was

(1876)
sent to

in the

collection

of the

Museum,

Calcutta, No. Fukien,

180.

Edward

Blyth,
in i860.

then

Curator,

from

Amoy,

China,

Consul

Robert

Swinhoe

Description:
"

Size

large,
with

forearm

about anterior

60 bases is

mm.,

ears

large, broadly
in the

rounded
the

off in front, and

their

meeting densely
between
outer
comers

middle with

of

forehead

by

wide with

inward
some

extension, which
seven

covered
the

short

hair. mouth

Lips ample,
and the the
a on

vertical
open
at

grooves the

angle
of
a

of the

the

nostrils. rim of which

The

latter

truncate

pad,
from with
short

upper

is studded its terminal

with half

minute

horny projections. Wings

Borders
outer

ankles, tail with

stiff

projecting.
are

of the

feet

fringe of
the
on

projecting hairs, which

Fur

long

on

the

border, and
a

inner. the

soft, fine and

at

dense,
sides.

extending ventrally
at

short

tance dis-

out

wing

membrane

the

Above,

nearly

clove

brown,

the

hairs

whitish

the

base, their
brown,
the

extreme

tips minutely

frosted

with

grayish; below, nearly

similar

hair

of

THE

BATS

277

the than

throat
that

uniformly colored,
of the
back. The

that

of the

chest

and

belly with

longer light tips

Measurements:

"

following

measurements

of

the 140

type
mm.;

(reduced

to

millimeters)

given by Blyth (1861): total length, Dobson's (1876) measurements 64; third finger, 114.
are

arm, tail,47; foresame

of the
head These and
are

men, speci82.5;
similar

however,

are

little different:
10; ear,

forearm,
x

58.2

mm.;

body,
very and

tail,53;
to those

foot

and

claws,

29.5
as

21.5;

tibia, 16.6.

of the
; tail, 43

type
; ear,

of T. latouchei
23 ; forearm, immature

given by Thomas,

namely:

head

body,
20.5.

76

mm.

56.5 ; third metacarpal,

53 ; first

phalanx,
T.

The measured:

skull

of the

specimen
mm.;

that

served

as

type

of
21.2;

latouchei

greatest length, 21.7

12.2;

condylobasal length,
7.1 ; upper

zygomatic
teeth,
8.

width,
Doubtless

mastoid
the

width,
a

12;

palato-sinual length,
individual would

cheek

skull of

fully adult

show

mensions. slightlygreater di-

Occurrence in the the

sent extreme

and
south secured

Habits:

"

This

large free-tailed
The
Robert

bat

seems

to

be

uncommon

of China.

first record Swinhoe

and

of its presence
at to

is based It

on was

specimen
with in

by Consul
of made have been

Amoy,
the

Fukien. Asiatic

other

specimens
and
was

mammals the

birds

Society of Blyth.
Dobson

Bengal,
His in 1876

i860,

type
and

of

Nyctinomus
its head China
states

insignis by

description seems
made

to

long overlooked, however, figured

as

although
that of

mention Swinhoe

of the

specimen
in

mus Nyctinoagain brought

that

cestonii. mentions in to China

was

(1870c)
vinder

his

list of

South

mammals it
was

the

specimen,
on

Dysopes
25,

and rueppelli,

that

him
are

alive
of
one

November

1859.
La

The Touche
; and

only
to
a

other the

records

for eastern
Museum

presented by J. D.
sea

British
an

captured

at

in the 191 7,

Formosa

channel
same

second,

immature
on

male,
the
sea-

taken
coast

September
the
most

9,

by

the

collector, at Chinwangtao,
as

of northeastern

Hopei. northerly

This
ever

specimen,
in

remarked and

is
to

by far

taken

Asia,
its

(1920), by perhaps this fact led him

Thomas But it
seems so

describe

it

as

Tadarida range

latouchei, despite
of the

immaturity.
its very

far out
so

of the

normal
to

species,and
can

slightlysmaller
any

size is

probably
the

due
same

its
form

youth, that there

of

be

hardly
must

doubt been
ever

of its representing either

been

South

China,
storm,

and

have
have

carried found
in in

north

by
a

ship
In

or

blown

by
of

for

no

others

within its
1922

thousand

miles
extreme

Hopei
Thomas

(although Ognev
Yunnan,
as a a

includes

Vladivostok
taken

range).
has

southwestern

single specimen
race,

been

described it may

by

distinct
to

differing in
different.
account

slightly
Without

darker

color, but
seen

eventually
I

prove

be add

not

very

having

specimens, however,
"

can

only

Thomas's

of it.

Specimens examined:

None.

278

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

142.

Nyctinomus

teniotis

coecata

(Thomas)

Tadarida

lenioUs

ccecata

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

9,

vol.

10,

p.

392,

1922.

Type
the altitude

specimen: valley,
of
7,000 feet.

A
"

skin

and

skull,
in

No.

22.9.1.2,

British 20' north

Museiim,

from
at

Mekong

Yunnan,
Collected

China,

about

28"
Forrest.

latitude,

an

by "quite
but

George
similar"

Description:
and the Mediterranean

Color
"

above,

to

that

of

T.

teniotis

of
brown

Europe
above.

region,
Thomas
"

much

darker,

dark

mummy

Measurements: the

(1922b)
89 24.8.
There
"

gives
tail,
55
;

the

following
60.

measurements

of

type:
Total

head

and

body,
of

mm.

forearm,

length
and

skull,
Habits:

Occurrence

is taken

but

the
the

single Mekong
The

record

for
about

this 28"

race,

namely,
north,
in

that

of

the

type

specimen
Yunnan, by habits,
color forearm
N.
t.

in

valley, species
The

20' be

in

northwestern
rather

George
and than nowhere the

Forrest.

seems

to

general given

solitary
its
to

in

common.

brief which

tion descripit wise other-

indicates

darker

Eiiropean

form,
The

resembles,

even

the

measurement.

latter

is

possibly although

slightly
the

larger

than

in

the

race

insignis

of

eastern

China,
it
may

so

that,
the

distinction

seems

at

present

somewhat

doubtful,

for

present

be

regarded

as

valid

subspecies.
None.
"

Specimens

examined:

CHAPTER

VI

ORDER

PRIMATES

LEMURS

AND

MONKEYS

The
some

lemurs, monkeys,
insectivore
and

and

apes

imdoubtedly
have

are

an

arboreal

offshoot

of

ancient of

group. such

They
as

retained

many

acters generalized charof the

body

skeleton,
toes

the

nearly equal development independence fingersusually

As

limbs,
and

the

ftillfive and

fingers and
have

in most
the

species,the
the

of radius
an

ulna,

of tibia and

fibvda, with
an

freelyrotating forearm.

arboreal flattened

adaptation they
nails; the
but the faces while in
some

opposable thumb,
in the which
more are

with
as a

tail is

usually long
baboons, lemxirs, the

agile species,serving partly

lemurs
eye

balancer,
some

of the

ground-livers, and
In the

in

of orbit

slow-moving
more or

tail is much in the

the

reduced.

skull

the

less forward,
more

and

it is enclosed is

by
shut

bony ring,
the

in

the

typical monkeys
a

completely
an

off from of the

temporal
and

fossa
bones.

by

wall

of

bone,
are

formed
now

in part by

extension
a

frontal
Lemu-

jugal

The

lemurs many the

regarded
and

as

forming
Most

suborder,

roidea, distinguishedby
which includes

anatomical

from peculiarities
man.

the

Anthropoidea,
of the external
and

monkeys,
of the
toe to

great apes,
are

obvious

characters
the

lemurs of the
a mere

the

widely opposable
and

thumbs

great toes,
second
ramen

clawed
of

second the hand

hind

foot

in

some

the

reduction

of the

digit

stump.
orbit
in

In

the

sktill the

lachrymalfo
it in the

is without

the The

edge of the
teeth

the

lemvu"s, just within

less from for the marked.
a

poidea. Anthro-

of the
of the

lemurs

depart

the

primitive
molars

insectivorous
show the
are

type

than

in most

Anthropoidea, fairlywell
upper the
two

upper The

usually reduction,

primitive W-pattem
very

of cusps of the

incisors,however,
to

different, those
of
a are

jaw with

tendency
of

and

the

development
lower

space

between

pairs

opposite
as

sides, while
and

in the
pressed com-

jaw they
have

proclivous, projecting forward

contact

sharp-pointed
with
so

teeth, in close
which
taken become

with in form

each
and The

other,
brain

and

the

lower
their

canines,

like

them

function,

that lemurs

places
their

are

by

the

first lower

premolars.
convolutions

of the

is less

highly
lower

specialized in

size and

of the
279

cerebrum,

indicating

28o

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

intelligence. The
southeastern
most

lemurs

are one

at

present confined

to

Africa

and

the

forests

of

Asia, with
border is found
the of

southern

species only apparently occvirring on the very Of the Anthropoidea, or typical monkeys, China.
and
are

the and

Gibbon
one

in Yunnan
group

Hainan;
also

two

species of
in

small

macaques
one

of

stump-tail
and

found

southern is

China, while

genus,
to

the
the

large

handsome

langur-like Rhinopithecus,
China.
of

fined practically con-

mountains
Key

of southwestern
to the

Genera
to
a

Chinese the

Primates second hind

toe

A.

Hands claw

wnth

the index

finger reduced

stump,

with

(Lemuroidea)
and feet with
.

Nycticebus
digits normally
than and

B.

Hands

developed,
foot,

and

provided

with

flat nails

(Anthropoidea)
a.

Tail

considerably longer
exceeding head
Nose Nose flat a". h".

hind

a'. Tail

body.
Pithecus

produced

as

upturned fleshy,
head foot and
or

rim

Rhinopithecus
Macaco

b'. Tail
h. Tail

less than

length of
limbs

body
wanting.

less than and limbs

length of hind
hind much

a'. Fore b'. Fore

of about

equal length
tailless

Lyssodes

exceeding hind;

Hylobates

Family
SLOW LEMURS

LORISID^
AND

GALAGOS

This forests

family comprises
the Pottos the

the

so-called

Slow

Lemurs,

represented
and
so,

in African

by

{Perodicticusand They
Two
are

Arctocebus)
tailless
are or

in the slow

southeastern

part of Asia
and with

by

Lorises. limbs.
the

nearly
in
crosses

of movement, Loris
border

slender

genera

found

tropical Asia,
the

and in

Nycticebus, of which
extreme

latter

apparently just
and

Chinese

southwestern

Yunnan

probably
E.

in the

eastern

provinces.

Genus Nycticebus E. Geoffroy, Ann.

Mus.

Nycticebus

Geoffroy

d'Hist.

Nat., Paris, vol. 19, p. 162, 1812.

The

Slow

Loris

is

distinguished generically from

limbs,
and

its relative of the

the

Slender

Loris the

by

its stouter, shorter

by
the
;

the

characters

skull, in which
the

anterior of

edge

of the

premaxillaries barely projects beyond

molar inner
row

incisors,
extends
is much The

instead back

being distinctlyextended;
level of the
the and

of the

upper

jaw

of the

posterior nares
are mere

the

pair of
than

upper

incisors

larger than
first upper the former

outer, which
first lower

spicules and
are

sometimes
those

lacking.
latter

premolars
the

longer
a

succeeding them,
caniniform,
and
meta-

separated from
the
outer

canine
The

by
upper

distinct
molars

space, have

the
the

closingbehind
cone on

true

canine.
well

paracone

the

edge

developed,

but

rather

blunt,

the

protocone

larger,

THE

PRIMATES

281

with
The

small

hypocone
N.

behind
coiicang to

it.

The

tooth of

formula

is: i.l ci

pm.l mj

=36.

type
One

species is species seems

(Boddaert)
the

Bengal.

reach

tropicaledge of China.
cinereus Milne-Edwards
p.

143.

Nycticebus
Ann. p. Mus.

coucang
d'Hist.

Nycticebus cinereus Milne-Edwards,

Zool.

Nat., Paris, vol. 7,

Mammals Indian

161, 1867.

Anderson,

Anat.

and

Researches

Western
var.

Yunnan,

103,

1879.
Cat.

Nycticebus lardigradus

cinerea

J. Anderson,

Mus.,

Calcutta, pt. i,

p.

96, 1881.

Type
d'Histoire
not

specimen:
Naturelle
more

"

The
at
a

type
so

specimen
faded

is

mounted exposure
to

skin

in

the that

Museum

Paris,
trace

from

light

"there
came

is

much

than

of the

original coloring

left"

(Elliot). It

from

"Siam."

Description:
"

Anderson the eyes from Elsewhere

describes
surrounded the
ear,

specimen by brown,
the

from while

the

borders
the
area

of western
brown
area

Yunnan
a

as

having
passes below.

below white gray

white

band
and

joining

central
is
a

of the
a

face

above

the

general color
the

clear
outer

with of

reddish limbs. the

tinge
There
center

on

the
a

sides

of

the

body,
line

shoulders,
reddish rufous
of
a

and

side

the

is

median
head
to
"

dorsal the The

of dark
Ears

chestnut

extending from
white.
Museum 370

of the

rump.

; under

parts grayish
in the

Measurements:
are

measurements
as

specimen
length
of

British
about

given by Elliot

(1913)
width
molar

follows: 61
mm.;

total basilar

skin,

mm.

Skull:

occipito-nasal length,
43; lower 13.2 and

length,
upper

53;

palatal length,

21;

zygomatic width,
mandible,
muzzle
to

of brain

case,

30;

molar Bhamo

series, 18; length of

39;

series, 15.

Anderson's
;

specimen measvu"ed: (19 mm.).

the
states

vent,

inches
Habits:

(336 mm.)
"

tail,0.75
this
for of

inches

Occurrence border is found border.

record

Undoubtedly
Yunnan,
to
a

species reaches (1879)

which
there. who
come

Chinese
that
on

in extreme
in the

southwestern

Anderson

it the

Kakhyen
be that

Hills
on

the

east

Bhamo,
secvired

would The
a

be

He
seems

brieflyremarks
to

specimen he
(1870c,
was a

only other living one

Province animal's

of Swinhoe in 1863, that

p.
to

615),
have

bought
from in view

in the
of

Canton

Market in the

said
statement

the of the

Kwangsi,
resided

southwestern

part,

which,

occurrence

in the for

Kakhyen
several

Hills,seems
years

extremely
writes

probable.
that he
can

Mell
add

(1922, p.i i), nothing

to

who

in Canton,

Swinhoe's

record.
"

Specimens examined:

None.

Family
BABOONS

CERCOPITHECID^
AND GTIENONS

This
the

family contains
World,
and

the

macaques, the

baboons,
are

and

guenon with

monkeys
but

of
their

Old

usually

langurs

included

them,

282

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

anatomical

structiire

is somewhat
are

different, correlated

with
or

their

leaf-feeding
rank. in

habits,
I have the the

so

that

they
the

either
course.

regarded
The

as

subfamily
and
in

given family
agree

followed

latter

macaques

baboons their

having

tail

usually somewhat
and
the

shortened,
this member

although

African
are

relatives,
tree-livers
have

guenons

mangabeys,
former
the
are

is longer, for these

in habits. The

chiefly,while
the facial males.
Two The

partly terrestrial
the the

baboons

portion of
thumb

skull

elongated, the canines Lyssodes,

former
occtir

long and
not

powerful in the
the

is

fairlywell developed,
and

stomach

sacculated. Rhesus

genera, the

Macaca

including
in Chinese

Monkey,

latter the
Key

Stimip-tailed Macaque,
to

territory.

Genera hind hind

of

Chinese

Cercopithecid^ Macaca

A. B.

Tail Tail

moderately long, exceeding

a mere

foot foot

stump,

shorter

than

Lyssodes

Genus
Macaca
vol.

Macaca

Lacep^de
Nouv. Tabl.

Lac6pMe,
3, p. 490,

Tableau
1801.

des Mammif^es,

p. 4, 1799;

Meth., Mamm.,

in M^m.

de

I'lnst. Paris,

Macacus Pithecus

Desmarest,

Mammalogie, Cuvier, Mag. 176,

1913.

vol.

i, p.

63,

1820. vol. 3, p.

Geoffroy
vol.

and

Encyclop^dique,
49,

462,

1795

(part). EUiot, Review

of the

mates, Pri-

2, p.

Rhesus

Lesson, Revue

Zool., 1840,

pp.

95.

These variable reduced is

a

are

rather

heavy-bodied
less than The

monkeys, length of
open the

with
head

short,
and

stout but

limbs, and
sometimes There have

tails,usually
to
a mere

the

body,
These The

stump.
food

nostrils
on

slit-like and
buttocks.

downward.

pair of conspicuous pouches

skull
are are

callosities
may be

monkeys
the

cheek in the the

in which very

temporarily
the

stored.

eyebrow ridges
canines face. in The
rows, outer

heavy, giving
and

face
a

beetling brow;
on

males

long, sharp,
lower

strong
show

with four

groove each

the

first and while

as

second

molars
molar

cusps

in two The
32.

transverse

the

third

lower of

has

fifth

posterior
Ct

cusp.
=

tooth
The

formula,
is

characteristic

the

family, is: i.f

=

the

Barbary
Two

Ape

{Simia [
familiar

Macaca]
are

inuus

pm.f m.| Linnaeus).

as

genotype
in

species of this genus

Yunnan and
Key

here

recognized
the

occurring
an

China,

one

the

widespread and

Rhesus

Monkey,

other

allied

species fotmd

in western

the
to

adjacent
the

parts of Burma.
Species
of

Chinese

Macaca M. M. mulatta

A. B.

General

hue

of pelage orange uniform brown

or

yellowish above

Pelage nearly

above

assamensis

144.
Macacus
assamensis

Macaca
Soc.

assamensis
London,

(McClelland)
p.

McClelland,
p.

Proc. Zool.

1839,

148.

Anderson,

Anat.

and

Zool.

Researches

Western

Yunnan,

64, 1879. Joum.

Asiatic

Macacus

(Pilhex) pelops Hodgson,

Soc.

Bengal, vol.

9, p.

1213,

1840.

THE

PRIMATES

283
128,

Macacus Macacus

problemalicus Gray, rhesus,

var.,

Cat.

Monkeys
and

Brit.

Mus.,

p.

1870.
Yunnan,
1913 p. 57,

Anderson, Elliot, Review 1872,

Anat.

Zool. Researches

Western 209,

pi. 3, 1879. Anderson,

Proc

Pithecus

assamensis

of the

Primates,

vol.

2, p.

(with

synonymy).
vol. 27,

Zool. Soc. Macaca

London,

p. 529,

fig. Joum. Bombay

Nat.

assamensis

Hinton

and

Wroughton,

Hist.

Soc,

p.

669,

1921

(with

onymy). syn-

Type specimen:
it, to
have been and the

"

The

type specimen
Museum" skull.
to

is said
at

by Anderson,
It
was

who
an

examined
adult
not

in the lacked

"Indian the

London.
to

male,
to

mounted,
found
in

According
which
were

Elliot

(1913), it is
in
the

be the

British East-India

Museum,

the

types
to

Museum
been

of

Honoiirable The

Company

supposed
Garo
and

have

transferred.

type localityis Assam,

probably
in brown

in the size
a

Hills

region.
to

Description:
"

Similar uniform is
a

general
with

proportions

the

Rhesus

Monkey,
The

but

of

slight yellowish tinge

olive
or

above.

fur
to

above

nearly

uniform
the

faintly yellowish brown

and the

from

the On Rest

head the

tip of tail,including
and surface
from

forearms

hind hairs

limbs
are

all around.

cheeks

bordering pale
gray

the
or

forehead,
drab.

the

long
is
a

black-tipped.
in with

of lower
crown,

There in all

"cowlick"

the
a

center

of the

which

the

hair radiates
of the

directions, that
in
a

forward

slope meeting the black-tipped hairs According heavy

of build
to

forehead

slightridge. pounds.
the

Hinton
the
"

and

Wroughton
and may

(1921) this species is slightlymore weigh give

than 575 for
two
more

than

Rhesus,
above

up
mm.

to

28
as

Measurements:

The very

authors

maximum

length
by
Hinton

of head

and

body,

or

slightlymore
skull

the
are

Rhesus. summarized
case

Cranial
and

characters
as

differentiatingthese
larger
and

Wroughton
and

follows:

massive, brain

relatively

shorter the
the

narrower;

occipitalcrest fusing
;

and

temporal ridges strongly developed, sagittalcrest, whereas

thickened
tooth

latter
case

in adults Rhesus

to

form

strong

this is

never

in the

supraorbital ridges noticeably more

between the upper

; mandible
rows.

relativelylonger
canines
while
are

and

narrower

condyles and
jaw

The

much cheek

larger,
teeth
CRANIAL
are

those

of the

deeply grooved
ASSAMENSIS

anteriorly,

the

relativelyweaker.
MEASUREMENTS OP MACACA

284
Of the

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

two

available

Chinese
the last and

specimens
an are

whose

skull
the

measurements

are

given
of the

in the
same are

table
sex,

above,
whose

first is
molars
a

adult
not

female,
yet
milk Old

second The the be for

subadult milk

erupted.
canine;
males may

worn

premolars
however,

is Of

still in place unusually large and

measurements the

very

small

second

molar,

well in

place.

considerably
a

larger.
from
140.3 upper In

given by
width,

Hinton

and

Wroughton
this:

large

male

Sikkim,
mm.;

following are

sufficient to indicate
92;

occipito-basilar length,
orbital

zygomatic
teeth, 42.7.
skull the
but

cranial

width,

62.7;
is

width,

72.8;

cheek the

posterior border
assamensis This of

of the is much

frontal
more

evenly

convex

backward
or

in the

Rhesus

in M. Habits:

narrowed,
to

U-

V-shaped.
restricted
and

Occurrence
range at from

and

"

monkey
India
to to western

seems

have

somewhat

the

Sunderbuns

the
the

Naga
borders

Hills, Sikkim
of Yunnan.

Nepal
Bhamo,

the

higher elevations,
its presence
the

eastward
on

Anderson below

(1879) reported
Burma,
cliff and of
a on

the

frontier

of Yunnan below
a

Irrawaddy. passing
here

Here

lived threw

large colony
rice and
;

huge
The

limestone

persons

in boats

them

fruits.

total

length
secured

female

secured

was

26.75 inches

(680 mm.)
is based
on

tail,9.25 inches
three the
Burma

(235 mm.).
border,
it
what some-

The

first definite

record
on

of it for China the

the

specimens
which

by
on

Dr. March

R.

C. Andrews
3, 4, 1917. the

Namting
brown

River,
told

not

far from
the

It may uniform

readily be

from upper

Rhesus,

resembles, by
orange and

of the

siu-face, lacking the bright

ochery

tints.

Specimens

examined:

"

Three, from

Namting

River, southwestern

Yunnan.

145.

Macaca
RHESUS

mulatta
MONKEY

(Zimmermann)

Cercopithecus mulatta
Simla Simia Inuus Macacus
p. Macacus rhesus

Zimmermann,
Hist. Gen.
Nat.

Geogr.
des

Geschichte
et

Menschen

u.

vierfuss.

Thiere, vol. 2, p. 195, 1780.

Audebert,

Singes

Makis,
1800.

family 2, p. 5, 1789.

erythraa Shaw,

Zoology,
Proc. Zool.

vol. Zool.

I, p. 33,

Swinhoe, sancli-johannis
lasiotus Gray,
221.

Soc. London, 1868,

1866,
p.

p.

556. Sclater, Proc.

Zool. Soc.

Proc.

Soc.

London,

60, pi. 6.

London,

1871,

tcheliensis Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

pour

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

des

MammifSres,

p. 227,

pis. 32, 33,

1868-74 (1870).
Macacus Macacus Macacus

erythraus Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool. Soc.

London,

1870, p. 226.
f.

sancli-johannis Swinhoe,
lasioUs

ibid.,p. 615.
and Zool.

Mell, Arch.

Naturgesch., Yunnan,

vol. 88, sect. A,

p.

no.

10, p. 10, 1922.

Anderson,

Anat.

Researches

Western

85, 1879 (synonymy;

type

skull

figured).
Macacus rhesus

Trouessart, Cat.

Mamm. Mus.

Viv. Nat.

p. 770.

J. A. Allen, Bull.

Amer.

Zool. Soc. London, Proc. Thomas, Foss., p. 27, 1897. Hist., vol. 22, p. 488, 1906; ibid.,vol. 26, p. 242, 1909.

1898,

THE

PRIMATES

285
p. 27,

Macacus

lasiotis Icheliensis Trouessart,

littoralis 1913.

Cat.

Mamm.

Viv.

Foss.,

1897.
1909;

Pithecus

Elliot, Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

8, vol.

4, p. 250,

Review

of the

Primates,

vol.

2,

p. 201, Pithecus Pithecus

brachyurus Elliot, Ann.

Mag.

Nat. of

Hist., ser.
the

8, vol. 4, p. 251,
vol. 2, p.

1909 1913.

(not

of H.

Smith).

Hainan.

sancti-johannis Elliot, Review

lasiotis

Primates,

198,

Pithecus Pithecus
Macaca

Elliot, loc.

cit. of P. Nat.
sect.

brevicaudus
mulatta

Elfiot, ibid.,p. 216, pi. 23 (in place

and

brachyurus, preoccupied).
Hist. Soc, A,
no.

Hinton

Wroughton,
f.

Journ. Bombay
vol.

vol. II,

27,

p.

668, I921.

Macacus

brevicaudus

Mell, Arch.

Naturgesch.,
name

88,

10, p.

1922.

Type

specimen:
a

"

The

is based
in
a

on

Pennant's

description (not his

seen

figure)
at

of

Tawny
about

Monkey
1770. The

Mr.

Brook's
was

menagerie,
never

presumably

London,

specimen

doubtless with is tawny, hind

gray

preserved.
the head and

Description:
"

^A medium-sized

macaque above

tail less than

body
over

length.
the

The

general color
and 70 upper
mm.,
or

becoming
limbs.
at to

brighter fulvous
the
half shoulders
or

lower is

back

parts
more,
a

of the

About basal

the color

hair

longest,
side sides

ashy

the
the

so,

this hairs and

are

showing through
upper The

and

giving
show

grayish tinge
narrow a narrow

shovdders.

The

of the black.

usually
of
the black

very

annulations
band and Lower lower
across

of ochraceous
the

face

and

forehead limbs

sparsely clothed
gray,

with

hairs.

Feet

parts

of

the

drab

with
about

slight
the

ochraceous

wash.

surface
base

pale grayish white.

back, buffy
gray

Tail below.

half

body length, colored

at

the

like the

The

skull is somewhat

less massive
The

than

that

of M.

assamensis, the facial

even

portion relatively short.

to

temporal
the

ridges do

not,
are as

in

adults, join
so a

form the

sagittal crest, and

part
of the way.

supraorbital ridges
area

less
seen

prominent,
in in profile,

that

central

frontal The

bulges upward
border of

somewhat

characteristic
convex

posterior
a

the

frontal

is

usually

evenly

backward,
"

forming nearly
fresh
measurements

semicircle. of Chinese

Measurements:
hand.

No

specimens
the

are

at
a

Hinton head

and

Wroughton
the

(1921), however,

give
For
a

following for
adtilt the

large male:
Milne-Edwards

and

body, 540-560; tail,225-250.

total tail is 150 collected
515 total
mm.; ; hind

nearly
of

female,
as

gives
the female

length, following the

foot,
R. 145

curves

back,

580
A

mm.,

of which

(type of his
at

Macacus

tcheliensis).
Szechwan,
A

still younger total

by W.

Zappey

Nagchuka,
125.

measured: from
Kuatun Mr.

length,

tail, 156; hind

mm.;

foot,

large male

measured:

length, 810
that

tail,imperfect,
to

200.

Clifford
may

H.

Pope
when 23
or

says

according
as

the

Chinese

of

Hainan,
while
an

this
even

monkey

weigh
to

fvillgrown
24

much

as

twenty

pounds,
and

larger figure,up
not
so

pounds, is given by Hinton

for M. assamensis.

Wroughton,

hence

large

as

the

maximxim

286

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

MACACA

MULATTA

Occurrence
and

and

Habits:

"

This dorsal

monkey

is at

once

recognized by
with
shown the that the

its gray

golden
tail.

to

orange-rufous
and

coloring,combined (1921)
have

comparatively specific
be taken southeastern

short
name

Hinton
so

Wroughton
use

rhesus,

long

in familiar

for this monkey

of India

and

Asia, is antedated
as

by
various
been

Zimmermann's
on

mulatta, which
account

must, tawny

therefore, monkey

the

valid

name, to

based

Pennant's

of the
to

of India.

In

addition
have
to

synonyms,

applied mainly
upon

specimens
the have

from

India,
seem,

several

also

bestowed

Chinese
same on an

individuals,

all of which

however,
is

represent essentiallythe lasiotus, founded

sent to

animal.

Among
said London.
to

first of these
come

Gray's

Macacus and

animal
at

from in the the

was

Szechwan,

the

Zoological Society
time,
was

It
was

lived

Society's extremely
due
to

Gardens
short

for

some

and

after chief
been

its death character

it

found

that

tail, which
that

the had

distinguishing it,
at
some

the
a

fact

this member

amputated
when
a

early period.

This

is

common

practice among
the such
as

the Chinese
to

for it is said that braid before

to

tail is considered
a

bear

resemblance Swinhoe
young

they keep captive monkeys, to their own long (1866)

Commander
near

of hair, and described been

mockery
months
on

is

displeasing.
very

had

shortly
St.

Inuus

sancti-johannis a
old, that
was

individual, supposed

have

about

four

taken

by

John

of

H.M.S.
been

"Opossum" captured
doubted

the

little island
sent

of

North

Lena,

Hongkong.
at

It had Sclater for that

the

alive and

later to the
and

Zoological Gardens
was

London.

(1871)
South

its distinctness,
Rhesus
seems

in this
the
same

unquestionably correct,
its range named
as

China

quite

covmtry.

Nevertheless,

Milne-Edwards

throughout (1868-74 [1870])

in
a

THE

PRIMATES

287

new

species,Macacus
Tombs,
the

icheliensis, a
to

Rhesus

Monkey

sent

from
who

the

region

of the
amined exvm-

Eastern

Hopei,
in that
as

the

Paris

Museum.

Elliot,

apparently
it is

type
the from
same

institution,
M.

states

(191 3, vol.
with

2, p.

200) that
after

doubtedly

lasiotus, a conclusion
and the

which,
I
can

comparing
agree.

specimens
Later,
the "P.
not

both

Szechwan

Eastern

Tombs, Fukien,

heartily
in

Elliot

named

specimens
that, great
distance that

from

Kuatun,
the

Pithecus

littoralis, on

avowed

ground

notwithstanding intervening
they
hand
are

resemblance
the
same

coloring
. . .

to

lasiotis," "the

between the

habitats

does

permit

the
so

supposition
far
as

of

species."
same a

They
due

are

nevertheless,

material

at

shows, quite
also
had

the
as

with

ance allow-

for individual Rhesus

variation.
on

Elliot

described
been Elliot

distinct
same

species, the
identified Pithectis

occurring
A. Allen later

Hainan,
the Indian this

which

in

the

year
name

by J.
of

with

Rhesus.
to

gave
on an

it
account

the

brachyurus,
use

changing
name

P.

brevicandus

of

the

previous
of
a

the

former

for

another
I fail this

species.
to
see

After

examination

series

from

this

island, however,
Pocock

any

really distinctive
as

characters,

although
The eastward southward.
seems

(1932)
of the

admits

with

others

valid

forms.
from

range
to

Rhesus

Monkey,
in

therefore,

extends

India

and

Nepal, valley
Tombs,
and

the Its

Pacific, including all of South

presence
as

China

from
of

the

Yangtze
Eastern

Hopei,
with this the

in

the

vicinity
north

the

to

be

anomalous,
are

the

locality is far
colony is

of the

general
below

range,

the

winters
at

often I feel

severe,
sure

thermometer the

going
result
were

zero

heit Fahren-

times.

that

of introduction
wont to

at

some

time
to

in the

past, for the

preserves

Chinese
and

emperors
turn

by man bring various

was

animals
first made He
true
as

their

hunting

them

loose.

This

suggestion

by
that

Mollendorff
tame
ones seems are

(1876), though
often
to sent
a a

he
to

himself

doubted

its correctness. Szechwan. As It is

adds

brought
in

Peiping from
of the

that

the

colony

flourish

spite
this

latitude.
the London in

long

ago

1880, Dr.

S. W.

Bushell in
p.

pair from
second On

localityto
P. in that L.

Zoological
Proc.
Zool.
sent
a

Gardens,
Soc. third
the

and

again
1886,
Sclater
1

1886

pair (see
China p.

Sclater Dr. that

London,

417).
remarks

leaving
in

1900,
at

Bushell

pair,and
in Zool.

{ibid., 1900,

181)

time

the

male

of

pair sent

880

was

stillalive and

good health,
has recorded
as

after the Dr.

twenty
case

years.
one

Pocock lived
the

(Proc.
in

Soc.

London,

1906,

p.

567)
No

of

that

captivity for twenty-eight

thick
not

years.
to

doubt,
the that

Bushell

remarked,

long
does

fur appear

fits the
to

monkey

endure than

cold

of North

China, but

its coat
a parable com-

be

really thicker

of southern
was

specimens
inclined

at to

season.

Indeed,
as

Milne-Edwards
same as

himself
M.

later Six

regard
the

his

M.

tcheliensis Tombs
were

the secured the

lasiotus.

specimens
Asiatic

from

Eastern

by

the

American
as

Museum due
to
a

Expeditions. introduction,

Excepting, then,

Hopei

colony,

successful

288

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

the

natural

range

of

the

Rhesus

Monkey
southward.

in China I have

seems no

to

extend for

from the

the lower

latitude

of the

Yangtze
but

valley
a

records

part

of the
in
at

valley, Hwang
as

large dark-gray
of

monkey
Anhwei

briefly seen
was

by

Steward
this. It

(1925)
occurs

the

Shan
at

south-central

probably
P.

Fukien,
has

Kuatun

(type

locality of Elliot's specimens specimens monkey

years in such in

A. B. littoralis). but

Howell is
as

(1929)
himself

recorded
were

three

specimens from

Shanghai, Kiangsu,
a

it

likely that
he

they

not

wild-killed
secured this
score so

populous district,
Fukien,
at

implies.
where,
say that

Pope
he
about
were

northwestern difficult to
the

Chunganhsien,
"Old
hunters guns, crops, then

writes,
two

is very
ago and
to at

approach.

before
bold

acquisition of they frequently

foreign ravaged
loaders central Wanhsien Wassuland

the

monkeys
This Thus
1922,

abundant

that

having

become

accustomed is found
secured he
a

the many and

old

in use."

monkey i)
and

slow-firing muzzleand places in southern

immature
are

Szechwan.

Weigold
p.

male that

an

female
to
same occur

at

(Jacobi,
and
at

writes

they

said of the

in
ince. prov-

Maochow,

upper

Min
in the

valley, in the
U.

north

Howell

mentions
and

specimens
Suifu in feet altitude

S. National
and p.

Museum

from
secured

Mount it at

Omei,

Giakeoho,
at

central

Szechwan, Allen,
of

Zappey 245).
recorded

Nagchuka,
from the

10,000

(G. M.
southwest the

1912,

"Simla

sp."

mountains
p.

thirty miles
may have been

Kiatingfu,
South
of

by

Thomas

(191 2e, monkey

streams.

128),
It

same.

these
or

localities,this
on

occtirs

more seems

commonly, distinctly speaks Heights

among
are as a

especially in rocky rock-haunting

as

places
as

cliffs along authors islands

in

species,
most

various small

have

noticed.

Swinhoe

of it

present

on

of the Lena

the
to

bay of Hongkong,
occur are

mentioning
near

North specifically Canton

Island.

It is said where

also

on

Lofau
seen

bands
1922,

often

the

stranded
to

(800-1,000 meters) logs along the river shore

market
at

small

(Mell,
doubt

p.

11).
to

They
be
sold

often

brought
Swinhoe
and

the

Canton,
its
use

as

no

elsewhere,
The
stores.

pets.
dried

(1870c)
the

mentions

in medicine. in the

Chinese He

split the
adds

body,
to

skeleton

is used

also

drug
work

that, according
on

the

Chinese
that

Gazetteer,
this

the
has

Chinese
no

"She-show" but known forest

seen.

(or Notes
be

Animals)
Mr.

states

monkey
of

stomach it is well in
the

digests its food

to west
common.

by jumping
of Nodoa,

about! H.

On

the

island
found
were

Hainan,
numbers
to

Clifford where
trees

Pope

it in said
secure or

and

south

large troops
and
are

be

frequently

Here

they

live in

high

difficult to
be sold of the
was as

by shooting,
else for
and
facture manu-

although the
into
as a

Chinese

catch

many

alive

to

pets,
entire
where

"monkey
In
some

paste," places in
potatoes
the

which
the

is made
he

animal,

eaten

tonic.
and

island

shown

they had
Rhesus

pulled

vines

destroyed
all

in the

gardens.

Doubtless

the
but

Monkey

will be

found

along

southern

provinces of China,

precise records

THE

PRIMATES

289
Asiatic

are

lacking.
from

In

Yunnan

the

American
the

Museum River in the

to

Expeditions
Museum

secured

specimens
and Ashi. in
A. B.

Tengyueh (1929)
kind
of

and
notes

Namting

along the southwest

U.
S. National Du

border,
from
as

Howell

specimens
with

Very likely this is the monkey

"a

referred

by

Halde

(1738)
their

found and

Kwangsi,
There

Apes,
a

yellow

Hair,
of

which

by
!

Shape,

Shrilness

of their Yell, have

great Resemblance
added
to

Dogs"

possibly
but
.

should
a

be

the

list of synonyms

Macacus from

vestitus

of Milne-Edwards,

long-haired Rhesus-like
occur

monkey,

described
western

Tengri

Nor, Tibet,

said to

eastward

to

Batang

in extreme

Szechwan

(now Hsikang)

Specimens examined:
Hopei:
Fukien: Eastern

"

In all,thirty-three,as

follows:

Tombs,

6.
2.

Chunganhsien, (?), i.
Nodoa,
5;

Kwangsi:
Hainan: Yunnan: "South No

Namfong, River,
i;

2.

Namting China,"
5.

Tengyueh,

3.

definite

locality,7. Nagchuka,
i

Szechwan:

(M.C.Z.).
Genus

Lyssodes
Schulen,
p.

Gistel ix, 1848. Pocock,

Ann.

Lyssodes Gistel, Naturgesch.

vol. Macacus 7, p. 229, 1921.

Thierreichs

f. hohere

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

9,

Milne-Edwards, Elliot, Review

Recherches of the

pour

servir 4 I'Hist.
2, p.

Nat.

des

Mammiferes,

p.

244,

1868-74

(in part).

Pithecus

Primates,

vol.

176,

1913.

Although
same

the
as

Sttimp-tailed Macaques
Rhesus

have

usually been
of about
as

placed in the
and

genus
seem

the

Monkey,
their very of

the

Crab-eating Macaque,
tail,limbs

others,

they
and

distinct

enough by
the

short

equal length, (1921)

macaques. p. has

especially by
first

characters

the

penis, which,
from
Zool. basis that of

Pocock
the

pointed out, is structurally very

This and the
as was

different

other

noted

by
upon

Anderson

(Proc.
on

Soc.
of his

London,
own

1872,
In and

203)

further

insisted

by

Pocock

the

work.

Lyssodes
subovate bone 42
mm.

glans penis is very

in Macaca.

long

and

tapering instead
in Pocock's

of short, rounded

Moreover,

it is strengthened

by

baculum L.

or

penis
the

of

slightlysigmoid shape, which long.

In

specimen of
is in the
in apex

speciosus was
line
on a

Lyssodes
the

the

urethral of the

opening
the

median Macaca

ventral
minal ter-

side, beneath

apex

bactilum,

whereas

it is short

vertical

slit, slightlyeccentric, to
The
was

right of the
is Macacus

of the
=

baculum.

type

species

of

the
on

genus the the

Lyssodes) speciosus, which

made
came.

described

by Cuvier however,

basis

of

drawing specimen
is

by Duvaucel.
Several
two

It is

not

known,
been

whence the

latter's
of

subspecies
are

have

described,
as

status

which

quite doubtful, though

is
a

here

considered

valid.

The

Japanese Macaque

closely related

species.

290

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

146.
Macacus
Macacus

Lyssodes

speciosus thibetanus
Rend.
pour Acad.

(Milne-Edwards)

thibetanus
libetanus

Milne-Edwards, Milne-Edwards,

Compt.
Recherches

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

Sci.,Paris, vol. 70, p. 341, 1870. des Mammif^res,

p. 244,

pis.34,

35,

1868-74.
Macacus brunneus arcloides arcloides thibelanum

Anderson,

Proc. Anat.

Zool. Soc. London,

and Zool. Researches

Macacus
Macacus

Anderson,
tibetanus

1871, p. 628; ibid.,1872, p. 203, pi. 12; ibid.,1874, p. 652. Western Yunnan, p. 45, pis. I, 2, 1879 (in part).
Viv.

Trouessart, Cat.
of the

Mamm.

Foss., p. 27, 1897.

2, p.

Pithecus

Elliot, Review

Primates,

vol.

196, pi. 21, 1913.

Type
Naturelle from
the

specimen:
at

"

The which

type
it
was

specimen
sent

is still in
the

the

Museum
Armand

d'Histoire

Paris,

to

by

collector, Pere
China.
very short

David,

district of A

Muping, large
Elliot

central brown

Szechwan, monkey
with

Description:
"

tail.

The
as

tion colora-

is described

by
nape

from

the

type

in the

Paris

Museum,

follows:
under and

"top of

head

and

pale brown;
upper

face,whiskers, inner
and sides of

sides of limbs
arms,

and

parts whitish feet, blackish

gray,

gray; brown

parts
The

body,
from

hands,
to

thighs

tinged with
The hair annulated

chestnut;
face may of the be

legs

knees

ankles

whitish

tinged
shows

with

brown."

bright red, but

is

in other
to

individuals
mm.

is

more

flesh-colored.
a

shoulders

long,

up

90

and

in

adults of the
A.
as

minutely

appearance,

especially over

the

fore

part

body.
B.

Howell black face."

(1929, p. 34) describes

above, smoky
A female brown
the

male
and

from

Mount

Omei,
gray

Szechwan,

"almost the

below,
same

there

is much

grizzling
lacks the

about

from

locality is browner

and

grizzling.
Measurements:
"

Milne-Edwards
as

records
about 800
as

the
mm.

length
but

of
the
no

the

head

and of the

body
back;
must to

in the Elliot
have

type

(adult male)

following
mm.,

curves

gives

its tail measurement

99.06
the female 60
mm.

doubt the

the

.06

been
mm.

added

inadvertently!
the

In The

original account

tail is said 600

mm.

be

100

including
to

hair.

is smaller, about

from

muzzle

end and

of tail;the the
:

tail,hardly
described

The
measurements

type

female

by Milne-Edwards

gave

the

following

of skull

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

LYSSODES

S.

THIBETANUS Male Female 140

mm.

Greatest Palatal

length length
width orbits canines series series

164
74
121

mm.

57

Occipito-incisive length
Zygomatic
Width Width outside
across

98
94

107 79 33 39 50

71
33 39

Upper
Lower

molar molar

47

THE

PRIMATES

291

Occurrence

and

Habits: China

"

It may

be

doubted different

whether from
a

the

Stump-tailed
of the

Macaque

of western
which

is

really very
cannot

the

typical form
type
in
a

species,
since
at

unfortunately
from which fifteen may

be

assigned
figure
was

definite
was

locality, menagerie
p.

the

specimen
that the

Cuvier's
miles have he from
come was

made

Barrackpore, India,
animal

Calcutta.

Anderson somewhere
or

(1879,
four
others

50)
had The

suggested
or come

originallyfrom
in

in Assam

Cachar,
into
of the the

for
the

dvuing the time

Calcutta

Calcutta,
the

three

market,

and

all from
from thence

districts

mentioned.
to

range and
to

species in general
coast

extends

those

regions Kakhyen

eastward in

Yunnan localities

Pacific

of

South
who and
"

China,
found

southward

suitable
on

Indo-China.
southwestern hill
or

Anderson,
Yunnan form in the

it in the
says that

Hills
to

the

border

of
a

Burma,

it "seems
the

be

essentially regions
it into

mountain absent

that

is, occurring only in

of the

mountainous
round

of Cachar, Yimnan

valley

Irawady,

but

stretching
over

from
that

Upper
intervenes
the

Assam,
between

being
the

doubtless

distributed
and

the

mountainous

region
them

Irawady
Macacus

Cochin-China."

He
later

named

specimens
as

from

Yunnan
L.

border,

brunneus,
of the summary who had

but

regarded
tomical "Anathe

identical
and

with

speciosus. His
structure.

account
a

anatomy,
of the

in the

Zoological Researches," something

macaque the

gives
Omei,
China

history of
to

species and
skins of different from
the
are same

of the from

Howell,

occasion

compare it
as

this from
border

Mount

central the range

Szechwan,

regards
Szechwan,
Milne-Edwards

coastal

form. Yunnan
whence

In

of this macaque

extends
to

the

of western

northwestward the

into
described from

central

principalityof Muping, supposed

to

specimens
for

by
Mount

have

come.

Except

the
seem

three
to

Omei

in the

province (Howell, 1929), no Specimens examined:

"

others

have

been

recorded.

None.

147.
Macacus
f. Macacus

Lyssodes

speciosus melli
Naturf.

(Matschie)
Freunde, Berlin, 1912,
p.

(Magus)
arcioides

arcioides vol.

melli Matschie,
sect.

Sitzungsb. Ges.
10, 1922.

308.

Mell, Arch.

Naturgesch.,

88,

A,

no.

10, p.

Trouessart, Cat.
arcioides
esau

Mamm.

Viv.

Macacus Pilhecus
art.

(Magus)

Matschie,

Sitzungsb. Ges.

Foss., p. 27, 1897 (in part). Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1912,

vol. 41, p. 41,

p. 309.

pullus A. B. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

I, p. 34, 1929.

1928; Proc.

U.

S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75,

Type
Berlin

specimen:
western

"

The

type

is

male,

skin

and

skull.
the

No.

15925,

in the
west

Museum.

The

specimen
borders

came

originally from
This arcioides Mell. On

mountains
as was

of
one

Lochangho,
that

of

Kwangtung.
Macacus

animal,
esau,

well
sent

as

the

formed
to

the Berlin
were

type

of Matschie's

from

ton Can-

the

Zoological Gardens
sent to

by

the

death

of the

animals,

they

both

the

Museum.

292

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Description:
"

Similar

to

the
a

typical form,
sheen" tail and the

but

"uniformly
The

of

chocolate is
on

color

with

the brown of the

a

suggestion

of

golden
On

(Howell).
outside the
to

general color
and the

chocolate
the

above, including head, grayish.

broad band brown and
a seen

of limbs; below hair

have

sides
comes

the
and
a

shoulders

is gray
an

at

base;
sub-

then

ring,
blackish such

tendency
In
none

indistinct
was

terminal annulation thibetanus.

naked

gold

tip.
as

of

five

specimens
of the

the
L.
s.

of the
The
was

hairs
face

is described

in adults
in the the

race

in the
to

type

was

scarlet, but

second

specimen the
of
or

skin

said

be

fiesh-colored.

Evidently
on on

height
that

color

is

an

individual
nature
was

matter, the
!
to

depending
Yet

perhaps
it
was

the

age,

condition,

individual
name esau

of

specimen.
Howell,

this

difference

the

proposed

According
as

the

skull

has

the

posterior nares
but

narrow

and

high,

characteristic
in L.
s.

of the

monkeys
and the

of this genus, bullae

are

this character

is less marked

than

thibetanus,
"

less of
a

prominent.
male,
not

Measurements:

The

measurements
as

fully adult,
mm.;

are

given
hind

by A.

B.

Howell
ear,

(1928)
38
H.

follows:

head

and

body, 605
A
measured

tail, 66;

foot, 181;
collected

(collector's field measurements),

slightly larger male

613 56
mm. mm.

by
; an

Clifford adult

Pope
from

at

Chunganhsien,
same

in for

length;
same

tail, 55

female

the

place, 507
LYSSODES

and

the

dimensions.
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF SPECTOSUS
MELLI

Occurrence known from

the

and
the

Habits: mountainous

"

So

far

as

present
of
in the

records

go,

this

macaque

is

district
and

northwestern

Fukien
of

southward
and

along

coast

region
northwest

of

China,
that

Provinces

Kwangtung
a

Kwangsi.
the

Mell

(1922) writes purchased

from

his hunters which

male in
was

brought him
be market also of
a on

live male

from

mountains He

of Lihnshan
a

would the
told

the
at

southern

borders that rock

was

of Hunan. said
to

second

Canton red-faced

have

come

Kwangsi.

He

ape

THE

PRIMATES

293

found

in the

Bakshan

(North
The
esau was

Mountains)
that
from male

north served

and
as

northeast
the

of the
of of

city of

Chichin,
Macacus These
of

Kwangsi.
arctoides

individual
a

type
west

Matschie's

the

mountains

Lochangho.
are

mountains
hard
to

(113" East, 25" North),

reach,
and
are

in northern

Kwangtung,
at
saw

difficult
meters

travel,

thinly peopled.
said
to

Here,
Mell

about them

2,000

altitude,
and with
on

these

monkeys
faces

be

not

rare.

only singly
and those

rocky mountains,

rather occurred and

than

in woods.
Mell animal

Red-faced mentions
in

animals
a

flesh-colored house
time of
a

together.
of
an

tame

albino
in
a

in few

the

Chinese,
bald.

speaks
The

captivity
at

that

weeks'

became
was

occurrence

of this

species

Kuatun,
as

western north-

Fukien, pullus
C. the
a

noticed

by
sent to

A.
to

B.

Howell
U. S.

(1929), who
National

described
Museum that this

Pithecus de
as

splendid specimen
There
seems

the

by Arthur
is the
same

Sowerby.
form named

be

little doubt, from

however,

by

Matschie
a

Kwangtung. Chungan
where
of the

The

American

Museum

Asiatic
Further
across

Expeditions
research southern may

secured prove and

small

series at

in northwestern

Fukien.

the

presence

Sttunp-tailed Macaque
it
no

quite

China,

thence

southward,
it is

doubt

intergrades
that

with
or

Lyssodes
L.

speciosus,

if indeed

really very
mountains

different between

from

animal,
and

from

harmandi

described

from

the

Cambodia

Siam.
Mr.

Clifford
the be

H.
more

Pope,
in

who

secured

several sections.

at

Chunganhsien,
He
adds that

writes

that
are

they prefer certainly to

Fukien.

rugged
the

precipitous
border
name

monkeys Yungtai,
' '

found
The

region between
for this
and

Futsing and
'

in eastern

Chinese
"

species is
odd

'ching-p'i-hou. anhsien, Chung-

Specimens
Fukien.

examined:

Five

skins

three

skulls, all from

Family
LANGUR

COLOBID^
MONKEYS

The the
In
same

langurs
group

and

the

snub-nosed

monkeys
as

appear

to

represent
do in

in

Asia

of with

leaf-eatingspecies
these habits
of of sacculations.

the the

Colobus stomach and

an

Monkeys
is hind limbs

Africa.

correlation

diet,
The

enlarged by
are

being
of

thrown
and the

into

number

fore

subequal
crest

tail very
on

long.
head,
are

Some

of the
this the

species
is

have

erect

peaked

stiff hairs Two and the

the

but

in others in

genera

found

China,

lacking. typical langurs of

genus Rhino

the

genus These

Pithecus,
may

so-called

Golden
:

Monkeys

of the

pithecus.

be

distinguished as follows

Key A. B. Nose Nose

to

Genera
of

of

Chinese

CoLOBiDiE Pithecus

normal,

without
and

expansions upturned

skin

expanded

Rhinopithecus

294

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus

Pithecus

Geoffrey and
LANGURS

Cuvier

Pithecus

Geofifroy and

Cuvier, Mag.
Mus.

Encyclop^dique, Nat., Paris,

vol. vol. Sud

3, p.

462, 1795.
1812. nach

Pygathrix Geofifroy, Ann.

Presbytis Eschscholtz,

d'Hist.

19, p. 90,

Kotzebue's
Dents

Entdeckungs-Reise
des

See und

Berings-Strasse,

vol. 3, p.

196, pi., 1821.

Semnopithecus F. Cuvier,

Mammif^res,

p. 247

(14, 16, pi. 4), 1825.

The the

langurs differ in
They
which
are

many

details

from

the

macaques

and

their

relatives

baboons. for

essentially tree-living monkeys,

sacculated

with

leaf

-eating
to

habits,

their

large
surface.

stomach
are

is

adapted,
with ischial
crest.

in order

give
The
are an

additional

absorptive
head

They
and

slender-bodied,
small
to

relatively long
callosities.

limbs,
hair

long tails, small

The first and
one.

thumbs,

naked
a

of the

is sometimes
second The

elongated
lower muzzle

form
have

Cheek

pouches
the The
at

absent. additional confined

molars

each

fotu: cusps,
and East

third
genus least

posterior
to

is shortened
and

weak.

is
two

the

southeastern
the

part
borders

of Asia of

the

Indies,
in

species barely reaching Kwangsi,

but

subtropical species
has
on a

China Hainan.

Yunnan
The

and
correct versy, contro-

with

third

slightly
name

aberrant

application of
as

the

generic
out
as

Pithecus

been

subject
to
on

of the

much

pointed
langurs,

by Thomas,
the

it should This
name

pertain
is based
to

with langtirs, of two

Simla of
both

veter

of Linnaeus

type.

one

species
Since

Ceylonese
are

but

just which
the

is held
name

be

indeterminate. is not affected.

from

congeneric,

the

standing of

Pithecus hitherto

The

following key

will

identify the
to

forms

known

China.

Key A. General
a.

Chinese dark
gray.

Species

of

Pithecus

coloration and anal

blackish

to

Rump

region dark
of

like the

back.
a

a'. General mouth b'. General b.

to

color base

silvery gray,
ear a

without

white

cheek

patch
of

from P. obscurus barbei

color black, with anal

white

band

from

mouth

to base

ear.
.

P. P.

frangoisi
nemcBus

Rump

and

region contrastingly white

148.

Pithecus

obscurus
LANGUR
vol.

barbei

(Blyth)

BARBE'S

Presbytis barbei Blyth, Joum. Semnopithecus Pygathrix

barbei

Asiatic
Anat.

Soc.

Bengal,
Zool.

16, p. 734,
Western

1847. Yunnan,
p. 12,

Anderson,

and

Researches vol. 3, p.

1879.

barbei EUiot, Review

of the

Primates,

48,

1913.

Type
was

specimen: by
at

"

The

original specimen
to

on

which

this

species
in
the

is based

said

Elliot Calcutta.

(19 13)
It

be

preserved
to

in

good
that

condition Province
came

Indian

Museum

was

supposed
Anderson

be from

the it

of Ye, Tenasthe

serim, southeastern Hills, in

eastern

India,

but

showed

from

Tippera

India.

THE

PRIMATES

295

tos'

Fig.

13.

Distribution
Pithecus

Map.

1. 2.

P.

obscurus

barbei

3.

P.

nemcBus

P.frariQoisi

Description:
"

General of both

coloration
sexes

silvery
Across head

gray the and

with

blackish is
not
on a

face

and of

forehead,

adults

similar.
sides The and of the color

forehead
do gray

fringe
a

long
but

black
are

hairs directed
gray

those

of the

crown

form the and

crest

backward.
on

becomes
on

drab the

crown,

paler buffy
parts
b\iff. almost Lower

the and

nape, the

silvery gray
the hands
on

back, flanks
the
are

upper

of the
Most

limbs
of the

tail,faintly washed
and
a

across

shoulders

forearm

and the

feet
upper
arms

pale contrastingly dark,

whitish. Tail

with

blackish.
stirface

Chin of
the

and

few of

hairs
the

lip medially,
with
amount

body

and

upper Face

pale silvery gray.

the of

silvery gray,
black
across

darkening slightlyat
Individuals
back.
are

the

tip.

covered
in

short, scattered

hairs.
the upper

show

some

variation

buffy

wash

Young
A very young

individuals
one

contrastingly
6 is

different

in

color

from
the

the

adults. is

taken with

March

entirely fulvous, except

A

tail which

slightlydarkened
has lost this
the the the

dusky
coat
a

hairs.
and

somewhat

older

animal, hardly larger,

with blackish

youthful

is

uniform

dusky

gray

feet,

though
In

tail still retains skull the

considerable

fulvous
of old

tinge. develop only

in
as

lambdoid
the

ridges

males
meet

little

flanges
or

along

occipitaledge;

temporal ridges

fully adult

old

296 males,
become but
are

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

usually barely indicated

worn on

ridges of lyrate outline.

in adults, and
have

The

canines

much

the

front
are

face the

sharp cutting edges.

truncate
across

Characteristic
above

of the

skull

short

broad

nasals,

both

and

below.

Measurements:
measurements
are

"

This

is
a

rather

small skin

species, and,
mm.

although

no

flesh

at

hand,

tanned

is 1,410

long, of which

the

tail

is 760.

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OP

PITHECUS

OBSCURUS

BARBEI

Occurrence
group,

and

Habits:

"

Although
in the

obviously

member

of the and

P.

ohscurus

with

crestless
a

head,
coat

generally dark-gray
baby
stage,
names

body,
be

blackish
some

feet,
certainty un-

and

having
as

fulvous which

there

is nevertheless used
for to

to

of the

published
the from

should
P.

this which

monkey.
I have
on

It

seems

to

agree

closely with
the

description of
extreme

barbei,

therefore

referred

specimens by
the

southwestern Museum is Bhamo,

the

Yunnan,

the

Namting
Elliot's P. border
seems

River,

secvired

American

Asiatic
not

Expeditions.
over

melamera,

type locality of which

to

far away

the but

in Burma,

is said

differ

by having

legs uniformly sooty,

that had
P.

it

likely that this character

as

is variable, and

melamera

is

really the
Chinese
seems

same

P.

barbei, to
Hills.

which
The

in

1879, Anderson
record of

referred

specimens from
the

the side
to

Kakhyen
of the
be

present
at

specimens
and

from

Yunnan

border,
one

the

Namting

River

Homushu

Pass,

the first definite

for the

country.
follows:
exact

Specimens examined:
Yunnan:

"

In all,thirteen,
Pass, 3;

as
no

Namting

River, 6; Homushu

locality, probably

one

of these, 4.

THE

PRIMATES

297

149.

Pithecus

franfoisi (Pousargues)
LANGUR

FRANCOIS'S

Semnopithecus frartioisiPousargues,
Nouv. Arch.
Mus. d'Hist. Nat. of

Bull. Mus.

d'Hist.
5, vol.

Nat., Paris, vol. 4,

3, p. 68,

no.

7, p. 319,

1898.

Trouessart,

Paris,
the

ser.

4, pt. 2, p. 273, 1913.

pi. 2, 1912.

Pygathrix franfoisi Elliot, Review

Primates,

vol.

Type
Paris. from It

specimen:
came

"

The the

type
Province
to

is in of

the

Museum

d'Histoire

Naturelle the

at

from

Kwangsi,

China,

just

across

border
de

Tongking.
in the

According
Museum.

Trouessart,

it is No.

Ii6a

of the

Galeries

Zoologie

Description:
"

The

type is described
across

as

black, except for

the
ears

white

band

from

the

angle of the mouth

Measurements:
"

the

cheeks
who

to

the the

head

has in

slightcrest.
Paris, gives foot,

Elliot follows:

(1913),
total

examined

type

its measurements 139-7Skull: total

as

length, 1,231.9

mm.;

tail,748.7; hind

width,
case,

occipito-nasal length, 83; Hensel, 64; zygolength, 97 mm.; matic of brain 76; intertemporal width, 48; palatal length, 28; width length
of of

60;
;

median

nasals, 63.
This
of

11

upper

molar

series, 26;

lower

molar

series, 31

length

mandible,
Habits:
"

Occurrence

and

is another China.

of those
seems

subtropical species that

to

just
was

reach
first

the

southern
to

edge
secured

Little
the the

be

known
at

of it.

It

brought
China,

notice

by M.
that

Frangois,
on

French

Consul cliffs
p.

Lungchow,
the

Kwangsi, Longkiang
with

who

specimens place.
who
seen

great

along
black

River
Dewall

or Sikiang, near ("Reiseberichte durch Kuangsi"),

Mell

(1922,
shores

11) quotes

mentions
on

flocks of small
between
to

monkeys
and ever. how-

long
He

tails and
Dewall's adds that p.

white best the

heads,
Chinese
native
name

rocky
were

Manning
any,

Kuohua.

collectors

unable

secure

is

"wu-yuen".

Thomas

(Proc. Zool.
the that

Soc.

London,

1928,
to

142) records
from

additional
the
a

specimens secvired by
range and

Delacour

Expedition
these
are a

Indo-China,

carrying
and
were

southward
a

into

country;

male

Bac-kan,

male noted

female

from

king. Langson, TongThomas

states

Its
that

rock-loving habits species closely allied

colored the

by

the

collector. is fond
Trouessart

it is
A

to

his P.
is

laotum, which

of similar

tions. situa-

figure of

the

animal

published by

(1912, pi. 2)

taken

from

type.
examined:
"

Specimens

None.

150.
Simla
nemmus nemccus

Pithecus
p. 521,

nemaeus

(Linnaeus)

Linnseus, Mantissa Geoffrey, Ann.

127;

Plantarum,
Mus.

1771.

Pygathrix

d'Hist.
p. 43.

London,

191 1, p.

ibid., 1927,

Proc. Thomas, Nat., Paris, vol. 19, p. 90, 1812. of the Primates, vol. 3, p. 98, 1913. EUiot, Review

Zool.

Soc.

298
Semnopithecus
nemceus

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

A.

B.

Meyer,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1892, p. 665.

J. A. Allen, Bull.

Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 489, 1906.

Type
Cochin

Specimen:

"

Not
on

known

to

be

in

existence.

The

type

locality is

China, based
"

Pennant's

Cochin
the elbows

China the

Monkey.
shoulders and
a

Description:
the back
outer

Fore side rump,

part
the

of

head,
and

band

across

chest, the
of head side of

inner
to

of the

thighs, the
to

hands
the
a

and

feet, black;
iron
gray;

the

flanks

and

arms

below

elbows,
broad

forearms
on

yellowish white;
chest above
and

legs
the

maroon;

ochraceousthe
neck to

rufous
above

collar

the

the

black

bar rump,

passes

around

the shoulders;

whiskers

throat,

anal
brown

region, tail and speckled with

thighs
white

beneath,

white;
The
sexes

tmder

parts

of

body

yellowish

(Elliot)
.

head
are

is not alike

crested.
in color

The

and

the

very

young

individuals

are

similar

to

their parents. Measurements: Elliot

states

"

No
total

measurements

of
is 1,230

the

Hainan

animal
hind

are

available. about
180.

that

the

length
"

mm.;

tail,610;
in

foot

Occurrence mainland the

many
now

and

Habits:

This

monkey
Cochin the stretch

occtirs

Hainan,

and

on

the

jacent ad-

of northeastern similarities
a

China,
faunae of sea,

affording
of
may

another
two

example
areas,

of

close

between
narrow

these
once

which,
united.

though
No
doubt

separated by
it

have the

been

grades into
the

P.

nigripes of Saigon, farther

of the

to

south, the form

color

occurring about
pattern, with
morevoer,

mouth

Mekong.
rump very the and young

It is

species of peculiar
pattern
as

its
are

conspicuous white
present
the in the fact
a

tail, a
animals

and In

coloring,
view
more

that

well.

of

these

and peculiarities

that

basal

axis of the
the

cranitmi of the
a

is far face much

a

strongly inclined, making

most

greater

angle with
two

bones
to
as

than

in

members
Thomas

of Pithecus, would

causing

the

posterior nares monkeys

P.

assume

greater separate

height,
genus

regard

these

constituting
is the is denied

Pygathrix validity
of

Geoffroy, 1812,
characters
the former

of
as

which

nemceus

type

species. by
Elliot

The and

of these

generic distinctions
P.
nemceus

by Pocock,
a

though

makes

and

its relative

nigripes

members The

specialsubgenus, Pygathrix.
first recorded

present species was

from

Hainan,
from that
Museum
to

apparently, by A. B.
island of
have

Meyer
must

(1892), on
be

the

basis

of

male

received

by the Royal
Dresden. it It
or

Zoological, Anthropological
rare

and

Ethnographical
or

there, for
from

no

one

before

since

appears

mentioned

seciured

specimens

Hainan. None.
. .

Specimens examined:

"

THE

PRIMATES

299

Fig.

14.

Distribution

Map.
R. brdichi

Rhinopithecus
1. 2.

R. R.

roxellancs bieli

3.

Genus

Rhinopithecus
SNUB-NOSED

Milne-Edwards
MONKEYS

Rhinopithecus Semnopithecus

Milne-Edwards, Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

pour

servir Acad.

k I'Hist. Nat.

des
70,

Mammif^res,
p. 341,

p.

233,

1868-74.

Compt.

Rend.

Sci., Paris,

vol.

1870.

For

the

remarkable the him

Snub-nosed
genus
as

Monkeys

of

western

China,
type

Milnethe
to

Edwards animal

proposed
described

Rhinopithecus, Semnopithecus
and

of which

the The the

was

species is
is close

by

roxellana.

genus

Pithecus, lacking cheek

of
are

pouches,
characters and

having presumably
which
the
nose,

sacculated

stomach

that the

group.

The

upon

genus and

based,

however,
of the

peculiar upturned
and

prominent
are

the

proportions
than in the the

limbs

body.
the than

For

the
more

limbs

much

less
to

slender

Langur
humerus

Monkeys,
is
and

hind
the than is

limbs

nearly equal
instead

the

fore,

in which

longer
The

forearm,
in the

of shorter.
genera, the tail

The

trunk, too, is thick-set,

great reduc-

less slender skull

related

relativelyshorter.
brain
case,

peculiar in

its

smoothly

rounded

the

300

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

tion of the
are

nasal

bones,

and

in the

large size
than

of the

nasal

aperttire.

The

teeth

somewhat

broader

proportionally
known A and
to

in Pithecus.
all inhabitants
as

Three of the

species are
part.

from

China,

western

fourth

species,first described
the the be the

high country culus, Rhinopitheciis avunPresbytiscus,

of China.

of the

from
may

Tongking,
be

later made
occur on

type
extreme

of

special genus,
edge
the

eventually
The three Elliot

found

southern

Chinese

species
in his
to the

may
to

known
genus.
of

by

following characters,

given by

(1913)
Key

key

Chinese

Species

Rhinopithecus

A.

No
a.

lightpatch
Sides Sides of face

between

the and

shoulders. hind

of face, chest

legs rufous
brown

R. roxellance R. R. bieti

b. B. A

white,

center

of chest

lightpatch

between

the

shoulders

brelichi

151.

Rhinopithecus
GOLDEN

roxellanse
MONKEY

(Milne-Edwards)

Semnopithecus roxellana
Rhinopithecus
roxellance

Milne-Edwards, Milne-Edwards,

Compt.

Rend.

Acad.
pour

Sci., Paris, vol. 70, p. 341,

Nat.
des

1870.
p.

Recherches

servir k I'Hist.

MammiKres,

233,

pis.

of the Elliot, Review 36, 37, 1868-74. {nasalis) roxeltana Anderson, Semnopithecus

Primates, vol. 3, p. 102, col. pi. 3, crania, pi. X, 1913. Anat. Western and Zool. Researches Yunnan, p. 43, 1879.

Type
d'Histoire Elliot
of the

Specimen:
Naturelle

"

The
at

type

is

mounted faded
as

specimen
from exposure

in

the
to

Museum

Paris, but
color

"so

light" that
It
was one

(1913) regarded its

discoveries China.
of Pere

characters
David

wholly unreliable. principalityof

Armand

in the

Muping,

central

Szechwan,

Description:
"

Coloring bright
upper

and of

handsome the
arms,

in the

male.
and

The

top of the forehead,

surface
and

head,
the

nape,
more

shoulders,
or

parts
with

back

tail, grayish black,

back

less overlain
to

long
the

silveryhairs
and this

; tail

tip whitish
to

sides of the head of

and

including
inner

ears,

sides of neck, and

under the

body

and the

limbs, ochraceous
outer

rufous,
borders
the

color hind

extending

hands

feet, and
The

and

of the
head

leg.
parts, and
the
a

female
are

is similar, but brownish

and

upper

outer
on

side
the

of the
upper

limbs

black, the rufous

and the anal total the tail from
table
a

tints less whitish

the

deep,

and

patch

part of the
Measurements:

thigh
"

region
of

(Elliot, 191 3). specimen,

Museum. of his
a an

The

length
was

type

adult

male,

was

1,320 the
same

mm.,

of which

610;

Elliot gives 1,270 and

British

700

respectively

for

dimensions
241

skin

in the

Milne-Edwards

(1868-74, PThe

f.) gives a
dimensions

of various
an

measurements

largestspecimen.
as

cranial

of

adult

male

and

female

given by this

THE

PRIMATES

301

author,
follows
:

as

well

as

those

of

skull

in the

British

Museum

by Elliot,

are

as

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

RHINOPITHECUS

ROXELLANM

Occurrence
many remarkable

and

Habits:

"

The

beautiful
to

Golden the

Monkey
of and
female A

was

one

of

the
Pere

mammals
whose hunters

first brought secured

of
an

notice

Europeans
and
a

by

Armand animal of these

David,
in the

adult central

male

younger
account
name

principality
was

Muping,
in
and

Szechwan. in

brief the founded

specimens

given by Milne-Edwards
but

1870,

under he

of for it

Semnopithecus
the
to
new

roxellana,

his

later

work the and

(1868-74)
the De

genus

Rhinopithecus
His
as

corrected skeleton

name spelling of the specific

roxellancE.
as

account

of the

colored
Winton the

plate
and

of

the

terior, ex-

well

De

Winton's

colored

figure (in
with

Styan, 1899,
a

pi. 31),reproduced
of the

by

Elliot

together

figures of

skull, give

fair idea

of peculiarities
The Golden

the

animal. ranges
to

Monkey

through the high mountain

the borders of Tibet and

forests
north
one

of western
southern
most
covers ployed em-

Szechwan Kansu. resistant

the

(districtof
Thus,
as

Yaochi)
to

into

Milne-Edwards

wrote,

it is

undoubtedly
in
areas

of the
snow

of all monkeys

cold, living as
half the

it does

where
to

ground by

during
David,

more

than

year.

According
among young the

the the shoots had

hunters

these

monkeys
or

live in large troops times

on

bigger trees,
of bamboo. eleven
most

subsisting on
Williston

fruits,buds,
while

at

leaves
western

or

(1926),
in
to to

at

Longanfu,
tribesmen.

Szechwan,
that
to

skins

brought
of the Pere

him be also

by

local

He

adds

it is the

valuable

furs David

obtained
was

there, for it is believed

and

keep
worn

off rheiamatism

(as
the

told)
are

formerly might
to

be

only
in

by

Manchu
where

officials.
snow

The

animals

hard

capture,

as

they

live
come

country
to

is

deep, and,
The Russian skulls

though

keeping chiefly to trees,

secured
a

the

ground
and

for
the

water.

explorer Berezovski
other males
not

skull

of
in

an

adult

skins thus

and

of two

far from
range

Ssigu,
from

southern

Kansu,
was rare

considerably extending
but
to

its known

Muping.
inhabited
or

It

there, however,
it is
more

the

westward,
in

in the
of

country
a

by the Tebbu, chiefly in the

in winter
to

common, at ten

going
thousand levels. skin

large
feet
or

bands
so

hundred
but
as

more,

pine
the add

woods

in summer,

descending
by
in life and

lower

cultivated
the

Berezovski's
the eyes

notes, is

quoted

Buechner

(1892),
the
nose

that

bare

about

pale bluish

that

302

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

turns

up

nearer

the whose
to

forehead
name

than

is indicated

in

Milne-Edwards's

figure.
many
a

The skins

Chinese,
of it

for

this
the
,

monkey
chief
1

is "ssian-shim,"
of

bring in
obtain in the
two

yearly

Chengtufu,
1 1

city

Szechwan,
when

and
was

high
had

price for
of

them.

Fergusson (1 9
northwest

p.

24)

writes
a

that

he

vicinity

Yinhsiuwan,
been
one

of

Chengtu,

hunter and

brought
sent to

in

that

just
where

shot.

They
now

were

carefully skinned
on

the

British
.

Museum,
have
. .

is

mounted and

exhibition.
eyes; open

"These
nose

monkeys
as

bright

blue

faces

dark

brown

their
in the

looks

if

bright
face
...

blue

butterfly was
Kwanhsien It
was

sitting with
I
saw a

its

wings
hair

middle

of their and valued

At "12

skin with
same

eighteen
the brothers

inches
town

long
of

at
some

155."

in

nearly this
of

region, near
that
the

Luchingsha,
and

twenty
Roosevelt of

miles

north
came

Muping,
a

Theodore
in

Kermit
at
on an a

(1929)
about

upon

troop
secured
and
a

of these
nine

monkeys adults, while

young

high forest
their hunters

altitude

8,000 feet, and

killed
another in the

neighboring
These Winton De

slope
and

"new-bom"
Museum

about

March

20,

1929.

specimens
Szechwan,
seen on

are

Field
a

of Natural
and
a

History, Chicago.
secured
at notes

Styan (1899)
and

record

male

female

Yangliupa,
that the

in western

figure the former Shanghai

recorded
markets.

in colors.

Sowerby
these

fur is often
seems

sale in
been

Except for
few

meager

notes,

nothing

to

have

of its habits, and

specimens have

foimd

their

way

into

museums.

Specimens examined:

"

One, motmted,

from

Yinhsiuwan,

Szechwan

(B. M.)

152.

Rhinopithecus
Bull. Arch.

bieti Milne-Edwards Nat., Paris, vol.

Nat. 3, 157,

Rhinopithecus bieti Milne-Edwards,

Edwards
and

Mus. Mus.

d'Hist.
d'Hist.

p.

text-fig.,1897.
121,

Milne-

Pousargues,

Nouv.

Paris,

ser.

3, vol.

10, p.

pis. 9-12,

1898.

Type specimen:
of the
as seven

"

No

type

was

designated
the others

in the
tres

originaldescription, but,
adulte"
a

specimens mentioned,
It
came

"male
from

might
this

be

selected

the

type.

with

the

Kiape,
is
he

day's jotu-ney from specimen,

as

Atuntze,
measurements

northwestern of which

Yunnan,
are

China.

It

probably

the

given by Elliot, that

pattern
is is much

regarded
that of R.
and

the

"type."

the

color Description: The grayish black of the back

"

like

roxellance, but

replaced by
and
the

light brown
of the

the

golden of the
is

under white.

parts, sides
The
with head

of the has
hair darker
at
a

head

back

haunches
the

replaced by
almost back

median
in

crest,

beginning
over a

just behind
the

brow,

black,
head their

longer
with black
and

front, curving

brows.

The

of the
at

is gray,
base

eyebrows,

and

border
the

of longer On
surface and the

hairs, white
upper

the
a

tip,surrounding slight mustache.

of the

face.

tered lip scat-

black
outer

hairs

form
and

Upper

of

body,

flanks,
a

side of arms,

front

thighs, hands, feet

tail,black, with

THE

PRIMATES

303

brownish
shoulders the
are

tinge,
and sides

the

hands may

especially deep
reach
a

black.
mm.

The The

longest
inside

hair of the

of

the

back

length
the adult

of 150

arms,

throat,

of the

neck, and
In the

buttocks female

and the with

at

posterior part of the

crest

thighs
and the very

contrastingly white.
areas

is less obvious
or

white
young of the

less

clear, but white,

on

tinted

somewhat
areas

drab the

brownish.

The the

animal

is and

with
outer

blackish

occiput, along

middle

back,

the

side of the

limbs. the
an

Measurements:

"

Milne-Edwards
a

gives
male,
and

following
adult
cf

dimensions

of

an

old male,

an

adult

and

subadult

female.
Ad.

Old

cf

Ad.

Subad. 610

cf

Length Length
Foot

from

end

of muzzle

to

root

of tail

820

830
680

740
510

of tail

720
231

520

(fide Elliot)

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

RHINOPITHECUS

BIETI Ad.
120

Old

cf

cf

Ad.

Subad. 88

cT

Greatest

length
width

135

117

Zygomatic Length
Palatal from

(fideElliot)
magnxmi to

103 incisive border.

. . .

foramen

82 54 34 43

78
45

48
26

length
molar molar series (fide Elliot) series

47

Upper
Lower

(fide Elliot)
and

Occurrence the
first
west

Habits:
of the

"

The
area

range where

of this
the

fine

species
Monkey

is

apparently

to

and

south

Golden

is found. Armand who

The

knowledge
while
to

of it is

perhaps
Szechwan,

due in

to

the

indefatigable Pere
wrote

David,
have

who,

in central
the south

1871,

that

the
seen

Chinese

traveled

of the

Yangtze
to

told him

of

having
of the

there, in

summer,

large black
He
was,

monkeys
however,
and M. Nor left

with
unable

long

in the tails,
secure

country

Miaotze
were

of the Prince

South.

any in

specimens,
saw

nor

Henri
tween be-

d'Orleans

Bonvalot,
and

who

1890
more

them

in

the

forest
a

country

Tengri
Prince in the Henri
western

Batang,
and Yunnan

any
guns

successful.
with R.
to

On

later
was

journey,
to

ammunition
of

P.

Soulie,
this the

who

stay
the

country
should

in

order

secure

monkey
assistance

when of

winter

conditions
in

make of the

hunting
mission
the

easier. work

With of the

Monhunts that efforts

seigneur Biet,
were

charge
forests

district, organized
of
a

made

in the the

covering
Mekong

western

slope
of the Museum

mountain

range These

separates

valley
in

of the

from

that

Yangtze.
seven

finallysucceeded
monkey,

procuring
ages.

for the
A

Paris

specimens
with
a a

of this
was

representing all published by Milne-Edwards

with

preliminary
in the and

account

figure

in adult

1897, followed
young,

1898 by
skull

fuller

description
This

beautiful

plates

of

the

and

dentition.

304

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

is

larger species than

a

R.

roxellance

and

strikingly different
taken
to

in

color, though
since
in

with

similar
no was

pattern
one seems

of coloration.
to

Since series

have may

observed
be best

or

this
the very

monkey
old

the
full
a

inal origfrom subleft third

The

captured, it
and

give
Their

localities
male

Milne-Edwards adult
bank

Pousargues's
at

account.
a

and
on

male
of the

were

collected

Kiap6,
in

day's journey from

northwestern
on

Atuntze,
Yunnan;
of the

the
a

Mekong
was

River,
near

extreme

and

male,
four young

adult,
other

killed

Atuntze,
an

again

the

left bank
two

river.
and far
a

specimens, including
of undetermined of
the

adult
sex,

female,
were

young

males,
not

very

specimen
left bank with have

from

Tsikou,
covered
seem

Mekong.
and range.

Here,

in

Djra-gniera, high, mountainous

is said

from

country

forests
a

of conifers restricted

rhododendron
The

thickets, these
name

monkeys
be "tchru-

to

very

native

to

tchra," meaning
range
across

Snow

Monkey.
in winter

Milne-Edwards of mountains
to
move

supposes

that

in side

summer

they
into the

the

dividing ridge

the back

eastern to

and

Yangtze
the

basin, while

they

may

the

western

slopes of

Mekong

drainage.
"

Specimens examined:

None.

153. Rhinopiihecus
brelichi Thomas,
3, p. 105,

Rhinopithecus
Zool. Soc.

brelichi
1903,
vol.

Thomas
I, p.

Proc.
1913.

London,

224,

pi. 21.

Elliot, Review

of the

Primates, vol.

Type
No.
northern

specimen:
British

"

The

type

is

a an

hunter's
unknown

skin

without

sktdl, female,

3.3.14.1,

Museum,
China.

from

but locality,

probably

from

Kweichow,
"

Collected

by Henry

Brelich.

Description:
than either of the the

A
two

very

large monkey, species of

Fur Fur the

apparently
genus
on

attaining
hence the

larger size
it attains

other

and

largest living
hairs, slaty
shoulders suffused

species outside
a

anthropoids.
90
mm.

longest
back in the

the
the

flanks,
roots

where

length of
with

about

of the
that

to

of the
the

gray,

shining tips, except

midline

between

is

large oval
with

with

Crown patch of white, the hairs white to their roots. yellowish, its hair yellow at the base, whitening terminally, but

tipped

black;

cheeks Front whitish

similar;
of

nape

brownish
and under

with side

black of

broadly tips. Ears

deep

contrastingly white. yellow, shading missing

with
in the

shoulders their limbs

inner

forearms

into

along
Hind
.

sides; wrists
or

black

(hands

type

specimen)
and

lightgrayish, more Belly uniformly

from the
center

less suffused Tail

very

yellow

behind

blackish

in front.

gray.

long, its hairs

its color
on

curiously parted and throughout, with

root
a

curving
short

line downward,

black

very

white

tip.

small

yellow patch

each

side of the

of the

tail.

THE

PRIMATES

305

Measurements:
mm.;

"

The hairs

skin,

as

made

up,

measures:

head

and

body,

730

tail,970
Occurrence

(with
and

1,040).
"

Habits:

The

type

and from

only
a

known

specimen
hunter, and
So
far

of this

large
be

monkey
extends

was

secured
range Mr.

by Henry
eastward
of "this

Brelich
the

native

considerably
as

the

genus

Rhinopithecus.
inhabits
a

could
known

gathered by
as

Brelich,

monkey
108" is known
inner The

range in the

of mountains
north of the

the

Van

Gin

Shan

Range,
shades
to

about

E., 29" N.,

of it. sides

Province
dorsal bears doubt
a

of Kwei-chow." surface and

Nothing yellow
R.

further
on

Obviously
arms

in its dark

the

of the
when

and

legs, it
no

slight resemblance
will prove
to

roxellance.

male,

it is known,

be

more

brightly
"

colored.

Specimens

examined:

None.

Family

HYLOBATID^
GIBBONS

The
are

gibbons, including
associated

the

siamang
the

of Sumatra
apes

and but

the
as

Malay
a

Peninsula,

commonly

with

anthropoid
for their

distinct of
to

family.

are adapted extremely long arms by "brachiation," swinging or hiirlingthemselves

Their

peculiar method
from from
.

progression
bough,
and

limb

limb, through
to

the
tree

forest, passing
to

"with
a

incredible

speed
and

bough
in

tree, in

many

graceful swing
of its
the

ciu^e,

rivalling

its swift

flight
3, p.

that

of the
The

feathered forearm the

inhabitants is

leafy

abode" and

(Elliot,191 3, vol.
the hand with

149).
thimib its modes

longer
The

than

humerus,

its

long
with

exceeds of

foot.

tail is there

lacking, a
small the

feature

correlated

perhaps
Miller

progression, and
vol.
the 14, p.

are

ischial callosities.
latest
to

(Joum.

Mammalogy,
in southern

158, 1933),
the

review

the

superspecific
two
occur

relationshipsof Miller)
The
and the

species,places them
Black

in four

subgenera,
of Hainan

of which

China, namely,
Hoolock is

Gibbon

(subgenus
the

Nomascus

Gibbon,

type
other

of

the

typical subgenus
by
hair

Hylobates.
vertex

former

distinguished among upward,

to

characters the

of the

being
front of the double

directed
of the
vertex

and

by having
margin
and the
to

profile nearly straight

orbits; the
latter has

from the

the

nasals

the

upper

of the
skull upper

hair

directed
from

backward
the

profilestrongly margins
of the

curved
orbits.

(often

curved)

front

of nasals

Genus
Prodromus Hylobates Illiger,

Hylobates
Avium,
p.

Illiger
1.

Syst. Mamm. genus

et

67, 181

The

type
comer

of the of

is the and
the

Homo

lar of Linnaeus, the

Peninsula. fore The

gibbon

of the

eastern south-

India

Malay

striking characters,
ischial

in addition

to

the

disproportionately long

limbs,

small

callosities,

306
and lack
case,

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

of external
the

tail, are

the

rather

smoothly

rounded

skull

with
very

its large

brain

prominent
rows,

eyebrow ridges,well-developed canines,

the upper

slightly
molars
rows

convergent
in such
as a

tooth way

and the

arrangement
teeth but

of the
not

tooth form

cusps
two

of the
transverse

that

in and

they do
instead

in the inner

macaques cusps level cusp

as

baboons,
and
outer

they
last

alternate each
a

with slightly, little behind

has
no

the the
or

two

(protocone
of the it has
two

hypocone)
ones.

standing
but

transverse

The

lower the

molar tooth

fifth

posterior
same
:

in 32.

the

Cercopithecidae,
the Black males
or

formula

is the

i.f Ct

pmj

m.f
occur

Two
western

species
mainland.

in

China,
the

Hoolock Gibbon

of

India, which
island and
two

reaches Hainan

the
and

edge of Yunnan,
The
or

and

of the

of

adjacent
known

adult

usually pale, more

from Chinese

less whitish

are usually black The yellowish white.

adult forms
:

females hitherto

territorymay
Key
to the

be

identified
Species of the

by the following key

of

Chinese

Hylobates
directed

A.

Males female

black with

with

white

brow

band;

hair

crown

backward;
H. hoolock

clitoris not

elongated
white brow

B.

Males females

black, without
with clitoris

a so

band; hair of
to

crown

forming

an

erect

mat;
H. concolor

elongate as

be

peniform

154.

Hylobates
THE

hoolock

(Harlan)

HOOLOCK
vol. Soc.

Simia

hoolock

Harlan,

Trans.

Amer.

Phil. Soc,
Mamm. p.

new

ser.,

4, p. 52,

pi. 2, 1834.
ed. 2, p. 3, 1838.
of the

Hylobates hoolock
Zool.

Waterhouse,
Western Zool. Soc.

Cat.

Mus. i,

Zool.

London,

Anderson,
vol. 3, p.

Anat.

and
1913.

Researches Proc.

Yunnan, London,

1879.

Elliot, Review

Primates,

156,

Pocock,

1927,

p. 719.

Type
came

specimen:
the for Garo
some

"

The

type

was

skin

and

skull
and M.

of
was

an

adult
one

male

that
that

from lived

Hills, near
time
in the

Goalpara, Assam, possession

of Dr.

of three about

had
The

Burrough,

1830.

specimen

is

possibly
"

still in

Philadelphia.
directed

Description:
an

Hair

of the
male

crown

smoothly backward,
brownish

not

forming
on

erect

mat.

The and

adult

is

typically a
side

black,

more a

intense
white

the

lower

limbs
across

feet; the brow,

whitish

under

deep chocolate
white
hair

brown;

band

is present
the

the is

narrowly interrupted in the median

or

line. The

Rarely
adult

coloration is

pale
white upper

yellowish
color. few The

as on

in the
the
over

female. and

female

contrastingly pale
clear and

in
a are

face the

surrounding
the

it is

nearly
feet

with
chest

stiff black white.

range

hairs The

eyes;

chin,

hands,
white may

also
some on

rest

of the

body pale

is soiled
the head

tinged
be

with

pale brown,
drab

with
brown

of variation
and

in which with

body
and

darker, nearly

body

limbs,

PI.ATH

VIII

Hoolock

Gibbon

(Ilylnhates Iwolock), female,

killed

near

the

Burma

border,

Ytinnan.

Profile

view

Front

view

of the

same

THE

PRIMATES

307

neck.

Rarely the female

While
the above

may

be

"black

faintly tinged with

brown"

(Pocock,
is the

1927). description gives brieflythe general coloration, there

as

much

difference

in individuals,

the

following notes
Dr.

on

series secured

on

southwestern

borders

of Yunnan

by

Andrews,

indicate.
above and
a on narrow arms

Male,
middle

subadult.

No.

43067:

entirely sooty
and

and

legs;
band,

part of the throat, chest,

the No. eyes
;

belly sooty brown;

black.

brow

interrupted between
Male, subadult.
in Dr. Andrews's book

cheeks this Y.

43064:
and in

specimen is the male

B.

speciallymentioned 254)
feet
as

(R. C.
a

Andrews,
with

1918,
with

p.

in the upper

ish yellowchest

pelage, quite nearly white, the

of
the

like
rest

female of the

color,

chin, hands,
a

and

body
a

soiled
few the

white,

pale brown
over

tinge; hair
eyes.
as

face

nearly

white
a

with

stiff black
immature

hairs

the

This

perhaps represents
has

retention of the No.

of

condition,
may be

for,

Delacour
sexes.

reported, the
Male,
the

young

Hainan

Gibbon

"yellow,"

in both with

subadult,

43068:
and lower

slightly larger.
nape. abdomen in

Black

tinged
Eyebrow

sooty
as

brown before.

across

shoulders

Cheeks

black.

band

Chest

dark

brown,

blackish.
an

Female,
and
or

large adult, white,

cheeks
back dark

No.
and

43065:
limbs

intermediate

coloring. Crown tinged

and with

nape

soiled

grayish white, much

chest and hair.

sooty
of

drab

brown;

brown;

throat,
a

belly

inside

legs
stiff
of

dark

brown.

Eyes

surrounded

by
43090:

ring of white
hair feet of face
and

Female,
black hairs

subadult.
over

No.

nearly white
chest

with

few

eyes;

chin, hands,
or

upper

nearly white;

rest

body pale soiled white

Measurements:
"

gray,

tinged with

pale brown;

top of head
Yunnan

similar.
were

No

measurements

of the
3, p.

series from
the

made

in

the

flesh.
and

Elliot
520
mm.

(1913,
;

vol.

158) gives
has
the

following dimensions: complete dentition

line in any

head

body,
the

hind
Yunnan has the

foot, 150. series, none

not

In

skulls

of the
molar show

the tooth

in

place, since the last

The
two

yet reached

of them.

largest skulls

dimensions

given

below.

3o8
Occurrence but

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

and

Habits:

"

This
has

is the

Gibbon

of

Upper
the
or

Burma in

and the

Assam,

although Pocock
material, it
as a

(1927)
does

recently reviewed
seem

group
not

light
be

of

available

not

clear H.
a

whether lar

it should
Burma and

garded re-

northern

subspecies of the
whether he

of

Lower distinct
as so

Siam,

as

seems

most

likely, or
however,

it is

wholly
two

species. Pending species.

names

further coloration
been three gave

study,

recognizes
time
be

the

separate
that
many

The

of the

gibbons is notoriously variable,

time
to

have

bestowed continental
an

from

upon

them,
out.
on

but

Pocock
ago
as

believes

that

only
Hills

species can
of his
Burma

made

As

long
seen

1879, J.
while
where

Anderson

account

observations
on

gibbons
of

in the Here

Kakhyen
the

of

eastern

Upper

the

borders
the with

Yunnan.

"passing
river
resonant

through the magnificent defile of

is enclosed with
from

Irawady, below
dense

Bhamo,
the
.

by high
loud calls

hills,covered
of this and
on

forest
.
.

air

was

the
the

gibbon; large troops

the the

were

answering
the
eastern at

each

other

opposite banks,
is also
and
common

hills echoed

and

reechoed
on

sound. frontier

The of

Hoolock

Kakhyen
was

Hills,
called

the
them in

Yunnan;

there, too,
up

my

attention sheltered 4,000

to

daybreak deep
and

when
warm

they passed valleys

caught
a

from

their

sleeping-ground
feet. every

the

to

heights of about
murmur

We,

in

the

middle

distance, first
more

faint

of voices; but

minute
in
a

it became
storm

and

more

distinct, till at last the whole

'whoko'
! 'whoko'

troop rushed
few
more

past

of sovmd,
was

vociferating
far up the

! and

in

minutes

their

cry

heard

mountain-side.
the

Considering
which
was

that

their progress their

ascent to
secure

is almost

exclusively arboreal, Apparently

within
the in
western

rapidity with
R.

they
the

make

is wonderful."

Dr.

C. Andrews of China,
on

first

actually
and
at

specimens from
he succeeded in of

borders series
At the

for

in March River
were

April,

1917,

collecting a
Yunnan.
green
same

the

Namting
"soon

and

Homushu

Pass,
on a

former

localitythey
be found
in

found

feeding

kind

large
the

bean.

When could

piirsued they

became

extremely valley
where almost when

wild.
we

Although
had
to
was

troop them,
because

usually they chose hillsides

of
the

the it

first discovered stalk

them the of

where

was

impossible
not

thorny
of
but
a were

jungle.
dead
tree

Usually
where

they called, only

a

it

from inch We
.
. .

upper

branches

they could
the range

scan

every

grotmd
ward for-

below,

almost

beyond
were

of

shotgun. they
of the

went

only
as

when

the calls

echoing through
in

the
care

jungle, and
would

stood
see

motionless
or

the

wailing ceased.
in sudden

But there

spite
would

of all be
a

our

hear

us.

Then

silence
and

would

tremor away

branches,
the

splash after
treenever times some-

splash of leaves,
tops.
The
. . .

the

herd
were

swing
of

through
to

trackless would
would

gibbons
dead.
.

exceedingly
Instead
.

difficult

kill and animals

drop

until

stone
as

running
had

the

disappear

completely

as

though they

vanished

in the

air.

After

THE

PRIMATES

309

being fooled
we

several
the and
ween

times

we

learned
sooner

to
or

conceal
later On

ourselves the

in the would

bushes

where
to

could

watch

trees, and
Y. B.

monkeys
but

try
at

steal

away"
Pass
on

(R. C.
the Sal

Andrews,

19

18).

another

occasion,

Homushu seemed
to

River, gibbons
"Instead
across as

were

again found,
in the
or

their habits
a

somewhat
to

different.

of

sittingquietly
for
an

top of
the

dead

tree

call for

their

neighbors
twenty
the

the

jungle
day.

hour

two,

hoolocks
and

howl
are on

about

minutes

they
the

swing
them which

through
called

the
more

branches

silent

during
they
seemed had

remainder and
we

of seldom

They

frequently
weather.

bright
herds

mornings
to

heard

during cloudy
were

Apparently
the of the

regular feeding grounds,

cover a

visited the

every

day, but

great

deal

of

territory. Like
the
tree

gibbons
at

Namting

River,

the and

hoolocks
one

traveled
most

through amazing
throw

tops

almost
ever

unbelievable witnessed
was

speed,
the
way

of the

things
themselves

which from
191
at

I have
one

in which

they could

tree

to

another

with

unerring precision" (R. C.

Dr. Andrews of

and

Y.

B.
most

Andrews,

8).
to

On

several

occasions leaves

found

the

gibbons
The food

adept gibbon
and
as

hiding

among be

thick

instead
in part many 1903, of water had

making
is

off.
as

of the
or

is said

in part The Zool.

one

leaves, and
unlike

animals, such

insects,
unable

birds

their

eggs.

gibbon,
Soc.
into

monkeys,
vol.
I, pp. ten

quite

to

swim,

Candler

(Proc.

London,
a

187-190) proved experimentally by dropping deep, in which

rescued.
as

tank

feet
been

it struggled
doubt
case

helplesslyand
is not

would

have

drowned that is

it not

No
the

the

more

nearly upright posture

a

naturally assumed,
afloat. Whether southern
near or

in

of man,

favorable

one

for

keeping
extreme

not

gibbons
of

are

to

be

found

elsewhere

along the
have be been

edge

of

China,
borders into

is still uncertain,

though
it
or can

they

killed

so

the

northern

Tongking
Yuiman

that

hardly

doubted

they

occasionally cross

southeastern
"

western

Kwangsi.

Specimens examined:
Yunnan: Homushu

In

all,seven,
River,

namely:
3;
no

Pass, 3; Namting

exact

locality, i.

155.

Hylobates

concolor
GIBBON

concolor

(Harlan)

BLACK Simia
concolor

Harlan, Joum.

Acad.

Nat. BuU.

Sci. Philadelphia,
des

ser.

I, vol.

5, part

2, p. 231,

pis. 9, 10, 1826. Pocock,

Proc.

HylobaUs

harlani

Lesson, Ferrusac's Schlegel, Essai

1927, p. 719 ff.
sur

Sci. Nat., vol.

des

13, p.

Ill,

1827. 1837.
Zool.

Hylobates concolor
Soc.

la

Physion.

Serpens, Partie G^n., p. 237, 1870, p. 224

ser.

London,

Hylobates pileatus Swinhoe, Hylobates

hainanus 1905,

Proc. Ann.

Zool.

Soc.

London, Hist.,

(in part). 145,

Thomas,
vol. 2, p.

Mag.

Nat.

6, vol. 9, p.

1892.

Pocock,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

169, pi. 5.
"

Type
Harlan's

Specimen:
name was

The based

type
upon
a

specimen
female

is not

known

to

be

in

existence.

"lately" (that

is, about

1826) living

310 in the

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Philadelphia, said
latter

to

have

been

imported
been

from taken

Borneo.
as

On
and

account

of
name

statement,
to

the type

localityhas
island. the of

Borneo,
has

the

assigned
that the

the

Hylobates
all -black the

of that

Pocock

(1927)

shown,

however,

anatomical
to

features

genitalia,illustrated
and have the

by Harlan's
mainland

plate,
of Indo-

pertain
China,
concolor

the

gibbon

of Hainan may
to

adjacent

whence

individual

thus

originally come.

The

name

is,therefore, transferred
"

the Black

Gibbon.
white brow
sexes so are

Description:
of the
to

The

male
the
soon

is

entirely black, lacking the

stage.
The
very young males when

band

other

species,in
or

adult

of both

said of

be

pale

"yellow,"
the

turning black, the becoming

have in

remaining
grown. Pocock
at

the

rest

their lives, but first announced of

females

pale again
confirmed

These

changes,
A
or

by Delacour,
to

been

by

tions through observaLondon. young

captive specimens
be about then gray

the
seven

Zoological
months
seven

Gardens
was

female, supposed smoky

gray

old,
years

then

blackish,

rather,

blackish. then
a

At

about

of age,

when

sexually matiire,
ochraceous

she became
or

pale.

In the

pale phase the color is buff,

or

buff,
on

grayish buff with

neck. The

patch of black

dusky
out

on

the

crown,

extending
different
no

to

the

skull of
the
a

of H.
H.

concolor,

as

pointed
the

by Pocock,
septum
same

has

shape
definite

from

that

hoolock, with

interorbital

making slope;
as

angle with
do
not

forehead, but
continuous

rather

lying
line bent
across

in

the

the

brow
do

ridges
in

form

raised
are

the

forehead
over

they

H.

hoolock, but

their inner
"

portions

ventrally in
of Hainan of
a

the base
are

of the

nose.

Measurements:

No

measurements

specimens
male:

available.

Pocock
mm.;

gives
basal

the

following
molars,

skull

measurements

total

length,

113

length, 80; palatal length,

upper 27.
"

43;

zygomatic

width,

78; width

across

orbits, 67;

Occurrence Hainan.

and

Habits:
was

The

Black

Gibbon
in 1735

has

long
Du
p.

been

known
in

from
scription "De-

Its existence
de la

reported there
He writes black
are

by

Halde

his

Chine." kind

(1738, English ed., Apes,

the
are

118):

"This
very

Island

breeds

ciu-ious the

of great
so

whose

Physiognomy
but
and this
common.

nearly
scarce.

resembles There
are

Human,
of
a

distinct

Features;
very

species is
' '

others

grey

Colour, which
unable
to
as

ugly

Swinhoe
known

(1870c), although himself

to
as

procure different

specimens, said
kinds,
who the

it

was

well the

the well

natives
as

who

distinguished
black

yellow

and
a

black,

the the

yellow with
first to and for

face.

Harlan,

described is

female

men, specithe that

was

figure the

which unusually long clitoris,

like
an

tudinally grooved longibelieved

known
more

below,
individual these
to

depends
these
reasons

the

penis
the

of

the

male.
but it is has

He
now

be

hermaphrodite,
of

peculiaritiesare

characteristic

species, as

been

fully

THE

PRIMATES

311

described
at

by

Pocock
Gardens

(1905)
in

on

the London.

basis
An

of

female

that

lived

for

some

time this

the

Zoological gives
a

excellent Few A.

plate

accompanying
seem

paper

good
its

idea natural
about offers

of

the

coloring.
but Malcolm
Mountain

Europeans
Smith

to

have

seen

this
them

gibbon
in the

in

haunts,

(1923)
in the

reports

hearing morning.

forest

Five-finger
an

(Wuchih)
in its also Black

early
to

This

species
which

interesting
only
on

parallel
Hainan,
The but

distribution
in the

Pithecus

nemceus,

occurs

not

adjacent
of

portions
has

of been

Tongking
described
in the

on

the

opposite
a

mainland.

Gibbon

Tongking
cheek

as

separate
black

species,
males,
of

distinguished
whence the its
name,

by

its
H.

white

patches
Pocock

even

otherwise

leucogenys.
while of in it. the It

(1927)

regards by

it

as

subspecies
as

Hainan

animal,
the

species
seems

scribed de-

Pousargues
this form

H.

henrici

is

really
be found
whence

female

quite
southern

likely Kwangsi
are

that

will
for

eventually
the

to

occur

extreme

or

Yunnan,
to

localities border. in

the

Tongking (1870c,
west

specimens
p.

came

very
a

close black

the

Chinese is said received

the

Indeed,
the

Swinhoe mountains

615)

records but

that

gibbon
have been in

to

occur

of

Canton,
did

no

specimens
spent
several
Dr. F.

by
report
who that

European
it.

museums,

nor

Mell,

who

years D.

region, (191 1),

Welch

studied the
that form the

living
of this
also "hah

specimens gibbon
differs,
hoo hah
a

in

the

London

Zoological
that of while
H.

Gardens,
hoolock that of and the

concluded
H.

is

slenderer "hoo hoo

than

lar,

and he

cry

hoo,"

etc.,
a

Hoolock

represents

by

hoo,"

repeated

number

of

times.

Specimens

examined:
"

None.

CHAPTER

VII

ORDER

CARNIVORA

CARNIVORES

This

group many
to

comprises
a

mammals
or

whose

habits subsist
on

are

typically
as

flesh-eating,
in
the bear
as

although family compared

as or

greater
of the

less

degree
Panda.

vegetation,
often the of
the

in

the

case

Giant

They
group the
as or

are

highly
Insectivora. teeth

modified

with

the

primitive
retain while and

marsupial nearly
in

with number cats,

Some,

the

dogs

and

wolves,

full the

characteristic teeth
are

of

placental
in

mammals,
number

others,
Some

maxillary

reduced

function. habits.

are

cursorial,
the but
order

others lacks

arboreal,
the

others

again
of the

aquatic
incisor
row

in

their

Structurally
the canines
ones

specialization
teeth

teeth

seen

in the

Insectivora,
and
are

instead three

these in

form
on

transverse

between

typically
than A lower
the

number
the

each
are

side

of

each

jaw,

the the
upper
to

median cheek teeth

smaller

outer;

canines

usually
of
a

enlarged,
the
last

sharp-cusped.
and food. and the

peculiarity
molar
to

is the
act

ment developin

premolar
cut

the

first is

together
a

shearing
these

fashion
from the
or

up
to

the

This the first

brought
of
the many

about

by

narrowing
anterior is

of

teeth

side

side

enlargement

especially
and retain

the

cusps.

Unlike reduced foramen the

last

Insectivora,
absent. As
a

digit of
feature,
a

hand

foot the

usually

much

primitive
while
as

entepiconthe
cats

dylar
have

in

the

humerus,
of
the and power

matter toes

of

specialization, lifting always

rotation,
as

phalanx
The radius
the

fingers
ulna
of
are a

and of the

retractile,
are

the

claw

off
the

the former hind

ground.
with

forearm
amount

separate,
while the
in

usually
tibia

certain

of

the

leg the

and

fibula

again

always

separate,

in

arboreal

mammals. Six bear-like

or seven

different
are

families
most

of

Carnivora the brief

cats

occur

in

China,
the
most

of

which

the

animals
be
Key

the

primitive,
the

perhaps
:

specialized.

They

may

identified
the

by

following
of

key

to

Families

Chinese
on

and

Mongolian

Carnivora

A.

Form
a.

stout, Tail
more

five than wider

well-developed
half than the

toes

each
;

foot.
not

body

length

size

large etc.)

molars

|,

the

upper

only Procyonidae

slightly

long

(Panda,

Raccoons,
312

THE

CARNIVORES

313

b.

Tail very

short; last

upper

molar

with

its least width

about

half the greatest

length.
a'. Muzzle

short, the distance

width distance

from

its

tip to

the

orbit

less than

half

the

greatest zygomatic
b'. Muzzle

(Giant Panda)
from its

Ailuropodidae
orbit
more

longer,
width

the

tip to the

than

half the Ursidas

zygomatic
B. Form
a.

(Bears)
four
toes

slender, hind
Limbs

foot usually with

only.
lobe wider than the outer Mustelidas

short, body

disproportionallylong.
transverse, with the inner

a'. Molars

^, the

upper

edge (Weasels, Martens,

b'. Molars the outer
a

Otters)
transverse, camassial with the inner lobe
narrower

| (or {), the edge;

cusps

upper

than

of lower

of about

equal height,forming
Viverrids

triangle(Civets,Mungooses)
longer. f (or f),
the upper

b.

Limbs

a'. Molars camassial

with

well-defined
a

tubercular inner
cusp

cusps;

lower distinct Canidae

compressed,

blade-like, with

small

and

posterior heel (Dogs, Wolves,

b'. Molars
-j-.

Foxes)
well-defined
cusps ; lower
sial camas-

the upper

without vestigial, inner

cusp
or

blade-like, without

posteriorheel (Cats)

Felidae

Family
RACCOONS

PROCYONID^
AND THEIR KIN

The Camivora.

raccoons

and

their

relatives
toes

are on

among

the foot

least
in
so a

specialized of the nearly unmodified

in

They
the hind

retain
feet
to to
on

all five
are

each

condition;
entire the
two

completely plantigrade, ground.

its
The

that

walking
short
not

the

sole is

applied equal
below

the

body
The the of the

is rather

plump
which
cusps

and do in

and

tail at least above and

these

one-half each
are

length.

molars,
usual

exceed
upper and

side, have

four

the

series, and

upper There

teeth

roughly
for

equal diameter
last upper

transversely
to

longitudinally.
like the This
and and first molar

is

tendency

premolar

become

in the
at

development
America
in and the the

of similar

cusps. the
warmer

family

the in

present
North
genera

day is typical of

parts of America,
temperate
as

is

represented

by
more

the

Raccoon

of the
areas,

parts,
coatis It
in
.

various

arboreal

tropical
there the

such

the

(Nasua), kinkajous
the
India here

{Polos),

aberrant

cacomistles
should be
a

(Bassariscus)
related
genus

is, therefore, especially interesting that

Old
to

World,
the
once

Ailurus, which
of western

occurs

from

Himalayan

region

of eastern

highlands
more

of

numerous

and advocated from

perhaps represents a survivor of forest-living species. widely spread group

China. It
the the

Pocock

(1921a)

has

relegation of the

genus but

to

separate
course

family, Ailuridas, distinct

has and the

American

Procyonidae,
necessitates

this
the

disadvantage
genera,

of

obscuring
at

the, evident
same

affinitybetween
the

Asiatic of
a

American

and

the

time

erection

314

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

separate subfamily for each

to

of the

American

genera

of of

Procyonidae,
the and

in

order and

accord

as

nearly
Hollister's

as

possible equal consideraition

coiu-se,
as

differences

likenesses.
more

being

the

more

conservative

perhaps

illuminating,is here followed.

Genus Ailunis
THE

F. Cuvier

PANDA
des

Ailurus

F. Cuvier, in Geoffroy

and Hand-

Cuvier, Hist.
u.

Nat.

Mammif^res,
i, pp.

vol. 3, pt. 50,

pi. and

3 pp.

text, 1825.

Arclalurus Mlurus
L.

Gloger, Gemeinn. Agassiz, Nomenclator

Hilfsb. Naturg., vol.

xxviii, 55, 1841.

Zool., Index, p. 9, 1846.

The

chief
as

diagnostic characters
head
;

of this
ears

genus

are

set

forth

by HoUister entirely
post-

(1915)
and

follows:

roundish,

large, erect, and

;

pointed; tail long

almost

nonprehensile
os

claws

semiretractile
mm.

soles

of

the

feet

haired;

penis

small

(23

long), not
rounded
. .

bilobed
.

anteriorly.
without distinct Palate

"Skull orbital

short,

high,

and

zygomata

processes;

medially, and
canal

developed. extending only little beyond plane of

in other genera

sagittalcrest

well

highly arched, grooved

. . .

last molar

aUsphenoid
bullae
a

present [absent only

on

of the

family] ;

audital
. . .

very

small, inflated
narrow

inner

side, the

external

auditory

meatus
ramus

long and

tube. ciu-ved

Mandible

short, greatly rounded;

ascending
at
more

high, wide,
outer

and

backward;
weak.

condyles
Canine Each
upper

very

large."
in section with

"Incisors and well inner

ovate

cingulum, grooved
than
one

on

surfaces.

premolar hypocone;
deciduous
with

cusp;

pm=

with and
one-

developed
with
tooth
;

protocone
the
pm

and

pm^

six-cusped,
cusp lower accessory

the

protocone
more

hypocone
half and the
narrow.

prominent supplementary
1

inner

forming

than

minute
molars

and

permanent

premolars all long cusplets on

lower
molars
side out-

Upper
on

usually

ntunerous

and
nimierous

the

strongly developed cusplets."

is : i.l ct

inner

cingulum
38.
But

shelf

with

accessory tooth

The

formula
race.

pm.f m.f

singlespecies is known,

with

one

Chinese

156.

Ailurus

fulgens styani Thomas

PANDA
7, vol. ^ I'Hist. 10, p. 251, Nat. 1902. pp.

STYAN'S Ailurus Ailurus

fulgens styani Thomas, reftdgens Milne-Edwards,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.
servir

Recherches

pour

des Mammif^es,

380, 387, 1868-74

(lapsus calami).
Ailurus Ailurus

fulgens Jacobi, Abh. styani Thomas,

Ann.

u.

Ber.

Mus.
Nat.

f. Tier-

u.

Volkerk., Dresden,
9, vol. 10, p.

vol. 16,

no.

i, p. 3, 1922.

Mag.

Hist.,

ser.

.396, 1922.

Type Specimen:
British

"

The

type
at

is

an

old

male, skin

and

skull, No.
Szechwan,

2.6. 10.41,

Museum,

collected F. W.

Yangliupa,

northwestern

China,

June, 1897, by

Styan.

THE

CARNIVORES

315

Description:
"

In

size

and

form

somewhat

like

raccoon,

but
A
to

the small

hind
eyenut, chest-

quarters

less
the

elevated, the
entire the

hind surface
to

legs proportionally
of the

shorter.

patch,
dark

and

dorsal
crown

body

rusty

fulvous
and

deep

deepest from
red
over

the tail. The

middle
The

of the
tail has

back,

becoming
spot,
the

less

the lower
and
a over

back black

and

about

nine

faintlyindicated
a

buffy rings
of

short

tip.
the

muzzle,

lips,a

submental
behind

spot

larger size

each

eye,

cheeks

immediately

eye-spot,

Fig.

15.

Distribution
Ailurus

Map.

A
.

fulgetis styani

3i6
the inner tuft of

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

side and

the outer
at

edges of the
outer

ears

white, the
of the

ears

with
the

conspicuous
and

longer hairs
the under is
as some

their

base; backs

ears,

fore

hind

legs,and
There

surface
variation

deep

black.

in the

depth

of the

rufous
and in

on

the

back

in Yunnan

specimens
Szechwan,
so as

mentioned

by Thomas
A. B.

(1922b),

another
are

from

Washin,

described
to

by
an

Howell blackish

(1929), the
belt in this

shoulders

ened, heavily blackthe

rest

form

almost

region, with

of the

back

deep ferruginous.
main of the skull have peculiarities
The the
more

The

been A.

mentioned

under from

the

generic typical depth

type
The

description. A.f.fulgens of
the
very

characters

distinguishing region
the
are

f. styani
in
the

the

Himalayan
swollen

said to be the

larger size and

that
was

especially
the

much
from

forehead, obvious

profile,so
forehead

measured

the
37

palate
for the
case

to
same

convexity of
measurement

in the form.

46

mm.

against
of the
the

in
more

the

Himalayan
and

outline

brain

from

above and end

none more

is

swollen
and

teriorly, parallel-sidedana

zygomata
at

stouter

spreading,
the
ear.

with

better-developed
may

wide

ledge
a

their

posterior
since
was

above

These

distinctions

be
to

partly
the

matter

of age,

of the
so

Himalayan
but

specimens
a

available Thomas

author p.

(1922b,
that Chinese those of the

of the species 396) mentions

the
as

quite
other
so

aged,
he

in since
goes the

later

paper,

two

specimens
that
even

obtained
so

in
to

Yunnan,

confirm Panda

characters
a

given,
the

far

as

regard the

distinct

species. Nevertheless,
one

separating species, and

other, with
the
"

is

obviously the

are hardly "representative form"

differences

same

type of coloring.
type
skin and skull showed and the

Measurements:
as

The

following
610
mm.;

ments measure-

recorded
ear,

by its describer:

skin, head

body,

tail, 405;

foot,

112;

60. 115
mm.;

Skull: 54;
13.3;

greatest length, width,

88;

basal

length, 98; palate from

31;

gnathion,

zygomatic
lower

interorbital
process

width,
to

breadth side cheek of

of

posterior palate,
process, 55;

jaw, top
breadth of

of coronoid
upper

lower
upper

angular

combined
measurements

incisors,
are

15;

teeth, 37.

No

other

of Chinese and the

Habits:

specimens
"

available. is found in China in

Occurrence

The

Panda of

only the
in

western

highlands, from
to

higher parts
mountains

eastern to

Szechwan

westward northwestern
upper

Yunnan

the

borders been

of Burma. taken

In addition

the type from

Szechwan,

it has
northern
saw one

in the
same

near

Mau,

in the

Min

valley (1923,
Wassu

of the p.

part
in the

of the flesh

province (Jacobi, 1922),

Shan,
also
two

and
too

Weigold high
a

72)
to

at

Wa

but

it

was

held

at

price for

him

purchase. Zappey

He

mentions
a

secured

skin

from

this

brought general region, in the Chinchiang

the

skins

in

from

region.

valley, but

THE

CARNIVORES

317

the

skull

was

unfortunately lost (G. M.

secured that
a

Allen, 1912).
of of the trade
commoner

The in

American

Museum

Asiatic
and
at

Expeditions (1922)
in The the

number
one

skins

Likiang, Yunnan,
in the these
are

Mell Talifu

writes
same

it is

furs
most

fur market
came

province.
to
or

He

believed

that and

of

from Talifu
two

Weisi.
and

skins
as

seemed

be

little valued,

the

tails

used

in
saw

Canton
were

brushes

dusters.

Among
No central

fifty trade
doubt
Yunnan the

skins, Mell
range

that

conspicuously white-marked.
Szechwan
forests
commoner

extends

from

northeastern in the

south
of
on

to

near

and

thence
to

westward,
Henri
in the

evergreen

the the
p.

high country.
borders
2

According
and

Prince

d'0rl6ans,

it is

of

Yunnan

Burma

than

Himalayas Very chiefly by

are

(Pousargues, 1896a,
little
seems

of

separate).
habits
the the in
a

to

be

known

of the reached

wild

state, in
of

China.

Captive specimens
way

have

frequently
so

zoological gardens Himalayan

was on

Europe,
habits London

of India, and much

the
same.

represent
One of the

form,
alive
in

whose the the

doubtless
in

animals

Gardens Bartlett
Flower

1869

and

formed
on

the

subject

of remarks

its habits

by

keeper
H. brief

(1870) (1870).
Wall

and

the

anatomy

after

its subsequent have been

the

demise,

by W.
of

Other

captive specimens Bombay

gave Nat.

subject
and

communications

by (Joum. nearly
has been

Trouessart

(1922), Sokolowsky
Hist.
to two

(1919), July
a

Lonnberg
did
in

(1907).
of
not
a

Soc,
young

1908, vol.
on

18, p. 903) writes

7.

captive animal
open

that
a

birth

Their

eyes

for

month,
noticed

August by
like

following, and
J.
Anderson

similar

long delay
them

this respect their actions

up

others.
raccoons.

(1869) found
movement

in

"wonderfully
their hind climb
and

Every
with irritated
cry;
are

is
in the the

bear-like;
same

they sit
as

on

quarters

and and

strike
when

their
make

paws

way

the

bear,
animal

like the emit

or a

bear, nearly
so.

sudden tail

rush
...

of is

that

similar

the

bushy

barred

carried
and

straight out
He

nearly
that
to

They
liked

very

fond
too.

of milk, bamboo-leaves,

grass."

found

they

sugar

Sokolowsky
diet,
as

pointed by
the

out

that, although believed

short and broad

be

chiefly vegetarian
of their

in

indicated
well

the

of

lack molars, as as by crushing surfaces cusps action, they nevertheless well-developed camassial appreciate an occasional
or mouse

bird

given

them.
"

Specimens
Yunnan: Szechwan:

examined:

In

all,eight, lacking skulls, namely:

i

Likiang, 6. Chinchiang valley,

(M.C.Z.); Ketsung,
i

(A.N.S.P.).

Family
THE

AILUROPODID^
GIANT
PANDA

The

relationshipsof the
It
was

Giant

Panda

have

been

the

subject of considerable
to

discussion.

first

supposed, by

its discoverer, David,

be

new

bear,

3i8
but

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA
"

Milne-Edwards

recognized
a

its

position
He

as

nearer

the

Panda
even as

(Ailurus),
a

though
appearance in

standing in
in its

somewhat

intermediate

relation, with

feline

wide, strong zygomata.

those of and

regarded
a

its teeth

less carnivorous the

type

than

bears,

and

suggested
followed

resemblance referred
most

to

extinct
to

Arctotherium.

Flower in

Lydekker
have
a

definitely by
consideration
distinct

the

genus

the

Ursidae,
Pocock believes

and

this

they

been careful
as a

subsequent
external

writers.

(1929)-, however,
it should
between Dr. better the

after

of the

characters,
in
he
some

stand

family, intermediate
In

respects

bears

and

the

small

panda.

this course,
genus
are,

has
seems

been

supported by
most

W.

H.
The

Osgood, and important

vibrissse

this

disposition of the though

the

the

satisfactory. poorly developed

the

distinguishing features
as

externally:
tufts
are necting con-

the

facial

in bears, with
and
a

usual

present;
from
web
are

granular-skinned rhinarium nose-pad with

of the the upper
to

well-developed philtrum
presence of
a

the
the

lip;
the
to

the

vertical
in the

groove

margin
binds

lip nearly
together

nostrils, unlike
the

bears;

feet

of skin

the

toes

up

proximal toe-pads
;

; the hind

feet

approximately
on

equal in length
a

to

the

fore

the

plantar pad
tail very

of the

fore foot ing, pads lack-

has

its inner

border

peculiar lengthwise expansion

and
narrow

; metatarsal

the the wide

posterior plantar pad wide

and

short. short

In

the

skull
are

powerful zygomata,
the

high sagittal crest, and

of the

muzzle

striking features,
at
"

anterior molar

roots

zygomatic
more as

arches

coming
of the canal

off about
;

the

level of the

second

instead
as

of

posteriorly as in the bears

the

the

mesopterygoid
instead In Panda of the
has
none

fossa
far

extends

forward
that

far

hind

edge
low

last molar is

of
the

ending

posterior to
broad

point; the alisphenoid

molars

lacking.
Giant
cusps

remarkably

upper

with

their
out

cusps,

the
in the

differs from fourth

upper

all its allies.

Pocock
animal

points
stands

further

that itself.

premolar,
inner is

this

quite by
but

This

tooth

of the
and

sectorial
two

character
cusps, and

of the while
the

carnivores,
third

is characterized is much
not

by
the

three

outer

last lower

premolar single

long
and

premolar tricuspid, its inner root

like it ; the with

fused

posterior as
The

it is in most
genus

bears.

species of this family constitute

its

only known

representative.
Genus

Ailuropoda

Milne-Edwards
5, vol. 13, art. 10,
i

Ailuropoda Milne-Edwards,
Ursus

Ann. Mus.
Arch. in pour

des

Sci. Nat., Zool., Nat.

ser.

p.,

1870.

David,

Nouv.

Arch.
Nouv.

d'Hist. Mus.

Paris,
Nat.

vol.

5,

Bull., p.
6,
p.

13,

1869 (not of Linnsus). explanation Bull., p.

92, of

Pandardos

Gervais,

d'Hist. Nouv.

Paris,
Mus. des

vol.

161, footnote, and

pis.,1870.
Milne-

Ailuropus

Milne-Edwards,
Rceherches

David,

Arch.

d'Hist.

Nat.

Paris,

vol.

7,

1871.

Edwards,

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

Mammif^res,

p. 321,

1868-74.

The

characters

distinguishing this remarkable

the discussion
of the

and

aberrant
The

genus

are

mainly given under

family affinities.

general bear-

THE

CARNIVORES

319

like form Of the

to

and

striking coloration
characters many fore

of
are

the
no

fur doubt

will

serve

to

identify
As

it at in
to

once.

its various

highly adaptive.
feet is due, with the

bears,

nearly equal length of the

the

and may

hind
be

according
low

Pocock,

shortening
;

of the

latter,and

correlated
with

partiallyarboreal
cusps and the

habits wide

the similarly,

broad-crowned

molars

their
are no

many doubt

zygomata

indicating powerful jaw muscles, jaws

The
to

adaptive
form

fications, modimal's ani-

suiting the particular

Pocock of

handle
natvu^e

the

bamboo

shoots, which
has

the

diet.
and

of the

foot-pads
of the

been
and

illustrated

by
as

(1929a),
exterior,
differs

the

general
of bears

characters in

teeth

skull, as
The

well

the

are

beautifully
that
The of
a are

shown in

Milne-Edwards's
the

plates.

tooth

formula

from

lacking
the the and

first lower

premolar,
in

namely:
natiire

i.f

c.T

pm.4 bears,

m.|=40.
the

large size of
camassial,

anterior

premolars
and

comparison

with of the

lack
molar

length

many-cusped

first lower

strikingfeatures.
as a

Although
Edwards
gave
to
name

first described of A
a

bear

(Ursus), it
to

was

at

once a

be

wholly distinct

type,

which

he

in

seen by Milnepreliminary notice

the

iluropoda,but

later he

changed it to Ailuropus.
melanoleucus
Nat.

157.
Vrsus

Ailuropoda
Mus.

(David)

melanoleucus

David,

Nouv.

Arch.

Ailuropoda
Ailuropus 1871.

melanoleucus

Milne-Edwards, Milne-Edwards,
Redierches

melanoleucus

Milne-Edwards,

Paris, vol. 5, Bull., p. 13, 1869. Ann. des Sci. Nat., ZooL, ser. 5, vol. 13, art. 10, i p., 1870. in David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, Bull., p. 92, servir a I'Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes, pour p. 321, pis. 50-56, 1868-74.

d'Hist.

Type specimens:
still in
sent

"

The

two

originalskins
from the

and

skulls
at

(cotypes)

are

ably presumwere

the

Museum

d'Histoire

Naturelle,

Paris, whither

they

by Pere

Armand
"

David,
The
ears.

principality of Muping
of
a

in 1869.
a

Description:
head
and moderate

form The

is like that
tail is very
as

small

bear, stout, with

In color

rounded

short.

the black

and

white

pattern
different
are

is very
from

striking,but,
that of the
ears

pointed
in which
a

out
a

by
dark

Pocock

(1921a), not
black
ears

essentially
and

Panda,

eye-mark,

limbs the knee

also

found.

The and

throughout,
to

rounded and and the

spot encircling each

hind

eye, the

entire

fore
are

leg

shoulder the
rest
or

the the

spine body
black

leg from
The

about

down,
washed

black,

of
even

head

yellowish white, sometimes

black

with

brownish
to

reddish
a

(Jacobi, 1922).
belt,
narrower

of the

fore

legs extends
The

the

back, forming
of the
lack of

dorsally.
arches,
ance, appear-

characters

skvdl, with

its

powerful, spreading zygomatic

and

strong

sagittalcrest,
have been The forward
are

alisphenoid canal,
and
are

generally shortened
fossa
in and the

already described
extent

well

illustrated

by Milne-Edwards's length of
the in the with
mm.

plates.
first lower

of the

mesopterygoid
of difference

molar

strikingpoints
"

comparison
some

bears.
total

Measurements:

The

type

specimen

measiired

1,500

320

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

length from height

maximum,
1922,
mm. are

the

muzzle

to

base

of tail,following the
as

ciirves

of the

back.

The
not

at

the
for

shoulder of the

is skins

given

660

mm.

These

figures are
of the
1,720
mm.

doubtless

brought

back
was

by

the

Weigold

Expedition
next

(Jacobi,

p. in

3), that length,

the

of the while
as

largest male
of
an

1,800
female may

mm.,
was

largest 1,610 Possibly these 337)

that from

adult
that

to

be

discounted skull

skins

stretch
has
to

in

preparation.
Pa

Of detailed
seem

of the

type, Milne-Edwards
in

given (1868-74,
the The

list of measurements, be those

:

addition

which

only

others

published

to

of two

in

Jacobi's (1922)

paper.

essential

measurements

of these

follow

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

AILUROPODA

MELANOLEUCUS

J.

"
5
^ %

S
^

Oca
e
-

CJ

J
u
-

i
^

a Cu

-^B

PARIS PARIS DRESDEN DRESDEN A B BM

290.0

128 132

207

"

135.0

265.0

185

"

146.0
70 115
IIO

288.0

256
237 275 243 131

211

6I
"

9.7.21.3

278.5
290.0 290.0

206

93.8
91.7
88.0

132.5 139.0 133.0

116

29678
ANSP

MC2

285
260

238
135
"

60 60

203

Occurrence
to

and

Habits:

The

Giant

Panda,

since

it

was

first made
of

known

Europeans by large
to

through its discovery

Pere

in the has

high mountains
to to

Muping,
most

central elusive

Szechwan,
of the the
north and

Armand

David,

continued
It appears in the

be be

one

of the

mammals forests

of the of the

globe.

confined and
western

exclusively to
Szechwan,
that

bamboo
the

high mountains forming

were

central

range

of mountains
hunters

boundary
in

between

province
an

Kansu.
a

David's

successful
and

procuring for him

are

adult detail

and

younger

specimen, whose (1868-74).

mountains,
roots
more

skins

skulls
to

described

in much it inhabits lower

by
the
and

Milne-Edwards
most

According
never

his informants,
down

only

inaccessible

coming
and of the

into

the

country,

subsists
in

chiefly on
it among
northern that

of bamboo
was

other

plants. by
the

covery Following its diswhen

1869, nothing
from

heard

species until 1892,

back into its habitat

Buech-

ner

reported

the

specimens
Szechwan.

brought Coming
to

Russian from

explorer
the

Berezovski Berezovski is it found

north,
nor

reports
in the

it is unknown

the

people along the Ssigu River,

with
in the

Tan

Shan, Kansu,

but

is first met

mountain

range

THE

CARNIVORES

321

forming the
northern from
at

boundary
western

between hmit.
who
state

Kansu
The that and

and

Szechwan,
secured

which
a

thus

makes skin

its here

and

expedition
it
that

beautiful
the

native

hunters,
to

keeps preferably
its chief and that food if

to

bamboo bamboo.

thickets The
may

from

10,000

12,000

feet,
not
name

is the

natives
take
to

declare
a

that The

it does Chinese

hibernate
for it is

pursued

by dogs it
or

tree.

"pei-hsiung" (White Bear)

secured

"huaPoto

hsiung" (Speckled Bear).

tanin,
the
The F. W. and
one

Of

several its way others

a

specimens
to
were

by Berezovski
Museum
at

and

eventually
Museum

found
the

the

British
to

and

another Museum.

Tring Museum,
British

while also hunters The

said

be

the
a

Irkutsk

secured
at

second

specimen,
two

male,

captured

by

Styan's native

Yangliupa,
Museum's the

northwestern

Szechwan
are

(De Winton mounted,

who
one

Styan, 1899).
a

British
from

specimens
of
p.

but
chased pur-

later

flat skin it in

was

received
and

widow

J.

W.

Brooke,

had

Szechwan,

Lydekker
N.

(1910,

987) mentions
was on

"lately"
that
on

sent

from

Szechwan

by W.
his earlier.
him

Fergusson.
Heude

It

these

specimens published
mentions

Pocock affinities bel

(1929a) based
some

studies. Pere

Bardenfieth also who

(1914) had (1894b,

obtained
p.

its "un

years

243)

exemple"

given

by Bishop Pinchon,

it in western

Szech-

= ""."".""' '"."".sv-:''

"cstnjiu /,;.'/.\;''-V.-::"'."/
^

Fig.

16.

Distribution

Map.

Ailuropoda
A

melanoleucus

322

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

wan.

Perhaps
letter
to
a

the

first

Eiiropean
the
latter

to

see

the

animal

in life

was

J. H. Edgar
on

Edgar,
in
1903 upper

whose had

Sowerby
credible

quotes
Giant

(Sowerby,
Panda of
not
seen

19246).
in Takiu, In

received

report
the

of

the

Tung
between
saw a

River,

opposite
and

classic
in wild up

country country
in
a

Muping.
far from

19 16, half-way

Batang large
white
was

Derze,

Kinsha,
in the about
none

Edgar himself
forks
one

animal unarmed believes

In
saw a a

curled and that

great ball, asleep

no nearer

of

high
than

oak

tree.

He

approached
the

than
been

hundred

yards.
the

Sowerby
Panda.
in 1929,

animal

covild

have

other

Giant

later

communication,
of

Edgar
an

(1929)

states

that
a

Herbert cub.
in

Stevens,
adds tribute
ago. for To

family consisting
in

adult animal
than
to

pair
was

with

He the

(Edgar, 1930) that

of Yii, from this day Wilson
the

ancient

times

this
more

included
thousand
as

Liangchow,
skins
are

Szechwan,
said sometimes

four used

years

be

rugs fine
are

in China,
in

E.

H.

(1913, vol. Europeans

in the that

2, p. at

183) speaks of seeing several

Szechwan.
a

examples
Wilson

the possession of offered for

were

sale in

Chengtu, city and command

"evident
tracks

The

skins

occasionally
and
west-

high price.
southwest
the

When of

Zappey
central

vicinity of Wawushan
they
saw

and

Tatsienlu,
It is in

Szechwan,
makes

signs" of
from the

animal.

general
same

solitary and
havmts
are

beaten
as

through the jungle."

the

forest, "frequenting

the

for

long periods,
with
states

is evident
Bamboo

large heaps of its dung which According

to

often

met

in the

information "for
statement

from

the
seven

natives, Wilson
months
to

that

"pei hsiung"
hollows,
and

hibernates

the

six which

or

in hollow

trees, rocky

caves,"
Wilson

is
the

contrary
range

the

testimony reported by
the

others.
shan

says
to
...

further
the
to

that

extends

from

"vicinity of
to

Wa and

westwards eastwards
Bamboo of these

forests the

beyond
6,000
natives

Tachienlu,

northwards It is

Sungpan,
the else
. .

thence
of the shoots

vicinity of

Lungan
and declare within

Fu.

essentiallya denizen
on

jungles large
a

between The

11,000

feet, feeding
it eats above

young
.

plants.
area

that the

nothing

Throughout jungles

the
are

encompassed
feature,
Silver
are

boundaries.
zones.

Bamboo In the

characteristic
belts and in The

forming well-marked
Fir

sparsely

timbered

open

forests,
and
above

Bamboo grow
some

forms
10 so

absolutely impenetrable thickets.

to
12

culms

slender from
and
to

feet tall.

These
as

plants
to starve

are

impatient
all

of shade

and shrubs.

grow The

thickly together
shoots
to

out to

undergrowth
up from within

rival
end of

young

which

continue and

spring
are

June
and

September, eating.
The

according
Giant

altitude shows

species,
taste

white

excellent

Panda

good

in

confining his diet

Szechwan
same

mainly
Dr. writes
bamboo

to

this excellent

Hugo

vegetable!" this animal Weigold, who hunted

in the Sifan often

in central it in the

in 1916,

(1923)

that

region
are

he

followed

impenetrable
snows,
so

thickets, which

compacted

by the winter's

that

THE

CARNIVORES

323

the
and

trails followed
a

run

tunnel

-like through

them

and other

vary

in

height from
as

one

half

to

five

meters.

They
Takin
not

are

used Wild the

by

large mammals
Its food
shoots but
seems

well,
be
clusively ex-

the

Black

Bear,
the

Leopard,
man's for

and

Pigs.
young the
not

to

bamboo
as a

sprouts,

only
He

also

the

larger
natives

ones as

as

thick

finger.
the

contradicts do

testimony
believe
that
saw

of the

quoted by they
find

Wilson,
fresh

local hunters
on

it hibernates, similar

since in

droppings
The

the

snow,

and

he

himself

signs
fibers,
told then and

early January.
an

composition
of

of these
In
set

is

exclusively

of bamboo
Dr.

often
me

inch
the
as

long, thoroughly
method

crushed.

conversation, dogs
the
on a

Weigold
trail,and

that

native fast
as

hunting
a

is to

fresh

to
a

follow
shot

possible,without
He
had
on

halt,

until

animal

is overtaken the
one,

obtained.
an

several
found and and

occasions
the

accompanied
a

hunters,
up and dense

and down

though
over a

athletic

person,

chase

most

arduous trails In

the

roughest country calling for

come

through
strenuous

tunnel-like

in the

thickets,
the
nearest
as

pursuit
he had

to

long sight of
a

exertion.
was on a

much

hunting,
of of

the

game

the

appearance

waving
a

bushes

they
The

closed

behind

fleeing animal
seen was

the

opposite side
his lack
several adtdt

small the

opening.
native in

only living specimen

but it
was

suckling brought
secured

in by of

hunters,

later Giant

killed.

Notwithstanding
Weigold
as

success

personally seeing
are

the

Panda,
p.

specimens
male,
the Wassu
tains moun-

which

listed skin of the

by Jacobi (1922,
and fore

3)

follows:
;

(a)
adult
;

an

Mountains,
east

part

of the and

skull

(b)

an

male

from
adult
a

Min

valley, skin
Min;

complete
the adult

skull

(c) an
in thick

male skin

from

the from

Wassu
the

Mountains,
mountains
near

purchased, with (e)

the
an

tip

of the

skull; (d)

only,

female

winter skin

pelage,
from

with

skull, slightly injvired at

east

occiput; (f) an
Both these last

immature
had the

the
back

mountains

of the

Min

valley.

white

of the

strongly tinged with Apparently

Roosevelt,
snow,

reddish. first white his brother

and

the
with

hunter

to

secure came

specimen
the

is Col. of This

Theodore
one

who,

Kermit,

upon shot
now

track

in the

followed
a

it up,
obtained

finallyovertook
from
the local

and

the

animal.
a

specimen
group in

and

second

hunters,
at

form A

splendid
account

the
was

Field

Museum

of
a

Natural

History
in the their

Chicago.
by

brief

of this
and

published with
brothers

photographic
also,
of

illustration
book

Osgood
briefer
their Lolo

(1931),
account,

the

Roosevelt

have

(1929) describing their journey,

In
a

given
which
some

an

interesting picture (1930) tells specimen

hundred
was

experience.
and
a

Kermit

Roosevelt
the
two

of

the secured

habits
at

recounts

successful

hunt,

in

place

in

the

country,

near

Yehli,
Tat-

miles

northwest

of

Ningyuan

(not far distant

of the

from

sienlu).
All these
accounts

agree

in

limiting the

distribution

species to

the

324

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

central

parts of Szechwan,
is

at

high
its

altitudes
but

in the bamboo

forest. lives

The

balance the
are

of evidence
year
on

against
shoots for

its

hibernating;

it

apparently
and

throughout
teeth
and
rarest

bamboo

which

powerful jaws

broad, flattened
one

admirably larger
for the
group,

adapted
the

crushing.

It is altogether
now

of the

most

interesting of
musevims.

larger carnivores, although

Quite recently, the
of Natural is
a

represented

in most secured
an

of

the

Brooke
at

Dolan

Expedition
to

three

Academy
and there

Sciences

Philadelphia,
new

form

exhibition

mounted

specimen
of 1934,
an

in the

public museum
led Museum

at

Shanghai.
Mrs. Dean

Again, Sage,
and

in the

latter
a

part

expedition
American skin
and

by

Mr.

and

Jr.,shot
able
as

fine

specimen
not
ere

for the

of Natural
but be

History,
of the known.

were

to

preserve
so

only

the

skeleton should

portions
better

soft

parts
hunted

well,
in
an

that
west
was

long

the
on

anatomy
the
on

They
the
has

area

of Tsochow

Min
the

River, Szechwan.
soft parts he
of this

[Since specimen they

semble re-

foregoing
been

account

written,
C.
Raven

paper

published by
the bears.
has

H.

(1936), in
of the G. Sheldon Small

which Panda

shows

that

corresponding
In

structiu-es

(Ailurus) rather
member
as

than

those

of

addition,
a

W.

(1937), a
of its habits

of the

Sages'
his

expedition,

published
examined: mounted
in the
a

brief

account

gathered

from

hunting experiences.] Specimens

Musetim,
and
one
"

In addition
one

to

two

mounted

specimens
in the

in the

Field

two

and

skull

(Min
from

River)

British
I

Museiun,
have from
more

mounted

Tring Museum,
and skull

all from

Szechvan,
and

particularlyexamined
of

skin

Hotzegou,
museum

another of the

west

Chengtu,

Szechwan of

(M.C.Z.), Philadelphia.

and

skull in the

Academy

of

Natural

Sciences

Family

URSID^

BEARS

With is
a

the

elimination

of the
one,

Giant

Panda

from

the

bear

family,
the

the

group

fairly homogeneous
short

characterized

externally by
and

stocky form,
of five fore of the

very

tail,the

rather

lengthened muzzle,
The
stout.

the

presence

strongly
and hind

clawed limbs
are

digits on
both
as

each short

foot.
and

hind
In

feet
the

are

plantigrade, the
the bones there

rather
are

skeleton,

forearm
power

free

those

of the

lower

hind

leg, and
flat

is considerable
are

of

rotation for

in the

forearm. their

The broad There

teeth, especiallythe
and is

posterior ones,
in the which

modified
cusps
are

crushing by
first lower This

nearly
no

crowns

the

without
and

cutting edges.
molar
as

specializationof
Palaearctic
and
one

last upper

premolar
aberrant
the

sectorial

teeth. of the

family
in the

is rather
of

typical
South little

region, with
or

an as

member

Andes and

America,

two

others the

Sun of

Bear

(Melursus)

the

Malayan

Bear

(Helarctos) in

tropics

THE

CARNIVORES

325

southern
to

Asia.
sex,

They

are

rather these due

variable differences

in

the

skull

characters,
in

according

age,

and

individual,

often
to

being noticeable
these
and
to

specimens growth.
as

from
There

the has

same

region,
a

and

perhaps
to

individual

in peculiarities

been

recent

tendency
that in

exaggerate
not

recognize
and

distinct of
so races an

species, animals
obvious
seems

life would
are

be

distinguishable by
can

ters charac-

nature.

Bears
to

animals

that

travel
up

far

readily,
local

that

it

unreasonable
areas.

believe
it will be

that

they break
a

into

very

in small
as

No

doubt and

long before
the

general agreement
forms,
but
a

is
servative con-

reached

to

the

generic

limits of specific
and

described
different and

treatment
are

recognized
three

as

adopted, occurring within the

which
the

is here

only
from
and

four

species Mongolia.
:

of bears
These

limits

of China
the

represent

genera
Key
to

may
of

be

known

following key
Ursid^
across

Genera

Chinese nasals

Mongolian the width

A.

Muzzle
upper

lengthened, the
molars,

length of the

exceeding

the

first Ursus

size largest about

B.

Muzzle
upper
a.

shortened, the length of nasals

molars. and and lower lower

equal

to

the

width

across

the

first

Size

larger, upper

premolars ^
premolars f

Euarctos Helarctos

b.

Size smaller, upper

Genus
BROWN

Ursus

Linnaeus

BEARS

Ursus

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,

ed.

lo, vol.

i, p. 47,

1758.

The

genus and

Ursus,
Asia

as

nowadays
Brown and

restricted, includes

the

Brown
Ursus

Bears

of
and

Europe
the brown the

(type species, the

with the

Eiuropean Grizzly
area

Brown

Bear,
These
are

arctos),

North
or

American

Bears.

large species, pad thickly

a

either

black,

carpal
from and the

behind
and
a

the

palmar

haired,
rounded

carpal pads separate

on

palmar,
by

represented by
smaller
one on

single
inner

eminence well.
exceeds The the last off
a

the

outer, is
across

sometimes

the

side

as

muzzle width upper

relativelylong, with
the

long nasals,
indentation
but the

whose The
on

median teeth
outer

length
are

front
so

of the

first upper
an

molars.

large, the marking

rounded

molar

without
as

decided
genus
are

the

side

posterior heel deeply

incised.
cones,

in the
cusps In

Euarctos,

instead

with

broadly
or

termination.

The

higher
jaw,
and

and the

sxirface grooves
molar differs

wrinkles
the
same

more

the

lower

first

in that in the

two

posterior

the

hypoconid
of

entoconid

are as

practically
in the genus

transverse

plane instead
there
not

being distinctlyoblique
cusp

Euarctos. and

Moreover, metaconid,
between

is

secondary
in the
cusps. latter

present
more

between
or

the

entoconid
the

the

found
two
a

genus, the

less
of
on

occupying
large
account

depression
into

these

While

division
state

the

bears of

subgroups

is still in

somewhat

unsatisfactory

the

326
lack the of proper

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

material, Lonnberg
the

has

lately (1923b,
the

p.

91) proposed by
narrow

to

regard
areas

large-toothed U. pruinosus, with

skin
to

digitalpads united species

extent

of hairless
new

palmar
At

and

plantar pads respectively, as

two

the

type
within

of

subgenus
and whether
to

Mylarctos.
than
two

least but
to

of

Ursus
races

occur are are

the

Chinese
or

Mongolian
more

areas,

what

local

recognizable questions
that

distinct

species are

represented,

will have

await
Key

fiorther
to the

study with
Chinese
mm.

adequate material.
Mongolian Species
of

and

Ursus Ursus
arctos

A.
B.

Last

upper upper
a

molar
molar

about about collar

37
40

long, color black

color brown
to

lasiotus

Gray

Last

mm.,

black,

with Ursus

usually

white

pruinosus Blyth

158.
Ursus

Ursus

pruinosus Blyth
Lonnberg,
Proc. Zool.

pruinosus
1923, p.

Blj^th,Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 22, p. 589, 1858. Severtzov, Cat. Zool.
vol.

Soc. London,

85.
Coll. Przewalski, p. 9, 1887.
1923.

Ursus

lagomyiarius

Weigold,

Abh.

u.

Ber. Mus.

f. Tier-

u.

Volkerk., Dresden,
Ursus Ursus Ursus
Ursus arctos

16,

no.

2, p. 71, Zool.

collaris

Lydekker,

Proc.

Soc. London,
vol. Zool.

1897, p. 421.
1920.
1923, p. 91. 1929.

collaris

Sowerby,

Journ. Mammalogy,
Proc. Proc.

I, p. 224, Soc.

{Mylarctos) pruinosus Lonnberg,

leuconyx A. B. Howell,
arctos

London,
art.

U. S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75,

Nat. Hist.

i, p. 22,

Ursus

pruinosus

Pocock, Journ. Bombay

"

Soc., vol. 35, p. 807, 1932.

Type specimen:
is

The
Indian

type

localityis Lhasa, Tibet, and

at

the

type specimen

presumably

in the
"

Museimi

Calcutta.
of
a

Description:
Min
snout

careful

description
is dark

bear

of

this

species from (1897)

as

the

Shan,

southwestern
gray,

Kansu,
with
a

given by
brown
area

Lonnberg
around

follows:
the eye;

pale yellowish
and
more

and

below

forehead

sides

of head

rather

rich buff, bases

Ears clothed
across

of the

hairs

blackish

brown;

occiput
brown.

cinnamon
broad the white

rufous.
band
on

with

long shaggy fur, blackish

and is continued aroimd

A of

extends each
across

the
to

chest,
a

upward
neck;
a

in front branch

shoulders,

side,
the

form

collar

the

also
off
a

extends

backward
oval and

upper

part

of the
hair.

shoulders, nearly
Fore and

cutting
limbs
In

large
Back

patch of
flanks
nasals

blackish
more

yellow-tipped
or

hind

black.
the

black,
are

less

tipped

with
ends

yellowish. extending back

mesial

skull, the
the

long, their
of
the
suture.

posterior
Teeth
group. and
outer

"much

beyond
than

frontal of the exceed

processes frontal

maxillary,"

their

length
is well

greater
the

that

mesial
those
on

very

large, especially
The

molars, which
in of the

of the
both
mm.

U. arctos
inner in

Thecingvilum
sides.

marked

upper last upper

molars
molar

greatest
The
bined com-

length
The

the

is 41

the

above

specimen.
the the

length
lower

of the
are

last three

upper

teeth

is more

than

half

mastoid
last four males

breadth.

teeth

equally large, the combined

than
a

length of
the

(pm4-m3)
of the
and the

considerably greater
U.
arctos

half

the

length

of

palate

(less in

group).

As

consequence

of the

great

size of the

teeth,

THE

CARNIVORES

327

resulting length of
is obscured
arctos

the

tooth

row,

the

posterior part
process in

of

the

last lower
in

molar the

from it is

view

by

the

coronoid

profile,whereas

U.

group

wholly
"

visible.

Measurements:

The

following
western

external

measurements

of

male
are

shot

in the

Min

Shan

Range,
to

Kansu,

by George

Fenwick

Owen,
to

lished pub-

by Wallace

(1913, p. 295) (the English inches tip of tail

quarters,
in
a

converted
mm.

metric
at

units) :

length
1,020; 113;

from

nose

straight line, 1,550 girth behind

pounds.
paper, and
as

height

shoulder,
ear,

height
in
a

at

hind

915;

shoulder, 810; length of

The
concern as

approximate
are

total
from younger

part

weight, 24212 Lonnberg's

one

following
an

skull

ments measure-

adult

skull

from

Tibet

and

much

from

Kansu,

well

two

others

in the

British

Museum

from

Kansu.
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS
OF

URSUS

PRUINOSUS

The

combined
and

length
83.2 in
with

of pm*,

m'

and The

m^

is 79
first

mm.

in the

first of British second

Lonnberg's
Musexim is
an

specimens specimens
female.

the

second.

of

the

two

is

male

temporal ridges just meeting;

the

advdt

Occurrence molar
that
sort

and

Habits:
as

"

This

bear

is

distinguished by
is about
it of 40
mm. seems

the

large
to

upper

(m^), which,
of the of
U.
arctos

shown
In
an

by Lbnnberg,
its color extension
in

long, exceeding
show
on some

type.
as case

pattern,

usually
the

whitish This
was

collar the

dorsally

white
and in

crescent

the

chest.

Lonnberg's
The of

specimens,
Western
mark

that

mentioned in Wallace's
p.

by
book

Howell

(1929)
on

from Game

Kansu.

photograph
and the in

reproduced
China"
extended Bears.

(1913)
shows the

"Big
same

Central
with
as

(facing
part
I have way

182)
down

also
behind

the

character,
as

pale
some

shoulder
in

well, much

Grizzly
to

followed
The

Lonnberg
author the
name

referring these thought

as

big-toothed
in the
paper,
a race

bears

U.

pruinosus.
and

latter

has

even

the

species worthy
Pocock

of

subgeneric rank,
of the

Mylarctos
other

mentioned
a

discussion

proposed generic characters.

On

the

hand,
that

in

recent

tion (1932a) after carefiil considera-

decides

it is

probably

of U. arctos.

328
Hitherto Chinese
In

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

this bear

seems

to

be

known

from westward

only the
into

western

part

of the

highlands, whence
to

it extends

the

Tibetan
under

plateau.
Ursus

addition

the is

myiaritis,what
the

Kansu specimens, Weigold animal apparently the same

the

mentions,
with "ma the

lagomore

white
or

collar, as
Horse

especially a species of
natives of
western

steppe country,
or

the

hsiung"
of the

Bear

of

China,

the

"dry-mu"
and

Tibetans

(meaning
further

Devil's
the

Grandmother).
to

It is much
these

feared

only occasionally killed with Weigold

says

old-fashioned

flint-locks
occur

people
he

possess.
some a

that of

it is

reported
and much

in

the

Miniak
where

region,
was

days' travel
cub, which

southwest he succeeded it
was

Tatsienlu after

about

Batang,
in

given
to

trouble Filchner

transporting alive (see Matschie,

that does.

Peiping. 138)
met out

Probably
with
and

this Nor small for

has

species that region, a

rodents,

1908,
was

p.

in the
feed
are

Koko upon
at

long-haired, silvery bear just

as our

said to No

dig

Grizzly
north
or

Bear
west

definite

records

hand

its presence

to

the

of the
to

Gobi, but
three

Noack skins

(1905,
of bears

p.

748)

brieflydescribed, without
heads and
white

venturing
Kobdo,
Two

name,

with

silvery

claws

from

in northwestern
the

Mongolia.
Shan,
western

Specimens examined:

"

from

Min

Kansu

(B.M.).

159.
LARGE Ursus lasiotus Gray,
1923, Ursus p. 91.

Ursus
BLACK

arctos

lasiotus BLACK

Gray
GRIZZLY

BEAR;
3, vol.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

20, p. 301,

1867.

Lonnberg,

Proc.

2k)ol. Soc. London,

piscatorSclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

torquatus
macneilli

1867, p. 818. London,

vol. 1909, p. 1920.

Ursus

Lydekker,

Proc.

Zool. Soc.

609,

text

figs. 186, 187, B.

Selenarctos

macneilli

Sowerby,

Joum. The

Mammalogy,

I, p. 220,

Type
sent

Specimen:
to

"

specimen
of

on

which

this

species
is based
in the

was

founded

was

alive

the
the

Zoological Society's
attention The

Gardens

in London,

about
on

1867, where
the

it attracted
appearance

Gray.
and
was

His
are

description preserved
have
been

external

only.
10. 1. was

skin

skull said from

British from

Museum,
"Northern

No.

93.9.

The

animal
to

to

received of that

China,

and

stated
"

come

the

interior

covmtry"
this bear rounded differs

(Sclater). belongs
above

Description:
to

In his
as

originaldescription.Gray writes European

nose,

that

the

same a

group moderate

the
broad

Bear,

has

"broad

head
but

behind,
the

and

prominent

ears,"

in

having
hairs,

latter

covered
a

externally filling up
is
a

and

especially internally
the
ear

with

long

soft

which is

form
and

tuft
there

and tuft

projecting beyond
of

cavity; the fur also projecting forward.

white chest

longer

large

long

hair but

on

the

throat any

Its color the

nose

is black

like the

Japanese Bear, long and

it lacks

mark;

is brownish. skull is

The

large, with

rather

tapering rostnmi,

and

long nasals

THE

CARNIVORES

329

whose
The

median

length considerably larger

of Ursus
on

exceeds of

the Euarctos agree

width

outside

the

first molars.
are

teeth, though
than those
extra

than

those

thibetanus, nevertheless
with
the latter in the

smaller

pruinosus,
inner

and

sion posses-

of the

cusp

the

side of the

first lower

molar

and

in the

tion posi-

of the

posterior pair
"

of cusps. the of
an

Measurements: measurements

Through
type

kindness this

of Mr.
and

R. have

I.

Pocock,
those

I have

the

of the

skull

bear,
male
URSUS

added

given by

Lonnberg

(1923b)

for the

skull of

adult
OF

from
ARCTOS

northern
LASIOTUS

Mongolia.

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

Nomenclature: U. lasiotiis to the While

eastern

"

Lonnberg
time various

is doubtless
bear that
names occurs

correct

in

assigning Gray's
China
to

name

larger black
to

in western
been

and these

Mongolia.
and other been have

from

time

have

applied
instead

bears,
to
see

very

little critical work

than
one race

with

comparable
but

specimens has
"new"

done been

if more
on

is

represented,
and
or so

forms
that

named

very

slight basis,
animal is meknt
as

inadequately
the but

described
are.

it is

difficult to tell what

what

real characters since the

Sowerby
shown

(1920a) regards
British

U.

lasiotus should

unidentifiable,

type
has

is still in the that

Museum,

this
bear

hardly
has

be

the

case.

Lonnberg
from its

this large black

is to

be

considered
even

distinct

bears, U. piscator, while

the
name

Sowerby
narrow

urged

paler generic distinctness,

to

the

Kamchatkan

on

ground

long SpelcBUS Brookes.

is

of the

skull

Heude
bear of of the
one

high forehead, assigning the Melanarctos (1901) erected new genus

with
same

it the

for what

apparently
at

type

from

Manchuria. Heude's
very animal the of

Sowerby specific
estimated
named and

has

given
M.

good

description
a

of these

bears, under

name

cavifrons, shot
was

locality in northern
inches would
refer
to

Kirin,
The

large specimen,
was

the
to

sktill of which

16 I

long (404 mm.).

the
same on

weigh
from

600

pounds. (1909b)
mountains

species
the

bear
a

by
skull The

Lydekker
the

Ursus of

torquatus

macneilli,

basis
as

skin

Szechwan,

regarded by him

part of Tibet.

330

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

description is somewhat
are

unfortunate,
the
two

in that
notes

the refer

letters
to

designating
wrong and in

the

skulls
The the of

transposed
as

and

comparative
of the
Euarctos

the

skulls. while

skull

shown
of the

with teeth

type,
the
same

is

long
cusp

slender,
the inner The

figures
mi

have

unequivocally
cusps

extra

valley
large

and the

the

two
as

posterior compared
all go

in the
Euarctos and

transverse

row.

size heel the

of of

teeth
upper

with

thibetanus, the
narrowness

broad

rounded
across

the

posterior molar,
molar, type,
basal
to

the
that
was an

of the
of

muzzle
a

first upper E. thibetanus the

show

instead immature

being
of doubt
nose,

large
U.

male

of

the

this
suture

specimen
black

the

lasiotus
was

group,

in which

is still widely open.

No
brown

Lydekker although
from
under and he

misled

by

the

close

similarityin the
the skin
of

pelt with
is in
winter that the

especially
of any
"

mentions

that

"which

coat,
since

differs
come

that my softness

Himalayan
and
I have

specimens
handled the
a

U. torquatus
many
note
"

have

notice

good

by
was

greater

length
is

of the

hair."

[Since
reached
states

foregoing
same

written, Pocock
U. lasiotus
a a

(1932a) has
race

ently independHe,

the

conclusion,
Ursus

that

of U. arctos.

however,
a

that

mactieilli is from

synonym
own,

of E.
but

thibetanus the
once

miipinensis,
correct

conclusion Occurrence

somewhat and

different
"

my

possibly
no

one.]
a

Habits:

This
over

larger
much

black

bear wooded

doubt

had

wider
to

range

than

now,

probably
have

of the
about

part

of North
ago the in

China
northern

Szechwan.

Gray's specimen,
may

taken

sixty-five years
in

China,

well

come as

from U.

somewhere may

Hopei;
to

and

specimen
the southward

scribed de-

by
bounds

Lydekker Sowerby
while from
to

t. mactieilli
some

represent
the
the

nearly
westward

of the

present-day
has
the

range,

distance is doubtless

of Tatsienlu,
in northern
more

Szechwan.

hunted

what of the

same

animal
a

Manchuria,

north

Gobi,

Lonnberg
this
that

records
is the

recent

specimen
of Chinese
than
even a

"Northern
and

MongoUa."
tradition.

Perhaps
says
to

"Horse in

Bear"

literature

Sowerby
prone
was

it is fiercer
a man

tion disposiby

the
an

smaller instance
he

black

bear, and
a

attack

at

sight. He really be

relates of

in which
as

hunter

killed

and

partly
which

devotired

bear

what
same

regards

"Spelceus cavifrons," but

in the

may

only this

species occurring
"

Manchiirian

forests.

Specimens examined:

One

(B. M., the type), from

Genus Euarctos

"North

China."

Gray
of

Euarctos

Gray,

Proc. vol.
a

Zool. 10, p.

Soc.

London,

Washington,
p. 384, Ursus

65, 1896 (as subgenus

1864, p. 692 of Ursus).

(as subgenus

Ursus).
Ann.

Merriam,
Nat.

Proc.
ser.

Biol.

Soc.
i,

Pocock,

Mag.

Hist.,

9, vol.

1918 (as

genus).

Selenarclos Tremarclos Arcticonus

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. I, p. 47, 1758 (in part). de I'Emp. Chin., vol. 5, pt. I, p. 2, 1901. I'Hist. Nat. concern. Heude, M^m. Pocock, Pocock,
Proc. Ann. Zool.

Soc. London,
Nat.

1914,

p. 932

(in part).
1917.

Mag.

Hist., ser.

8, vol. 20, p. 129,

There

has

been

much

confusion

in

regard

to

the

characters

and

species

THE

CARNIVORES

331

of the
first to

Black

Bear

groups the genus the

of

Asia

and into

America.

Gray
and in Ursus

was

apparently
erected for

the the

subdivide
Black

Ursus

subgenera,
type

1864

American

Bears the much

subgenus Euarctos,
as

americanus,
Front
short.

briefly
claws

characterizing
moderate,
tubercular
not

group

follows: than the

"Fur

short,
ones.

uniform. Hind
feet

longer long,
in

hind

Upper
Merriam

moderately
elaborated
the
more

narrowed

behind."

These of

characters

(1896) further pointing

form
or

his

preliminary synopsis
differences
in which the in the is "a there and the

American

bears, by

out

important
molar side is

teeth,

namely:
open,

(i)

the

of the
on

first lower the inner which

(mO

broad,

flat space

step

between
never

middle
in
more

posterior cusps
Brown and cusps;

(metaconid

and

entoconid),
this notch

present
one or

Grizzly bears," (2) the posterior

i. e., Black in the
on

in which
cusps in the

is
and

occupied by entoconid) plane,

sulcus

smaller

(hypoconid
same

of

this

tooth and any

"are

nearly opposite,"

transverse

in the

Grizzlies
lacks

"very oblique"
accessory
no

Bears; (3) the side, lacks

and any

last lower

premolar (pm4)
on

cusps

its inner

median
much

its

posterior face, has (4)

the and last upper

"inner

limiting ridge, (pm^)

molar cusp. In and lacks is

is

uniformly
of
a

smaller";
accessory
outer

premolar
last upper
outer

all trace

posterior
on

cusp; side
matter

(5) the
the

(m^)

abruptly
Pere for

narrowed

the up Black he

behind of

second the

1901, posed pro-

Heude
the

again
of

took

the

dividing
to

genus

Ursus,
the

Asiatic which

Bears the
same

related time
as

U.

thibetanus,
two

generic title "species."

thibetanus.

Selenarctos,

at

named

additional Ursus the

Sowerby
of the the

(1920a) formally designated

Pocock

the

type of this genus,

the

Meanwhile,

(1914), approaching
the Black
the the

subject
into
and five the

from genera,

point of view
and

external

characters, divided
Asiatic

bears Bears

included
Bear Three

in

genus

Tremarctos,

Spectacled
in Ursus. the
to

of the years

South

American

Andes,
he receded

and

placed
from

Euarctos and

group

later, however,
for
Ursus

this

position

erected
are

genus be

Arcticonus the
area

thibetanus, the chief characters

the

of which
overgrown

said with with

that

between

digital and
5, where the

palmar
naked with

pads is
area

hair the of
an

except

behind

digits
the

and

is continuous

palmar
area

pad and
of thinner

latter

itself is confluent He
as

the

carpal pad by
has the the the
ears

means

hairless skin.

states

that

Euarctos

essential
are

characters
while and

of the

rhinarium,
feet

lips and
former
the

ears are

in

Arcticonus, though

smaller,
small

in the
from

less and

specialized in
the I have of the E.

having

carpal pad
in the

separate
of the

palmar,
with

deep hairy indentation carefullycompared

thibetanus
the group

plantar pad
of the
the that

hind

foot
Black

is

more

marked. those skin

specimens
and

American

Bear

find

ness supposed nakedof the first have

of the
and

connecting
not

palmar
the The

pad

with

the

digitalpads
in both the bears tooth

fifth

digits does
of all the

hold,

for

usual

condition

is to

the bases

fingershaired.

absolute

identity of

structure

332

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

in the
matter

two

as

compared

with
and

the the

Brown
more

and

Grizzly
state

Bears

leaves

only

the

of size differences

advanced confluence

of the

development
and

of the

pads for specificcharacters.

in the may E.

The

of the

carpal

palmar
Black
velopment of dethe

pads
Bear,

thibetanus
that

group the

and former

their is in

separateness
a more more

in the

American condition
or

indicate
and that

advanced

the

American
the

species is
confluence of the

primitive;
two

possibly
to

larger size of the pad, through

a

of these

elements,

is in part the

result

of the

greater
of
a

size and
area

weight
of

Asiatic
more

species,tending
the

development
Another differs

larger

support
Black
groups, been

with
Bear

ground-living habits.
American,
muzzle. and
This

point in which
from the which
Brown has

the

Asiatic

resembles

and
not

Grizzly
the

is in the

shortened

character,

apparently
median
across

emphasized
of the nasal of

heretofore,
bones and

is well

brought
this In
the

out

by measuring
with the

length
the
outer

comparing
molars. from

distance

width
Bear nasals

sides
E.

the

first upper

the

American
end

Black of the

and
to

the their
front

Asiatic

thibetanus, the

distance

anterior
to

posterior median
end nasal and
on

termination

is about
whereas than

equal
in the

the

width and

outside

the Bears

of the

first upper

molars,
greater
a

Brown

Grizzly
strike the

the

length is much
narrower

this
that

distance, indicating a relativelylonger

may
not

rostrum, of the

difference
in

always

unaided

eye,

account

difference

size

and

zygomatic width
serve

in bears
to

of different
the
two

ages. groups

This

short-snouted far
as

character
the

will, however,
skulls
I have

separate
may show.

easily,so
in

series

of

examined

Since of tooth

there
structure

is, therefore, perfect resemblance

and

every

important
greater
any
course

detail

of external
in the

appearance,

except
cannot

in the
see

ment developbut
to

of the

palmar pad
bears in

Asiatic

species, I
as on

regard

the

of

the

thibetanus genera
as

group

congeneric with
characters that

Euarctos.

To

place them

different
as

is to obscure
of the

rely
very

separate
Asia
as

them
are

specifically only,
value North in

well

to

obvious
elements

relationships that
of northern
include of

of
and the

tracing

the It

derivation

faunal
that
a

America.

is,therefore,
No

clear

Euarctos

should

well

Asiatic has

species,E.
from
genus

thibetanus.

doubt

considerable
the home

amount

confusion
bears

resulted

the

fact

that but

Asia

is likewise

of other

black

of the
group, that upper

typical
may be

Ursus,

like the these, although superficially

the tooth the

Euarctos

recognized easily by length

much exceeds

characters
across

as

well

as

by the fact
of
the

the

nasal

width

the

front

first

molars.

It is still China.
Of

question
far

how

many the

recognizable given
I have
races

races

of this
most

bear
seem are

occur

in
to

those and
so

described,
as more

characters

for
seen

do

not

be

distinctive,

the

specimens
than the
two

go,

there

no

good

grounds for recognizing

here

described.

THE

CARNIVORES

333

160.

Euarctos

thibetanus
TIBETAN

thibetanus BEAR

(G. Cuvier)

BLACK

Ursus Vrsus

thibetanus
tibdanus

G.
F.

Cuvier, Ossemens

Cuvier, in Geoffroy and

Proc. Zool. Soc.

Foss., vol. 4, p. 325, 1823. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammiffires,

vol. 3, pt. 41,

pi. and

pp.

text,

1824.
Urstis Soc.

Swinhoe,

lorquatus

Wagner,
1909,

1870, p. 621. in Schreber, Saugthiere, SuppL, vol. 2, p. 144,

M^m.

London,

pi. 141D,

1841.

Lydekker,

Proc.

Zool.

London,

p. 610.

Selenarctos

mufnnensis Mammalogy,

Heude,
vol.

concern.

I'Hist. Nat.

de

I'Emp.

Chin., vol. 5, pt. I, p. 2, 1901.

Sowerby,

Joum.
Selenarctos
Ursus

I, p. 219,
concern.

1920.

leuconyx Heude,
macneiUi

MiSm.

I'Hist. Nat.
Mus.

de

I'Emp.

Chin., vol. 5, pt. I, p.

1912

2,

1901.

thibetanus

G.

M.

Allen, Mem.
Zool.

Comp.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 239,

(not Ursus

macneilli

Lydekker).
Tremarctos Arcticonus thibetanus thibetanus thibetanus

Pocock, Pocock, Sowerby,

Proc. Ann.

Soc. London,
Nat.

1914,

p. 932. 1917.

Mag.

Hist., ser.
vol.

8, vol. 20, p. 129,

I, p. 2i8, 1920.

Selenarctos
Ursus

Joum.

Mammalogy,
on

clarki

Sowerby,

ibid.,p. 226
wulsini A. B. A.

(based

Selenarctos Biol. Proc.

leuconyx Heude).
Soc. Washington,
U. vol. vol. 41, p. 115,
art.

Selenarctos Selenarctos

thibetanus thibetanus

Howell, Proc.
B.

1928.
21, 1929.

mupinensis
Nat. Hist.

Howell,

S. Nat.

Mus.,

75,

I, p.

Pocock,

Joum.
Selenarctos

Bombay
thibetanus

thibetanus

Soc, vol. 36, p. 121, Pocock, ibid.,p. iii.

1932.

Type
account

specimen:
of
a

"

The Bear

name

Ursus intermediate

thibetanus size
to

is based
the

on

the

quoted
Helarctos who

Black the
was

of

between

small

malayanus
states

and

Sloth first

Bear, transmitted
found bear date

the

Cuviers
and

by
later

Duvaucel, by

that
in

it

by Wallich
was

in

Nepal,
F.

Duvaucel 41 of the

himself

Sylhet.

This

figured by 1824,
brother
at

Cuvier
the

iij livraison
du

"Mammiferes" but
the
name

bearing
was

May,

under

title "Ours
the year

Thibet,"
The

published by his
then be taken
as

Georges
that time
no

before.
as an

type localitymay

Nepal,

regarded
type
than

outlying
as

portion

of the

Tibetan
"

country.
of neck fore
feet

There and the

is,therefore,
shoulders

specimen

such.

Description:
a

Hair the

longer
is

sort

of

ruff.

In

carpal pad
the latter the

on body, forming the with broadly united areas

palmar,
feet

the is

digitalpads separated from

no

by hairy
of the of the

in the

hind which

there

hairy
the

reentrant

on

inner

side

plantar pad lip and

amount

broadly
about variable
at
as

covers

sole behind
as

the dull

digits.
tan;
a

Color

upper

muzzle
mark of

far

back
on

the

eyes,

prominent
a

white variable

crescentic

extent

the

fore
a

part

of the

chest, and
hair
on

of white

the main The

chin;

sometimes Elsewhere
of the

tuft

of whitish

the

feet at

the

front

edge of
that

the

pad.
skull

shining black.
Black Bear

Himalayan
by
on

is

readily distinguished from

so

of other
taken
across

Asiatic

bears

the

shortened

rostrum,

that

the
same

length
as

of nasals

with
the

dividers
outer

the

median

line is

practically the
at

the The

width skull
is

sides
of

of the
the

first upper Black

molars,
Bear

their
that

front
the

end.

differs

from

that

American with

in

occipital part
If the alveolar

slightly more
line from

developed
to

heavier
molar

paroccipital processes.
is

canine

last upper

projected backward,

it cuts

the

upper

334

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

edge
in the

of the

glenoid cavity species it

the level

and

the

middle

of the
the

paroccipital process,
of the

whereas fossa
and

American falls below

passes of the

through
latter

middle
The

glenoid
under

usually
structure

process. have been

of the peculiarities
mentioned

tooth

distinguishing

these

bears

generic

characters.
Measurements:
"

No

flesh measurements
known
are as

or

records

of

weight

are

at

present

available
The

for

Chinese

bears

to

be

of this

species.
in the
well

cranial
the bear

dimensions described
and south.

from

specimens

American
as

Museiun
others

senting repre-

5. /. "wulsini,'" as

from

from

ties locali-

to

the west

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

EUARCTOS Width

THIBETANVS

'

Front

of canine

to

back

of last molar.

Nomenclature:

"

The
who

name

Ursus
that

torquatus is sometimes
since it
was

used
to

for this bear, in Tibet,

the

following Blanford,
the
one. was name

argued
was

not

known
be

occur

E.

thibetanus

inappropriate,
at

and

should

replaced by
name was

later

This, however,

is inadmissible, and include the

the

the time

the of

given, Tibet
China.
In could

loosely
Heude,

used

to

bordering parts
this
was

India

and

The
1901,

originalspellingis
Pere in
a

with brief

"h," but
on

omitted

by

F.

Cuvier.
he

article

the

bears
to

of China,
E.

believed

criminate dis-

four

species of black
them
new names was

bear

related

thibetanus, occurring
the

in eastern
meager

Asia, and

gave

with

figures of
the lack

teeth from

but

very

descriptions.
wan,

One
to

of these
be
so

Selenarctos

mupinensis,
of the
the

Muping,
chin
one

Szech-

believed that

distinguished by
variable
R.

usual

white

spot,

character

is

(as

shown

by
that it
as on

five skins

from
can

localityin
upon

Hopei
Heude from

secured

by

Dr.

C.

Andrews)
admits

little reliance
a a

be A

placed

it.

Pocock,

however,
named

tentatively
The
as

subspecies.
skull and
were

second paws

"species"
of
a

Selenarctos Shensi.
as

leuconyx, based
claws
on

the fore white

and

bear
rounding sur-

northern

of these

feet

the

hair

them,

well

that

the under

side of the

instead digits,

of blackish

THE

CARNIVORES

335

brown

as no

usual.
doubt

The

figuresof
that
more or

the

teeth

given (Heude,
to

1901,

pi. 2, figs. 3,
type,
of the
and

4,

8)

leave there
most

whatever bears
the for the

they pertain
less white
in

the

E.

thibetanus
the

since

is in these

hair

about
was more

base

toes, it is

likely that

individual

question
paws.

albinistic

than

usual,

which
p.

accounts saving 225), in reviewing Pere Heude's

of its fore

Nevertheless, Sowerby
the skull in

(1920a, typical
1873
that
as

work,

referred

question
its
name use

to

Ursus, and
Severtzov In

since
for B.
a

Ursus

leuconyx is preoccupied through species, he

to

in
Ursus

by
the

large
Howell,

Altai

proposed
on an

the

new

clarki.

1928, A.
Bear

acting perhaps
prove be

the

suggestion
Eastern
and the in

of

Sowerby
named

Black
arctos

of

Hopei

would
a

undescribed
the

form, Tombs,

SelenAfter

thibetanus

widsini

specimen
available
of

from material

Hopei.

careful
unable

comparison
to

of the

descriptions,I am,
skulls of bears
or

however,
so

find

reliable marks
as

distinction, for
broader"
The
as a or

vary

much

in certain that
even

characters,
cannot

"somewhat
as

height
white
area or more are

convexity of skull,
on

these
on are

be

used

criteria.

amount

of white

chest

or

chin,

or

the

feet is also inconstant, that

travel
races as over

often

with

markings.
and

Moreover,
do
not

bears divide Until

not recent

mammals

considerable
do smaller
nature
one

probably

into
more

geographical
reliable

readily as
of
a more

sedentary species. pointed out, it

In the
name

differences
to

geographic
than the

does

seem

advisable review
of the

recognize
of

species in China.
uses

his

bears in
a

Asia, Pocock

(1932a) tentatively
to

ussuricus

of Heude

subspecific sense

include

the

black

bear

of North

China. Occurrence
over

and

Habits: wooded

"

Speaking broadly,
country
and
west

the

Himalayan Hopei by
and of Kansu
a

Black Shansi
and

Bear

tends ex-

the the

rough
there

of China
to

from
borders

south

to

perhaps
southern

Yangtze
former

basin

the

Tibet.

In

China,
in

is evidence times

that

it is represented
was

smaller
over

subspecies.
this wide
of

No
area,

doubt but

its range

nearly uninterrupted

at the

present

time, through
Its

human

occupation
in later and the

and

the

destruction
the the

forests,

it is much

restricted.

presence and

forests

of

Tungling securing
The
same

region

was

reported
from there

by Sowerby
by
Dr. R.
common

in 1920

confirmed Dr. F. R.

by
and

of

specimens
or a

C. Andrews
in parts

Wulsin. Korea

closely allied animal

Museum
of

is

of Manchuria

(whence
from

the

Comparative
With the

Zoology
Grounds

has

specimens
Eastern has

indistinguishable
years of the the Tombs

Chinese in the bears

northern

examples).
old may

rapid destruction
of the

in recent

forests

Imperial Hunting
ere

area,

Hopei locality
is

long
but the

be

exterminated.

Heude
p.

recorded
out

this
that

species from
the
or

Shensi,
came

Sowerby
he in northern in the

(1920a,
named

215) has pointed

but
to

whence
not
as

specimen

Selenarctos

leuconyx (Paoki
the The
west

Paochi)
the

he

supposed

Shensi,

of Sianfu, at

foot the

of

the

Taipai Shan,

Tsingling Range.

specimen

is still in

336
Sikawei
here Museum

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

at

Shanghai.
a

Dr.

R.

C.

Andrews

also

secxared
E.

specimen
thibetanus.
in

in November,
bear also that in the
occurs

1921,
to

subadult

female, but
R.

quite typical of
secured
a

This
in

the

south, for W.
Museum settled

Zappey

skull Bears

Hupeh,
must

1907-8,
rare

is

now

in the

of

Comparative

Zoology.
but

be

very p.

more a

thickly specimen Sowerby

in and be the

parts of North
00,

China,

Swinhoe
come

(1870c,
from
in

621) procured
It

at

that

vicinity, and
occurs

Shantung, supposed to have (1920a, p. 215) is authority for its

Chef forests
the B.

presence and far

Chekiang.
over

mountain
to

of southern of Tibet.

Kansu,
How

ward southsouth the

Szechwan
remains of
a

westward but

borders

it

may and
to

go

to

shown,

A.

Howell

(1929,
is

p.

21)

records

skin

skull the

cub

from

Suifu, Szechwan,

referring it "on
there
a

geographic grounds"
in the
on

supposed subspecies mupinensis, and

from

specimen
writes

British
the ders bor-

Museum
of

Mekong
about

valley, Siam.
in western
a

Weigold
No

(1923)
the doubt

that

Tibet,

Batang,
a

Szechwan,

people distinguish two

the latter
.

kinds

of Black

Bear,
a

larger and
in the

smaller. Ursus mountain

is the present He
says

species,the
they
are

former

species of
limit
a

true

(probably pruinosus)
forests, from
not

that

found
to

everywhere,
upper he
saw

1,300

to

3,400

meters

altitude,

the

of timber, but
one

quite
a

so

high

in the second

vicinity of
in Wassu-

Sungpan,
land
seen

where

young

the

size of

spitz-dog ; a
Kwanhsien.
in

;a

female

in

September
near

in the

Min

valley above
near

Others the

were

by missionaries Yangtze,
and

Tatsienlu, again
thick
bear forest
near

Batang,
The

valley
method
seems

of

the of

upper

in

Samando.

native little

hunting is with definitely known

p.

dogs.
takes

This

is said

to

hibernate, but
to

very

to

be

of its habits.

According coming
from

native

report

(Wallace,
and

191 3,

195), mating
go into
are

place
quarters
the

after in

hibernation;
the

in western

China,
the
on

they
young

winter
as

September by

after

first fall of snow,

in
or

bom,

with

American

Black
a

Bear,
two

winter,
three

the

mother old.

emerging in spring being accompanied Specimens examined:

China
:
"

cub

months

Nine,

as

follows:

Hopei:
Shensi:

Eastern base of

Tombs,

4.
i.

Taipai Shan, (M.C.Z.).

i

Hupeh:
Szechwan; Siam:

i, skull

Lunganfu, valley,
i

(B.M.);loc.?

(B.M.).

Mekong

(B.M.).

161.

Euarctos
HAINAN

thibetanus
BLACK
vol.

melli
BEAR

(Matschie)

Selenarctos

melli Matschie,

in Mell, Arch.

f.

Naturgesch.,

88,

sect.

A,

no.

lo, p. 34, 1922.

Mell, ibid., p. 16,

pi. 2, fig.3.
Ursus tibetanus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

1870,

p. 231

(in part).

THE

CARNIVORES

337

Selenarctos

thibetanus

melli G.

M.

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

no.

360, p. 3, 1929.

Type
as

Specimen: probably
the

"

In

the

brief

description the
in
to

number

of the

type
No

is

given

1549,

the

original number according

Mell

R.

Mell's

collection. account,
and the
was

locality is
was

given by
taken
been born

describer, but,

Mell's

specimen
old, male,

in the

Five-finger Mountains
1915.
age

(Wuchih) acquired it
years and

of Hainan,
when it
was

said to have
and
now

in March, the

nine It

months
was a

it

was

killed at

of three Museum. is

eight

months.

presumably

in the

Berlin This

Description:
"

apparently
is the
was

a no

smaller

race

of

the

Himalayan
the
on

Black
that chest.

Bear, but
the The

the

original diagnosis gives

and there of the

critical details, beyond white

horseshoe mark the

fact the

color total
Bear
an

is black,

usual
mm.

length
as

skin with
teeth

900

I have and

regarded
have

South the

China skin and

Black

identical male

that

of Hainan,
worn

examined

skull of secured those

old

with

much H.

and

sutures

of the is
so a

skull obliterated,
smaller
race,

in Fukien
from northern

by

Mr. and

C.
western

Pope.
China
Black from

This
that

skull

much

than sumably pre-

it suggests
The

distinct

identical shorter-haired
The skull of the

with the

the

Hainan skins of the

Bear.

skin, taken

in

April, is

than

winter

Hopei.
but

is characteristic

group, Its

is

as

small

as are

that

of

an

adult

female

typical
length,

E.

thibetanus.
mm.;

measurements

given herewith:
matic zygo-

condylobasal width,

260

basal
133;

length,
across

243;

palatal length, 128;

of first molars, 59.5;
tooth
row,

176; mastoid molar,

Habits:
shown He

width,

front upper

length
tooth

of nasals, 58.5; least interorbital

row,
1

width,

71.5;

97; lower

14; last upper and

was

29
"

by 16.5 ; vertical width

As

of

jugal, 13. (1870a,

skin
be
a

Occurrence
that he

long
a

ago

as

1870, Swinhoe
black bear
to

p.

231)

corded re-

in Hainan adds of the that

shaggy
bears
are

said

to

have

been

killed
arrows

on

the the

island. wild

said

shot few
as

with

poisoned
from

by
Hainan paws,

tribes
on

mountains,
beliefs and of the

and

quotes

paragraphs
to

the their the white

Gazetteer
their

the
of

curious

of the

natives

their

sucking
of there

eating
to

children, parts
of

the

supposed

seasonal
its
...

migration
heart In winter he from been

gall
fat lies
one

bladder

different
taste not

body.

"About fine. of the it

came

is
the

like jade, the

which

is extremely

bear
the

torpid
that

and

does formed

eat."

Mell

(1922)
and

says

specimen
as a

had,
the born

later

the

type

of this race,
of

that
was

cub

Five-finger
in March,

Mountains 1915.

(Wuchih) acquired
seemed

Hainan,
it
was

said

to

have and

He

it when for be

nine
three
as a

months years. result is very but

old

kept
this
of

it

alive,
it

during
grew A

his

residence

in Canton,
to

nearly
stunted,
a

During perhaps
it is in

time

very

little,and
shows of this

photograph

it tethered
northern

by
group

chain.
on

It

captivity. interesting to find a

line with the

representative

Hainan,

338
there
young

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

presence

of

mole
bear

{Mogera hainana), also

cub
was

northern Clifford
H.

type

of mammal.
near

very

black
as

secured

by Mr.
Black
and
west

Pope
be

Nambe

fong, Hainan,
found Mell bears
would there.

well, thus
the

proving conclusively
the

that

the
cannot

species is still to
very that

On

adjacent mainland.
that

Bears the

plentiful.
these he which

(1922, p. 16)
occur

states

Chinese

missionaries

agree
a

in

the

mountainous had he

country
not

of

Logdsong,
Touche

report
a

have
bear

discredited

been

told

by La
in

of

freshly killed
male further

black
secured

being
Mr.

taken

through

the
at

streets

of Foochow. Fukien

The

fine adult

by

C.

H. in

Pope
the

Chunganhsien
parts
basis of
the

Province China.

confirms have

its presence
the

wilder
on

southeastern

Indeed,
in

recognized
with

subspecies
sutures

of this

specimen, which,
smaller than

spite of
more

its age,
northern Hainan

all cranial and the

obliterated, is yet much

No that
is adult the

the

males,
has been

fur is less thick.

specimen actually killed

in

examined

critically, so
mainland

identity of the island

mainland individuals
in the

animal

with from

that

of the

neighboring probable
the

conjectural merely, though, judging

and

the

close

similarityobtaining
that

in island

of other
case

species,it is very
the bear. Mr.

such

identity

will

be

confirmed

of

Pope
even

sends

following
are

note:

"Bears killed.

are

by
native
of

no

means

rare

about
that

Kuatun,
each
corn

though they
has its bear. often
most

not

often
are

The

hunters

declare

range and
are

They
killed

frequently guilty
guns
or

damaging
set
over

patches of night
at

by

bows
around there

and
corn seems

arrows

openings
by
Two

in the bears

bamboo
occur

fences around

constructed

patches.
to

Almost

doubtedly un-

Yenping
The bear

but

way

of definite
are

proof.
In

is

specimen universally called 'hsiung'in China.

no

be

able avail-

kinds
or

generally mentioned,
bear.
names

the of

'chu
most
come

hsiung'
Chinese down
the

or

pig bear,
there is
no

and

the

'kou

hsiung'
of the
term.

dog

the

minds

definite

tinction dis-

and Kuatun The

the

have

probably
bear

through

literature.

Some

hunters,

however,
or man

insist that is often

badger brought
for he island.

is meant

by the latter
the

'jinhsiung'
Mr. be
to

mentioned
was

along with
in

others."

The

specimen
seem

Pope secured
the

in Hainan
to

by

the

Loi
to

hunters,
find
any

who

only

ones

obtain them

them,

was

unable

Chinese

who

had

successfullyhunted
account
was

in the

[Since the
Old World
bears

above

prepared, Pocock's
He is doubtful
China be the E.
same

excellent
bear that

review

of the China is
size He

has

appeared.
that

if the

of South if the

really distinct
proves
to

from

of western it should

and
as

suggests

small

be

constant,

formosanus Kwangtung,

of Formosa.

erroneously gives the type localityof Specimens examined:

Fukien: Hainan:
"

t. melli

as

China.]

Two,

as

follows:

Chunganhsien,

i.

Namfong,

(cub).

THE

CARNIVORES

339

Genus
Helardos

Helarctos

Horsfield
of Ursus).

Horsfield, Zool. Journ.,

8, vol.
20, p.
u.

vol. 1917.

2, p. 221,

pi. 7, 1825 (as subgenus

Pocock,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.
Hdarctus Ursus

129,

Gloger, Hand-

Hilfsbuch

Naturgesch.,

pp.

xxviii, 53, 1841.

of authors

(in part). snout row,

so

The
a

great shortening of the

of the
upper the

in this bear and that the

is characteristic, resulting in
of
one

contraction

tooth

loss

of

the

small

upper the

premolars, apparently postero-internal base

canine
and
not
; the

second,

the first is
its socket

closelyapplied against
with that for

of the

canine,
a

with

continuous

of the
parison) com-

separated by
small the

wall

of bone

(in the specimen available

space has
a

pm^^

is lost, and
\

pm'
A

fills the loss

between taken
narrow

the

larger first
in the

premolar jaw.
on

and

still larger pm
stout

similar

place

lower

Canines

extremely

and

powerful, with
First upper than

compressed
square, Last arch

ridge
its

their
outer

postero-extemal
cusps

border. and
a

molar the

nearly
two

with

two molar

subequal

much contracted

higher

inner.

upper

slightlylonger, with
the

posterior heel.
present
downward;

Zygomatic
in

wide
parocline

but

jugal slender;
backward
cuts

distinct and

sagittal crest produced

in Black

old

animals;
alveolar

cipital process
extended
meatus.

large, blunt,
upper

upper upper
ear

if

part of glenoid cavity and

as

tory edge of audinarrower

Carpal pad wide,

in upper
than the

Bears,

but

shorter,

and

simpler, less expanded

less

part, its height from

Rhinarium and

the

supratragus
to

to

the

summit

greatest

width.

extending
the

the

upper

lip,
view

its lateral

portions projecting beyond

191

concealing

septum

in side

(Pocock,
The

7).
size, shortened
canines,
of this
out

small

snout,
the

broad

zygomata,
tooth formula
as

steeply
characters

convex

frontal m.f
=

enormous profile, are

and

reduced
genus, It is

(i.i c.t pm.f

its

38)
A

distinctive

well-marked
Pocock. southeastern

as

well

the in

of the

arium rhin-

pointed
Yunnan.

by

peculiar

also

tropical habitat.

single species inhabits

Asia, perhaps

barely reaching southern

162.

Helarctos

malayanus
BRUANG

wardi

(Lydekker)

Ursus

malayanus

wardi

Lydekker,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

Nat.

for

1906,
vol.

p. 997, 132,

text

fig.,1907.

Helarctos

malayanus

Pocock,

Journ. Bombay

Hist.

Soc,

.36,p.

1932.

Type

specimen:
and received

"

The

type

is him

stated specifically

by Lydekker
mentioned.
but
no or

to

be

the

skull described
was was

figured by
from Rowland it
came

in the

place

above

The

men speciIt

Ward,
from

Ltd., of London,
southwestern

preciselocality
Szechwan.

given.

Presumably

Yunnan

is No.

6.12.16.1, British

Museum.

340

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Description:
"

The

distinguishing character
hair than
source

of this

race

of the
animal.

Bruang
The

is

said of
the
a

to

be

its much
from is

longer
the
same

that
was

of the
said
to

Malayan
be

skin for

specimen
nose, at

wholly black, except

and the the skin

which
the
not

ferruginous, the chin, which

of
same a cream

is is
a

grayish white,
that possibility

usual
was,

patch

throat

color.
as

There the

however,
The

of the

specimen
be

skull is said
"

to

Lydekker's two skulls. quite indistinguishablefrom that of the typical form.

of the

first of

Measurements:

The

measurements

type

skull

are:

greatest length, width,

201;

255.8
mastoid cheek

mm.;

basal
171

length,
;

220.5; outside

palatal length,
molars, 71.8;

127;

zygomatic
cheek

width, teeth, 99.

width

upper

teeth, 85.3; lower

Occurrence
rests account

and upon that

Habits:

"

The

inclusion insecure

of this

species in

the

Chinese
in

fauna

perhaps
says from
or

somewhat about 1905

a

grounds.
a

Lydekker
was

his

original
eastern

skull

of

Bruang
and

received
some

by the British specimen

firm.
same

Museum

Rowland

Ward,

Ltd., of London,
of China

from
that

localityin by
the

Tibet
had Later

the

northwestern and
sent
was now

provinces
to

the skin of this

been
a

mounted

the

Bergen Museum,
at
as

Norway,
Museum p.
m.

same

second

skull

received
states

the

British

from

the

region, which
skull the
was

Lydekker
the

Szechwan
new as

(1909b,
of the
and

610).

This

second

made

type
are

(1907) of quite
the

the
same

subspecies U.
those

wardi, but, since malayanus,

skull sole

characters

typical H.
even

the

differentiatingtrait lies in the

be
an

longer hair,
of the

this

Lydekker
seemed the
to

thinks him
and

may

error,

for the
to not

description

possibly applicable
mounted the
or

"Ursus

Bergen torquatus" instead, implying that

at

skin

skull he its

skin

may skull

really be from
distinction of
a

the
new

same

animal!

Nevertheless,
to

gives
number

second
exact

the

name,

omitting
is not
as

mention of

origin!
two

Very likely the

were

subspecies
Szechwan,
include

worthy Lydekker
Yunnan

tion. recognisuitable Yunnan

confirm
sary neces-

If these
then the

specimens
area occurs

from also

supposed,
in

distributional It
as

must

southern south of
more

places.
border,
the

certainly
Mr.

in

Tongking typical
to

just
me.

the

southern

H.

J. Coolidge, Jr., tells

from
name

Should

specimens
still be

distinction
to

of this bear
the

H.

malayanus, Heude,

it would
H.

consider
to

earlier

given by
be shown. in

annamiticus,

whose

claims

recognition have recently, Pocock

to

yet

More little
H.
m. reason

(1932a),
skulls
of lack

reviewing question
came

the

whole from
a

matter,

sees

very

suppose the

the

in

China,
course

and

places
seems

wardi

in

synonymy in the

Helarctos

malayanus,
facts, the

which
for the

but quite justifiable, await

more

of additional

case

may

present

information.
"

Specimens examined:

One, the type, said

to

be from

Szechwan

(B. M.).

THE

CARNIVORES

341

Family
WOLVES,

CANID^
AND

DOGS,

FOXES

The

Canidae for

comprise running
with foramen haired rather

number its

of carnivorous

genera,

in which of the

the

bodythe

is

adapted

through
strong
in the
or

Hghtness
The skull the

and

slenderness

limb,

digitigrade feet, entepicondylar only, and

well last upper

but

non-retractile tail is
has
a

claws,

and

loss of the

hvmierus. The and

usually

of moderate
; the

length
are

heavily

bushy.

long

muzzle

canines

developed, though premolar

of their the and and

rather the

blunt,
first lower

sectorial
are

teeth, consisting of
for of

the the The

molar,
the

adapted
form
are

shearing by
the blade. with

enlargement
upper molars cusps

main second
so

cusp and that

and

compressed
lower molars
set

third the

provided
is

cular tuberheter-

for

crushing,

complete
In the
as

of

teeth

decidedly
of the

odont,
rounded

fitted for various

bullas
are

functions. features

general

structure

skull, the
and there

conspicuous
an

contrasted The

with

the

bears,
rather
or

is usually

present

alisphenoid canal.
to

appendix
and

is of
more

teristic charac-

form,
coiled. Five

attached

the

side

of the

intestine,

less

closely

genera

of

Canidae

are

found
and wild

in
red

the

Mongolian
These
may

and be

Chinese

area,

including wolf, fox, raccoon by

the

dog

dog.

distinguished

following key
Key
to

the

Genera

of

Chinese

and

Mongolian

Canid^

A.

Lower
a.

molars,

3.
over 200 mm. 200

Size large, skull

long,
mm.

teeth

rather

blunt

Cants

b.

Size smaller, skull a'. Muzzle much a". h".

less than

slender, the distance

from

antorbital

foramen

to

tip of

incisors

exceeding
Smaller,

width

across

molars.
mm
mm

Larger, skull length exceeding 125

skull

Vulpes Cynalopex
foramen
to

length

less

than

125

h'. Muzzle

shorter, the distance

the width
across

from

antorbital

tip of incisors Nyctereutes

Cuon

equaling
B. Lower

molars

molars,

2, form

dog-like, color red

Genus
Cams

Canis

Linnaeus

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. lo, vol. i, p. 38, 1758.

Miller domestic
even

has

shown the

that

the

genus

Canis

may

be

limited Old
two

to

the

wolves

and

dogs,
two

American
are

prairie wolves
less of

and than

the

World

jackals, but
The full of representation =42. but in

the

latter groups

closely

akin

the

former.

number

of teeth the

characteristic
loss of the the teeth tend
to

placental mammals
upper molar alike in the

is just short

through
In

third
are

only, giving: i.f cl pm.t m.f

members of the genus, rather

general

form

much rather

typical Canis

they

be

full and

plump

in appearance,

than

342 slender
a

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

and

compressed
row,

as

in the

American

coyotes.
of both

The

incisors above
are

are

nearly in
with
has
a

transverse

somewhat

chisel-shaped,and
The short

the outermost

is separated

from blades

the

canine

by

space.

premolars
and

jaws
last

compressed,

trenchant

but

rather
cusp but

conical; the
a

upper

premolar
blade upper of the in The

small

antero-internal of the main

cusp

is in

general
outer

large,compressed
of the tooth.
and
metacone
on

with

the

point
are

just back

of the

center

molars

tubercular, showing clearly the

low,
with
the molar three
a

paracone and

equal size
inner side.
area

but

well-developed protocone
is much
lower

hypocone
half
as

The
as

second
the first.
more

upper The

smaller, scarcely
form
a a

large
The

crown

molars
peg and with

rapidly decreasing series,the third

central
cusp.

hardly
clawed
the The

than

rounded anterior is

low
four

feet have

five In

digits on

the

but

digits on
this

the

posterior pair.

skull, the genotype

The

forehead is C.

distinctlyelevated, and

portion contains

sinuses.

familiaris,the dog. recognizable

be that forms

number

of it may

of wolves Ca^iis

is far from

being well made

northern

out.

Indeed,
without

the

typical quite
been

lupus
the

of

Europe
of Asia
as

extends well.
on

important regards
several much
the

change

across

the
as

northern
same as

part
the

Sowerby

Manchurian
have

wolf

European;
wolves At
nature.

the other
very

hand,

names

bestowed

upon

Far

Eastern

without

present

I have

of a purely individual regard for variation and referred the Chinese Mongolian wolves to one

race.

163.

Canis
THE

lupus chanco
WOLF

Gray

Canis

chanco

Gray,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London, Calcutta

1863, p. 94. Hist., vol. 7, p. 474,

vol. 10, p. 134,

Lupus

laniger Hodgson,

Joum.

Nat.

1847 (not Canis

laniger Hamilton

Smith,

Jardine's Naturalist's
Canis Canis

Library, Mammals, Mivart, Monograph Imp.

1840).

lupus

var.

chanco

of Canidae, p. 8, pi. 3, 1890.

vol. 34

lupus Buechner,
vol. 13, p.

Bull.

Acad.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

(new ser., vol. 2), p.

102

(Melanges

Biol.,

148), 1892.
d.

Lupus

Matschie, Wiss. Ergebn. filchneri

Exped.

Filchner

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol. 10, pt. I, p. 157,

1908. Lupus Lupus

Canis
Canis

karanorensis

Matschie,

ibid.,p. 159. ibid.,p. 160.

Proc. Zool.

tschiliensis Matschie,

lupus tschiliensis Thomas,

chihliensis

Soc. London,
ser.

1909,

p.

967. (fossil). laniger Hamilton Smith,

Zdansky,

Palseontol.

Sinica,
Mus.

C, vol. 2, fasc. i, p. 13, 1924

no.

Canis

lupus laniger G. M.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

360, p. 4, 1929

(not Canis

1840).

Type specimen:
skull
in the The

"

The
Musetim

type specimen
from

of

Gray's Canis Tatary,"

chanco shot

is

skin W.

and P.

British skin is

"Chinese

by Lieut.
of the

Hodnell.

figured in color by Mivart

("Monograph

Canidae,"

pL3, 1890).

THE

CARNIVORES

343

Description:
"

The

specimen
intermixed.

from

Chinese
Mivart head in
as

Tatary,

on

which

the back

name

Canis black
gray Museum

chanco
and

was

based, is described
hairs
the

by
The

pale fulvous, the grayish

in with short of

having
and

gray
on

is
the

black

hairs

forehead.

Seven show

skins

collections

the

American from

Asiatic about
to

Expeditions
as

wide

variation

tints of color
to

light
is
One Its

ochraceous,
no reason

figured
that
more

for the than

type
one

of C. I. chanco,

pale

gray. them.

There

suppose

form the

is represented among
extreme

of these
upper

from

Kweihw'acheng

represents
with

of

brighter coloring.
chestnut of
or

lipis narrowly edged

with
gray; gray

dull white forehead

; muzzle

pale
the

ochraceous,
eyes
to

slightly mixed
white,
buff
to

entire and
with

from

level

the

the

occiput, grizzled black,

very

ochraceous;

cheeks

below
ears

level of eye,

grayish

slightly mixed
rufous,
with
buff
a

black;
about

backs their

of

clear
and

bright
white
shoulder

ochraceous
nape

ochraceous

paler

bases

inside;

ochraceous

washed

black, sides of neck

outer

pale buff,

similarly
buff, paling
on

pale buff with

to
a

pale gray
on

cross-bar;
a

side of fore
of

leg ochraceous

pale
arm,

buff

the

foot;

slight sprinkling
to

blackish-tipped hairs
a

the

upper

which
upper

become inner
and

concentrated
the

form
The

narrow,

ill-defined is
a

along
with

the

edge of

forearm.

back

stripe coarsely mixed

ochraceous,
a

black,

smoky
black with

scattering basally, tipped with

at

of

grayish white, the sides and belly clear pale ochraceous The are black-tipped hairs. woolly hairs of the back
ochraceous

buff,

while

the

longer guard hairs

white with

are

the

base,
Hind
tint.

then

broadly
clear

ringed by
ochraceous

whitish, and

conspicuously tipped
a

black.

legs pale
Tail

rufous, feet nearly

mixed and caudal

slight buffy
below,
the the

pale
for the

ochraceous
over

buff, abundantly
the then

with
at

longer
the
as

black-tipped hairs, which

tail is white Inner

concentrate

gland,

tip;
as

basal

third,
and

clear ochraceous

buff that

far

is

tip. faintlytinged with

black Other

sides of limbs
buff. may

belly pure

white, except

the

latter

specimens
line
on

have
the

the

ears

darker,
narrow

almost
but

ochraceous

rufous, and
A

the from

black

the

edge of

forearm
a

clearly marked.
is very

skin
The

Urga, Mongolia,
above of
ears

perhaps
ochraceous

winter-killed buff

specimen,
fore

pale.

muzzle backs

is

pale

grizzled with
rufous the
;

whitish;

forehead

darker;
trace to

contrastingly ochraceous stripe; neck, body

and hairs of the

legs pale buff without

tint

of the
the

dark

tail with
on

ochraceous

reduced

buff,
the

white

rings

guard

the

back,

prominent;

belly white,

flanks

whitish.
The

description of
wolf

the but

Etu-opean Wolf
the

as

given by Miller quite equal

(1912) fits the

the

eastern

fairlywell,

latter

does

not

in size of skull

measurements

given for Swedish

"

wolves. of fresh

Measurements:

No

measurements

specimens

are

available.

344

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

CANIS

LUPUS

CHANCO

Nomenclature: that
of northern

"

Assuming
the

that
first
a

the
name name

eastern

wolf
to

is it
a

distinguishable from
seems

Europe,

applicable
I had

to

be

that

of

Hodgson,
This
name

Lupus

lanigerof Tibet,
invalidated
the
or

used

in

previous (1929)
seven

paper.

is,however,
Smith
to

by

Canis
of the of

laniger,given Puget Sound Tatary, is figure of the

to at

years

before

by Hamilton Gray's Canis

name

woolly dog
Wolf
the

Indians.
the

Probably specimen by
I have

chanco,

Golden

Chinese
and

first available

after
seem

this, and
to

since well

description

type

Mivart used

agree

enough with
gave trade

Mongolian
names

specimens examined,
Chinese
;

it here.

In

1908, Matschie
on a

wolves

as

follows:

based Lupus filchneri, based based

any
on on a a

skin

bought
The

Siningfu
Kansu;

Lupus

karanorensis,

skin

and

skull

from of

northwestern

and

skull from

the coast
that

Hopei.
it should local
races

characters all
as

Lupus tschiliensis, in given do not seem

synonyms. upon the theless Never-

way

distinctive, so

I have
case are

regarded these
of wolves

they

are

available

in

eventually

prove,

study of

adequate material, that there

Occurrence North Asiatic China
as

in China.
all
over

and
far

Habits: south
secured

"

Wolves
as

occur

probably valley.
and
at at

Mongolia
hundred
as

and

the

Yangtze
at

The
a

American
one

Musevim

Expeditions
miles
at

specimens
of

Loh,

point
doubt
to

and
as

seventy
another

northwest

Kalgan,
in
amount

and

again
Shansi.

Urga, Mongolia,
No

well

Kweihwacheng,
area

northern

its abundance

is food.
at
a

regulated
In the
Western

in any

by
A

the

of game

available that him

supply it with
about
two

Hopei it still occurs.

Tombs.
pups drove

Weigold
native
a

(1923) reported
some

says
to

it is
that

rare

Peiping
the

his

dogs found
the type

litter of wolf wolf bit and

under
away
was

boulder

35

km.

from

that

but locality,
made

old of In

the

dogs.
the

The
coast

skull which of that

Matschie
at

Ltcpus
have

tschiliensis Anderson

from

province
that where

Shanhaikwan. wolves
occur,

Shantung,
writes
that

(Thomas,
In
are

I908d) noticed
two

hares

become

scarce.

these

northern
but in
some

provinces, Sowerby
of the

(i926d)
are

wolves
as

less common,

Yangtze
In
as

provinces
the
to

still numerous, district and

Pukow

in the

Fukien,
range

Kwangtung,
toward

and

Kwangsi.
as

Chinkiang
the north
are

along

leading

Nanking,
Sanchieh

well

of also

(north

bank

of the

Yangtze)

in the

district, they

THE

CARNIVORES

345

common. are

He

says

(i923g)
than

that

those from

of northern farther

Shansi
as

and
as

southern

golia Mon-

paler in color singly

or

those

south,

well

larger.

Usually
in
occurs

they
Fukien
should

hunt

in

pairs,

sometimes

in threes
statement
seem

but
that been who

only rarely
the wolf and
a

larger
in

numbers.
and be

Notwithstanding Kwangtung,
Shensi,
no

Sowerby's

specimens
M. it is much

to

have

taken,
secured
and

the

report
at

definitelyconfirmed.
says that

P.

Anderson,

specimen
herders

Yenanfu,
that and

feared

by

the Kansu

sheep

goat

of

country.

Its

occurrence

in northwestern H. Wilson
rare

is attested
in
as

by
be

Matschie

by

Buechner. wolves
are on

E.

in

his

"Naturalist

Western

China,"

writes
are more

that

very the

in central

China,

but

might

expected
China

numerous

Tibetan
numbers

border, especially in
of their and

the

grasslands, where
by
doubt
most

game way

may of

be

had.

Large

pelts are

sent

into western
no

Tatsienlu, Monkongting,
Wilson
gray, remarked the hair

Sungpanting,
back

coming
The
two

mostly
of them
he

from
were

Tibet.

their
on

variabilityin color, though black-tipped.

Skins
been in of had killed

pale

with

the

largest pelt
wolves,
there. and then old

obtained
mangy,

measured
were

70
to

inches
him of Dr.
at

in

total

length.
that work
saw

and

brought
the
course

Ichang
Andrews's

near

During
found the
wolves way

Mongolia,
now

he and

his party

fairlycommon,
Tsetsen that
a

and
to

they

single ones
Khan. pups
was

from
writes
out

Wang
in the
The away

Sannoin wolf
at

At

the

former
and canyon the
return two

along place, Dr.

of them
where the

all

Andrews
were

litter of three

found,
end of
a on

dug
was

of the

den

ground
wolf howled
to

the

upper

party

encamped.
half
a

old
and

meanwhile
at

stayed
but

summit
to

of
the den

mountain

mile

them many

did skins

not
come

dtu-ing the
to

night.
at

According
Tientsin.
on

Sowerby,
natives

from

Mongolia
in

the

markets
Shensi

"The

usually poison
use a

the

wolf, though
effective trail.

North

and

the

Ordos

border,

they
ambush

clumsy

but

gin trap

of native

design."

Natives

sometimes
In

them

along

the

Specimens examined:
Mongolia:
China: One hundred Shansi:

"

all,seven,
miles
i;

viz.

and

seventy
no

northwest

of Kalgan,

Loh,

2;

Urga,

i.

Kweihwacheng,

definite

2. locality,

Genus Nyclereutes Temminck,

Cants
of in Van der

Nyctereutes

Temminck
Geschied.

Hoeven's

Tijdschr. Natuur.

Physiol., vol. 5, p. 285, 1838-39.

authors, in part.

The thus

Raccoon-dog
the the

is

small from the the

fox-lrke the
true

animal foxes. foramen

with

short

legs and
has
a

short

tail,

differingnoticeably
distance
width there nasals. from

Its skull
to

short

muzzle,
of

in which
exceeds

antorbital molars.
and The sudden and

the
the
at
are

tip equals instead

forehead about the

across

profileof depression

is fiat and

sloping, and
third

is

sharp

proximal
in adult

of the

The

lambdoid

sagittalcrests

prominent

346

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

skulls, the latter, however,

suture

low
on

median
each

ridge, forking
the

at

the

fronto-parietal postorbital
do
not

and

thence

continuing

side to
rows

back

edge
small

of the

process.

In

palatal aspect,

the

tooth

at

their
are

posterior end
and

reach
no

the

level of the

interpterygoid
of

fossa.

The

teeth

weak,

with in

striking peculiarities. The

the occasional
may
occur more

formula third
upper

is:

i.i

c.t

pm.t
The

m.2-^=42,
in two
outer

which
and

presence often from

molar

is recorded

specimens,
upper

than
the

this would

indicate.
the

incisor

is

slightlyseparated jaws
have may be

second,
The

and lower
to

first and

second

premolars
has
a

in both

slightlyspaced.
the

fourth

premolar
cusp,

single supplementary
three others

posterior cusp merely

in its dark

in addition cusp.

the

cingulum
pattern

while

the

cingulum
eye

The

color the

of this

dog

is further
There

tinctive disa

patches, whence geographic

very

name

Raccoon-dog.
have

is but
none

single species, yet

which do the

various
seem

forms

been

named,

for

of

characters 164.

marked.

Nyctereutes
THE

procyonoides procyonoides (Gray)

RACCOON-DOG

Cams

procyonoides Gray, Illustrations of Indian

Tiere

Zool., vol. 2, pi. I, 1834.

p. 22, 1904. d.

Nyctereutes sinensis Brass, Nutzbare Nyctereutes stegmanni

pp. 175,

Ostasiens, Neudamm, Exped.

Filchner

Matschie,

Wiss.

Ergebn.

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol. 10, pt. I,

180, 1908.
u.

Nyctereutes procyonides Jacobi, Abh. Nyctereutes procyonoides stegmanni

A.

Ber. Mus.
B.

". TierProc.

u.

Volkerk., Dresden, Mus.,

on vol. a

vol.
art.

16,

no.

I, p. 7, 1922. 1929.

Howell,

U.

S. Nat.

75,

I, p. 23,

Type
Reeves What
name.

specimen:
China,
of the

"

The and

species was figured

is not
Reeves in

founded

specimen plate
type

sent

by John Zoology."
of the of his

from

Gray's
known,
was

"Illustrations
so

of Indian is the

became Thomas

animal
that

that

the
at

basis
most

states

stationed
be taken
as

Canton

during

stay in China, hence

that

vicinitymay
fox-like

the
short

locality.
tail. Color
over crown a

Description:
"

Small,
gray,
narrow

animals,

with

bushy

mixture the back

to

of

buff,
in
a

and

black, the
area

black-tipped
an

hairs

predominating
line from
on

and

dorsal

forming
the the

ill-defined

the side

the

tip

of the

tail; a conspicuous blackish-brown

front of and
below eye
ear.

patch

each
to

of the and
the

face

from

just in
as a

to

point midway
flanks, sides
a

the

ear,

continued tail
are

narrower warm

line behind
buff
to to

The

of neck

and

chiefly a
brown

ochraceous

buff, giving
have

slightpinkish tinge;
mentioned,
orbit
of in side

feet blackish
The

chocolate

brown. skull

general
low

characters

of the
and

already
the

been

with view.

short
The

muzzle,
nasals
are

forehead,
and

depression
as

in front
as

of the level

narrow,

extend

far

back

the

ascending
crests to

portion
the back

of the

maxillaries.
crest

Sides low
but

of muzzle

rather

square.

Lambdoid

prominent,

median
of the

prominent,
reach the

its anterior
In

branches
the

extending
front

edge

postorbital processes.
does
not

palatal aspect,
of the

of the

interpterygoid fossa

quite

level

last molars.

THE

CARNIVORES

347

Anterior in the
lower

premolars simple, jaw

the fourth has

in the
a

upper

jaw without
accessory

accessory cusp
on

cusps, the

but

single low
than the

posterior
lower
visible there

margin.
carnassial behind
is
a

Upper
with

carnassial
the

with

well-developed
lower in

antero-internal

lobe; the

metaconid
of the
on

protoconid
one

and

partly
one-fourth and

the

shoulder molar

latter left

profile.
a

In
crown

specimen examined,
area

third

upper

the

side, with

about

that
metacase

of the
cone,

second and there may

a

molar,
much
was a

and

provided with
protocone.
molar
on

small

but has

evident
recorded
so

paracone
a

worn

Thomas

similar
the loss

in

which
tooth

third

the

right side above,

as

that

of this

not

have

become

fully fixed
adult
hind from

yet.

Measurements:

"

An

Wanhsien,
112; ear,
OF

Szechwan,
50.
NYCTEREUTES

measured:

head

and

body, 505

mm.;

tail, 170;
CRANIAL

foot,

MEASUREMENTS

348

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Nomenclature: the

"

Nyctereutes is nearly allied

less
two

to

Alopex, the Arctic

upper
a

Fox,

but in and
a

tail is shorter, muzzle

transverse row,

elongate, the four anterior

outer

incisors

nearly
set

the

incisors
case

separated
more

by

slight space
Brass,
Matschie
at

posterior to the
as

others. the this

The

brain

is

roughened. valley, but Chinkiang,

are,

in 1904, very
same

named

N.

sinensis

Nyctereutes of the
a

Yangtze
from

properly considered
time
of

synonym from
a

of N.

procyonoides, though
on

the

naming
rather

A^.

stegmanni

specimen
color
more

the

ground
vidual indi-

slightly larger size and

than
any be
or

certain
With

differences, which
abundant
or

however,
Matschie

specific.
way

material
other

than

had,

I do China

not
can

see

in which
a

the

Yangtze
China

specimens from
has

southern

subdivided,
those from of lack

conclusion

previously reached
are

by Jacobi (1922).
not

Whether ascertained

not

North

slightlydifferent
it may
the

yet been
are

because

of

specimens, but
between
one

be

that of has

they
southern

mediate inter-

in

size

or

other

characters

animal Matschie
among

China,
the
name

typical
N.

N.

p. procyonoides, and
There

the

to

which

given
and

ussuriensis.
from

is

very

wide

range

in color
even

individuals

of this

species
or

the

same

general locality,with
so

albinistic into

melanotic
races on

often

wholly yellowish specimens,

alone and is diffictilt. Habits: This is
a

that

subdivision

local

skin characters Occurrence in farther

led south
to

"

common

animal
in

in parts of China,
eastern

ticularly paras

Chekiang,
in Fukien.

Kiangsu, and According

that from used
those

Kiangsi,
to

the

part,
as a

as

well

Brass,
the

his three

experience provinces valley

1922, in

fur

dealer
are

him

the

conclusion than
those

from
up

first named

better
or

furred

higher
in

the

Yangtze
and had

Hunan,
states

Hupeh,
until
came as a

Anhwei.
9 14

It is much
common

ftir.

Mell, writing in
wild
not to

that
even

it

was

in the

Canton
that

markets,
then It he

individuals
seen

to

the

edge
of
in

of the

city, but
and China.
than

since

any,

perhaps

result

frequent
northern

disastrous

floods.

seems

be

of less

common

rence occuran

Sowerby
of the
in the

(i923g,
and

p.

47) writes

that

it is less

animal

of the

forest
that

grassy

willow-grown
east

flats of

bordering

the

larger rivers, and

ntimbers north in and
are

it is found
fur

Tungling region
that

Peiping. trapped
obtained
and

Large
farther

exported for
or

through Tientsin,
In

have

been from

Amur

Manchuria.
the
on

addition
Museum

to

specimens

Fukien,

kiang, Cheit in
A. B.

Kiangsu, valley
has

American
the

Asiatic

Expeditions
near

the

Yangtze
in that

borders
two

of Szechwan in the skull U.

from

Wanhsien,
National

Howell

(1929)

recorded
The

skins and is

S.

Museum

from

Suifu,

province. by
Dr. R.

skin

Lingcheng
H.

River, Shansi,
near

brought
the

back

C. Andrews,
of the

interestingfor the
Mr.

locality, perhaps Pope, who

northwestern

bounds

range.

Clifford

secured

THE

CARNIVORES

349 it is not
a

specimens
in

near

Futsing, Fukien, writes

out two

that

common

there.
a

He

ceeding suca

digging

from native
been

hole
name

in
was

thicket

where
as

stream

crossed

thickly

settled
seems

plain.
to

The have

given
of the

"t'u
of in

kou"

(ground dog). species. Mell

near

Little

recorded
statement extent at

habits
it lives

this

(1922)
and stomach

corroborates that of
a

Sowerby's
to
some

that

thickets
he

water,
in the

adds

it feeds
dead

least

on

fish, for

found

fish

specimen,
London

and

this food

is taken gave

readily by captive animals.

birth
p.
to
a

An
young has

animal
on

in the

Zoological
Zool. of the

Gardens

litter of Garrod

seven

May

2,
some

1877 (Proc.
account

Soc.

London,

1877,

530).

(1878)

published

visceral

anatomy.
as

Specimens examined:
Chekiang:
Fukien Hunan:
:

"

In all,twenty-two,

follows:

Tunglu,

i.

Futsing,
Yochow,

1 1 ; i

Foochow,

Yenping,

(skull).

(skull).
i.

Kiangsu;
Shansi: Szechwan: No
exact

Chinkiang,

Lingcheng River,
Wanhsien,
i locality,
.

i.

3; Suifu, i.

165.
Nyctereutesprocyonoides
orestes

Nyctereutes procyonoides
Thomas,
Ann.

orestes

Thomas
657, 1923.

Mag.
a

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

9, vol. 11, p.

Type specimen:
British

"

The

type is
forest

skin
at

and

skull

of

female, No. feet, on

Forrest.
of
to

23.4.1.20,
the

Museum,
of the

shot

in the

about

10,000-12,000

west north-

flank

Likiang Range, Yunnan,

"

China, by George
very

Description:
China,
but

slightly paler
the

race,

similar of in

to

that
tone

southeastern the
a

differingchiefly in
The throat

gray

instead
may
are

buffy

paler
very

tions por-

of the suffusion in four

The

longer hairs, though there

and
are

be

some

specimens
as

slight

of buffy.
other

feet

described

black

in the

type, but

skins

examined

brownish. said
to

skull

of the

type
but

was

differ in the have from

been

nearly parallelcondition
abnormal,
are

of
an

the

zygomatic
those

arches,

this must
two

somewhat
same area

and

individual from

aberration, since
of the

skulls

the

indistinguishable

typical race.
"

Measurements: table had

a a

The

measurements Thomas

of these mentions

two

skulls
that

are

given in the
type

under third

N. upper

procyonoides.
molar
on

also

the

specimen
in

the

right side, a condition

from

previously mentioned

specimen

of the

typical race
Habits:
"

F\ikien. is
a

Occurrence

and

This

very

slightly characterized

form,

if

350

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

indeed lowland American

grayer,

it may animal

not

eventually
of the
east.

prove

to

be

altogether indistinguishablefrom
skins
from

the

The

four

Likiang obtained
agree in

by the
somewhat
as a

Museum less

Asiatic

Expeditions, however,
and I have, A. B.

having
the recorded range

buffy general tone,

to

therefore, regarded
Howell

form

visionally pro-

entitled
the thus

recognition.
from
the

(1929)

has

skin
race

in is

U.

S. National
to

Museum be

the

Likiang plain.
of western

The

of the

far known

only
"

Likiang region
two

Yunnan.

Specimens examined:

Four,

with

skulls, from

Likiang, Yunnan.

Genus
RED

Vulpes
FOXES

Oken

Vulpes Oken,

Lehrbuch

d.

Naturgesch.,
are

vol.

3, pt. 2, p. 1033,

1816.

The
ears,

typical foxes long, thickly

are

slenderly built, graceful animals,

tail

with chief

fairlylarge
characters from
across

and

furred
and

forming

"brush." in
more

The the the

of the

skull

the
to

long
the

slender

muzzle,

which
than

distance width

the the

antorbital molars. of the

nasal

notch
The

tip is considerably
shows and

dorsal

profileof the skull

is flattened

very

little inflation
to

of the

sinuses
the

forehead, which

slopes gently
are

the

lower

plane of

region.
above,

The

postorbital posterior

processes
corner

low

and

flattened, slightly excavated

the

their

continuous
at least
row

with

temporal

ridges. long
when
chant tren-

The
The

interpterygoid fossa extends

upper

forward

to the level of the last molars.

incisors

form

slightlycurved
the level

the

upper

canines
border

are

very

and the

slender, their tips reaching

latter
than The

of the
are

ventral

of the
narrow

jaw
and

is closed.

The

premolar
the

teeth

slightly more
same.

in Canis, but Red Foxes

and
over are

tooth

formula

is the

of wide

distribution

quite across
a

the

temperate
that this
be and there
sort

regions
races

of

Europe, Asia,
been named

North

America.
area,

Although
that

great ntmiber
true

of local

have

this vast
in

it is nevertheless
so

is much
are a more

purely

individual

variation In

color,

characters

of

difficult to evaluate. correlation

other between

general, however,
and

there

is

likelyto
of color

found

certain
or

paleness
with

aridity, richness
of climate.

humidity,

differences
The

widespread factors (
=

type speciesis Canis

Vulpes) vulpes Linnaeus

and China.

of

Europe, represented

by closelyallied subspecies in Mongolia

166.

Vulpes vulpes
SOUTH CHINA

hoole
RED

Swinhoe
FOX

Vulpes

hoole

Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1870, p. 631.

Vulpes lineiventer

Swinhoe,

ibid.,p. 632.

THE

CARNIVORES

351

Vulpes alopex Buechner,

Bull. Acad.

Imp.

Sci.

St.

P^tersbourg,

vol.

34

(new

ser.,

vol.

2), p.

102

(Melanges

Biol., vol. 13, p. 148), 1892. Vulpes aurantioluteus

p. 168, 1908.

Matschie,

Wiss.

Ergebn.

d.

Exped.

Filchner

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10, pt.

Vulpes Jerrilatus eckloni Jacobi, Abh. Vulpes hull Sowerby,

Naturalist
A. in B.

u.

Ber.

Mus.
vol. U.

f. Tier-

u.

Volkerk., Dresden,
1923.

vol.

16,

no.

I, p. 6, 1922.

Manchuria, Howell,
Proc.

2, p. 44,

Vulpes vulpes aurantioluteus

S. Nat.

Mus.,

vol.

75,

art.

i, p. 24,

1929.

Type
of his No.
V.

specimen:
lineiventer

"

The
are

type skin

of

Swinhoe's in the
near

Vulpes hoole
British Musetim.

as

well
The

as

that

both the
no

preserved
distance

former,
and the

62.12.24.6,
from color the

is from hills at

plains country
great
same

Amoy,
the
same

Fiikien, China,

latter

from

locality. They
hoole

sent repre-

variations

of the

species,and

sipce

V.

is first in his list of

names,

it is

given precedence.
"

Description: species,but
the the

In

general color, this fox

and
have

much
are

resembles
more

the with less

European
gray

sides

especially the
less black,
the

thighs
the
more

mixed
are

and
but

fore

feet

usually
the

while

red

tones

fulvous

duller

chestnut;
the lower
to

tail has

chestnut
the

confined

to

the

upper

surface,
Color the

while

side
gray

is
or

buffy white,
even

long hairs tipped with pinkish tinge.

median tail.
The As
a

black.
rule

below,
chestnut

white
area

with
to
a

decided
narrow

clear

is confined

rather
on

stripe
flanks

with
are

ill-defined

boundaries,
raceous,

becoming
with

more

rvifous

the

bright ochon

frosted

gray-tipped hairs
A

which
on

especially predominate
sides of the
muzzle may black but

the

sides of the

haunches.
or

blackish

area

the

be

well

developed,
the

very

indistinct, or
fore

again wanting
narrow,

altogether; the
by
extend with

stripe on
may be shoulders. the dark

front

of the
to

leg
the

is

usually
and

bordered

rufous,
up
on

broad
In dark

enough
of the the

cover

entire front

of the
are one

leg and
suffused skin the

the where

specimens
hairs hairs

the show

throat

belly
and in

slaty

bases

through,
in
an runs

wearing
the

away
a

of the
narrow

white line
of the

tips of
of clear

results
ochraceous

indistinct

blackish
the

collar.

Usually

bright
is

along
with
buff.

sides
under

bordering
fur.

paler
is

color
the in It

belly, which
under in which

usually
body
the whole

white is

grayish
The

Occasionally
variation
common. seen

whole

side of the

pinkish
belly
formed is

opposite
but this of Swinhoe's in that the

mens speciwas a

blackish,
the

is less
V. the
same

specimen
from
black fulvous and

of this sort

that

type

lineiventer.
and

A feet

skin
are

Yunnan
the

(Likiang) is slightlymelanistic,
entire
usual. Few
measurements

fore
;

hind

tail is much

darkened

with

the

back

is deeper

than

Measurements:

"

of fresh
in the 94.

specimens
flesh
as

are

available. total

female
1

from
mm.

Maitaichao, 387 ; tail,

; hind

Shansi,

measured
; ear,

follows:

length.

,003

foot, 150

352

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

VULPES

VULPES

HOOLE

From Fukien

the

above

measurements,
a

it is

seen

that

the

males the

in the females. the

series from

(Futsing) average
and Habits:
rare

few
The

millimeters Red Fox

larger than
is found in the
near over

Occurrence

"

greater part of
Swinhoe

China,
found
escape

but

becomes

and
the

finallyabsent
bare
to

southern

portions.
When
as

it

common

about

granitichills
rock with the

Amoy.

pursued they easily

run as

by springing
a

from

rock
on seen

such
are

agility
more

to

distance out-

greyhound,
that he

but has

plains they
foxes
on

readily
of

down. well.

Swinhoe South from

states

the
be

island
or

Hongkong
Mr.

of this

general
does
a on

area

they

seem

to

fewer
near

absent.

Mell, writing
Clifford that low H.
are

Canton,

not

mention

their

presence

there.
and

Pope secured
common

series at the

Futsing,

in northern

Fukien,
grassy

writes

they
the

here

plains and

among
over

the
the

open

hills and

mountains
merous nu-

of

Futsinghsien, boldly roaming villages.

These above
to

hills and located

through
at

fields in
base

villagesare
in guns

commonly
where search

the and

of the
foxes

grassy
come

hills down

just
at

the

irrigated plains
with

rice is grown, of food. above

Inland

the
were

night
with
seems

prowl around
toward
common,

Specimens
the from

tained easily ob-

by stationing men
the

in ravines the hills.

villages and
eastern

driving
the
A.

foxes
Fox

dogs back
to

China,
Dr.

Red Allen

be

less
a

though
from and

generally distributed.
Yumonko.
at

J.

(1909a) recorded
a

specimen
at

Taipai Shan,
another from
be
a

Jacobi (1922)
on

mentions
border.

skin

secured

Ichang
a

Batang
the

the of his

western

Matschie
but

(1908)
it does
refers

made
not to
a

skin
to

Tatsienlu

basis

Vulpes

aurantioluteus,
A. B. from Howell

appear

distinct sufficiently

for

recognition.
Museum

(1929)

it,however,
second
a

skin
the

in the

U.

S. National

Suifu, Szechwan,

and

from Red

Min
at

Shan

of southern

Kansu. and

Weigold

(1923) mentions

seeing

Fox

Wa

Shan,

Szechwan,

THE

CARNIVORES

353

'Thomas

(191 id)
the

has

recorded

specimen
he

secured
as

near

Sihohsien,

southern

Kansu,
Fox

relationshipof which
are a

regards
for fur

"not many

clear."
are

skins
from

in much
source

demand that the

to

and

sold

in the

markets.
came,

It
so

was

such

type

of Matschie's

V.

aiirantioluteus Mell handsome

that

it may
a

not

be

possible
from

tell its exact and

was a

locality.
the

speaks

of

taining ob-

skin

in

Talifu, Yunnan,

apparently
native
be in
on

specimen
habits
man,

previously
Little

mentioned definite
Fox.

Likiang
seems

skin.
record
as

information
It

to

to

the
to

of
even

the
in

Chinese

Red

apparently
as

thrives

close
and

proximity
Two

country
easier secured

long cultivated,
in such
at

about

Tientsin less-settled

Futsing, possibly finding life

very

places
on

than

in the
5,

areas.

small

pups

were

Futsing

January
"

1926.
follows:

Specimens examined:
Chekiang:
Fukien: Hunan: Szechwan: Yunnan: No

In all,twenty-five, as

Tunglu,

i.

Futsing, 16; Yuki,

Yochow,
i.

i;

Amoy,

(B.M.

type); Foochow,

(B.M.).

Wanhsien, Likiang,
i.

Yenchingkou,

i.

definite

i. locality,

167.

Vulpes vulpes
NORTH

tschiliensis
RED FOX

Matschie

CHINA
d.

Vulpes tschiliensis Matschie,

p.

Wiss.

Ergebn.

Exped.

Filchner

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol. 10, pt. i,

169, 1908.
u.

Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis Jacobi, Abh.

Ber.

Mus.

f. Tier-

u.

Volkerk., Dresden,

vol.

16,

no.

i, p. 6, 1922.

Type
Museum,
was

Specimen:
in which the
ears

"

The

type

is

mounted

skin. No.

5660, by

in the

the

Berlin

the
are

essential dark brown

point

of difference of black. from

so

emphasized
The
same

describer from

that

instead

specimen

came

Peiping, Hopei,
described
may be
an as

China.
the
ears

second

skin
as

the that

locality, Matschie
the

having
individual

black
or

usual,

the have

peculiarity of
become

type

one,

the

specimen
skull

may the

faded
are

through
that

expostire
none,
as

to

light. Nevertheless, although

with V.
v.

color
seems

differences
to

admittedly
on

compared
the
race

hoole, the

be

larger, and

ground

is here
"

recognized.
in color
characters shown
as

Description:

Similar
size
a

to

the the

fox

of

South

China,
skull.

Vulpes
to
ears

V.

hoole, but

slightlylarger as
skin
from but

by
this

greater size of the

in all
ears

Jacobi (1922)
the is not
The

records

Peiping
whether

corresponding

particulars
or

description of Matschie,
clear. skull and the
seem

implies brown
than
in

black

of Chinese
teeth
to
are a

foxes

is

slightlysmaller
The

typical
of V.

V.
v.

vulpes of
sis, tschilien-

Sweden

trifle less in size. of

large

skulls

however,

equal those

Europe.

354

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Measurements:
not

"

Comparative
for those

measurements

of the

North

China

Fox

are

available

except

of the

skull.

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

The

Red
that

Fox

of the

vicinity of Peiping
that

seems

so

consistentlylarger of skull than

in separating it justified rather
than agree
as

of South

China,

Matschie of
he

was

ably probfrom the

distinct

form, though
of two

doubtless

subspecific
had

specificrank.
with those of

The
a

dimensions
secured

skulls

that

Peiping
same

third

by Dr.
a

Roy
the

C. Andrews
but

from

region. beyond
in

Jacobi (1922) has also recorded

the
statement

Peiping specimen,
with
or

gives no
with
so

details

that

it

corresponds
brown

originaldescription,
brown above

except
a

having

the

tail
the

strong

reddish

chestnut

black

ring
settled

about
and Fox.
or

basal

fourth.
a

That
as

the

species
how

still

persists about
it extends
to

thickly
west

well-cleared
I have
occurs

region

ness Peiping speaks again for the cleverindicate but

far the

of the and

Red

found
in any who

little to

north,

if it P.

numbers,
noticed
a

Thomas

(igoSe) quotes
near

the
on on

observation the

of M.

Anderson

family

of foxes

Tabool,

edge of the
one

Mongolian
of

plateau: "they
the

were

evidently
return."
in the
are

very

shy, for

seeing us
On
measurement

day they forsook

basis
and

place

and

did not
shown

the

slightlygreater size,as
of North
are are

"condylobasal length" tentatively referred

obvious,
to

others, the foxes

the

China

this
when

race,

although
sex

differences

not

always

very

especially through
p. 688,
are

the

and

age show

of the that and

specimen
the range
to

unknown.
across

The
at

records

extends

northern

China,
I9iie, and
so

least southern Si Ho;

to

Shansi

Shensi

southern

Kansu

(Thomas,
All
these

from

Buechner,
be

1892, from
to

Ssigu, Kansu).

others
to

probably European
refers

referred Fox that

V.

v.

which tschiliensis,

is in turn

similar

the

Red

it is

barely distinguishable. Indeed,

Shansi,
to

Thomas

(igoSf)
Hilzheimer

three
in

from

Taiyuenfu,
a

the

typical form, while

and
two

(1906),

recording

skin

from

Szechwan

from

Pingshiang, in the

THE

CARNIVORES

355

Strassburg Museum,
latter. smaller
so

says

that

the
out

skulls
that

are

hardly different
South China

from

those
a

of the little
are

Cabrera and the

(1922) pointed
dentition that it is

the

Fox the

is

very

slightly weaker.
difficult when if not

Nevertheless,
almost

differences
to

inconsequential
skins
from

impossible
in the
same

separate

Chinese

European
"

placed together
follows
i

series.

Specimens
Hopei:
Shensi: Kansu: Shansi:

examined: Tombs,
2,

Ten,

as

Eastern

i;

Peiping,
3
i

(B.M.).

Fengsiang,
north

plus

(B.M.)(B.M.).

of Sihohsien,
2.

Maitaichao,

168.

Vulpes vulpes ?karagan

DESERT RED FOX

(Erxleben)

Cams

karagan Erxleben, Syst. Regni Animalis, Mammalia,

Satunin, Conspectus
Mammalium

p.

566, 1777.
p.

Vulpes vulpes karagan

Imp. Ross., to

139,

1914.

Type
of the

specimen:

"

The of the

name

seems

have

been

based than
on

on

Pallas

's

tion descripAs the

Karagan

Kirghiz steppes,
and others
seem

rather
to

any

specimen.
this with

Ognev
Corsac.

points out,

Mivart

have

confused

Description:
"

This

is

desert pallid, and dark

form

of the the

Red

Fox, of
straw
nose

straw

yellow
with
or

with

rusty

on

the

back,

neck The

shoulders, spot
Ears
OF
on

paws

yellow,
may

without

black

marking.

the
as

side of the
usual.
VULPES

be

hardly

defined, but instead

CRANIAL

rusty yellow.
MEASUREMENTS

black
VULPES

KARAGAN

Nomenclature:

"

The

type
a

locality of this long distance

as can

fox

is western

Siberia,
on

in

the of visionally proin

Kirghiz steppes, obviously

the

from

Mongolia, yet
from
to

account

apparent

similarity,
the review hear appear
to

so

far

be the

judged
Gobi

descriptions,I have
same race.

referred

Red

Foxes

of

this

Ognev,
a

his recent
collected

(1926)
by
Kozlov that

of the
Kiakhta
to

foxes

of the

Russian from

Empire,
the
so

mentions
of

skin

and the
same,

another
at

steppes

southern

Transbaikalia
more

be

least he

regards
forms

them he

pending
names,

ample
V.

data

the the
to

contrary.
Tian
very

The

additional and V.
v.

that from

V.

ochroxantha do
not

from
seem

Shan,
different.

jakutensis

south

of

Yakutsk,

be

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

This
that

is
the

pallid desert-livingfox
few

of

the
so

Gobi
young

of

Mongolia.

It is unfortunate

specimens

taken

are

either

356
in such

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

or

condition
noses

of

wear

that

the

characters
seem

are

not

well

ascertainable.
in color

The

feet and

of the

advilts,however,

to

be much

paler

than

in the foxes
Dr. R. about of

of South C.

China. writes
saw

Andrews

that in
was so

these "bad

foxes land"
some

are

not

rare

in
at

the

general
Nor

region
shot the range
one

Loh.
two

He that
No

two

ravines,
ducks mammals
to

and in

Tsagan
tall grass the

evidently
doubt,
westward

stalking
many the

the of

by
the

water's

edge.
to

like

other

Gobi,

extends

the

through
In all,four,

dry country
follows:

western

Siberia.

Specimens examined:
Mongolia: Tsagan (skull).
Nor,

"

as

(adult skin

and

skull); Tsetsen

Wang,

(immature); Loh,

Genus

Cjmalopex

Hamilton

Smith
vol. 9, p. 222,

Cynalopex Hamilton
Zool. Soc.

Smith,
1929,

Jardine's Naturalist's
p. 105.
von

Library, Mammals,

1839.

Thomas,

Proc.

London,
Reisen
Ann.

Canis

Radde,

im Mus.

Suden
Nat.

Vulpes Ognev,

Hungarici,

Ost-Sibirien, vol. i, p. 67, pi. 3, figs.2-7, 1862 (in part). Budapest, vol. 23, p. 203, 1926 (in part). not

The

genus

Cynalopex is
all the

very the

sharply marked
Corsac and of Africa
In
.

off from

Vulpes, but,
small

as

Thomas

(loc.cit.)says,
as

includes
smaller

certain

other
the

Asiatic

species
tail

well and

as

foxes

except

Big-eared Foxes
it is slender
with the

{Otocyon)
a

the

Fennec

(Fennecus)
as

its Foxes

general

build

proportionately long
smaller, with
broader
and
ears

in the and
the

Red

(Vulpes), ridges
the in

but

species are
space

all much

short

bullae

large, the

interorbital
the

tively rela-

less

concave,

temporal
to

adult

uniting
foramen

posteriorly
distance

but

extending
front
of
across

forward

in

lyrate form;
back

muzzle

is slender, the

from
the

middle the

incisor

edge of antorbital elongate

set

exceeding
Foxes.

width
upper

molars, but

it is less
are

than

in the
;

Red
outer

In the

incisors

the

lateral cusps from

the

practicallyabsent
and
somewhat

the

incisor is separated
to their In

by

slightspace

others

posterior
section of

line.

giving
a

the

name

Cynalopex, Hamilton
Canis.

Smith

proposed it
it
as

as

Chaon,
not

subgenus
any

of

Thomas,

in

regarding
named
as

of

generic rank, did

Canis
corsac

give
A

diagnostic characters, but

in the Gobi

genotype

Linnaeus.

single species occurs

and
western

westward

into

the

steppe country

of

central

Asia.

169.

Cynalopex
CORSAC

corsac

(Linnreus)

FOX

Canis

corsac

vol. 9, Library, Mammals, Ognev, Ann. Mus. Vulpes corsac

Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 3, appendix, p. 223, p. 222, pis. 16-18, 1839.
Nat.

1768.

Hamilton

Smith, Jardine's Naturalist's

Hungarici, Budapest,

vol.

23,

p. 203,

1926.

THE

CARNIVORES

357

Cynalopex

corsac

Thomas,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1929,

p.

105.

Type "steppes

specimen:
between

"

None Ural

in and says

existence.
the that
over

The

type

locality is taken

as

the

the

Irtish"
the the that

(Ognev, 1926).
coloration
in from winter
coat

Description:" Radde
constant, dull smoke brownish
mark
at

is

fairly
to
more

the

tips of the
on a

hairs

back may

varying
be

pale rusty
reddish

brown
or

brown gray. the

ground

color

slightlymore
are

Slightly longer hairs

snout

with
or

pale tips
Red

interspersed.
Backs inner
are

Dark

side of the instead of

absent black The

only faintly indicated.

in the

of

ears

like the clothed

inner

back with

being
hairs.

as

Foxes,
of the

their

side well their

long white
the

outer

sides
and

limbs white.

rusty,
Basal

surface,

side
the

of the terminal of the

muzzle,
half

throat,
; the

belly
white
the

part of

tail like the of black

near

back,
the

gray

caudal is
no

gland

is marked

by

spot

middle
"

tail,and
from

there

tip.
measurements: 30.5.

Measurements:

Ognev
mm.

quotes

Dinnick
ear,
OF

following
at

total

length, 750-950
CRANIAL

tail,250-350;

80; height
CYNALOPEX

shoulders,

MEASUREMENTS

CORSAC

semidesert MoUendorff
as

country

from says

southern that of

Transbaikalia
common

westward

to

the
occurs

Ural
as

region.
far
east

(1876)
for the
a

it is

in

Mongolia

and

the

northwestern

part

Hopei.
Asiatic

in this area, skin the Nor

and

Central
young

Evidently, however, Expeditions succeeded

at

it is difficult to
in
a

secure a

procuring only
it in the
east

skull of At
and the

individual

Shara
the

Murun,

and

picked-up
the

skull in Tarei
west

Gobi.

northeastern

edge of

Desert,

Radde
on

found

region
of the that

middle
and

Onon

valley, becoming
Mountains.
In

rarer

and

slopes
he says numbers.
marmot

Kentai
it is

Apple

the

northern

parts of its range

often in

partly migratory, moving

seen

south that track the fox

in winter, time
them when
snare

large

It is seldom holes. In
at

by day,
of snow, which

but

spends
hunters

sleeping
to

in disused

times

the

such

burrows,
Old

and

set

snare

its mouth,
may be
so

catches
on

it emerges.

animals, however,
into
the
to

shy
come

that

perceiving
and in
some a

the

they retire again

burrow
be

rather
out out next

than

out,

cases or

actually
nine food

starve

to

death,
often

dug

spring.
and

Again,
so are

after

week

days, they will

is said
to

be

forced

by hunger,

snared. mouse-hares

Their

be

chiefly small

species of microtines
examined:
"

and

the
a

(Ochotona).
the

Specimens
skin and skull

Two

only,
Inner

skull

from

Gobi,

and

juvenile

from

Shara

Murun,

Mongolia.

358

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus
WILD

Cuon
RED

Hodgson
DOGS

Cuon

Hodgson,

Ann.

Nat.

Hist., vol. I, p. 152, 1838. Zool., p. 113,

concern.

Cyan

Agassiz, Nomenclator Heude,

M6m.

1846.
de I'Emp.

Anurocyon

I'Hist. Nat.

Chin., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 102, footnote, 1892.

The the

Red

Dogs
from width

are

well

characterized
to
;

by their edge
the
are

shortened of the teeth

muzzle,

in which

distance
the

front
across

of incisors
the

outer

antorbital

foramen
a

is

less than
transverse

molars

by

incisor
modified

forming
the

continuous
loss

row;

while

the

lower of the

molars second
The The the

through
crown area

of the

third that and have

The
as

and of the
the

great reduction
heel of the

molar, whose
tail is

hardly equals
than in Canis,

first molar.

relativelyshorter
and

forehead
a

hardly elevated. posterior cusp

molar
at

second

third
to

upper

premolars
cusp.

each

small

base tooth

in addition

the
area

cingulum
about
as

posterior upper
that of the
metacone

is

small

with
and

crown

large
the

of the

molar

in

front,

of about

equal

size with

posterior lower
There

molar.
some

is

uncertainty
The latest may of

as

to

the

number

of

species of this
two

genus

occurring
but

in Asia. that the

admits

they

authority, Wroughton, grade into each other.

China
as

recognizes
For the The

in India,
I have

present,

regarded
Canis

Wild

Dogs

of

single species.
India.

genotype

is

Cuon) priniCEvus Hodgson

of

Nepal,

170.
Cuon

Cuon

javanicus leptunxs Heude

de

leptuTus Heude,
damilans

M6m.

concern.

I'Hist. Nat.

I'Emp.

Chin., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 102, footnote, 1892.

Anurocyon
Canis Cuon Cuon

Heude,

loc. cit. 10, p. 22, vol. 1922. i, p. 7, 1922.

aS. dukhunensis Mall, Arch. f. Naturgesch., vol. 88, sect. A, no. f. Tier- u. Volkerk., Dresden, Ber. Mus. u. alpinus Jacobi, Abh.

16,

no.

primcEvus A. B. Howell, piclus Shih, Bull.

Proc.

U. S. Nat.

Mus,,

vol.

75, art.

i, p. 24,
no.

1929.

Lycaon

Dept.

Biol,, Sun

Yatsen

Univ., Canton, to

8, p. i, 1930.

Type Poyang,

specimen:
of the

"

Not

known

be

in

existence.

The

type

locality is

south

Yangtze, Kiangsi,
of
a

China.
color

Description:
"

Size
and

small
a

wolf;

bright rusty
and

rufous,

the

tail

slightly blackened extending

Four the

with
some

black

tip; belly, throat

is
a

edge

of upper

lip

usually white, though in

over

specimens there

slight suffusion

of reddish

belly.
from
western

skins,
a

two

Yunnan
on

and

two

from

Fukien,

are

tically praccenter

alike, of
in two
The of

deep rufous, paling

and
the in

the

belly, which
suffused with
are

is white

in the

the
are

specimens
colored of like the

the

others

ochraceous

rufous.
the black The

tails

back,

except

that

they
tend

darkened form
a

by
black in

terminal feet
are

portions
ochraceous

longer
The

hairs upper

which

to

tip.

rufous.

lip is narrowly white

three, but

in

THE

CARNIVORES

359

the

fourth,
the

which throat

is

an a

unusually dark-red
little marked
flesh
measurements

animal, white,
are

the the

lips, too,

are

dark

reddish,

only
"

with

and

belly rufous.
The

Measurements:

No

available.

dimensions

of

skulls

are

given

below.
CRANIAL
MEASUREMENTS OF

CUON

Nomenclature:
eastern

"

No

one

yet

seems

to to

have

studied
how

the many

Wild

Red
are

Dogs

of

Asia of those
and

with

sufficient
and

material named.

determine
A

forms
fur

really
in

valid Tibet

described

pallid form
but is not the

with
known

long

is found

southern

Siberia, Cuon
the Red

alpinus, Dog
fur,
of

to

reach
the

China;
Indian its

Blanford

distinguished
as

peninsula
size, long
while smaller
the

Cuon with

dukhunensis

(of Sykes,
and

Himalaya region 1831), characterized

about
1

and

by
mm.

large
of

hair Red

woolly under
of
eastern

skull

71-178
no

in

length;
and
name

Dog

India, with
mm.

shorter

coat,
as

under under

fur,
the

size, skull

about

158

long, he regarded

distinct

otrutilans

(S. Miiller, 1839).

accoimt
was

[Since the foregoing

the Wild
Red

written, Pocock,
of the

in

1936, has
at

reviewed British

Dogs
shows
name

on

the

basis
be

material
as

available
races

the

Museum.

He
the oldest
races

that

all may

considered

of

singlespecies,for

which number

of

The javanicus Desmarest Java. ; type locality, he leaves still in doubt, but inclines to occurring in China
of the

is Cuon

recognize C. j. lepturus
definite describes skin
characters
are

Yangtze
the
a new

basin, for which,

white
race,

however,
At the
same on

no

very

given beyond
Szechwan"
is
a

upper

lip.

time
a

he

from

"western
the
are

C.j.fumosus, based pelage

enter

single
mus-

in which

color

yellower
Other

red, the
may

is thicker, and
the northern

the and

tachial

bristles
borders

black. and

races

western north-

of China
and

Mongolia.]
The Wild Red

Occurrence from Fukien

as

Habits:

"

Dog

ranges
to

across occur a

southern

China

to

Yunnan,
for A.

and B. from

in western

China
p.

seems

in southwestern

Szechwan U. like

well,

Howell

(1929,

24)

mentions

specimen
was

in the

S. National the Wild

skins

Museiim

Tsiojiakeo

in that

province that
also

very

red
chased purwere

Dog
of

of India.
and

Jacobi (1922)
in

mentions
northern

that

Weigold
that red

adult

young

Sungpan,
These

Szechwan,
a

darker

than

Altai

specimens

representing Cuo7i

alpinus, of
of
course

fiery
may

with
been

darker

tail, the

young

white-chinned.

skins

have

360
sent

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

in from skin of
a

some

localityto the south

was

and

west.
as

Weigold
well.

(1923)
H.

adds

that

the

female

bought
all game
or

in

Batang

E.

Wilson

(1913,

vol. 2, p. and after of

189) writes:
drive
I
or saw

"Wild kill out

dogs (Tsai Gho)

animals. of these of Wa
me

haunt

parts of western

Szechwan

quickly

One

afternoon,
a

in

1908, when
hamlet
or

pheasants,

eight
at

ten

beasts

within
There

mile
were 100

of the three

Tatienchih,

situated
very

the

foot

shan.

four

together and
before and few Fox
on

brazen,
moved Mr.

allowing
off.

to

approach
are common

within

yards of them neighbourhood,

devoured in
a a

they slowly
one

Wild
saw

pigs
a

in this and

occasion

Zappey
Wild

pig attacked
This

partly
is rather
the

minutes and

by three

of these

Dogs.

animal

larger than
Museum

Asiatic second In wilder

on

In Yunnan, decidedly lanky in appearance." in procuring a skin and Expeditions succeeded

American
at

skull

Shafun,

and

skin

was

purchased
Pere

on

the
the

Namting
Red

River. still
occurs

southeastern

China, Heude,
of the
new

Dog

in he

some

numbers
two

in the

parts.
he

writing
a

in 1892, said

that
one

recognized
with

types

the

right bank
gave

Yangtze:
Cuon

uniformly
erected
he

red
a new

with
one

long, thin tail,to paler flanks

it Anurocyon

which and
a

the

name

lepturus,and
he
a

similar
genus,

shorter A

thicker

tail for which

naming

clamitans. and
one

specimen of the former

from Taihu short-tailed condition
no

had

from
near

Poyang,
the mouth he named

northern of the

Kiangsi, Yangtze.
was same a

of the latter the

some

(Great Lake),
of the
both

Probably
result of

animal forms
are are

Anurocyon
the

accident, for

doubt that

representatives of
found in

species. Sowerby
the American skulls without

(1929)

notes

Wild

Dogs

still in Fukien,
two

and

Musevmi from

Asiatic
near

Expeditions
where

succeeded there is

Yenping,
south

obtaining plenty of mountainous

says that

skins

country.
is
uncommon

In the

extreme

of China,

Mell

(1922)

the

Wild

Dog

in the He had

northern
a a

part
male

of

Kwangtung,

among

rocky
On

and
one

broken occasion

mountains. in the The

large

killed at
came

"Dragon's Head."
into
a

early morning

muntjac
the
so

bounding
seeks
the

village (Tsogokwahn).
a

villagerssay that when

some

muntjac
waited the

refuge of
when
and

it is being village,

pvirsued by
Red
was

animal,

they
on

expectantly,
dialect killed had

presently
was

Wild

Dog
shot

came

bounding
the

along

muntjac's trail
at

shot.

Another
as

at
an

place

called
Two

in the
more

local
were

"Dragon's Yuyuen,

Head,"
while

it

was a

pursuing
tame
water

Elaphodus.
buffalo
it could

attacking
the

peacefully grazing.
be rescued. Shih

badly
two

before

already They (1930a) has recorded

doubtless
to

wounded the

animal of

capture

Lycaon

pictus at Yao
name,

Shan, Kwangtung,

whose

English
wild

Hunting Many
few

Dog,

led

him

intending of the African apply the name

of the
from

this animal,

species inadvertently.
these

stories

are seem

told

ferocity and
the

daring of
They
are

dogs.
in

Few

species of game
of
a

immune

their attacks.
young

usually htmt

packs

to

ten

individuals.

In India

said

THE

CARNIVORES

361
to to

to

be

born
two

in the
to

early part
a

of the

year,

January
seems

March,
be

and

vary

in number

from

six in

Utter.

Very

Httle

recorded

of their

habits

in China.
Wild

Dogs
in
most

were

found, formerly

at

least, in parts of
now

northeastern

China,

though
and

eastern

regions probably
were

exterminated. in northern

MoUendorfi,

writing in 1876,
Suanhwafu.

says

they

then

known

to

occiu:

Hopei, Kalgan,

Specimens
Fukien: Yunnan: Szechwan:

examined:
2, skins i;

"

Five, including but

only. River,
i i

two

skulls, namely:

Yenping,
Shafun,
no

Namting

(skin only).

exact

locality,

skull

(M.C.Z.).
MUSTELID^ BADGERS,
OTTERS

Family
MARTENS,

WEASELS,
a

The
are

Weasel

family
and

includes

number
and

of carnivorous well-furred
in

species,which adapted
for
northern

cally typito
a

long-bodied,
climate,
their
the

short-limbed

mammals,
the

northern

abounding
as

particularly
have

hemisphere. digging,
-muscled

Some

of

members,

the

badgers,

become

modified
and

through
bodies.
are

development
with

of stout, the
sort

strong-clawed limbs,
are

heavy

Others, still, as
some

otters, of scent

partly aquatic, pursuing gland having

anal the
a

fish.

They
odor,

provided
location

powerful musky
few
end

the

of which
foramen

is

usually
present
and

in the
at

region.
inner and webbed

With

exceptions, the
of the

entepicondylar
the the
five

is retained
on

distal
hind for

hiunerus;
otters

clawed
are

digits are

both feet

fore
are

feet, but

in the

claws
In the

relativelyweak,
and
one

the

swimming.
well

skull the
the

bony palate
latter
so are

is

usually produced by
broad
at

backward of

beyond
two

the

tooth

rows,

reduced the molar

a

the

loss

(usually)
The that
upper

molars
molar in

above

and of

below,

that

formula

is i.
lobe

is the

usually

characteristic
than has

form, with
the
secant

inner
the
outer

is

longer
tooth.

antero-posterior axis
Pocock

part
an

edge
been
a

of the

(1921b)
which,
which

latelygiven
of
the

excellent It

summary has

account

of the
that

portant imthis is this

external

characters
as

family.
and the

found

in

family,
present
structure

in

in

the

Canidae

Ursidse,
characters

bone
are

or

baculum

in the

penis

of the
been

male, useful

generic
by
teeth of

afforded

by

have

emphasized
of feet
on

Thomas
are

and
use

by

Pocock;

other

obvious

adaptive
whose

characters

and work

made and and

of in the

following
It includes and

key, which
nine
genera

is based

partly
occurrence

the

Pocock in China

of Miller.

is
no

recognized
fewer
it than
seems

Mongolia;
Gulo,
mountain
the

these,

following Pocock,
In will
also

constitute
to

five subfamilies.

addition

these

genera,

probable
the forest

that and

wolverene,

eventually

be

found

to

reach

country|of

362
northern
one,

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Mongolia,
come

for

Sowerby
the

(i923g) mentions "Urga district," and

lack
of

that
it

he

once

saw

skin

of

said to have

from

occurs

also in the

forests
not

of Manchuria. included it here.

Nevertheless,

in the

more

definite

evidence,

I have

Key

to

the

Genera

of

Chinese

and

Mongolian

Mustelid^e

A.

Crown
a

of upper
outer

camassial

(pm*)
an

somewhat

Y-shaped
lobe;

with
upper

long

portion
than

and

antero-intemal

molar
a.

wider

long.
with
a

Upper

camassial

single small

antero-intemal and

lobe ; feet non-fossorial, furred claws short and curved for

below, the pads small

climbing

or

ground-living.
Martinae

a'. With
1.

^ premolars
Color
not

(Martens)

varied

black

and

yellow above,

upper

lip
Charronia

divided brown

by

groove upper

2.

Color vertical

above,

lip

with

distinct Martes Mustelinae

groove

h'. With
I.

f premolars
Color brown without above

(Weasels, Stoats)

(summer);

lower

camassial
process

(mi)

metaconid;

hamular

of Mustela

pterygoid widely
"

separated from
brown,
camassial
process
on

auditory bulla.
a

2.
,

Color white

above,

spotted
lower

yellowisha

ground;

with

distinct with the Vormela

metaconid;
bulla b.

hamular

in contact

Upper

camassial

with

broad, bicuspid, inner lobe; feet long and

slender Helictidinae Helictis

fossorial, naked
a'. B. Crown the

below, the claws

trifid

(Ferret-badgers)

Tip

of baculum

of upper molar

camassial

in outline, obviously triangxilar wide.

toes not

upper

longer than

a'. Feet

fossorial, heavily clawed,

half the

webbed;

tail Melinae

short, less than a'. Nose-pad

body

length
upper

(Badgers)

separated from
bullae

lip by

hairy

area;

auditory

swollen,

projecting; upper

molar Meles

nearly rectangular in outline

h'. Nose-pad

continuing
bullae rhombic

to

upper

lip as

naked

area;

auditory
upper

flattened, only slightlyprojecting;

in outline
toes

molar

Arctonyx
claws

b.

Feet

natatorial, the
more

webbed, body

small;

tail Lutrinae

strong,
a'. Toes above h'. Toes

than

half the

length
claws,

(Otters)

with

well

developed

premolars

four Lutra

with

minute

claws, premolars three above

Micraonyx

THE

CARNIVORES

363
Gray
of Maries).

Genus
Charronia
ser.

Charronia

Gray,
9, vol.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

1865, p. 108

(subgenus

Pocock,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

I, p. 308, 1918. Proc. Zool.

Muslela Maries

Thomas,

Soc. London,

1898, p. 771;
and others.

and

others.

Thomas,

ibid.,for
M^m.

1908, p. 967, 1909;

Sect.

Lamprogak

Ognev,

Zool., Amis

des

Sci. Nat., Anthrop.

et

Ethnogr., Moscow,

no.

2, pp.

26, 30, 1928.

This

is

one

of the
and
a

cylindrical tail,
external characters but
as

largest of striking
not

the

martens,
of

with

long heavy
and from black. the

body, long
In
most

coloration

yellow greatly
structure

it does shown

otherwise

differ the

more

typical
is

martens,

by
For,

Pocock whereas
an

(1918)
in

of
it in two
on

the bends short the

baculum

highly
upward
a

characteristic.
in its distal that of is the

typical tip that

that forward

Martes ends

gradually
branches,
side
of

third, with

expanded
an

lower base

nearly straight,and
lower and
at
curves

upper

arises
to to

right

the the

obliquely

the
a

left, in

Charronia

bone
and

is

long,

and

its

tip curls abruptly upward

divides into
the

nearly

vertical
are a so

tion, posialso

the

extreme

tip
the

four

short

processes.

There

slight differences
groove in

in but

lips,for

naked this

nose-pad
is not

is divided
so

by

vertical
that the of
as

Martes,

in Charronia With

division
genus

obvious,
unreduced

lips are

less mobile.

Martes,
the

this

shares

the
are

number in number the

premolars,
in all the is very
fourth

four

in

each

jaw;

molars,
above

however,
and
two

reduced

family, small),

and
so

consist
that the

of

one

below

(of which
pm.T

second
The whose

tooth

formula with
an

is:

i.f

c.t

m.i

=38.
the The

upper cusp

premolar
and

is trenchant, situated
to
a

outer

lengthwise
but

blade

main

is sharp

slightlyahead
rounded times
outer
as

of the
low
as

middle, while
distinct.

inner
upper

anterior molar

portion
is about rounded

is reduced
and the

cusp, wide

one

one-half inner and

long, somewhat
a

dumbbellin the

shaped,
middle.

at

sides, with

slight constriction

Ognev
Charonia,
however,
but time
a

has
on

lately proposed
the of

the the A

generic
latter

name

Lamprogale
to

as

substitute
name

for Charronia,
a

ground
mollusks.
to

that

is

preoccupied by
the

the

earlier

genus
seem

strict adherence
a course area

"one-letter There is

rule,"

would

render form authors

as

such

unnecessary. under
to

apparently
from

single well-defined
to

in the have

consideration, although
erect

time

various
the

sought

subspecies.

This

is the

type

species of

genus

well.

171.

Charronia

flavigula flavigula (Boddaert)

MARTEN

YELLOW-THROATED

Mustela Muslela

flavigula Boddaert, flavigula kualunensis

Elenchus

Animalium,
Ann.

vol. Nat.

I, p.

88, 1785.
ser.

Bonhote,

Mag.

Hist.,

7, vol.

7, p.

348, 1901.

364
Maries

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

flavigula borealis Thomas, Comp. flavigula Zool.,

vol. 40,

Proc. p. 238,

Zool.
1912

Soc.

London,
of

for

1908,

p.

967,

1909

(part). G.

M.

Allen, Mem.

Mus. Mustela Charronia

(not

Radde).
vol. 35, p. 310, 1910.

szetchuensis

Hilzheimer,
Ann.

Zool.

Anzeiger,

flavigula Pocock,
ser.

Mag.
1922.
u.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

9, vol.

i, p. 309,

fig.,1918.

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,
Mustela Charronia

9, vol.

10, p. 395,

flavigula borealis Jacobi, Abh. flavigula kualunensis

Proc. U. S. Nat. in

Ber. Mus.
Bol. 75, f.

f. Tier-

u.

Volkerk., Dresden,

vol.

16,

no.

i, p. 4, 1922 p.

(part).
A. B-

Cabrera, Mus.,
vol.

Real
art.

Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid,

1, p. 25, 1929. vol.

vol.

22,

164,

1922.

Howell,
Charronia Charronia

melli

Matschie,

Mali, Arch.
Bull.

Naturgesch.,

88,

sect.

A,

no.

10,
no.

pp.

17, 35,

1922.

yuenshanensis

Shih,

Dept.

Biol., Sun to

Yatsen

Univ., Canton,

9, p. 3, 1930.

Type specimen:
on

"

Not

known

exist.

The

name

is

supposed

to

be based

the

animal

of

Nepal.
"

Description:
and
not

^A

large species, as
the in Color nape,
on

big

as

a as

full-grown house long

from
as

cat, but

with

legs proportionally shorter;

very the

tail about winter:

head

the

trunk,
to

cylindrical
the
outer

thick.
ears,

the

muzzle and

base

of

the

forearms,
the

fore

feet, hind

legs

tail brownish
and In

black;
the

body

above
to

golden
ears

shoiolders, passing into brown

black
summer

on

rump;

chin

white,
and
on

throat the

yellow, belly brownish

gray.

slightlydarker
In
a

above
of

body below.
variation
an area

series throat

specimens, considerable
vary
on

is shown. of
to

hue

of the

may

in

intensity,and
the dark the nape

golden gold-tipped hairs may

the
crown,
area

The

extend

forward median forward

be

medially
area as

patch
The

making

clearer
extends

and
an

dividing
ill-defined

patch.
from the

posterior dark
broken
at
over

usually
summer

median

stripe,which, especially in
nape
or or

pelage, may
A March
a

practicallycontinuous
Szechwan is

the shoulders. the shovdders bases.

A the

skin from
median

bright golden by
areas

ochraceous hairs

with

stripe
has the reduced.

indicated

gold-tipped
very has

with

dark

Tsingling skin
shoulder hairs

yellow
One
the
one

pale, the
the

middle

dark hairs
brown.

ring of
of the
In

from
head from

Szechwan
more

longer
than of

belly
mer sum-

lightlytinged with
skins from is darker, darker
small In and
an

brown,
and

intense
western

black
border

Fukien,
with

the

tion China, the colorahairs

smoky
clear the

under

ftir above
of

and

the

dorsal

generally
to
a

with

less of the

yellow

winter, since
is less in

this tint is confined

but

terminal

portion; belly, too, unusually bright specimen taken

shoulder
area

yellow,
in

pale
the

brown

or

drab.

April

Fukien,

belly is golden

the

and

sides adult

an

intense from
40.

ochraceous. Fukien measvu-ed: head the

440, and

Measurements: 477
mm.;

"

An

female
ear,

body,

tail, 375;
of
an

hind

foot, 90;
from

Sowerby
Shensi

gives
as

corresponding
103,
are

dimensions

old male
few

southwestern
are

577,

49.

Although
on

but

measurements

available, adult
and have

males

probably

the

average

slightlylarger

than

females

heavier

skulls.

THE

CARNIVORES

365
FLAVIGULA FLAVIGULA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

CHARRONIA

4-1

"a

ti

""
"a

"S
4.*

""3
X

S3
o

5"
100.7 99.0 99-5
16
BM IIO.I

^
40.0

38331 43148 57046

9.1.
1.

950

47-5

56.0
55-5

450

340

34.0

cf cf cT cf

Fukien Yunnan Shensi Shensi Yunnan Yunnan Fukien Fukien Fukien Szechwan Fukien

91.7 90.5
102.0

48.0
45-5

44-5

31-8 36.8 36.0

30.3

32.8
324

38.7
390

58.7

46.0
47-3

51.8
42.7
44-4

36.3 30.8
32.2 291 302 35-7 37.2 34-5 35.1
40.0

43147 43149 59317

91-5
94.2

845 87.8
82.0 86.2 91 -3

48.5
550
52.2

430

9 9 9 9 9

43-2 39-7
42.0

32.0
29.0

89.2
92.4

40.6
42.5 50.4

84445 84447 84894 98.11.

1.

53-5

293 340
30.0 29.0

65.0
527
513

48.2
41-5
42.1

34.8
32.2 303

96.0
7
BM

87.3 84.7

450

36.4
35-9

9?
9

91.7

41.6

(type

of
BM

CJ. kuatunensis)
99.6
"

2.6.10.27

92.4 to
as

46.7 be
a a

63.0

46.0

33.1

32.9 amount
even

cT

Fukien

Nomenclature:-

There
as

seems

considerable nature, several

of variation
in

in the

color
same

of

an

individual This
appear has
to

well
to

of

seasonal

skins
races,
race

from

area.

led

the

naming

of

supposed
the

which,
of least has the
to

however,
eastern

be

quite indistinguishable from

the range extends
was

typical
Thomas

Himalayas.
where that of the
race

Thence

southeastward
but rather

at

Siam,
shown

C. f. indochinensis

named,
The the

since

this is, after

summer

all, indistinguishable.
has

strikingly darker
of
at

coloring
additional

skins
forms.

undoubtedly
Thus in
stimmer now

led

to

naming
Mustela
on

least

two

supposed
on a

Bonhote northwestern

based

his Ftikien

tunensis flavigula kua-

specimen
that
same

taken usual
are

May
lower the

6, and parts
;
as

his

description is
skins from
from Yunnan. the

of the

pelage
available

with and

darker
are

winter
those

region
"darker

quite
the Yuen

same

The

underparts"
on a

also form skin

was

chief

basis

for

Shih's

Charronia
Another Mustela

yuenshanensis,
native skin

based in

native

from

Shan, by

Hunan.
as

bought
brown

Sungpanting
the

described
the

Hilzheimer of the with color

on flavigula szetchiiensis,

ground
almost
race

that

pale
as

brown

head C.

is

paler,

and

the
=

dark

darker,

black,

contrasted
The

f.

"borealis"
are

{
in

C.f. aterrima
all

Pallas), the
or

of Amurland.
and
no

ences differ-

probably specimens

individual this
as a

seasonal,
of
not

doubt

Jacobi (1922)

is correct since other

regarding

synonym
are

typical

C.

/. flavigula,especially
Likewise, Matschie's

from

Szechwan

separable.

366
C.
nielli from
or

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Kwangtung
in
as

is

apparently typical
in fauna. and

not

different.

It

is

question
Siberia,
his
in

whether should

not

C. f. aterrima,
the of

Amurland,

northeastern

be

included

Chinese
that
race,

Sowerby
different
from be the

(i923g) regards
from
latter

Manchurian North material China.

from

specimen
A careful

animals
area

seen

comparison
before

of skins this
can

with

typical
from
the

Amur

is needed

decided.

skin

Tsingling Range,
toward the northern

Shensi, which
form. from A. B.

is rather Howell

pale in tint, is possibly tending (1929,

as

p.

25) finds
as

that do

two

churian Man-

pelts
individuals
a

differ

each

other

fully

much

they
another

from

Shensi
Fiikien
;

; one

from

Shansi is very

is not

greatly
a

different
from
can

from

from is very for the

third
seems

from
very

Yunnan doubtful
but the

dull, while
color

fourth

Szechwan be found Howell

bright. tion recognithat

a

It

whether

characters

of any sufficient North and I have

In
a

typical
skulls
are

form

in show

China,
that

although
the

suggests

series West

of

might
of

Yellow-throated forms. For the

Martens

of
ever, how-

China
all

separable into
one race.

two

present,

regarded
paper, the
name

as

recent

Heptner
of based
was

(Folia Zool.

et

Hydrobiol.,
be called of this

vol.

6, p. 24,

1934)

has

shown

that This

form
was

Amurland
on

should

Charronia

f. aterrima
between i,

(Pallas).
Uth
p.

specimens published

species

from

and 71,

Amur

Rivers,

and

first

in Pallas's

"Zoographia", vol.

181 1, thus

long antedating Radde's

Habits:
"

horealis,of

1862. Marten
over

Occurrence animal
southern

and

In

general the
country,
of the

Yellow-throated distributed
no

is
most

an

of wooded and

mountainous China south

fairly well
Gobi.
the

of of
to

central in
To the

I have

definite
well

records cleared
as

its

occiurence

Hopei, where,
southwest,
of Shensi

perhaps,
and from

country

is too
in the

attract
as

it.
the

however,

it is

common

mountains
says
was

well

in

loess

country
A

Shansi,

where

Sowerby
be the

it inhabits secured

the Dr.

deep ravines.
Roy
C.

specimen
In under

Taipai Shaft, Shensi,

Szechwan it must
frorn that the

by

Andrews.

parts

of

fairly plentiful.
Mountains,
In
extreme

Jacobi records
Taukwan,
western

specimens
the

Mustela
near

f. borealis
in

Wassu

and

mountains F.

Wanhsien
a

province.
Museum dense

China,

J.

Rock

secured

specimen

for

of
forests

tive Comparaof
the

Zoology, maple, linden,

of Yunnan, American
secured in
as

from

Na

Tebbuland,
and firs.

where

it inhabits it ranges

poplar,
forests
the
were

spruces
at

Southward
Birrma

throughout
and
a

the

Namting
Asiatic
the
as

River,

border,
back

Likiang,
series.

whence

Museum Fukien

Expeditions brought opposite

as

Others
the

at

eastern

portion
for it
as

of

China,
British
common

by

Central Shih wooded

to

Asiatic has

Expeditions,
it from
of
extreme

well

by

La

Touche

the
not

Museum. in the

recorded

Hunan,

and

Mell

regards
in

mountains
occur

southern

China

Kwangtung.

It is not

known

in Hainan.

THE

CARNIVORES

367
tells of two
as

Mell
the
at

(1922,
of
an

p.

17), writing of Kwangtung,

in the woods in
out

that

were were

shot

on

edge
bees

opening
in and A had male

early morning

they
the in
a

snapping they
had
at
a

going

of

hive

their stomachs
15 in
a

contained

bees

already caught. Fungwahn,

favorite
as

shot bees

October
in

high
so

tree

village wood
are

also

honey

its stomach,
states

that

these

evidently
in Manchuria

food.
or

Indeed,

Sowerby Dog,

(i923g)
in in

that and
to

it is known

"mi-kou"

Honey
of the

although

Shansi

Shensi

the

Chinese
A 24,

call
writer

it

"hwangyao"
Journal
mentioned of the

(Yellow Marten),
Bombay
for its fondness

reference

its

yellow

color.
vol.

in the has

Natural nectar,

History
and

Society (1916,

p.

589)
down

another

fawns

Barking
for

Deer.

Evidently
but of

its

speaks predaceous habits

food

of its

running
are

of diet there

fied modito

by

liking for sweets,

China.
"

its

special animal

seems

be

little recorded

Specimens
Fukien:

examined:
4;

In

all,nineteen,
i

as

follows:
2,

Chunganhsien, (M.C.Z.).

Futsing, i ; Yenping,

; Kuatun,

including type

of kuatunensis

(B.M.).

Hupeh:
Shensi: Kansu: Szechwan: Yunnan

Taipai Shan,
Na

i;

Yenanfu,
i

(B.M.).

Tebbuland,
Wanhsien,

(M.C.Z.).
i. locality,

i ; no

Likiang,

; Namting

River,

Burma

border, 4.
Pinel

Genus

Martes MARTENS

Martes

Pinel, Actes

Soc.

d'Hist.

Nat.

Paris, vol. i, p. 55, 1792.

The

genus

Martes northern and have

contains

the

sables

and

true
are

martens, short-limbed
the
are

valuable
with head

furwell-

bearers

of

the
ears are

hemisphere.
almost

They
The The

developed body,
and

fairly long tails, about bushy.

colors is

half
claws
are

length of
rather

and

which

full and

slender, sharp
brown from

curved,

adapted for tree-climbing.

head and chest. The

prevailingly rich

with that
the

paler
of

baculum

different characteristically
in its terminal the

Charronia,

in that

it is

gradually upturned
observed bifid. in

sixth, without baculum,

and
occur

extraordinary sigmoid tip,

the instead of the northern

curvatiu-e

Charronia
two

its

being fo\rr-parted,is
border of the

Probably
and

species
the but

sparingly along
and Stone

Mongolia
Pine

northern also

China,

Sable

Marten.

Possibly

Marten

occurs,

positive

information

is

lacking.
Key
to the

Chinese and throat

and

Mongolian

Species

of

Martes

A.

Color half
as

brown; long
as

fore head

neck and

colored

like the

body;

tail Martes zibellina

body
fur ; tail twothirds the length

sajanensis

B.

Color of head

slate brown
and

with

lightunder

body

M.

foina

368

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

172.

Martes

zibellina
SAIANSK

sajanensis Ognev
SABLE

Martes Martes

zibellina

sajanensisOgnev, Joum.
Ann.

Mammalogy, Hist.,
ser.

vol.

6, p. 278, 1925.
1912.

zibellina Thomas,

Mag.

Nat.

8, vol. 9, p. 392,

Type

specimen:
of

"

skin

and

skull, No.

9705,

Zoological
the

Museum

of the

Academy
part of the

Sciences, Leningrad, U.S.S.R., from

Siberia.
states

Orsyba

River, northern

Sajan Mountains,
"

Description:
shorter the The
most

The that

describer from is dark

the

that

this

animal
The
a

has

markedly

sktill than
common

Krasnoyarsk
the

district.
fur

general color of
not

type

brown,
some

under

of

light yellowish color. dusky, differing

color.

throat

patch varies
from the
of the The

in tint; in

specimens
to

it is

markedly
The

sides; in others
skull

it is brilliant be

salmon

shortness

is

supposed gives
mm.

the main external

diagnostic character.
meastirements.

Measurements: skulls
measure:

"

describer

no

The

total

length, 83.2-84

(males), 74 (females); zygomatic

breadth

width,

47.5-50.2

(males), 33.5
Occurrence

(males), 43.6 (female).

and
to

(female);

of

brain

case,

36.2-37.4

Habits:

"

It is
occurs

probably
in the records

this

form,

slightly differentiated
of northwestern

though
skulls

it

seems

be, that

mountain that

forests

Mongolia.
from

Thomas
a

(1912a,
hut in

p.

392)
in the

Carruthers

brought back
to

two

fur-hunter's
occurs

Tapsa
but

Mountains
does
not

in northwestern
seem

golia. Mon-

A farther

sable

Manchuria,

extend

much

south.
"

Specimens examined:

None.

173.

Martes
STONE

foina

foina

(Erxleben)

MARTEN

Mustela

foina Erxleben,

Syst. Regni

Animalis, Mammalia,

p.

458,

1777.

Type
taken
as

specimen: Germany.
"

"

Not

known

to

be

in

existence.

The

type

locality is

Description: slaty cast,

a

Somewhat

similar
a

to

the

Sable,

but

the

fur

usually has
to

light under

fur and

white

throat the head

patch, varying
and

buffy.
serves

The tinguish dis-

relativelylonger tail,about
it. Measurements: Miller
and
"

two-thirds

body, also

to

No
the

measurements

of

Chinese

specimens
Skull:

are

available.

(1912) gives
mm.;

following for Eixropean specimens:

foot, 85;
ear,

adult

male, head

body, 453

tail, 260; hind

34.

male, condyle-

THE

CARNIVORES

369
mastoid

basal

length, 84
row,

mm.;

zygomatic
tooth

width,
35.

52;

width,

39;

maxillary

tooth

30;

mandibular
and Habits:

row,

Occurrence

"

Little in
border

is recorded evergreen of and has the

of this forests

species in China
and

and

Mongolia. Mongolia "through

northern

It

probably
the

occurs

rocky
in

country

of

along
Northern

northern

Gobi,
West

and China"

similar

country
I923g, from

Chihli, Shansi,
states

into
seen can

(Sowerby,
of skins between

vol. 2, p. 66).

Sowerby
and mentions

that

he

large consignments
detect
no

Shansi

from
a

Mvikden,
summer

and

difference obtained
reduced is not

them.

Jacobi (1922) Expedition

on

skin,
the

half -grown, chin

was

by
to
a

the

Weigold
mark

in

Sungpan
How
the

in

which south

white

small

the

lower

jaw.

far

its range

extends

clear, but
and northern

probably
Szech-

not
wan.

much

beyond
clear

broken

country

of northern

Shansi,

It is not from
that of

whether

the eastern

Stone
the
same

Marten
as

is
M.

different subspecifically
kozlovi

Europe.
examined:

Possibly it is
"

f.

Ognev.

Specimens

None.

Genus
Mustela

Mustela 1758.

Linnaeus

Linnjeus, Syst. Nat.,

ed.

lo, vol.

i, p. 45,

The and

members tooth

of formula:

this

genus

agree

in
=

having
34, that

slender

body, short
one were

legs,

the
each

i.f cl martens,
tooth

pm.^
with
is

m.T

is, with

less premolar associated.

in The

jaw

than

the

which

formerly they
in the the that

lower

camassial
in that the

(mO
for

more

specialized than against

so

the

tiger weasels
more

(Vormela),
knife-like
upper

metacone

is

entirely lost, and

shortened,
the of
are names

tooth, therefore,
inner the

in

its

sharp
The

blade
snout

shearing

edge
distance the

of

the from

last the

premolar.
to

is much skull

orbit

tip of
The

muzzle genus

in the

is less than
a

distance

across

antorbital
are

foramina. boreal time

to

contains
Several

number

species,
have
as

most

of
to

which which

of

distribution.
time

distinct
or

types

represented,
been

from but the

various
usage

generic
seems

subgeneric
to

given,

conservative

to

be

regard

these

constituting subgenera. typical subgenus

the

Of

the

species occurring by
the

in China with the the

and black dwarf very

Mongolia,
tail-tufts

the

Mustela

is represented
M.

stoats

(of which
sometimes lack

European
in
a

Stoat,

erminea, type), and by subgenus, characterized

for been the
eastern

is the

weasels,
short

placed
of
a

separate

tail, and

black

tail-tiift;
has with

weasels
the

without
or

black
ferrets

tail -tuft, the

are

subgenus
more

Kolonokus

proposed;
mastoid
open for

polecats
and

larger
the

and

heavily built,
in the

angular
of rather of the

region,
steppe
a

constitute
The
true

subgenus
are a

Putorius,
modified

characteristic
character brain

country.

minks have

fur

partly aquatic

life and

rather

broad,

flattened

370

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

case;
occur

they constitute
in the
area

the

subgenus Lutreola, which, however,

is not

known

to

here

considered.

Fig.

17.

Distribution
Mustela

Map.

1.

M.

sibirica fontanierii

3.

M.

sibirica

mouptnensis

2.

M.

^ibirica davidiana

Key A. Color
a.

to

Chinese

and

Mongolian with

Species that

of

Mustela

of tinder

side

not

sharply
darker.

contrasted

of back.

Tip

of tail usually not

a'. Color b'. Color b.

paler fulvous
darker
and

M.

sibirica

fontanierii

richer, ochraceous-orange
brown M.

M.

sibirica davidiana

Tip

of tail

darker, smoky

sibirica

moupinensis

THE.
B. Color
a.

CARNIVORES

371

of under

side

contrastingly different

from

that

of back.

Tip

of tail not
at

black. times side

a'. Tail a". b".

least three

longer than
toes toes

hind whitish dark

foot. M. M. hind foot. foot M. rixosa pygmcsa altaica altaica altaica kathiah

Paler, lower Darker,

much lower
less

pinkish,

side

yellow,
times

b'. Tail a".

than

three

longer than

Very
in

small, white

below,

tail about

equaling hind

length below,
tail about black.
in summer,

h". b. Tail

Yellow

twice

the

hind

foot

M.russelliana

tip conspicuously
brown

a'. Feet h'. Feet

like back

in winter

white

M.
M.

erminea
eversmamii
name

mongolica
tiarata

black, contrasting the

with

back

In
to the

191

Russian
weasels those the

zoologistSatunin
of the Mustela series
altaica in
are more as a

gave sibirica in the

the

subgeneric
and
group,

Kolonokus
has

eastern

group,
same

Ognev
after
two

later
he

(1931) placed proceeds

with least them their
the
to
use

of the
name races seems

which

generic
be

sense. as

Very
thus

likely the
followed

species
at

various

to

considered
than

closely allied, and

of

separation
mink
coat

natural

that

usually
are are

placing
black

in the of the

group, for

Lutreola. and

These
the

weasels

lacking
without

in modification
the

aquatic habits,
which

long

tails

tip seen

in the

typical stoats,
174. Mustela

they

resemble

in habits.

sibirica
pour

fontanierii
servir

(Milne-Edwards)
Nat. des

Putorius

Milne-Edwards, fontanierii

Recherches

4 I'Hist.

Mammiferes,

p. 205,

pi. 61, fig.I,

1868-74.
Mustela

sibirica Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,
d.

1870,

pp.

238, 624 (in part).

nach

Arctogale fontanieri Matschie,

p. Lutreola Lutreola Mustela Mustela 147,

Wiss.

Ergebn.

Exped.

Filchner

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10, pt.

I,

1908. Matschie, ibid.,p.

M. 150.

slegmanni
sibirica sibirica

Thomas,

Proc. G. B.

Zool. Soc.

London,
Mus. U.

191 1, p. 688.

fontanieri
A.

Allen,

Amer.

Novitates, Mus.,

no.

358,
75,
as

p. 3, 1929. I, p. 26, 1929.

sibirica sibirica

Howell,

Proc.
race

S. Nat.

vol.

art.

Type
of
from
a

specimen:

"

This

was

described
Museiom

full

species

on

the
at

basis

skin, without

skull,
M.

sent

to

the the

d'Histoire

Natiu-elle

Paris,
there.

Peiping, by figured in

Fontanier,

French and

honorary
is

constd

stationed still in Paris.

It is

color
"

by Milne-Edwards,
weasel-like, with
two-fifths the

presumably
and head and

Description:
rather
uniform the upper marks

Form about

long body

short
and

limbs, the tail

bushy

and

length
the

of

body.
There

Color

pale fulvous, slightlypaler below; lip

around
the
center

forehead

muzzle

pale brown,
are

nose-pad,
of the

and

chin, white. neck, sometimes

color

often and

white of

in the
extent.

throat

and

ill-defined

varying

In

fresh

winter

pelage, the body paling

orange
to

is very
buff The

pale, about
the tail

pinkish
of eastern

cinnamon

of

Ridgway
in

above,

cinnamon

below,
Yellow

slightly more

intense

color, about
of

cinnamon.
is

Weasel than
two

China,

although

light coloration,

markedly

darker

372

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

winter

skins

assumed the

to

represent

typical sibirica, from Siberia). Radde

are

near

Lake
also than

Baikal

(type locality, near

that

Yenessei

River,

(1862)
darker

mentions
Baikal

specimens
It and
seems

from

the

Amur

region

larger
the and
race

and

animals.

certain, therefore,

that

of eastern
named

China

is

quite

distinct,
His

is

obviously

the
to
a are

one

figured
in

by
those

Milne-Edwards.
the

description applies well

of the

female

pale winter
with

pelage, while
of
a

sions dimenfrom

specimen

as

given

nearly identical

female

Shansi.

No.

45353
as

from
also in

Kweihwacheng,
No.

Shansi,

has

the

tip of

the

tail

indistinctly
a

darker,

does

32265
the

from

Fengsiangfu, Shensi, showing

between
the

thus and

certain
that

intergradation
M. the
s.

this

character

moupinensis with
localities do
and

typical decidedly dark-tipped tail.

the dark

condition
Other

of

specimens

from

same

not

have

tip.
weasel

Occurrence Siberia into

up the and

Habits:

"

As

species this
to

is

widely distributed
of

from

the Amur

region, southward
eastern races,

the

latitude in the

Amoy
It

and
seems

westward
to break the range

highlands

of the

Altai, except
that of the

Gobi.

readily into geographic

M. than the darker
race

cold

northern and

part

of

representing typical
in winter China
a

sibirica, with
race

paler coloring
China,
M.
s.

longer,

thicker

fur

of

North

fontanierii. In
a

western

well-defined

of still darker

coloring

and

contrasting

dark

tail-

THE

CARNIVORES

373 in response
to

tip is represented by M.
conditions, Sowerby
North
to

s.

moupinensis,
the and adds
a

while

warmer s.

climatic davidiana.
that ing accord-

the

race

of southeastern
that fur

China Manchurian
grayer that

is still
form

brighter, M.
is different

(i923g)
China,
A. B.
on

writes

from

of

with

longer

face

{M.

sibirica

manchurica
"in

Howell).
he

He

they
of
as

occur

everywhere,
his

towns,
Clark

in
to

marshes,
western

dry plains, and

trapped
and
of

in the
two

forest."
a

On
a

expedition with
at
over

Shensi,
south

in

drain
them
seem

temple yard
common

Liutsun, fifteen
North

miles

Hsianfu,
towns
come

regards

all
on

China,
of rats the

especially in large
and A vermin.

where

they

to

thrive

the the

abundance inside

They
was

boldly
Asiatic The

into houses,
at

pursuing
The

rats

walls.
of the shu

specimen

killed

chasing chickens
American

Fengsiangfu, Shensi, by
native Asiatic that
as seem as name

one

members

of the
or

Central
Rat

Expeditions.
in North

is

"huang

lang"

Yellow from

Wolf.

Museum China

Expeditions secured
to

specimens
a

various
from of before

localities

represent
about
as

but

single form,
south

Chimo,

Shantung,
with

westward

far

Shensi,
occurs race.

fortyas

five miles

Fengsiangfu. intergrading
gave the
name

Southward the

it

probably
to

far

the

Yangtze
sent

basin

southeastern

Matschie

(1908)
the

Lutreola

stegmanni

four

summer

skins

from

vicinity
back,

of

Tsingtao, Shantung,
s

stating that, although

of P. the

they
was

agreed
colored
can

strikingly with
like the
no

Milne-Edwards'
and the that
are

figure

fontanierii,the tail
chin
was

white
these

marking
are

on

small.

There and

be
the

doubt,

however,

matters

of individual M.
s.

variation

that

Shantung

specimens
"

inseparable from

fontanierii.

Specimens examined:
Shantung:
Shansi: Shensi:
I

In

all,eighteen, as
2

follows:

Chimo,

i.

Kweihwacheng, forty-five miles (B.M.).

2

5;

Taipai Shan,

(skulls);Taiyuanfu,
4;

2.

south

of Fengsiangfu,

Shangchow

district,i (B.M.)

Singanfu,

Kiangsu: Shanghai,
175.
Putorius davidianus

(B.M.)Mustek
in

sibirica David,
Nouv. pour

davidiana
Arch. servir Mus.

(Milne-Edwards)
d'Higt.
Nat. Nat.

Milne-Edwards,

Paris,

vol.

7,

Bull., p.

92,

note, foot-

1871.
Mustela Putorius Lutreola Lutreola Mustela sibirica sibiricus davidiana melli

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

k I'Hist.

des MammiKres,

p. 343,

pi. 59, fig. 1;

pi. 60, fig.2; 1868-74. Swinhoe,

noctis Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

Ann. Mus.

1870, pp.
Nat.

238, 624

(in part).
7, vol. 430,
no.

Barrett-Hamilton,
Allen,
in Bull. Amer. f.

Mag.
Nat.

Hist., ser.
p.

13, p. 390, 1909.

1904.

J.

A.

Hist., vol. 26,

vol.

Matschie,
davidana

Mell,

Arch. M.

Naturgesch.,
Amer. Mus.

88,

sect.

A,
no.

10,

p. 35,

1922.

sibirica

(sic) G.
"

Allen,

Novitates,

358, p. 4, 1929.

Type
a

specimen:

The with

type

of
sent

Milne-Edwards's
from

Putorius

davidianus

was

female

specimen
David.

skull,

Kiangsi, southern
Museum

China,

by

Pere
at

Armand

It is

presumably

still in the

d'Histoire

Naturelle

Paris.

Description:
"

The

Yellow

Weasel

of

southeastern

China

is much

more

374

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

intense

in its coloration

than

that

of northern

China
fresh the

(M.
winter

s.

fontanierii)almost
,

"ochraceous the is
same

orange"
tint
as

of

Ridgway
In
a

(1912)
summer

in

pelage,
area

the the

tail of back

the

back.

pelage
reddish forehead
and

central The

of

slightly darker,
dark

having
the

wash The the

of

brown.

lower
as

side

is
as

only
the

slightly paler than

eyes
amount
are

back.

muzzle
the

far

back
A of

blackish

brown,
the

fore

feet

tinged with
upper

same.

varying
the
noseas a

of white
the lower

includes

edge
or

of the entire
line

lip
the of

at

the

side
and

pad,
narrow

lips and
or

chin,

the

interramal
on

area,

extends

and The

more

less broken
not

median

to

throat.
the

skull

is

distinguishable
in

from
the
a race

that P.

North

China
based it

race,

although Milne-Edwards,
on

describing
with

davidianus,

chiefly
animal sexual
a

differences

in

size

as

compared

skull
was

representing quite
unaware

the

same

from

Amoy! Amoy.

Milne-Edwards

apparently
forehead infection

of

the

difference from

in size and The

more

evidently compared
swollen
an

his female
was

skull

with
to

that
the

of

male of

perhaps due
found

presence

filariaein the

frontal
"

sinuses,
The

often

in weasels.

Measurements:

available

measurements

of

specimens in

the

flesh

are:

THE

CARNIVORES

375

Nomenclature:
as a

"

Milne-Edwards,
the of
a

after

some

hesitation, described
of him

this
from

distinct with

species, comparing
a

cranium

his

female

specimen,
in the

Kiangsi,
"

skull, evidently
of

male,
to

sent

from

Amoy,

neightheless, Never-

boring province
his the
as

Fukien,

and shows

taken well

represent

typical M.
and

sibirica. uniform

colored

plate

the The

bright coloring
race

tail of

subspecies of
Piitorius the from

southeastern

China. from
it

described
or

by

Barrett-Hamilton
in

sibiricus
same,

noctis
nor

"Sanyentze"
seem

Sanyuen,

central

Fukien,
on

is
a

obviously specimen
But

does in

that

Matschie's

Lutreola

nielli,based

"Tsahpei,"
member

the
to
more

Canton

region, is really different, its chief being

may the

diagnostic character,
tail. this
measurements.

according
varies

its describer,
or

possession of
seen

longer
of

less,

as

be

by

the

table

Occurrence towns, Swinhoe said

to

and

Habits:

"

As

elsewhere,

this
even

is

common

species
walls
to

about

in

southeastern
says

China,
kills and
at

pursuing
eats

rats

in

the

of

the

houses.

it also
upon

snakes,
He found

while

according
flat with

Mell

(1922)
CHfford with

it is

prey

birds

times. and
uncommon

it in the

rollingcountry
Mr. for

about

Canton,

where

it is rocky
found

sparsely

covered

bushes.
in 1925, and in

H.

Pope, however, hunting

and Dr. The up the
on

it

about
one

Futsing
was

much Heller

the

only surrounding plains',

neverthelesssecured
a

seen

secured.

Andrews
range

small the

series there latitude

and

1916.
westward of the
to

is extensive, from

about

of
eastern

Shanghai edge
at

Yangtze
thence

valley
the

to

the

Ichang Gorges
of
not

the

lands, high-

over

low

country
It does

southeastern reach
of

China
nor

least

Canton

and extend

Kwangsi quite (1929)

Province.
to

Hainan,
mainland
U. S.
as

the has

southern recorded

border

the

apparently does it provinces neighboring.

Museum from

Howell

specimens
in the Museum

in the
as

National
from

Shanghai,
There
are

Kiangsu;
of

Taipingfu, Anhwei,
and
Dr.

well
of

Yochow,

Hunan.
from

typical specimens
border
of

Comparative
has

Zoology 430)

the the
a

neighborhood
southwestern
male the from

Ichang, Hupeh,
Hunan.

Shih

(1930b)
Allen

reported
p.

it from
recorded

J.

A.

(1909a,

"Si-Taipa-Shiang"
boundary
North
"

in southern

Shensi, which
and
western
as

perhaps
M.

marks with

nearly
the
race

northwestern
s.

of its range,

the

meeting place subspecies

s.

M.

fontanierii of

China
In
2

and

the

moupinensis.

Specimens
Fukien:

examined:

all,twenty,
(B.M.).
i;

follows:

Futsing,

7; Foochow,

Hupeh:

Ichang, 4 (M.C.Z.);
i.

Ching River,

Changyang,

(B.M.).

Kiangsi: Hokou,

Kiangsu: Soochow,
176.
Putorius

i;

Nanking,

(Univ. Mich.);

(Univ. Mich.).

Mustela

sibirica
Recherches

moupinensis (Milne-Edwards)
pour servir d I'Hist. Nat. des

moupinensis

Milne-Edwards,

Mammiftres,

p.

347,

pi. 59,

fig.2; pi. 60, fig.4; 1868-74

(1872).

376
Lutreola
Lutreola

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

moupinensis J.

A.

Allen, Bull.

Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist., vol. 26, p. 430,

1910.

1909.

major Hilzheimer, Zool. tafeliHilzheimer,

Anzeiger, vol. 35, p. 310,

Ann.

Lutreola
Lutreola

loc. cil.

sibirica moupinensis

Thomas,

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

9, vol.

10, p. 395,

1922.

Type specimen: by
Pere

"

The

original specimen
who

was

sent

to

the of

Paris

Musevim' west-

Arniand Szechwan.
"

David,

obtained

it in

the

mountains

Muping,

central

Description:
differs from dark
the

This

is

subspecies of
character

the

western

Chinese color and

highlands.
a

It

others
The

previously treated
developed
area

in its darker

contrasting
in

tail-tip.

latter

is sometimes in the
a

indistinctly seen
race,
more

M.

s. a

fontanierii,but
well-defined color
brown

is better

present
or

in

which

it forms
The

terminal

blackish

half-inch in winter, confined

long.
to

general
the
in front the

of the mask
eyes.

body
on

and

tail is fulvous indistinct and

slightlypaler below, and mostly

the muzzle

the In

face

of the dorsal

summer

pelage the general color is much

and the facial mask
area,

darker,

entire

surface

of the

body browner,
over

darker, blackish
and

brown,
a more

this color ftilvous The

extending back
sides. teeth skull and

the

mid-dorsal

passing into
the female

tint at the

are

essentiallyas in the other pairs of ribs, of which

there the
are

races,

being

slightlysmaller.
A skeleton
the has

fourteen

ten

or

eleven

articulate

directly with
caudal in this genus,

sternum; The
the

six lumbar,

three in

sacral, and
a

twenty-two
manner

vertebrae. with

tip of
end The

baculum

is hooked

characteristic

bent

upward

sharply.
measurements
seem

Measurements:

"

following collectors'
as

to

show

about

the

same

size variations

in the

other

races.

THE

CARNIVORES

377

Nomenclature:
to
names

"

This

is

well-marked in western

race,

with

dark

color

corresponding
doubt
on

the

cooler,
Lutreola skins

moister

habitat
and L.

China.

There

is

no

that

the of

major
at

tafeliproposed
northern

by

Hilzheimer
are

the

basis He

trade

bought
the

Sungpan, tip
is dark

Szechwan,
brown the

synonyms.

states

that,
for L.
a

in both,

tail
the

blackish

(the
type

main

point major

of distinction
was

and tafeli),
in the

description shows pelage.

"

that

of L.

probably

male

paler winter
and Habits:

Occurrence
to

This

darker
over

race

with

the

contrasting blackish highlands

from

blackish-brown
borders

tail-tipis found
of Szechwan
to

western

Chinese Tibet the

the

eastern

westward Burmese

into

eastern

(Weigold, 1923) and

It may

southward

probably
if Thomas's
as

the M. Thomas rather

frontier
from

in Imaw

hill country.

be is

questioned
with
done. 10,000 of A

hamptoni,
himself
than

Bum,

northern have
as was

Burma,
been
pared com-

really different, for

later admits,
M.

it should

this weasel

with
from

subhemachalana

originally
forest
Museum
at

perfectly typical specimen

only
one

Lieuhoa
southern

Shan,
Kansu

in

spruce

feet, is the

I have From

seen

from

(in
been

the

Comparative
(as
mentions
in the

Zoology).
Lutreola

northern L.

Szechwan
near

it has

recorded and well

as

by
A. B.

Hilzheimer Howell Suifu Allen

at

major and
in the U. the
as

from tafeli) Museum

Sungpan,
there
as

skins

S. National southeastern
of this borders and

from

from

Yangtze valley of
p.

part of the
two

province.
from and

Dr.

J.

A.

(1909a,
foot
seem

430)

identified Shan
on

race

specimens
limits from

Yumonko,
These but in
at to

the

of
to

Taipai
mark

the

of Szechwan
eastern

Shensi.
race,

points
the

about it has

the been and

northern recorded

of the

southwestward

by Thomas,

Yunnan,

the
an

Mekong
altitude

valley, 7,000
of from

feet,

from feet.
the

the

Likiang Range,

27" 30' north,

11,000-14,000
that among
are

Howell from
a

mentions
to

skins
dark

in the
summer as

U.S.

National
but

Museum

those
was

October
in the

December the

of the

type,
that
summer

possibly there
At

mistake
in 17

recording
collections Shan and

date

of purchase examined

of capture.

all events,
20

skins
and
two

I have

show and

pelage September pelage

1

(Wa

Tachiao,
28

Szechwan) (Wa

winter

in

the

case

of
.

taken A

respectively October
taken
on

Shan)

and had

February
the

(Wanhsien)
of
a

specimen

the

Likiang Range

remains

Microtus

in its stomach.

Specimens examined:
Szechwan:

"

In

all,twenty,
2

as

follows:
i

Wanhsien,
i

6; Wa

Shan,

(M.C.Z.)
i

; Tachiao,

(M.C.Z.); Merge, locaHty,

i 2

(A.N.S.P.);

Tatsienlu,
Yunnan: Kansu:

(A.N.S.P.); Wenchwan,
2

(A.N.S.P.); no

exact

(A.N.S.P.).
;

Likiang Range,
Lieuhoa

(B.M.);
feet,
i

12,000

feet, i; 7,800 feet,

(M.C.Z.)

TaHfu,

I.

Shan,

10,000

(M.C.Z.).

378

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

177.

Mustek
ALPINE

altaica
WEASEL

altaica

Pallas

Mustela Mustela Putorius

Mustela Kolonocus Kolonocus

altaica Pallas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, vol. I, p. 98, 1 811; vol. i, p. 98, 1831 ed. vol. 6, p. 212, 1823. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes, Moscow, alpina Gebler, M^m.

alfnnus Trouessart,
astuta

Cat.

Mamm. Nat.

Viv.

Foss., p. 277,
8, vol.
10,

1897.
p. 400, 1912.

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., ser.
Mammalium of

alpinus Satunin, Conspectus alpinus alpinus Ognev,

Imp.
Eastern

Mammals

Ross., p. 126, 1914. Europe and Northern

Asia, vol.

2, p.

728, 1931

(in

Russian).
"

Type specimen:
Siberia.
proves

"

The

type

is

probably in Moscow
Mustela

and

was

from

the

Altai for

Mountains,
this

Gebler's
to

name,

alpina, usually employed

altaica

weasel,
work

be

antedated

by

M.

of

the

1811

printing of

Pallas's

quoted above.
"

Description:
M.

The
once

adult

male

of this weasel

is about surface

the

size of

female

sibirica,but
than, the winter
the

is at

distinguished by its lower

a

being contrastingly
to

paler

back, with

sharp
entire
and
on

line of demarcation.
upper half

In

pelage, the
entire back

parts

from

the
are

nose cream

the

ears

and

including
darkened sides

basal

of the
and

tail

buff, slightly

with

pale brown
and

the

forehead of the
and

mid-dorsal clearer
throat

area,
cream

paling
biiff
.

on

the

of the

body

terminal

half

tail to
upper

Cheeks
a

tawny-ochraceous.
dash-like Fore
mark

Upper
tawny
to

lip, chin
ochraceous

white,

with
the
a

small

of

just behind
the

the

angle of
hind

mouth.

feet all around clear white.

the

wrist,

and

backs entire

of the under
the

feet, to

varying
and

amount,
the
under

Throat,
humerus
at
area

chest and

and

parts of the ankle, pale

straw

body

side of the

of hind
and

legs to
mixed

yellow,
hairs sides
at

slightlydeeper in tint
the
the

the

throat,

with

longer all-white
defined

axilla, the
throat
and

entire

of

yellow rather
of

clearly
In very

along

the but
coat
on

of

body.
uniform

Tail
at

nearly uniform tip

and

color

all around,
the

slightly
is much the head foreare

paler tawny
darker,
and
a

ochraceous

the

below.

svmimer,

nearly
in the the
a

clear

tawny
The
on

above,
upper

slightlydarker
and
upper of the

mid-dorsal usual
dark

area.

lip,chin
behind

throat the
to
are

white,
The

with

spot
than inner feet.

each the

side

angle

mouth. backs
as

legs are

little browner the toes

and

back, this color extending

wrists of the fore of the
or

the

of the
are

feet, but

side of the
The

feet

white,

also the toes

to
anus

of the hind
and

remainder is
The

under

side from
buff feet

upper
what some-

throat

inside

of the

limbs

pale

orange

ochraceous
on more

mixed
even on

with

longer white
of the

hairs.
same

amount

of white is

the

varies
on

opposite sides
feet the

specimen,
side of the
toes

but

usually nearly
or

extensive

the

fore feet, involving the

inner
of the

wrists
be

to

the

elbow, while
extend

in the hind

tips only
than

may

white

this may

along

the side of the The

foot to the heel. that of M.

skull is smaller

sibirica,but

rather

similar.

THE

CARNIVORES

379

Measurements:

"

Few of
as

flesh
an

measurements

are

available.
the

The

following
is thus
a

include, however,
virtual

those
as

adult

female

from

Altai Museum

which
from

topotype,

well

those

of two

in the

British

Kansu.

Males dimensions

are are

slightly larger given above,

MEASUREMENTS
are

than both

females, males.

The

two

from

Kansu,

whose

CRANIAL

OP

MUSTELA

ALTAICA

ALTAICA

Occurrence of Tibet and

and

Habits: Altai

"

The

Alpine Weasel
into
at

is

species of
China
western

the

eastern

parts
tainous moun-

the

region, ranging
eastward has taken
as

western
as

from
and

the

parts of Kansu,
where

far

least

central of of

Shansi

Sowerby (i923g) still farther Possibly it extends

to

it, seventy

miles

northwest border in

Taiyuanfu.
Gobi,
or

along the
found
the

southern

the

passes

the
in 1909

northward,
recorded
in the

for

Radde

it

common

Transbaikalia,

and

Thomas
Two

it from
Museum in

Khingan
of

Mountains

of western
seem

Manchuria.

specimens
a

Comparative region, on
may the

Zoology
Kainda
be the from

able indistinguishAll three in rather

from
are

third

taken

the

Altai which

River.

in

the

pale
for

winter
one

pelage,

perhaps

assumed

early
southern

the season,

is dated

(? late) "August," from

a

Lietihoa
the

Shan,

Kansu,
9,000

10,000

feet Three

altitude,
others

second in
a

in November darker from in

siunmer

Richthofen
one

Range,
the

feet.
1 1

are

the

coat,

from

Min

Shan,
a

,000

feet, in
the

August,

second

Na

Tebbuland
These above the

in

September, and
are

third

from

Richthofen
from

Range
9,000 than
to

October.
feet but
out

specimens
sea.

from

high country,
are

ranging
smaller

12,000

The the

females

obviously
are

in body

the

males,
to

unfortunately
this
may
contrast.

available From
the

skulls lack does that

not

sufficiently comparable
in the various in

bring
one

of
not

specimens
occur

collecting areas, J.
F. Rock
in

infer
the

that
western

this weasel

Gobi,

although perhaps reaching

secured 1925, and

edge of
the hofen Richtsoutheast-

region Range

in the

mountains.

specimens
traced

from

in northwestern

Kansu,

it thence

380
ward found
western

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

into the mountains

of southern
B.
to

Kansu Ekvall.
found

near

Choni, where

also it has

been

by the missionary Robert

Shansi,
secured
1931.
no one seems

Except for Sowerby's record

it in North China
or

from

have

in

Mongolia.
Dolan

One

was

near

Sungpan,
To the the

northwestern in the

Szechwan,

by

the

Brooke

Expedition,
it merges kathiah.

southward,
race,

into

darker

which
p.

wan, saturate more highlands of Szechapparently should be called M. a.

that

Milne-Edwards

(1868-74,
from

345) suggests
its close
No

it may

be

race

of

his Putorius described Buechner skins said

on

fontanierii,but
the
same

overlooks

relationship to
doubt

his P.

ashitus,
that
to

page,

Muping.

it is this

weasel

(1892)
in
was

intended

by

Putorius
at

subhemachalanus,

applied by
The
zone, at

him

bought
that it
to

the
a

fur market

Ssigu, Kansu, undergrowth

by Berezovski.
of the

latter

species of
zone on

the the

alpine

times

descending
tsaidamensis Mention
near

the from

tree

mountains.

Probably Hilzheimer
western

's A is the

rctogale
same.

the also be

Tsaidam
made

Mountains,
of

Koko

Nor,

should

Ognev's
the It is said

Kolonocus northeastern
to

alpinus raddei, type boimdary

altaica.

from

the

lake, Tarei

Nor, just

across

of

Mongolia,
in

in southeastern and of
a

Transbaikalia. brown

be
true

distinctlybrighter
M.
a.

winter,
doubt it

darker

tint in summer,
to

than

No

will be

found

eventually
seems

extend

across

the border habits of

into this

Mongolia.
weasel.
the

Little

to

be

recorded

of

the

Probably
southern

it

lives in part upon is said to do. in forest The

now

the
F.
as

mouse-hares found
as

of the
them feet.
not

alpine heights, as only

at the

form also

J.

Rock
low

higher altitudes, but

country

8,500

specimen
U. It is

sectu-ed

by Sowerby
Musetrai,
brown

northwest
a

of

Taiyuanfu,
than the

Shansi, and

in the

S. National
a

is

skin

without sides

skull, perhaps of native

average

preparation.
altaica,but
is

yellower
Kansu,

along by
a

the

of M.

quite

closely matched Apparently

the

skin

in the

Museum other

of Kansu

Comparative specimens
individual

Zoology
in the

from

western

itself

differing from
tint

same

way.

yellower

is, therefore,

an

peculiarity.
Anderson
notes
on

the it
was

label
seen

of

one a

of

the

specimens being used

he

secured

near was

Taochow,

Kansu,
after

that

chasing

pheasant, which

it killed, and
as

shortly

itself
among

trapped, the growing

"

pheasant's head

bait.

The

localitywas

crops. In

Specimens examined:
Kansu:

all,fifteen,as follows:
Shan,
between
2

Choni, 3 (M.C.Z.); Lieuhoa Shan, I (M.C.Z.); Richthofen

miles
west

Taochow Na

and

Titoa,
2

(M.C.Z.);

Min

Range,

(M.C.Z.);

Tebbuland,
2

(M.C.Z.); forty

of

Sining, i (U.S.N.M.);
north-northwest
i

southeast

of Taochow,
i

(B.M.)-

Shansi: Szechwan:

seventy

miles

of
no

Taiyuanfu,

(U.S.N. M.)-

Sungpan,

(A.N.S.P.);

i (A.N.S.P.). locality,

THE

CARNIVORES

38
Hodgson

178.

Mustek

altaica

kathiah
WEASEL

YELLOW-BELLIED

Mustela Putorius

(Pulorius) kathiah
aslutus

Hodgson,
in

Joum.
David,
pour

Asiatic
Nouv. servir

Soc.

Milne-Edwards,

Arch.

Mus.

Bengal, vol. 4, p. 702, 1835. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, Bull., p. 92, footnote,
Nat.

1871.

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

4 I'Hist.

des Mammifferes,

p. 345,

pi. 61, fig.2; pi. 60,

fig.3, 1868-74.
Pulorius Putorius
auriventer dorsalis

Trouessart, Bull.

Mus.

d'Hist.

Nat., Paris, vol. I, p. 235, 1895. Volkerk., Dresden,

vol. vol.

Trouessart, ibid.,p. 236.

u.

Ictis kathiah

Jacobi, Abh. Matschie, Weigold,

astutus

Ber.

Mus.

f. Tierf. Mus.

u.

16,

no.

I, p. 6, 1922. pp. 17, 35,

no.

Arctogale melli
Mustela Kolonocus
kathiah

in

Mell, Arch.
u.

Naturgesch.,
f. TierEastern
u.

88,

sect.

A,

no.

10,

1922. 1923.

Abh.

Ber.
Mammals

Volkerk., Dresden,
and Northern

vol.

16,

2, p. 73,

alpinus

Ognev,

Europe

Asia, vol. 2, p. 735, 1931

(in Russian).

Type
is in the

specimen:

"

Hodgson

described

this

species from

Nepal, and

his type

British

Museum.
"

Description: slightly more

uniform
dark than

Similar
half

in
the

proportions length
of head chocolate

to

typical
and above

M.

a.

altaica, the
in
summer,

tail
a

body.

Color

brown,
the

nearly

brown,
of the the

including
race,

the
a.

tail all altaica.

around,

lacking
and

slight yellowish tinge

bordered

northern

M.

Upper
throat

lip narrowly
entire the

with

white,

anterior

part
the

of the inner

chin sides

white;
of the

under and

svirface of the of the

a.

body,

including
the

fore legs to
the

wrists

hind

legs to
Fore
same.

ankles, ochraceous,
the
toes

without

pinkish tinge seen

sometimes

in M. the

altaica.
toes

feet with
The

and

sides of the

wrist

white,

hind

the

winter

pelage similar but

slightlypaler.
Measurements:
"

Two

males

from
170;

Fukien

measured,
20,
"

respectively,head

and

body, 260,

270

mm.;

tail, 136,
MEASUREMENTS

hind

foot,
MUSTELA

CRANIAL

OF

ALTAICA

KATHIAH

The

skull

differs

from

that

of M.

erminea

in the
The

much

narrower

and

more

post-dental portion parallel-sided goid

fossa of
a

of the

palate.
adult

shape

of the in very

interpterya

is also

slightly different, narrowing

In

forward male there

almost

V-shape, sagittal

instead

U-shape.

the

sktill of

an

is

low

ridge.

382

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Nomenclature: torius
astutus

"

There the

seems

to

be

no

doubt

that

Milne-Edwards's
is the that and upper
same

Puas

from M.

high mountains
or

of

Muping,

Szechwan,
between

Hodgson's
M. and
not
a. so

kathiah,
He

at

most

an

intermediate
feet
two
are

typical
surface this

altaica.

mentions
in

that

its fore
in

white

on

their

figures them
case,
one more nor

his

plate, but
is it in that
a.

specimens from

Yunnan

is

the

apparently
western true

Nepalese
had

mentions
seems

from

India
M.

specimens, though partly whitish feet. This

No
that white doubt the
on

Hodgson
character
a

typical of
in

altaica.
reason

there Yunnan the

may and have

be

slight

variation weasels

this
to

matter. at

For

the

Nepalese regarded
as a

seem

be

least

usually without
southeastern

feet, I

Matschie's
synonym

Arctogale nielli of
of
on

China,
from

type

from

Kwangtung,
shows
no

M. the

a.

kathiah.
Trouessart

series

Fukien

likewise Fukien

white
sent repre-

markings
Szechwan
to

feet.

(1895) considered
others
sent to

specimens
Biet
from

to

Putorius

auriventer

(
rank

kathiah),but
be of

by
he

M.

Tatsienlu,

(Hsikang), presiuned
be

winter

skins,
or

thinks

ent differsufficiently
he

given the
before.

separate

species

race,

which
same

named

P.

dorsalis, apparently
twenty
years

not

realizingthat

P. astutus

was

the

thing, described

Occurrence

and way

Habits:
that

"

The

distribution

of

this

weasel
as

and

its

races

parallelsin
Both
to

a over

of M. Asia in
The
a.

sibirica, regarded by Ognev

from the

closely related.
country
into
the

range

eastern

Altai

and

Transbaikalian
and
to west

south
eastern

subtropical conditions
the

southeastern chief difference

China,
seems

edge of
of
a

Himalayas.
of M.

be

the

apparent

absence

representative
No doubt
M.

altaica in northeastern
takes

China.
the

intergradation
a.

place

between

typical

race

of

M.

a.

altaica and records

two

kathiah

somewhere

in northern northern

Szechwan.

Jacobi (1922, p. 6)
as

specimens from
as a

Sungpan,
Batang.
zone

Szechwan,
who 4,500

representing the
these

latter, as well
says

third

from

Weigold,
at

secured
meters

specimens, alpine
secured
Yunnan.

it lives

in the

dwarf-tree
are

3,800

to

altitude, where
upon

boulder-strewn mice
a

slopes
at

covered
The

with

rhododendron;
Museum

it preys

and

mouse-hares.

American feet
to
on

Asiatic
in

Expedition
northern
in

single specimen
the
to

9,000
seems

the

Likiang Range
across

Eastward

species
and

extend

South

China
prove

mountainous
the

country,

Fukien

Kwangtung.

It may that

eventually
name

that

eastern south-

animal
to

is reallyseparable, and
but the

Matschie's

A. from

melli will Yunnan

apply
and

it in

a seem

subspecific sense,
identical.
the northern

available
that in that

specimens
it
occvirs

Fukien

Mell

(1922) writes
of

in the with
a

mountainous much
loose in mid-

region
rock
at

of

part

Kwangtung
One Shih

thin
he
saw

woods
killed

altitudes
on

of 700-850

meters.

chicken the

afternoon

the

edge

of

village.

(1930)

has

also recorded

animal

THE

CARNIVORES

383

from

the

Yaoshan
of

area

of

Kwangtung,

and

Pope

found

it

common

in

the

mountains

Futsing.
examined:
"

Specimens

In

addition

to

series in the

British

Museum

from

Nepal, fifteen,as follows:

Fukien: Yunnan:

Futsing,

5;

Yenping,

5.
near

Likiang, 9,000
2. locality,

feet, i; Milati,

Mengtsz,

(B.M.).

Hupeh:
No

Chingfengling, i (B.M.).

definite

179.

Mustela

rixosa
PYGMY

pygmaea
WEASEL Mus. Nat. vol.
no.

(J. A. Allen)

Pulorius

(Arctogale)pygmaus
nivalis

J. A. Allen, Bull.
Naturalist

Amer. in

Hist., vol.
2, p. 5, p. 70,

19, p. 1923.

176, 1903.

Mustela
Mustela

pygmaus

Sowerby,

Manchuria,
Hist.

rix(o)sa pygmcea

Mori, Joum.
"

Chosen

Nat.

Soc,

i, 1927.

Type
Museum October

Specimen:
of Natural
2,

An

adult from

female,

skin

and

skull. No.
coast

18322, American
Sea, Siberia,

History,
Collected

Gichiga,
G.
Buxton.

west

of Okhotsk

1900.
"

by

N.

Description:

^A very hind
the base

small, short-tailed
foot, but
not

weasel,

the

length

of the

tail about

equaling
Color
below the

that

of the

exceeding it.
of the and
on

above,
eye
to

from the

posterior part
of the
ear, to

upper

lip back
the

on

line

passing
fore

including
upper

entire of the

tail, a light
the

chocolate

brown.
to

This
and
toes to

color
on

extends
outer

the

surface
foot
on

leg
the

nearly
and the

the

wrist
The
or even

the the

side

of the
far the

hind
back

to

metatarsals

sole.

of the from

fore
as

feet, as
well
to
as

the

dorsal fore

side

as

metacarpals
under the

wrist,
the

soles the

of the

feet, the
hind

entire

side of the
hind
toes
on

body
their is

chin

anus,

inner Ears

edge
very

of the

foot,

dorsal
no

surface rictal the

only;
spot.
center

white.

narrowly edged
may be the
a

with
small

white.

There

brown in

Occasionally
the chest.

there

few

irregular brown
is white. There

spots

of

In

winter

entire

pelage
the

is

slight amount
some,

of individual
of the ankle white that inner and

variation side of the

in the hind
toes

amount

of white

on

foot; in
white

the

white

leg is continuous
some

with

the

of the

side of the

top of the
upper

; in

the
toes.

ankle

all around The

a

is brown, skull is
a

separating

the

of the of the

side

of the

minute
case,
"

replica of
very field short

common

European
delicate
two
;

Weasel, with

long, narrow
Measurements:

brain

rostrum,

and of 141

teeth.

The

measurements mm.,

specimens
20,

from

near

Urga,
hind

are:

total

length, male,
24, female, of
a

157
ear,

female,

tail,male,
10.

female,

17;

foot, male,
The skull

20;

male, 16, female,

from
near

subadult
mm.;

female

Urga,

Mongolia,

measures:

greatest

length,

28.0

basal

length, 26.0; palatal length, 10.8; zygomatic

384 width,
13.0;

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

mastoid
row,

width,
8.6.

13. i; width

across

molars, 8.6;

upper

tooth

row,

8.2; lower

tooth

Occurrence from

and

Habits: nivalis of

"

This

very

small its color

has

weasel

is at

once

distinguished
lacks
and

the larger M. of M.

Europe
in the

by

pattern, which
the
toes

the brown hind feet

rictal spot white in

The

nivalis, and

addition
soles

of fore brown.

summer

pelage, with
of three
north and

of the

hind

feet
at

capture
and female

specimens
northeast

of this

weasel

distances
the of the

from

fifteen

to

forty-five miles
southward subadult the

of

Urga
three
on

extended

recorded

range
a

westward with
the
ten

into
mammae.

northern

Mongolia.
The
agree the

One
in

specimens is
details As
a

essential Sea.

with

description of lately named

the
very

type

from

Gichiga,
into
the

Okhotsk

species,
Ktiroda
nizing recog-

this weasel has

apparently
a

extends

Japanese archipelago, whence

Mustela North
No

specimen from relationship largely on

Hondo
to

rixosa

namiyei,
M.

thus the

close

the

American

rixosa,
the

type

locality of which
forms, this weasel
runways.

is Osier, Saskatchewan. lives mice which

doubt,
it ptirsues

as

with in their

American and

burrows

Sowerby
him there in central

(i923g, vol.
Manchuria,
as

2, p. at

71) has recorded

in the

the

capture
that

of

specimen by
hunters

Imienpo, and
the

remarks

the

Chinese

regard it
As I have

not

uncommon

forests. Weasel extends its range westward

elsewhere
to

shown,
northern

Pygmy

quite across

Siberia

Europe

(Norway).
near

Specimens examined:

"

Three, from

Urga, Mongolia.

180.
DUKE Mustela russelliana Thomas,
p. 168. OF

Mustela
BEDFORD'S
Zool.

russelliana
PYGMY

Thomas
WEASEL
p. 4; Proc.

Abstract

Proc.

Soc. London,

February

14, ign,

Zool. Soc. London,

1911,

Type Museum,
1910,

specimen:
from

"

female, adult, skin

Szechwan

and

skull, No.
China.

11,2.1.86, British
Collected

Tatsienlu,
P.

(Hsikang),

July

i,

by Malcolm Description:
"

Anderson. describes
of upper

Thomas

the
and rather

type

in

summer

pelage,

as

follows.

Size

extremely small, colors

surface uniform No darker
dark

lower

surfaces
and

sharply contrasted.
more

Upper
M.

brown,
on

less rich
or ears.

drabby
surface
a

than

in

kathiah.

markings
white

face

Under

beautifvd

pinkish buff, turning

A dark

into

anteriorly on
Line
Arms

the

chin, inter-ramia, and

very

lips.
the

rictal

spot
upper

is present.

of

demarcation
brown

sharply marked, buffy

shorter
on

running from
inner

lip to
and

ankle.

externally, and
Tail

aspect

palms

soles

densely hairy.

proportionally

than

THE

CARNIVORES

385

in

M.

kathiah, slender,

not

tufted, uniformly
small

brown,

the

tip
that

not

noticeably

darker. The

skull is

distinguished by its
"

very

size from

of allied forms.
of the

Measurements:

The

following

are

from

Thomas's

account

species.

Cranial

measurements
mm.;

of

the

type
27.2; 14; 2.9

are

given

as

follows:
15.2;
; front

condylobasal
interorbital
of

length,
breadth,
back
of

29.3

basal

length,
outer

zygomatic (3.1 in
P.

breadth,
11

6.2; breadth

of brain
on

case,

palatal length,
a

canine

to

molar, 8; p"
and Duke
at

edge,
"

male). collectingfor captured

five the

Occurrence Museum of this

on

Habits:

Malcolm

Anderson,

British

the

of Bedford's in

Expedition in
central
Szechwan the

19 10,

specimens Nothing
contained
to

weasel

Tatsienlu,

(now
bare would be

Hsikang).
inclined
the but

further

has

been

published
the

about

it,beyond
At first M.

facts of capture

in Thomas's

original account.
to

sight one
rixosa the

think

it

closely longer
under

allied

Pygmy
and

Weasel,

pygmcea,
throat

but

tail is much
the

in

proportion,
brown
the

all the

series have
orange

white,
a

remaining
rictal
those

parts

contrastingly pale
as

btiff; there
traits
are

is also

small

spot
that

present,

usual. other
to

All small Mustela

these

quite different
which it is
an no

from
doubt animal

characterize

species, from
stoliczkana but of

distinct. of rather

Possibly it is allied
similar
The

Yarkand,

proportions
type
and and

and

appearance, other

paler.
were

three
two

specimens
30

all taken

at

the
and

same

locality,
the

Tatsienlu,
a

within

days, June

and
seems

July
others with

i,

1910,

since

type,

female, is the
a

part of
about

only among single family, for the

are

adult

them, it
skulls

evident show
the

that

Anderson

secured

of the

that, though
more

full-grown, they
cases

still immature,

perhaps globular, inflated

brain

of youth.
examined: British
"

Specimens (Hsikang),

Four, including the type,

Museum.

from

Tatsienlu, Szechwan

in the

181.

Mustela

erminea

mongolica
STOAT

Ognev

MONGOLIAN

Mustela pp.

erminea

mongolica Ognev,

M^m.

Sect. Zool., Amis

des

Sci. Nat., Anthrop.

et

Ethnogr., Moscow,

no.

2,

I8, 29, 1928.

Type specimen:
the

"

male, skin and

skull. No.
from Dunde

9934,

Zoological

Museum

of Altai.

Academy

of

Sciences,
"

Leningrad,
of the

Saikhan,

Mongolian
as

Description:

The

color

summer

pelage is described

very

pale

386

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

yellow with
The winter The raised and

rusty

tint; tail-tipblack; lower

pure

side of
for

body

as

in M.

erminea.

pelage is doubtless
is said
to

white
that
a

except
of the

the

black

tail-tip.

skull

differ from

typical race
the

swelled

brain
"

capsule and
available.
"

broad

setting of

"extremely zygomatic arches."

in the

Measurements:

Not

Occurrence

and

Habits:

It is strange
and

that

the
The

ermine

does

not

seem

to

penetrate
within from
the

far into
area

Mongolia
Altai,
to

North is that
noted

China.
of

only
who

available named
seems as

record
a

of it

here

considered
as

Ognev,
As
a

has

specimen
to
occur

the
across

Mongolian
Siberia the
hunters be very

above. and

species, it speaks
of Altai
nor,

quite
known

Amurland,
in

Sowerby

it

being well by
his
from

to

central

Manchuria.
the

The
race,

race

described

Ognev
M.
e.

cannot

different

from

typical

perhaps,

transbaikalica, from

Bargusin,
"

Siberia.

Specimens

examined:

None.

182. tiarata Hollister, Proc.

larvala larvata

Mustela

eversmanni
vol.

tiarata
26, p. 20,

Hollister
1913.
p. 174, 1912.

Mustela
Mustela Mustela

Biol. Soc. Washington,

and

Sowerby,

in Clark

Sowerby,
Mus.

Through

Sh6n-kan,
no.

tiarata G. M.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

358, p. 2, 1929.

Type
National

Specimen:
Museum,

"

An

immatiu"e

male,
one

skin

and

skull, No.
and

155160,

U.
east

S. of

from

Chiuningchow,
5,500 feet

hundred

fifty miles July

24,

Lanchow,
Arthur

Kansu,

China,

altitude.

Collected

1909,

by

de Carle

Sowerby.
"

Description:
back,
the the
as

large weasel, with

of tail

face

and

forehead with
short

dark

brown;
under of the

neck, fur, tail, them,

and

basal

two-thirds

light

fulvous hairs.

white

back

darkened

by long black-tipped
fore

Terminal the
area

third

throat, chest, and

well
as a

legs, also the hind

the the
as

legs and

between

median

line
brown. and

connecting
Sides
crown a a as

chest-patch

with

the

abdominal

patch,
on

black

to

blackish forehead

of

belly bxiff.
wash.
a

Winter

pelage paler
instead

body, with
the
nape The The

well

sides of face white

of brown,

nearly

white

with

yellowish
the Muzzle

skull is
upper

heavy for
canines canines.
the

weasel, developing

low

sagittalridge with
just ventral
at to

age. the

long

when

jaws

are

closed
and

extend

alveoli

of the foramina

lower

short

square;

its width processes.

the In

antorsome

bital

equals

width

across

the

postorbital
socket is
so

specimens
the

the

postglenoid portion of
be

the

jaw

turned

forward

that

jaw

cannot

disarticulated.
"

Measurements:
as

The

following table
and those

gives

the

measurements

of the

type

recorded

by Hollister
Asiatic

of three

specimens collected

by the American

Museimi

Expeditions.

THE

CARNIVORES

387

Nomenclature:
or

"

This
which

large weasel
includes
western
as

is

member

of the American

subgenus

Putorius,

polecats,
Asiatic

group Weasel

its

only

representative, the
closely similar
the
more

Black-footed the

of the
The

plains, a species rather

is

to

animal.
stouter

subgenus
more

distinguished
tail,different
mastoid

from

typical
in which

weasels
the chest
a

by its
and

form,
black,
at

bushy

color

pattern
that the

legs are
of the

the back

prominent
of the

processes

project

in

nearly

right angle
outline

the

zygomatic by
the

arches,

angular distinctly tri-

crowns

of the

auditory premolar teeth.

as a

bullae, and

slightlyless

sharply cutting
of

Described
western

distinct

species by
a

Hollister, this
relative
the instead of M.

Masked
larvata

Polecat of southern

China
from with

is which the

undoubtedly

very

close in

Tibet,

it differs mainly
dark brown and in of the

having
terminal

blackish of

facial

mask

tinuous cona

forehead,
the

being separated by
of the

distinct instead variable in each,

white
of
to

area,

having
In

part

only
this

tail black
is

its the

entire
extent

length.
that

specimens
skins
to
a

examined,
black
or a

last

character is different I have

in four

the

terminal of the

portion

varying
it
as

from

one-quarter

third

half

tail length.

regarded

distinct. only subspecifically Hollister 's M. with

the

Apparently
of this
same

lineiventer facial mask

from

the

Little

Altai
the

is

paler

race

species
from

distinct, while
as so

weasel

described

by Kastschenko descriptions,and
Eastern M.

northwestern
a race

Mongolia
eversmanni,
so

M. far

michnoi,
as

is, as
be

Hollister
from

suggested, probably
and

of

M. has

may

judged
"Mammals has

Ognev

(1931)
Northern

treated A.

it in his B.

work

on

of

Europe
from from

Asia."

Howell

(1929)

recorded

lineiventer

Shansi, while
M.

admitting
it may
be

that that

it is doubtless these

only subspecifically

different

larvata; but

lighter-colored examples

388
in winter
M.
e.

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

were

pelage.

At

all events,

the

Shansi

specimens I

have

seen

appear

to be

tiarata.
account
was

[Since the present

1936,
pp.
as

written, Pocock
the
Old

(Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

World

691-723,
both forms

pis.) has
a

reviewed
genus, and P.
races

polecats, which
that

he
in

regards
eastern

constituting
P.
as a

valid

Putorius.

Notwithstanding
may
occur

Europe
all the

putorius

eversmanni of the

side by

side, he

includes Mustela
as

geographic
synonym
a

former
In

and

places
he

Hollister's describes

lineiventer
P.

as

of P.
race

p. michnoi.

addition

new,

p. admiratus,
and

pale
"

from

Chihfeng,

northern

Hopei.]
eversmanni
over

Occurrence

Habits: in
the

This and

large Masked

Polecat It for

replaces M.
occurs

of of

western

Siberia
where central
two

Tibet

Mongolia.
is suitable
northwestern

probably
marmots,
Szechwan.
one

most

the

Gobi

country
and

and In

ranges

south
to

into the
east

Shansi,
type
of
and

Kansu,

addition

other

immature HoUister miles

same a

animals

from

hundred

and in

fiftymiles
the and

Lanchow,
Museum

Kansu,
from
ten

(1929)
of

records and

specimens
one

U.

S.

National miles
south

west

Sining

hundred Museum

twenty
Asiatic

of Lanchow
secured and
two

in the

province.

The

American south
east

Expeditions
and
from

others

at

place eighty miles forty-three miles

from

of

Urga in the Gobi, place, in Shansi.

the other

Paotow

Maitaichao,
other

of that from

Howell from but

an

mentions
unknown be

skins

Shansi
very

(one
the

Wutsai,
series of

place) that
with of
our

"match
same

well
The

type

lineiventer,"
are

may

identical
to

this

race.

habits
seems

of this
to

ferret

very

likelysimilar
colonies,
of the
two

those

American
upon taken these in
a

species,for its
animals
marmot
were were or

frequent

marmot

doubtless

preying
was

upon

ground squirrels. One

at

Gobi the

specimens plains
of them:
such

burrow

Tsetsen

Wang,

and Dr.

from

southeast "I
an

of Urga
think

trapped
after the

in similar
marmots

situations. without showed

young
must

Andrews
I have

writes
never

they

doubt.
when be

seen

incarnation
is very shows

of

fury

as

these number

beasts of

trapped.
six

The

musky
one

odor

strong."

The

fairlylarge, for pairs, all close

An

specimen
at

distinctly five pairs of

of the the

mammae,

another

together

the is
the It
was a

posterior portion
skin secured in

abdomen.
at

interesting specimen
Szechwan,
of of
near

market

Sungpan,
and is

in

northwestern Dolan

border said of

of the
to

Tibetan
been

plateau, by the Brooke locally taken

at
now

Expedition
collection
in

1931. the and

have

in
was or

the

Academy
has

Natural
shed

Sciences
some

Philadelphia.
fur
over

It

captured
still retains
warm

June,

apparently
winter

of the

the

rump, the

some

of the

paler
the

coat,
black

for this

region nearly
back

lacks

usual

buffy wash,
than
most

while The

long
the

hairs

of the lower

seem

more seems

abundant
to

usual.

distal two-thirds
for

of the

tail is black.

This

be

the

southern

record

species.

THE

CARNIVORES

389

Thomas larvatus northwestern

concerns

(1912a)
michnoi

has

recorded

two

male the in

polecats,
Kunderlun which

under

the

name

Putorius

Kastschenko,
an

from

plateau, Achit
Pocock
concurs,
so

Nor,
far
as

Mongolia,
the

identification

subspecies.
"

Specimens examined:
Mongolia:
China: Shansi
:

In

all,eight, as
of

follows: Wang,
i.

eighty

miles

southeast

Urga,

3; Tsetsen

Paotow,
northwest

i ;

Maitaichao,
of
i

forty-three miles
I.

east

of

Paotow,

i ; one

hundred

miles Szechwan:

Taiyuanfu, (A.N.S.P.).
Genus

Sungpan,

Vormela
TIGER

W.

Blasius

WEASELS in

Vormela

W.

Blasius, Bericht Europe,

p.

d. Naturf. 1912

Gesellsch.

Bemberg,

vol.

13, p. 9,

1884 (subgenus).

Miller,

Mamm.

Western

428,

(genus).
was

Formerly
of in the blackish

this genus

associated
in

with

the

polecats (subgenus
As

Putorius and

Musteld), which
its curious

it resembles

its heavier under

build, general proportions

side.
seems

feet, facial mask,

combination
broken and

and of

Miller
to

has

pointed out,
it to
upper

however,
rank.
seems

characters
color The
use

entitle of the

generic
surface little

The
to
on

peculiar
be
a

mottled
one.

pattern
are

highly specialized
fore shorter in

claws for

long,
The

and

very

ctirved
and

the

feet, indicating their

digging.
with the in of

skull

is heavy

somewhat

proportion points
tooth teeth formula
are

than
are

in

Mustela,
with

triangular audital
hamular processes

bullae,whose
of the
c.T

anterior

internal
The the

in contact is the
the
same

pterygoids.
pm.f
m.i,
the
to

as

Mustela,
the upper upper

namely:
jaw
usually un-

i.f

but inner the

stouter,
upper

canines

long,
set at
an

lobe tooth

of
row

the with

carnassial
end has

larger, the
anterior
not to

molar In far
as on

angle

its outer

the

inner.
so

the

lower

jaw
for side
to

the

specializationof
is still summit
the
seem a

the

carnassial metaconid
cusp, of the
a

proceeded
as a

in Mustela, the inner

there

distinct main

present
conid
tooth. that

small been

point

of the enhance

of the

has

eliminated

in Mustela The Roumania

cutting action
to

Tiger Weasels
and
eastern

be

dwellers

in steppe
across

country,
Russian

and

occur

from into the

Hungary
V.

eastward is
=

the

steppes

Gobi,
The

where

the

Russian
is

peregusna
sarmatica

represented
Vormela

by

paler subspecies.

type

species

Mustela 183.

peregusna
Miller

(Gueldenstadt).

Vormela
EASTERN

peregusna
TIGER vol.

negans
WEASEL

Vormela

negans

Miller,

Proc.

U.

S. Nat.

Mus.,

38,

p.

385, pi.

17,

1910.

Type
National

specimen:
Museum,

"

skin
the

without Ordos

skull, adult
about
one

male.

No.

155001, miles

U.
north

S.
of

from

Desert,

hundred

Yulinfu,

Shensi, China.

390

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Description:
"

This
of the

desert brown
a

race on

differs from the dorsal

the
area,

European leaving
dark upper
a

form

in the
amount

still of

greater

reduction

larger
of
a

yellowish background,
or a

peculiarity edge
of the and

of pattern
A
to to

recalling
very the

that

coach

dog

domestic
from

rabbit
the upper

of the

"English" type.
rhinarium backward
of

brown

facial mask
thence
a

extends
as a

eyelid, and
of

narrow

line downward darker-brown extends

There the back

join

the

black
the
ear

the

throat;
between the and

similar
the of
ears

but

patch
from
a

triangular shape
the
outer
corner

covers

forehead
to

and
throat.

of

the

join
chin

black
both back and

the

is thus

white

ring
not

which
a

includes white

the

lips separated by
of the eyes

first dark
the
ears

patch from
but the
rest

second

ring passing Nape

tail
root

and

below

quite complete ventrally.

of the back
fore feet.
to

shoulders

nearly clear buffy white,

with
into

of dark

mostly

buffy, brown,
hind

mottled

dark

brown.
on

Upper
the forearms

part
and

of

limbs

yellowish
in

passing
for

blackish base

Throat,
Tail

chest, belly,

legs and ring of

brown

feet, and
the brown

of

tail

ventrally, black.
the

whitish

general
then
a

appearance

basal
and

two-thirds,
the

long
third

hairs

having buffy bases,

The

broad blackish

terminal

whitish.

tip of the

tail is

all around. of the

The

skull Asiatic

type

was

missing,
is not very

but

one

from

Mongolia
from
a

secured
from

by

the

Central
with

Expeditions longer
as

different
rostrum

skull

Russia,
the inner

upper

canine

than
as

depth of
the
outer.

above

its root

and

lobe

of the

carnassial

wide

Measurements: head
A

"

The
mm.

type
;

skin

as

made

up,

measiu-ed

approximately,

and

body,
of

340

tail,210.
from

skull

this

weasel

P'angkiang, Mongolia, though broken,

of upper

shows

the

following dimensions:
it, 9.6;
to

length
row,

canine,
to

10.5

mm.;

depth
to

of rostrum

above

upper

tooth
of

canine

molar,

18;

orbit

gnathion
21;

posterior rim

glenoid fossa, 35.6; width

lower tooth
row,

outside
The

fourth

gnathion, 15; premolar,

has eleven

width

of rostrum,

15.5;

23.5.

skeleton

pairs of ribs.
Occurrence
and Habits:
"

The

two

skins
in the

that

served

as

the

basis
one

of Miller's hundred

description were
miles
north of sectired

obtained

by natives
The

Ordos

Desert,
seems

about
to

Yulinfu, Shensi.
Central
who
not at

only other
back the and native

record
in

be the skeleton
at

by

the

Asiatic

Expeditions

April,
two

1922,

P'angkiang,
that there he

Mongolia. species
seems

Sowerby,
to

brought
all
common

first

skins,
spots

says

the
are

be

frequents
name

where

trees, in
may

which

it climbs

freely. Its
"hou"

"ma-nai-hou"

suggests

indicate

this habit, since

monkey. signifies

"

Specimens examined:

"

One,

skeleton, from

P'angkiang, Mongolia.

THE

CARNIVORES

391

Genus

Helictis

Gray

FERRET-BADGERS Helictis Gray,

Proc. Zool.

Soc. London,

1831, pt. i, p. 94.

The with snout,

less and

Ferret-badgers
slender
are

are

somewhat fore

more

heavily
brownish

built

than

the

weasels,

bodies, strong
facial

claws, greatly developed

a

cartilaginous
more or

colored characteristically

gray

above,
and and
ears,

less

hoary, with
with It is
a an

white

markings
that
very the

on

forehead,
midline

cheeks,
nape

and

often

varying

amount

of white

in the

of the of

foreshoulders.
ternally ex-

interesting fact
very

several

species
in their
and

eastern

Asia, though
Thomas for

similar,

are

different
the and group North

cranial

characters. three in view

to genera

(1922a)

has

lately reviewed
of

recognizes
Borneo,
it may the but be

the

ferret-badgers
nature

China,

India,

of the

tative quantithese

of the of the

characters value

described,

better
are

regard

divisions allied.

as

subgeneric
Indian

only, for
per sonata,
the lower

species
erects

obviously closely
the genus

For

Helictis

Thomas
second with
race

Melogale,

distinguished by its heavy teeth, larger than

instead
has very other of the

premolar

disproportionately
border
convex

first,and

the

upper

carnassial

its external of this

nearly straight.
from will be

There

is

smaller

species that
Yunnan

Thomas that

described

Tongking,
found
to
occur

Helictis
across no

{Melogale) personata
the border in have

tonquinia,
as so

likely

many within the

tropical species do, territory. Thomas

and in
a

but

hitherto
has in

specimens
out
a

been

taken between
or

Chinese Indian which

pointed
the

further

distinction
baculum

Siamese

subgenus
crest,
whereas

character
the

of the
prongs H. in
a a a

penis bone,
one

Melogale
curved

is bifid terminally, with

in the

thickened,
moschata the

of them is trifid

forming
with
the

Chinese
set

tip

slightlythickened
is less sharp than
of

terminal

prongs

triangle. This
of H. prong in

difference,

however,
the

might
ventral

appear,

for in
there

baculum
third three with
more so

p. tonquinia in present,

Museum
It is

Comparative
the

Zoology,
prong
as

is

though
An

small.

obviously

of the

typical Helictis.
proper

additional the

peculiarity of Melogale temporal ridges

from the
are

contrasted and

Helictis

is that

prominent

heavier

nearly medial, ctirving

that

strongly inward

supraorbital
diameter

processes, orbit

their
these

point
of the

of closest and

approximation
from
group, there the

is about
the

the

of the

behind In

processes,

back

ridges diverge heavy,

brain
much
case,

slightly.
wider

Helictis

moschata

ridges are
over

less the

apart, and

either

parallelor slightly
at

bowed ends.
makes

outward The close

seem

occasionally converging general

appearance
are

their
two

posterior species
or

similarityin

size and

of these

it
so.

likely that
it is

their

geographic
ago recorded the

ranges

mutually
moschata
to

exclusive from
western

nearly Yunnan,

Anderson but

(1879) long possible that

Helictis

specimen

is referable

the

species

that

392

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Thomas four

has

since

discriminated

as

H.

Assam. millsi,type locality,

There

are

inguinal mammae.
In its tooth

characters,

Helictis

is

peculiar in
lobe
a

the

development
wide with formed
a

of the

large
erect

fourth
cusp,

upper

premolar,

whose

internal middle of
a

is very

strong
the
the

standing nearly
The upper about

in the molar
the

wide

platform
in

by

rest

of

the lobe. border its outer

is

nearly

parallelogram
The lower

outline, with
a

outer

equaling
a

inner, and
of the the

the entire tooth

is set at camassial

slightangle, with (m 1)has

and the
terior an-

end

little forward

inner.

trigon well developed, conid)

of about
a

three
the

cusps

(protoconid,paraconid,
consists of
a

meta-

equal size, while sharp-edged

m.i
=

heel

somewhat
The tooth

basin-like formula
round

portion with
is: i.i c.T
pm.T

rim The

not

showing
lower inner

definite cusps. is
a

38.
an

last
an

molar
cusp,

very

small but

tooth,

in

cross-section, with

outer

and

distinct

small.

The

type

species is H.
Two

moschata.
occur

species of Ferret-badgers
similar in the
in

in southeastern
may group
to

China, which
be

though
the and

externally rather
characters

general

appearance The

distinguished by

given

key following.
into southeastern
to the

is the

chiefly a subtropical Yangtze valley.

tropicalone,

extending

China
Species

Key A. Size larger, hind

a.

Chinese

of

Helictis

Greatest

foot 60-65 mm., a brown length of skull averaging 77

rictal spot present.

mm.

in males, under

parts
H. moschata moschata

usually more
b. Greatest

buffy, bases

of dorsal

hairs
80
mm.

paler
in males, under

length of skull averaging

of dorsal
mm.,
no

parts
H.
m.

usually whiter, bases

B. Size

hairs

hardly paler

ferreo-grisea
taxilla sorella

smaller, hind

foot

45

rictal spot present

H.

184.

Helictis
COMMON

moschata

moschata

Gray

FERRET-BADGER

Helictis moschata

Gray,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1831, pt.

i, p. 94.

Type Specimen: A by John Reeves, Esq., from

"

skin

and

skull. No.

207a,

in the

British

Musetmi, 1830.
limbs

sent

Canton,
color the

Kwangtvmg, body,
and

China, about
outer

Description:
"

General

of the

sides of the the dorsal

and of

the the the

eye,
are

feet, chocolate

brown,
the
area

bases

of the

hairs

paler on
the

surface

body.
space
as

On

the head

there
eyes

is

squarish white
median
ear,

spot occupying about

;

one-half
the
areas

between
as an

in the

line
are

sides of the
and

face below white

and

well

in front the

of the

white,

both

these

continuous

with
and

yellowish
of the cheeks
to

white A

of the

lips,chin, throat,
of the

middle

of the below of the

are

belly
the throat

inside
of the

legs.
and

large, elongate
the

rictal spot is present

The

white

behind

is white

the

roots, but
On the

mouth. angle elsewhere ventrally, the

there

hair hairs

white

pale

chocolate

basally.

occiput

is

second

prominently

THE

CARNIVORES

393

contrasted

white backward

squarish spot,
as
a

which

may line well

be
to

continued
the

more

or

less interruptedly
tail is like

median all

white

shoulders.
the

The

the

back,

dull
at

chocolate
the

around,
are

haired,

longer hairs
but

with
are

pale
very

tips, which
much
more

proximal portion
a

inconspicuous
tip
to

terminally

extensive, producing
pattern
Swinhoe
between the varies
more or

whitish

the

tail.
white

The

less in the

extent
a

of the

markings

about
the

the

head.

(1870a,
eyes

p.

228) mentions
lacking.
the skull have
are

skin

from

Hainan

in which

pale spot
The

was

chief

characters

of

already
very
are

been

mentioned.

The

prominent

longitudinal temporal ridges

"

striking.
available,
the but
to

Measurements: size the

No

fresh

measurements

in
the

general
north

typical
H.
m.

race

hardly differs
.

from

that

of

provinces

(see under

ferreo-grisea)

From in
some

these

figures it

seems

that do The
not

the

males, although
females
are

very

little

larger

of their measurements,

exceed

in any well
a

strikingway.
named,
certain their

Occurrence

and

Habits: and

"

Ferret-badgers giving

long
recall

cartilaginous snout
to
a a

thickset

appearance

them

resemblance
more

badger,

while is

their

long tails,slightlyless
not
an uncommon

than

body species

length,
in
the

ferret.

This

apparently
China.

subtropical
which
occiu-s

parts
over

of extreme
most

southern South Canton

China, grading into

The

the

following
was

race

of from

original specimen
but Mell

sent

to

the

British that

Museum

by John Reeves, Esq.,

(1922, p. 17)

says

394

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

so

far

as

he

knows

it has
the

not

since
from

been
some

taken
one

there,
who

so

it is

quite Hkely
in to the

that

Reeves from

purchased
outside. but

animal

brought it
occurs

market

Nevertheless is
commoner

Mell
in
even

says

that
more

in general it
northern

everywhere
Swinhoe has

in also

Kwangtung,
recorded the animal

the

part.
on

it from from

Amoy
the

and

Shanghai, although
the

geographical grounds
race,

latter H.
on

localityis perhaps
Pope
secured
of
as a

following
while
these
m.

H.

m.

ferreothe the
as

grisea. Mr.
American late

Clifford

fine

series
and H.

collecting for the

followed

Museum A. Allen

the in

island

Hainan,

I have

J.

(1906) by
is

regarding (1930,
p.

typical
from

moschata. Shan
area,

Probably Kwangsi,
remarks referable
he

animal "Nasua
that the
at

recorded narica"

Shih

5)

the

Yao

really the

species under
from that

consideration, for
of Fukien." skin
secured
or

of it
to

it is "somewhat

divergent
a

Probably by
Dr.

typical form
than
in the
seems on

also, is

single hunter's

Roy
and

C. Andrews
seems

Likiang, Yunnan;
Little
to

it is without

measurements
seen. on

skull,

its tail

longer

other
have
a

specimens
been

published
with
two

the

habits

in China.
grown, and
a

Mell
was

(1922)
taken

says
a

that

June

female
at

sucklings, one-third
a

in

hole

among
two

rocks young,

the

foot

of

tree

at

Wutsung,
that

second

female,

also with taken

seem

in late stomach. in

May

at

Fungwahn,
notes

Kwangtung.
although
these of existence

One

specimen
difficult

had

bones

in the

Pope
are

little animals and

somewhat kill

stupid
the

life, they
Chinese

very

tenacious

to

by choking,

usual
"

method.
as

Specimens examined:
Hainan: Yunnan:

Twenty,
4. at

follows:

Nodoa,
I

14;

Namfong,

(hunter's skin bought

i

Likiang).

Kwangtung:

(B.M.), the type.

Helictis
Zool.

185.
Helictis

moschata
vol.

ferreo-griseaHilzheimer
29, p.

Hilzheimer, ferreo-griseus
vol. i, p. moschata moschata lavarta

Anzeiger,

298,

1905;

Abh.

u.

Ber. Mus.

f. Natur-

u.

Heimatk.,

Magdeburg,
Helictis Helictis

176, 1906.
Proc. Zool. M. Soc.

Swinhoe,

London,
Amer.

1870,

p.

623 (in part).

no.

ferreo-grisea G.

Allen,

Mus. Yatsen

Novitates,

358,
no.

p. 7, 1929. 9, p. 2, 1930.

}Mustela

Shih, Bull. Dept. Biol., Sun (sic)

"

Univ., Canton,

Type Museum,
a

Specimen:
Germany,
the

The

type

is

male

skin mention

without
of
states
a

skull

in the

Magdeburg
in
from

described
author

without

definite that

locality,but
was near

later

paper

(Hilzheimer, 1906) Probably it was

is
a a

it

Hankow,

Hupeh,
"

China. This
but

trade

skin

purchased in the
race,

market.
to

Description: typical
the southern but
H.

barely distinguishable
clearer
tone

closely similar
skull
a

moschata,

averaging slightly larger, the

and the

little
in the

larger,
more

winter

pelage longer
race.

white
of the

in the

white

areas

than

In

general
same

pelage is

grayer,

especiallyin winter,
with
the

presents the

full chocolate-brown

coloration

white

facial

THE

CARNIVORES

395

and the

occipitalmarks,
shoulders.
more

the

latter the

often

continued of the

as

stripe of variable
parts
is without
and

length
the the

to

Usually
southern
are a

white

under this

buffy
bases

tint of the
of the

animals, though

is not

invariable,

hairs

above average

paler.
very The little

Males

larger

than

females

in cranial
were

dimensions. in the field

Measurements: the collector

:

"

following

measurements

taken

by

Occurrence
wide Museum
area

and
seems

Habits:

"

The
common

Ferret-badger
and well

of

central

China
The

covers

and

fairly

distributed.
at at

American

Asiatic

Expeditions secured
in the the
on

specimens
and of the

several

localities in Fukien,
; as

namely: Futsing, Yenping

Tunglu
several in

mountains,

Chunganhsien
Yochow Szechwan in the

well

as

at

Chekiang,
Wanhsien it is not

near

mouth
eastern

Yangtze;
of

Hunan,

and

from

the in the

border

highlands. although
the B. U. it S.

Apparently
follows National
the

found into has

high country
part
at

of western of

China,
whence

Yangtze

the

east-central
taken from

Szechwan,
and and

Museum

specimens

Suifu

Kiating (A.
the
one

Howell, Yochow,
northern

1929).
in the
same

Probably,

too, the

specimen

Shanghai
should

from
more

institution, recorded

by Howell,

represent

the

396
The R. Wulsin much without

THE

MAMMALS

OP

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

race.

Museum
at

of

Comparative Yangtze
basin

Zoology has
It would in eastern
seem

specimen
that

secured

by Dr.
not the

F.

Ningpo, Chekiang.
of the in the

the
so as

species does probably

the
to

range

north skull

China,
labeled

that from

skin

American

Museum,

Maitaichao,
south.

Shansi,

was there, but brought probably not actually taken habits of this animal to the as Very little information

in from
seems

be

lished. pub-

The small and

number

of

mammae, two

four, is in keeping
two
cases

with

the

apparently typical
race,

number in contrast

of young,
to

in

mentioned
some

under of the

the

the

large litters produced by

"

weasels.

Specimens examined:
Fukien:

Twenty-six.
5; Chunganhsien,
2.

Futsing,

4;

Yenping,
i

4.

Chekiang:
Hunan: Szechwan: Shansi: No

Ningpo,
3.

(M.C.Z.); Tunglu,

Yochow,

Wanhsien, Maitaichao,
i

5.

(probably

not

native

there).

definite

i. locality,
"

186.

Helictis
LESSER

tajcilla sorella
FERRET-BADGER

G.

M.

Allen

Helictis

taxilla sorella

G.

M.

Allen,

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

no.

358, p. 8, 1929.

Type
Museum
21,

Specimen:
of Natural

"

An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull, No.
China.

85030,

American ruary Feb-

History, from
Clifford In
the

Futsing, Fukien,
Asiatic moschata

Collected

1926, by
"

H.

Pope, Central
H.

Expeditions.
in external
the appearance, of the fore

Description:
but
much

general resembling
ears

smaller,
more

slightlylarger in proportion,
the metatarsal

claws
An

feet somewhat in color

curved,

pads
dark

shorter.

obvious

ence differ-

pattern lies

in the brown

absence

of the

rictal spot.

Color, pale chocolate

narrow

above,

becoming
The
hair

hoary
of the

on on

the
the

sides; tail
basal

and

long-haired, the
hairs head
on

chocolate distal

hairs
half.

predominating

half,
at

the

white-tipped
The white

the

back

is whitish those of

base.

markings,
the

though
from

recalling in pattern
spot tends
to to
crown

H.

moschata, differ in that

white

interorbital

be

more as a

linear than
broad

squarish (in one

the cheeks
a

specimen
the eye

it extends
are

nose-pad
from
the and

line);
of
eye,

behind
dark

grizzled chocolate
backward
and below

gray

and

whitish

instead

having
with the
small
an corner

spot extending
of clear white

area

above

posterior comer finallythe brown

in this

of the

spot behind
A cluster

of the

mouth

in H.

moschata

is

lacking

species.
the

of

tactile hairs vibrissae

are a

arises from
much

this spot in the

in mark

latter

species,but

in H.

t. sorella

these

smaller,

correlation of many

perhaps with
weasels.

loss

of

the

pigmented

spot,

characteristic

Ventral

surface

of

THE

CARNIVORES

397

the

body, including
Inside is
has and
are more a

the

fore
ears

legs to
and

the

wrists

and

the

hind

legs to the ankles,

the

dull white.
The skull

of the

their outer that of H.

rims

whitish. rostral

slender lower
and

than

moschala, especiallyin
case.

portion, and
wide tooth in H.

less inflated The

as a

brain

The

temporal ridges are

as

apart
rows

nearly parallel.
very

entire
in H.

skull

is smaller
and

well, but

the than

nearly

as

long

moschata,
and slender upper

slightly longer

taxilla

taxilla,requiring thus
The

long

rostral

portion
the that
a

for

their of

accommodation. the

distance
whereas The and

between in the

the

molars

equals
it exceeds

width

postpalatal tube,
Measurements:
"

larger H.
measurements

moschata

width.

collector's

of the
; tail, 140,

type
150;

and

topotype
40.

are

respectively:head
the dried

body,
the

330, foot

320

mm.

hind
in

foot, 40,

In

skin, however,
CRANIAL

without
OF HELICTIS
Width

claw

measures

each, 45

mm.

MEASUREMENTS

TAXILLA

SORELLA

Zygo-

Mas-

Orbit

to

Upper

Lower

There
sexes so

does
as

not

seem

to

be

any

obvious
show.
a

difference
For

in size between the

the

two

far

these

few

specimens
has

comparison,
of 77.7
mm.,

type
basal

of Helictis

taxilla in the

British

Museum

skull orbit

length
to

length, 74

(in a second, 69) ; mastoid

Occurrence
and

width,
"

34;

rostrum,
a

21.5. smaller
race

Habits:

This

is

apparently

of the

Tongthe

kingese
from

H.

taxilla,distinguishable by its smaller

the

skull

in combination in the

with

large size of
Thomas's
The

teeth, which
measurements.

are

even

slightlylarger
external
be

than

latter,to judge
moschata

species
on

bears

so

close

an

resemblance

to

H.

that but

it

might
and

casual

inspection easily
cheeks,
the
lack

confused

with
much

that

animal,

its

smaller

size, gray
the In

of

rictal

spot, the
fore claws in

shorter obvious

metatarsal

pads,
the last

weaker the
one case

and of

slightly curved
two
a

are

points of
be of that
a

difference.
same

species

so

similar
in

general aspect, living in

and

region, points

suspects

difference
for

habits,

it may

the
more

two

indicate

modifications

tree-climbing instead
type
of

terrestrial
Thomas

existence.
was

the

first to

discover
to

this smaller British

the

ferret-badger,among
The

specimens
thousand

sent

from

Tongking
the

the

Museum. known
was

capture

of

mens specispecies
a

in northern
a

Ftikien, China,
to

extends

distribution

of the

miles
nature

northeast. No

Nothing
doubt

observed,

however,

of

tinctive dis-

about

its habits.

further

investigations will
China,
and

disclose
prove its

the

presence

of the

species in other

places

in southeastern

398

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

intergradation with
American
a

the
are

typical race
all from and

of

Tongking.
Fukien,
in

The
an

four
area

specimens in the
there is still

Museum.
amount

northern

where

certain

of wild

partiallyforested
Four,
as

country.

Specimens examined:
Fukien: northwestern

"

follows:
2.

part, 2; Futsing,

Genus

Meles
BADGER

Brisson

Meles

Brisson, Regn. Anim.

p. 34,

in Classis IX

distrib., Quadr., ed. 2, p. 13, 1762;

or

Storr, Prodromus

Meth.

Mamm.,

1780.

Badgers
well-muscled
nose

are

large, stoutly built members

limbs, and

of the

Mustelidae, with
claws

short,
The

fore

long, nearly straight

and
an

for

digging.
of

has
as a

strong

cartilaginous termination
aid
in

external the
next

nose-pad
genus,

good

size have
and

further

burrowing.
and

Both

this and
as

Arctonyx,
broader

relatively narrow nearly

led

elongate
regard
the the

skulls

compared
Other

with

the

triangular skull of the (1921b)

than while
to to

American
two

Badger.
Old
World

points
as

of difference
more

have

Pocock

genera

closely
in the sentative repre-

allied to each

other

American American

Badger,

subfamily Melinse,
of
a

separate pm\
crown

Badger subfamily, Taxideinae.

has
a

the

that he places them so the (Taxidea) is made

In

Meles,

as

in

Arctonyx, the
tooth but
a

last upper

premolar,
in

broad

internal

ledge, giving the

in Meles has
two
a

nearly

triangular outline
cusp
at
on

view.

This

ledge
in

low

prominent
cusps molar the

the

middle
apex

of the of the

postero-internal border, and

unworn

still smaller
The in upper

the
a

inner

triangle,obvious
in
crown

teeth.

is

large

broad

tooth,
corner

view

nearly rectangular
that the external and the

outline, with
is shorter
are

outer, the while

posterior
third
comer

rounded
outer
cone

off, so
cusps, stands A

edge

than

internal.
a

The

two

paracone

metacone,

prominent,
the

smaller of the

behind
low

latter, forming

external postero-

tooth. and

ridge, apparently
internal from
border the

constituted
runs

by

the

protoconule,
in the
a

protocone,
of

closely approximated
while

hypocone,
central and

lengthwise medially
In the
as

center

the

tooth,

the
groove

is extended

low

shelf separated
molar

by

deep

ridge.
and The The

lower

jaw, the first against

its rim
molar the

is much

elongated, its paraconid

while

protoconid shearing basin-shaped,

second lower
tinued con-

upper

carnassial,

its
and

posterior heel
three in

is

long

formed is much back

by

two

external and

inner
crown as a

cusps.

smaller from

nearly circular
the
as

view.
narrow

palate is

the

level of the

last molars
level thin of the

and

nearly parallelwhich
as

sided the

tube,
hamular

not

quite reaching
extend

jaw articulation, beyond

rods

processes and

vertical

nearly

as

far the

back

the

prominent

inflated

audital

bullae,all quite in

contrast

to

conditions

in

THE

CARNIVORES

399

Arctonyx.

The

dental

formula

is

usually

the

same

in

both

genera,

namely:

i.f c.TpmJm.^=34.

Only
over

one

species of Meles
eastern
nor

is represented Its

in

eastern

Asia, and

it extends
seems

most

of

China.
does the

relationship to
at

the

European
any

Badger tangible

only subspecific,
between the

material and

hand

indicate

ences differ-

animals

of North

South

China.

187.

Meles

meles

leptorynchus
BADGER

Milne-Edwards

CHINESE Meles
Meles

leptorynchus Milne-Edwards, leplorhynchus Milne-Edwards,

Ann.

dcs

Sci. Nat., Zool.,

pour scrvir

ser.

5, vol.

8, p. 374, des

1867.
p.

Recherches

I'Hist.

Nat.

Mammiftres,

190,

pi. 25;

pi. 26, figs.3, 4; pi. 27, figs.3, 4; pi. 28, figs.3, 4, 1868-74. Meles chinensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 207. Amoy.
Meles
leucurus vol.

Trouessart, Cat.
1909.

Mamm.

Viv.

Foss., p. 188, 1904.

nach

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist.,

26, p. 430,

Meles

hanensis

Matschie,

Wiss.

Ergebn.

d.

Exped. Filchner

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10, pt. i, p.

138,

1908.
Meles Meles Meles

siningensis Matschie, tsingtauensis Matschie,

meles meles

loc. cit.

ibid.,p. 142. Allen, Amer.

Publ. Field Mus. Mus.

leptorynchus G.
leucurus

M.

Novitates,

no.

358, p. 9, 1929.
ser.,

Meles

Osgood,

Nat.

Hist., zool.

vol.

18, p. 262,

1932.

Type
the

Specimens:
"les
are,

"

No

single specimen
he de
states

is mentioned the Paris

by Milne-Edwards
Museum
sent
are

as

type of this badger, but

environs

that

received

several

specimens from
The

Pekin,"

Hopei, China, presumably

by

M.

Fontanier. the tion collec-

specimens
of the

therefore, cotypes,
d'Histoire This

and

still in

Museum

Naturelle.
at
once

Description:
"

badger is
latter)
as
,

distinguished from
stumpy
in whereas The

Arctonyx by its
same

black

throat

(white
and for the

in the

and

its short

tail of the the from

mixed is

blackish-brown
and
ears

white

the

back,

Arctonyx
area

tail

longer
the basal short

usually
to

greater part

white.

mid-dorsal
coarse

between their and

a

the

is clothed tail-tip
a

with

long,

rather

hairs, having

three-fourths white

grayish white,
the sides of the On

succeeded

by
there

blackish-brown

ring
to

tip.
a

At

body
head

the

blackish
is the
a

rings tend
whitish

become

absent,
the
a

producing
of the whitish
or even

pallid tint.
on

the
to

stripe from
ear,

angle

mouth

each
the
to

side

and

beyond
muzzle These
runs

base

of the
to

and

median eyes

stripe from
farther,

tip of the occiput.

that back the muzzle
at

running back
two

the

level off

of the
a

the the

stripes separate
along
with
to

blackishto

brown

stripe from
the eye, The

back head

the

side

of the

face,
of the

clude in-

merging
and

of the from

the the

mixed
root

color
of the

dorsal well
as

side. the

lower

side of the
lower the and

body

the

chin

tail,as

feet, forearms,

legs, are

uniform

blackish-brown.
the

Compared
facial

with

European
the

Badger,
of

Chinese hairs

race are

has less

the

white

stripes shorter,

pale tips

the

dorsal

extensive,

400

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

and
on

are

tinged with
muzzle which skins is

buffy instead
clear and

of

pure
to
or or

white.

The

median

white
the

stripe
eyes,
one

the

usually

broad
brown the

slightlypast the level of heavily brown,

;

beyond
eleven
more

it becomes

smoky

even

and thus

in

of

is darkened
in the

quite
eastern

to

nose-pad

these

markings

are

slightly

obscured
The skull

animal.

differs from
the

that

of the
not
so

typical European
well

race

in

being slightly
in the

smaller, with
of the Chinese

sagittalridge

developed.
is
no

Moreover,
that
the

skulls

Badger premolar, pmi-, is ever present

all those
row. seen

examined,
as a

there

indication
the

first small for in tooth

it often space

is in
where

European might
stand In
so

animal,
in the

there

is not
bullae

even are

small

it

The nasal
cannot

audital
bones

slightly more
with
the

inflated

also.

old
that

skulls, even
the aries bound-

the

fuse

intimately
out.

surrounding bones,

be made

Measurements:

"

male,

not

fully mature,
as

from
:

the
and

Eastern

Tombs,
450
mm.

Hopei,
tail,130

was

measured

by
; ear,

the

collector

follows

head

body,

; hind

foot, 95

40.

From

these

measurements

it is not

evident

that

males

are

larger than

female

specimens.
"

Nomenclature:

Milne-Edwards,
but in
,

in
later

naming
the

this

badger, spelled the specific

it

designation leptorynchus
form
the

publications
the

is

usually given
and

the

leptorhynchus. He
two
as

compared
so

it with
that

European
E.

Badger
the

regarded
small

very

closely related, specimen

sent

chief

differences

lay in

skuU Meles from

characters. chinensis
to
a

Shortly afterward,

in

1868,

J.

Gray
to

gave

name

by Consul

Swinhoe

the

British

Museum

THE

CARNIVORES

401

Amoy.

This, however,

Milne-Edwards

regarded

as

synonym

of M.
the
same

leptorynsource.

chus, apparently with Matschie,

markets in of

reason,
as

for he, too, received

new

skulls

from
skins The

1908,
eastern
was

named China said while said the

species three
the Filchner
come

separate

purchased
first of
near

in fur

by
to

Expedition.
the

these,

Meles

hanensis,

have

from

mountains
was one

Hinganfu, Siningfu, in black-ringed

white
in
one,

southeastern Kansu.

Shensi,

the
to

second, Meles
much

siningensis,
that

from

They
on

were

be

alike, except
the dark of

had
was

hair

the white

back,
in the

other

black-brown;
the
matters

tip
basal

of the

tail
to

dirty
are,

other, without

rings

the

hairs.
The

These
same near

however,
also be

evidently merely
said of Matschie's
sent

individual

variation.
on a

may

Meles
von

based tsingtaiicnsis,
and Stein that the
to

skin

from

Tsingtao, Shantung, (type.

may No.
to

by

Stegmann

the

Berlin
M.
m.

Museum leucurus

A. 33.

06).
M.

Osgood
m.

(1932) suggests

name

have

replace
and

leptorynchus.
"

Occurrence
seems across

Habits:
over

This
most

representative
of
to eastern eastern

of

the
from and

European Hopei
thence
to extreme

Badger
westward

to

be

distributed
and northern

China

Shansi the
and the

Shensi

Kansu,

southward,
eastern

avoiding
Szechwan

higher, mountainous
on

parts
as

of western south
as

China,
the

the

east

coast

far

latitude

of

Hongkong.
Over this found

Outside
vast
no

Chinese

area,

it extends
seem

northeastward
be

into Amurland.

territoryits characters satisfactoryway

Milne-Edwards
those Amur than The
to

to

remarkably
China
that

uniform,
animals
skins how M. from

and

I have those had

separate

the

North

from

of South
shorter holds

China.
hair
true.

long

ago but been

mentioned
it is not

Amoy

from

Peiping,
has

certain the
name

far this character

amiirensis In from from S.

Badger
as a

given
to

by Schrenck,
addition
near

who

regarded
American
and from

it

subspecies
Asiatic

of the

European
the Paris secured

animal.
Museum
a

to

the

originalseries
the

of M. Museum

leptorynchus sent (1929)

Tabool,
northwestern has
a

Peiping,
Eastern seum Mu-

Expeditions
records
the latter

specimen
in the U. the

the

Tombs,
the the

A.

B.

Howell
and

specimens
From

National

Tientsin

localitynear

southern
to

edge of
westward,
in the Pa-

Mongolian
American
of

plateau,
Museum

Hopei.
from

Shansi

the

specimen
were

Pingtinghsien,
by
Dr. F. R.

and

others from

Museum

Comparative
and

Zoology
Yirgo
one

secured
northwestern

Wulsin
same

shuiko, Taiyuanfu,
Thomas

in

the

part

of the
from
most

province.
Tao

(1909) mentions
recorded

from

Yulinfu,

Shensi; another
one

the

River,
ties. localiat

Kansu,

by

A.

B. the

Howell

(1929), is from
Asiatic

of the

western
a

Farther

south,

Central which

Expeditions
nearly
the while
to
were

secured limit of

specimen (1932)
at

Wanhsien,
west-central

eastern

Szechwan,
on

marks

distribution

in

China

the

edge of
in

the

highlands,
it Museum

Osgood's
the
west.

record

from

near

Tatsienlu,

Szechwan,
the

carries American

farther

Eastward,
Yochow,

again,

several

specimens

seciured

402

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Hunan,
it ranges

and

one

at

Tunglu, Fukien,
the

Chekiang,
where

near

the been

mouth
taken
at

of the

Yangtze, whence
and p. of

south

into
and Mell
on

it has of

Foochow

Yenping
Still

(A.M.N.H.),
farther

in

south,

vicinity (Swinhoe, 1870c, Amoy the island (1922) writes that it occurs on
the for

622).

Hongkong,
inland but
one

Kwangtung,
from
about

and

neighboring mainland,
in fourteen

but

is

probably
he had

absent
seen

Canton,
the

years'
He

residence

there
a

brought into
the

Canton
at

Market.

mentions

also

specimen preserved in

City

Hall

Museum
to

Hongkong.
this
In

According
near

Swinhoe,

is

common

species in torpid, but

sweet

the in

Tinggan
summer

district visits the

Amoy,

in

hillycountry.
fields, uprooting
of

winter and

it lies

sweet-potato
Chinese
notes
name

eating
In

the

potatoes,

whence

the
p.

"Sweet-potato
the hair fur

Pig."
is too its skin

North
the

China,
hide

Sowerby
too

(19 14,
to

48)
the the
use

that, although
a on

stiff and

thick
demand

make among

badger
Chinese it to
wear

desirable
account
on

animal,

is nevertheless

in Made

of its brick

damp -resisting qualities. kangs

to
or

into

rugs,

they

spread

their

in

carts.

"The

Manchurian

hunters

all

nicely dressed
are

badger skins hanging from

always

their belts at the

seat." skull is

back, in which

position they
An

ready

form

dry by
a

interesting anomaly
in which the the second

is shown
upper tooth

from

Foochow
on

(No. 85048, sides, and

in

A.M.N.H.),
the the

premolar
of the

missing

both

lower British

jaw,

corresponding
one

left side.

Among
on

several

skulls in
other an-

Museum,
that

lacks

the

first lower In
a

premolar
the

the

right side, and

lacks
on

of the

left side.

third,

first upper

premolar is absent

the

left side

only.
"

Specimens examined:
Hopei
:

Twenty-four,
.

as

follows:

Eastern

Tombs,
i i. i

Shantung:

Tsinan,

(B.M.).
(Univ. Mich.).

Chekiang: Tunglu, Kiangsu: Nanking,

Shansi: Shensi: Hunan: Fukien: Szechwan: No
exact

Pashuiko, Yulinfu, Yochow, Foochow,

i

2;

Taiyuanfu,

i;

Pingtinghsien, i; Yirgo,

(allM.C.Z.).

(B.M.).
3. 2;

Yenping,
i;

2;

Amoy,
i

(B.M.).

Wanhsien,
i locality,
.

Sungpan,

(A.N.S.P.).

Genus

Arctonyx
Nat. des

F. Cuvier Mammifferes,
vol. 3,

Arctonyx F. Cuvier,

in

Geoffroy and

Cuvier, Hist.

pt. 51, pi. and

pp.

text, 1825.

The white the

badgers of this
of black

genus

are

readily distinguished from

somewhat

Meles

by their

instead

throat,

the

longer
There is
an

and
area

more

tapering tail,and
skin between

pale instead

of dark-colored

claws.

of naked

THE

CARNIVORES

403

the

nose-pad
in the
narrow

and
two

the

upper in the

Up

which

in Meles

is

thickly
Meles

haired.

The

skull
rather

differs

genera in

many

important
downward foramen audital

particulars. Although
in

long
but

and

both,

interorbital

region
much

is

high
In

and

swollen
latter the
more

depressed
In

and

sloping strongly
the antorbital

in Ardonyx.

the

forehead

is wider,

larger,
are

the much

rostrum

elongated.
not

ventral

aspect
of the
and is

the

bullae

very

less inflated, which

of in

reaching
contrast

the

level
are

hamular

processes

of

the

pterygoids,
level
as are

further

broad

flattened, diverging posteriorly instead

being
the in
a

parallel.
rim
of the ventral horseshoe

The

bony palate
but

prolonged
the

backward

to

the

of the viewed

posterior
from

glenoid cavity
inflated
the
outer
crowns

of

jaw,
with

somewhat The
upper

concave

side,

laterally. pair
with have of the
a

incisors and The

arranged

shape, length

compressed

lengthened
upper canines

crowns,
are

twice
and

the

of the

second

pair.
roots

long
two

laterally compressed,
upper The

slightly beaded
two

posterior edge.
are

The

anterior
space.

premolars

each

and

separated
seen

by
from

short

posteriormost premolar
extended

is
to

distinctly triangular as
form with
at
a a narrow

above,
The The while

its

postero-internal edge
molar and

ridge-like cusp.
posterior
lobe.

upper paracone
two

is nearly
metacone

diamond-shaped,
are are

rounded the

low,
in
a

and

stand

antero-extemal

edge,
on

other

lower
rim. A molar

cusps low

somewhat elements of

similar

position
seem

the
to

external posteroseen

ridge, the
ledge
the cusps

which
on

similar inner
side

those the

in

the

upper

of Meles, passes
is

lengthwise
narrower.

the the

of

tooth,

but is

its internal

bounding
with
outer

In and

lower

jaw

the

first molar in line and

long

and

narrow,

paraconid
of and

protoconid nearly premolar.

visible
in side formed The view.

shearing against

the the

the

upper

metaconid
The heel

lies
of

distinctlybehind
the tooth

protoconid

is thus
with
one. a

is somewhat is the

basin-shaped,
antero-intemal minute first

rim There

by

five cusps,

of which

the the

metaconid

is considerable

variation

in

development
some or

of the

premolar
present
dental

in both
on one

jaws,
or

as

mentioned

later,
or

for in
lower

skulls

it is absent, in others Otherwise

the the

both in

sides of upper Meles. With

so

both

jaws.
of
to

formula

is

as

age it

the
may

hind be

margin
toward The

glenoid cavity
the line median is A
.

becomes

extended
at

forward

that

impossible
move

disarticulate the

jaw, while
and

the

same

time
a

the

temporal
in old of northeastern

ridges
animals.

eventually Cuvier, from

form
the

high

crest

genotype
between

collaris F.
and of

mountains

India
The

Bhutan

Hindustan. India extends

of upon

Hog-nosed
China,
the

Badger

northeastern

its range

across

southern

apparently
various
names

without that
a

important
have been

change
bestowed

characters,
it. In

withstanding not-

North

China, however,

it is

represented by

distinct

subspecies.

404

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

88.

Arctonyx

collaris collaris F. Cuvier BADGER;

SAND
des

HOG-NOSED

BADGER

Arctonyx

collaris F. Cuvier.in

Geofifroy and

Cuvier, Hist. Nat.

Mammiferes,

vol. 3, pt. 51,

pi. and

pp.

text,

1825.
Meles

(Arctonyx) obscurus 1868-74.

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

pour

servir

h. I'Hist. Nat.

des

Mammiferes,

pp.

200,

202,

Arctonyx
PMeles

obscurus

Milne-Edwards,

ibid.,p. 338, pi. 58, fig.2; pi. 62.

Ber. Proc. Fur Ann. Mus. f. NaturSoc.

Thomas,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1912,

134-

albogularis Hilzheimer,
kucolcemus leucolctmus obscurus leucoleemus
orestes arestes

Abh.

u.

u.

Heimatk.,
1911, p.

Magdeburg,
688. p.

vol.

I, p.

183, 1906.

Arctonyx Arctonyx Arctonyx Arctonyx Arctonyx

Thomas, Sowerby,
Thomas,
A. M. B.

Zool.
and

London,
in North
ser.

Tsingling Mts.

Feather Nat. U.

China,
9, vol.

48, 1914
395,

(lapsus).
1922.

incultus obscurus

Mag.

Hist.,
S. Nat.

10, p.
art.

Anhwei.
1929.

Howell, Proc.
Mus.

Mus., vol. 75,

no.

i, p. 29,

collaris collaris G.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

358, p.

10,

1929.

Type
were

Specimen:

"

The
on

new a

genus colored

and

species represented by
sent

this

badger

based

by F. Cuvier
in the

drawing

him

by

M.

Alfred
The

Duvaucel,

and

reproduced
tail very
for the
at

"Histoire with

Naturelle

des Mammiferes."
was

figureshows
wear a

the

thinly

clad

hair, which
which

perhaps
made his

result

of

in captivity,

animals

from

Duvaucel
have been

figure were
in the

pair

in

menagerie
Bhutan

Barrackpore,
from
"

said to

captured

mountains

ing divid-

Hindustan. A

Description:
white
to

large, rather
the shorter white

short-limbed
back

badger,
the

with

pale
of the

claws.

stripe runs
neck;
the eye
a

from

nose-pad
of the feet
black

along

midline
the

forehead cheek
neck. of may the
or are same

the

second
to

stripe passes
and

along
with

side of each of the fur

below

the

sides

neck, merging
middle of

the

whitish
The

Throat,
back

ears

and
at
a

tail white; base white blackish with

or a a on

belly

black. this black

the be

is white

terminal

portion, or
that

band

succeeded

by

yellowish tip, so
the
some

specimens grizzled with

and

from
gray,

localitymay
with white.
The
a a a

be

back,

or

largely
the

often

yellowish tinge.
skull characters

In

specimens already
been

nape

shoulders

nearly

have

mentioned. 41475

There

is

frequently
Fukien,
on

minute

spicularfirst premolar present. subadult, and No. 22.9.1.36 (B.M.) from

sides in the teeth from
on

No.

(A.M.N.H.)
have has
on

from

Likiang
upper. the has

this tooth
not

present

both

lower but

jaw

but

not

in the

No.

57373

only right
at

both

these One
and

present,

in the

upper Museum

jaw
The
out

first the

premolar
on

the

side.

Ichang
both

in the in the

British
lower but

tooth
may

the

left side

above

sides
an even

jaw.
in two

palate
of three

be

bounded this is

its posterior
as a

rim
narrow

by

arch,

skulls

prolonged
skin

median Measurements:

cleft.
"

No of head
for

fresh
and the

measurements

are

at

hand, but
foot with

is about
about 95.

650

mm.

in

length

body;
type

tail about
0.

150;

claw
and

Thomas

(1922b) gives
;

of his A.

incultus:

head

body,

about

700

mm.

tail,170; hind

foot, 89.

THE

CARNIVORES

405

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

ARCTONYX

COLLARIS

COLLARIS

3 o.

"B
a

O o

E
J3
W

"
"*^

C
cs

ti
o

-^

Si 138-3
134-0 130.0 104-5
lOI.O

a. a

c?^
81.6

^_
Fukien Fukien Fukien Fukien Fukien

41475 57373

1550

74-3 75-5

430
42.0

51-7 50.0

60.0

"

151.0
144.0 1394

75-5

58-2 56.0 55-8

54-4

d' cf cf cf

84390 84391 85025 2.6.10.25

of A.
BM

98.0
88.0

78.0
89.1

76.0 81.5
80.0

43-3
44-0

47-5
49.0

125.8
125.0

138.6 (type
1333 130.7
126.2

89.0

87.0

43-6

46.4

incultus)
BM BM

16.2

90.4

89-5
71.2

72.4

38.6
37-9

43-7
44-2 40.3

51.0 51-9 47.0 53-2 54-5 Ad.

cf cf

Anhwei

2.6.10.33 23.4.1.26 60190 89.3.1.

1 BM

II8.5
II2.5

83-4 78.5
90.0

67-5
63.0

Hupeh
Yunnan Fukien

36.0 41.6
37-1

Im.cf
9 9

139-5

1275
123.2
1 1

83.5 75-8 68.9

70.3

77.0

47-4 47.0
39.5 42.0

136.5
BM

88.5 78.9
81.0

64.7
60.0

Hupeh
Yunnan
'

22.9.1.36
1

122.4

12.6 16.8

37.2 37.3

46.6

Im.

9 9

1.9.8.43 BM
6.
1.

131-8 (type

69.1

Szechwan

1 1.

BM

oi A.l.

Orestes)

131. 7

121.6

86.1

71.0

70.3

40.7

44.5

51.6 Ad.

Shensi

Nomenclature:
nosed

"

The

precise relationships of
a more

the
out.

various
It named southern in

described

Hogby
the

Badgers
that the

still

require

careful
the
eastern

working
quite

seems

ever, clear, howA.

large species of
without
There

Himalayas
across

collaris
to

Cuvier,
coast

occurs

important
include

change

China

of Fukien. the
and
same

is considerable
may those

individual

variation

color,

for

skins black
the

from
nape nape,

region
to

having white stripes tinged

back

head-markings,
with

back,

those all

with the

the

facial
of of the the

ochraceous,
or as

shoulders,
A

and

hairs

white-tipped
type
served

ochraceousthe

tipped.
Thomas's Edwards's
collaris.
as a

light-colored specimen
A. A. leucolcemus
obsciirus who
orestes

latter

basis

for

from of

the

Tsingling Mountains,
individuals,
from
western
a an

Shensi.
a

Milneof it

is

one

the the A.

darker

and

synonym

Anderson,
animal
in that of 1922,

examined with
as

type

China,
of male
coat

regarded
A.

young

identical described from

The

albogularis,
incultus
race

synonym

collaris.

Thomas,

A.

obscurus

old

from
and the

Anhwei,
greater

stating
inflation while

it differed the

the

typical

in

its thin

palate.
of skulls

first of the

character,

however,
a

is doubtless of individual found the

to
more

seasonal, variation,

the
a

degree
series

of inflation is

palate

is

matter two
are

for when in this

examined,

hardly
are

be

quite alike
It

respect,

but

the

older

individuals

usually

inflated.

4o6
does with
not
a

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

seem

that

more

than

singlerace

can

be

distinguished in South

China,

second

in North and

China.
"

Occurrence

Habits:
extreme

The
western

Hog-nosed
Yunnan
across as

Badger
long
southern

was

reported
as

from

the

Tengyueh
Thence it

region of

ago

1879 by Anderson.
to

apparently

extends

eastward
to

China
and into

the

coastal

province of Fukien,
Range.
race,

and

northward
this

the

Yangtze

basin,

the the

Tsingling
northern

Somewhere
c.

along

boundary
and

it doubtless Museum

grades

A.

leucolcemus.
at

The

American

Asiatic

Expeditions secured
has also

several
it from

skins
that

Likiang, Yunnan,
as

Thomas

(1922b, 1923)
Si Ho,
western

recorded Other

range

well
are

as

from

Weichow,
and

Szechwan.

localities in Szechwan Museum

has has from

Omei
B.

Shan

Wa

Shan
The

whence

the

U. of

S. National

specimens (A.
one

Howell,
and Thomas he km.

1929).

Museum

Comparative
in the British

Zoology
Museum Chinteh
writes

from

Hupeh,

mentions
his

specimens
type
of ^.
Mr.
o.

Ichang, with
of the
a

which 150

compared
west

inciiUus H.

from

(Tsingte), Anhwei,
that
one

of
at

Hangchow.
foot
of the

Clifford
was

Pope
at

'specimens obtained
an

Futsing, Fukien,
wooded is said animal

trapped
of
movm-

the mouth tains

to

of

hole

in

earth

bank

at

the

range

surrounding
a

Lingshih monastery.
and difficult to sectire,

The

by

the

Chinese

be

deep

burrower

the

specimens

recorded
and be

by
from
also Museum
a

A.

B.

Howell

Probably though not uncommon. from (1929) as A. leucolcemus

are

Ningpo,
collar is,

Chekiang,
as seem

Kuatun,
skin from

Fukien,

referable

to

typical
others
to

A. from

c.

to

Tunglu, Chekiang, Very little seems

and

Fukien,
as

in the

American of this

collections.

be

recorded

to

the

habits

species.
"

Specimens examined:
Chekiang:
Anhwei:

Twenty,

as

follows:

Tunglu, Chinteh,
i

i.

(B.M.), tjpe
;

oiincultus.

Hupeh:
Fukien Shensi: Yunnan: Szechwan:
:

(M.C.Z.)

Ichang,

(B.M.).
i ; i

Chungan,

3 ;

Futsing,

Yenping,
(B.M.).

3.
orestes.

Tsingling Mountains, Likiang,

4

(B.M.), type of
2

(skinsonly);
i

Weichow, 189.

(B.M.).
collaris
CHINA des.

Arctonyi
NORTH

leucolaemus
HOG-NOSED
ser.

(Milne-Edwards)
BADGER
5, vol.

Meks Meles

leucolcemus

Milne-Edwards,
leucolcemus
2;

Ann.

Sci. Nat., Zool., Recherches

pour

8, p. 374,
Nat.

1867.
des

(Arctonyx)
pi.
24; leucolcemus

Milne-Edwards, pi.
27,

servir ^ I'Hist.

Mammifdres,

p.

195,

pi. 26, figs. I,

figs. I,
Acad.

2;

pi. 28, figs. I,

2,

1868-74

(1871).
34

Arctonyx

Buechner,

Bull.

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, vol.

Ann. Proc. Mus.

(new

ser.,

vol.

2), p.

103

(Melanges

Biol., vol. Arctonyx Arctonyx Arctonyx

13, p.

149), 1892.
milne-edwardsii
leucolcemus A. M.

leucolcemus leucolcemus

Lonnberg,
B.

Mag.
U. S.

Nat. Nat.

Hist., Mus.,
no.

ser.

9, vol. 75, p.
art.

II,

pp.

322-326,
29, 1929.

1923.

Howell,
Amer.

vol.

i, p.

collaris leucolcemus

G.

Allen,

Novitates,

358,

II,

1929.

Type specimen:

"

The

specimen

on

which

Milne-Edwards

based

his account

THE

CARNIVORES

407

of this

badger

was

sent

to

the

Paris

Museum
and is

by

Pere

Armand

David

from

the

vicinity of Peiping, Hopei, China, Description:

"

presumably

still in that

institution.

This

northern

race

of the

Hog-nosed
125

Badger
and

is

distinguished
the of

by its slightly smaller

white
back
race,

size
across

(skull length
the nape; of in

about

mm.)
the

by hav'ng

collar

complete
on

usually, too,
the tail. As little

dark

coloring
with the

the

extends
the of

to

the
at

basal hand

part
agree

compared
or no

typical
to

specimens
the

having
are

white

tipping
the

the

hairs

back,

but

instead
there

these
are

white

for the

basal
across

three-fifths,then
shoulders

blackish

brown,

although
the

white-tipped hairs
The of

immediately
on

behind

white

nape.

dark-tipped
is that

hairs of the

back

extend
toward the A.

to

the

tail for

the

greater

part

its length in

diminishing
it does

amount

the

terminal

half.

Another
the eye

point
does

of difference reach the

in ."4. c. leucolcBtnus
in

white

stripe below
The

not

lip, but

typical

coUaris.

skull,
race,

even

in
the

aged

specimens, is considerably smaller prolongation of

a

than

in the
shows As and in

southern very the

and

posterior, tubular
is
so

the the be

palate
latter.

little inflation, which

marked

characteristic
may
or

of
not
or

typical race,
that

the

minute

first

premolar
with age.

may

present,

is

apparently
of both
races

deciduous,

fallingout
examined
Presence

Its

presence

absence

in skulls

I have

is shown
of

in the

following table:

pm'

and

pmi

It is obvious

that

this tooth
in the

is

usually present
from

on

both

sides

of the
p.

lower

jaw,

but

usually
describes and

absent
and

upper.

Milne-Edwards
Shensi noted

(1868-74,
in which the
same

340),

however,
present,
a

figures a specimen (1923a)

has
more

both

pairs are
has

Lonnberg
from
.

recently

peculiarityin
he that

specimen
name

southern

Kansu,

to

which,
can

chieflyfor this
be
no

reason,

given
a

the

I. milne-edwardsii.
of
no

There

doubt, however,

this is

variable

character,
"

systematic importance.
measurements

Measurements:

Few

of from

fresh Kansu:

specimens
head and

are

available.
680
mm.

Lonnberg
tail,140.

(1923a) gives

for his

specimen

body,

408
CRANIAL

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

MEASUREMENTS

OF

ARCTONYX

COLLARIS
Width

LEUCOLMMUS

Zygo-

Upper

Lower

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

This

form

of the

Hog-nosed
back
not

Badger
with

is

apparently
nape,

distinguished by its smaller by

the

size, uniformly
mark,
race, to

darker does

white
to

and

shorter

suborbital
a

white

which

extend

the

lower

lip.
its

It is which

apparently
its range

well-marked
not
seem

characteristic The

of northern

China, beyond

does
in

extend. American

type
Musetmi

was

from Asiatic

Peiping

or

neighborhood,
secured
three In

Hopei,

and

the

Expeditions brought
This
in at

specimens

from

Tungling,
hundred

which

are,
a

therefore, practically
female
of

topotypes.

addition, Jacobi (1922) has

more

recorded

Jehol (Chengteh),
the
on

than

one

miles that their

northeast I have
eyes

Peiping,

which female
To

is

most

northerly
30

record
small
seems

for

this

animal with
across

found.

April

had

foiu-

young,
to

still

unopened.
and

the into in

westward
southern

this

badger
whence

range

southern

Shansi

Shensi taken

Kansu,
Shan. which and
boulders.

came

Lonnberg's type
this its northwestern of from has

of milne-edwardsii,

the

Min

Buechner
must

in 1892 recorded

badger
limit.
to

from Here
10,000

the

Ssigu district,
was

Kansu,
Potanin under from

be

nearly
at

it

found

by

Berezovski A. B.

altitudes

9,000

feet

in burrows,

Howell and
seem

(1929)
from
to

recorded miles few

east

specimens
of records of

of this

badger
U. S.

Min

Shan, in Kansu,
Museum. and There

eighty
be very

Peiping, in
the

the

National from
to sent

hog-badger
which he

Shansi
In the

Shensi, the

former

province being perhaps largely unsuited

Pere
David

it.
to

southern Paris this

race

Shensi, however, Museum,

where

secured

specimen
it
as

Milne-Edwards with
the

regarded
form

.4. obscurus.

No

doubt

intergrades Yangtze
"

typical

somewhere

along

the

northern

part

of the

basin.

Specimens
Hopei:
Eastern

examined: Tombs,

The

following:

3.

Genus

Lutra
OTTERS

Brunnich

Lutra

Brunnich,

Zoologiae Fundamenta,
are

p. 34,

1772.

The

otters

large members

of The

the head

weasel is broad

family
and

that

have

become

highly
the
ears

modified
low and

for

aquatic

life.
neck

somewhat

flattened,
the

rounded,
and

the

thick,

the

body relativelyslender,
the end. The

tail
are

long, muscular,

flexible,tapering slightlytoward

limbs

THE

CARNIVORES

409

rather

short, and
claws
fur the
are

the

fingersof
and rather
over

both

fore

and The latter

hind fur of

feet

are

webbed and and

for swimming.
with
a

The under
shed

short
a

weak.

is short

dense,

fine that of The

and
water.

coarser

fur,

the

strong

polished hairs
are

At less

the

sides

of the than

muzzle,
in
some

the

vibrissae

very

stiff and

medium

length,

conspicuous
by
the very

of the

aquatic
narrow a

mammals.

skull is characterized with

short,

blunt

snout,
and

interorbital
and

region,
rather and
to

slightly projecting postorbital

brain
case.

processes, bones of the

large oval,
fuse
one

flattened
sutures

With

age

the

skull

intimately
of the the basal

all be

disappear, that
on

separating
surface,
In
a

the while

nasal
on

bones the

being

last

obliterated remains of the

open nasal

the

dorsal

ventral

side,

suture

diu-ing growth.
passage

ventral

aspect, the

postpalatal prolongation
hamular least
on are

forms
from

only
the

short

tube,

and

the

processes

of the

pterygoids
The

are

distant
a

auditory
with

bullae
outer

by

at

their
each

width side

apart.
the the

incisors
the

form

transverse

row,

the The Of the

tooth

twice

size of
upper

others

which

are

subequal.
the
lower.

canines
four side

nearly vertical,
premolars,
canine
the

slightlylonger than point.

blade-like with
The second conical and

the

upper of the
are

first
at

is very middle

small, closelyappressed against

and third

inner

nearly

its

upper while

premolars
the

larger, with

sharpan

pointed, compressed
outer

crowns,
a

fourth

is much

larger, with
upper molar

portion
rounded the
two

wide, rounded,
the the
two

inner
outer

ledge.
cusps

The

is

rectangular
flat the

corners,

separated
but three

by

wide
;

valley from
first molar

inner.

In

lower

jaw

there

are

premolars
with upper and
pressed com-

is large and

narrowed,

its paraconid
the and
outer

and cusps
as

protoconid
of the last

cutting edges, shearing against

The

molar. pre-

metaconid
view

is behind

nearly
the the

as

large

sharp
The The

the

paraconid
of the tooth

partly
is much
c.t

hidden

in and

side

protoconid.
inner lutra

heel tooth

lower,
m.i
=

slopes
The
common

inward

on

side.

formula

is: i.f

pm.^

36.
The

genotype
otter

is Lutra of

(Linnaeus). closely related

northern A second
a

Europe

is

to

that

of

eastern

Asia,
it is
western south-

and

extends

with

little modification
two

across

Asia, into China,

where in

represented

by probably
The

subspecies.
otters

species

occurs

China.

clawless

constitute

separate

genus.

Key

to

the

Chinese

Species three

of

Lutra

A.

Upper

border

of the nose-pad

tridentate, with

nearly equal pointed

projections.
a.

Teeth Teeth

smaller, upper

cheek cheek

teeth teeth

about about

34

mm mm

L. lutra chinensis L. lutra nair

b. B.

larger, upper
of the

38

Upper
orbital

border isthmus

nose-pad

straight

across;

size rather

smaller; postL. tarayensis

inflated

410

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

190.

Lutra

lutra

chinensis
OTTER

Gray

EASTERN

CHINESE

Lutra

chinensis
p. 624.

Gray, Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

2, vol.

i, p.

580, 1837.

Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1870,

tLutra Lutra Lutra

nair

Sclater, Proc. Zool.

Bull.

Soc. London,
Acad.

1861, p. 390.
vol. 34

vulgaris Buechner,
sinensis lutra lutra

Imp.

Sci.,St. P^tersbourg,

(new

ser.,

vol.

2), p. 103,

1892.

Trouessart, Cat. Mamm.

Amer.

Viv.

Lutra
Lutra

J. A. Allen, Bull.
chinensis

Mus.

Foss., p. 283, 1897 (as synonym Nat. Hist., vol. 26, p. 430, 1909. Novitates,
no.

of L. lutra).

G. M.

Allen, Amer.
"

Mus.

358, p. 12, 1929.

Type
to

specimen:

The

type

of

Gray's
Reeves,

Lutra

chinensis hence

was

sent
came

from

China the

the

British

Museum of Canton.
"

by John

and

probably

from

neighborhood

Description:
of the

An

otter

with

well-developed claws, and

with
a

the

dorsal

outline
two

nose-pad

nearly W-shaped,
the lateral
the

median The

point separated by general color paler

and
than

V-like

depressions from
The
are

wings.

of

the

body

above, including
otter.

tail,is
the

light chocolate
the

brown,

in the

lips and
gray,

longer hairs of the throat pale brown

is smaller teeth
narrow,

middle

European portion of the

under fur.

belly
the

pale
skull

partly concealing
Eastern with between Chinese

of the than

shorter

The
or

of the
race,

Otter

that

of the

European
rows.

Indian

apparently
the orbits

smaller is very

and and

shorter

tooth

The

frontal

region

practicallyparallelpostorbital processes,

sided, except for the slightprojection caused

instead of

by

the

blunt

being conspicuously inflated

"

as

in L. of but

tarayensis. specimens
from China is about
are

Measurements:

No

measurements

fresh

available, but
mm.

tanned

skin, immature,
the

nearly full
300.
LUTRA

grown,

950

in total

length,
CRANIAL

of which
MEASUREMENTS

tail is about
OP LUTRA

CHINENSIS

Nomenclature: China
name

"

There smaller

seems

to

be

no

doubt
that

that of

the

otter

of
that

eastern

is somewhat

and

paler
of the

than
Lutra

Europe,
are

and

Gray's

applies

to

it.

The

otters

lutra group

distinguished by

THE

CARNIVORES

411

having
eastern
are

the

upper
as

edge of the nose-pad

in the considerable
skull in there and vol.

cleft into

trident, instead

of

being
the

straight across
otters

species L. tarayensis.
care,

Anderson
out

(1879) reviewed
that
the
two

with

and

pointed
the

further

distinguished by
believed Indian

characters,
the
were

frontal

species the region between

the

orbits former.

being laterally swollen Hodgson

into
Nat.
as

latter, and
no

nearly parallel-sidedin
than
seven

fewer

species in Nepal,
Wroughton
that these

ranging Bombay
reduced,
latter

the

Himalayan
26, p. 349,
and

region, 1919) gives

a

but shown
to

(Joum.
may

Hist.

Soc,
had

has

be The

Anderson
also and

indicated,
out

key
nair

the of

characters. is
one

author

pointed

clearly

that
a

Lidra

India
the

of

the

L. Intra group, Thomas

has

it is doubtless it from
Habits:
"

merely

subspecies of

European

Otter.

recorded
and lakes
areas,
on

Yunnan. Otters
occur

Occurrence
streams and

sparingly in obviously
frequent
Chinese
or are

the absent

vicinityof the larger

from
coasts

all
as

over

China,
Gobi.

but

the

more

or board sea-

less waterless

the fish

They

the
race

rocky
of the

of the

also, living
doubtless

chiefly. The
China
without that

Common
with
across

Otter

intergrades in
seems

northern

to

the

northward

the

typical hardly
group.

form,
Asia.

which

to

extend

important change, quite specimens

in for

northern
are

It is true, however, sufficient for

at
a

available of the

comparison
of

yet
No

careful
hand

study

geographic (1929)
and in the
case.

variation

the

records

are

for northern
A. B.

China

Hopei, though
mentions
A.
same a

it doubtless
in the
a

is
S.

present
National

in small Museum

numbers.

Howell

skull

U.

from

Sianfu, Shensi,

J.
the

Allen

(1909a)

female latter

specimen specimen
as one

from is said
out

Yumonko,
to

Taipai Shan,
"probably
not

province.
hanensis

The

represent

Lutra

Matschie,"
has

but,

pointed
in the
one

later, this may

Museum

be

the

Matschie

(1908)
and

recorded

Berlin
seen

from
27, 1924,

Ningpo,
in

Chekiang,
not

Sowerby

(1924)
It

reported
occurs

January
skin of
of
a

Kiangsu,
China
secured and

far from

Shanghai.
Buechner

in the records

mountain
the

streams
a

of western young
one

rather

sparingly.
Berezovski
to

(1892)
in the
one was

by

the

Expedition (1923)
Szechwan.

Choihsien

region
seen

western

Kansu,
at

according
in extreme
to

Weigold
the

reported

by

missionary

Batang, possible
the had

western

Without
races.

it is specimens, however, Swinhoe (1870c, p. 624) wrote

sea-coasts

not

determine is found from

all

species
the and

or

that

otter
a

over

South
Mr.

China Clifford for the in

a

and who

inland
made in

as a

well.

He

skin

Hainan,
on

H.

Pope,

splendid collection
1923, also

of mammals
a

that

island
adds

American

Museum
note

procured
some

specimen
six miles native
were

there.

He

manuscript
"Golden half -eaten From

that

when

collectingfish
rocks and
seen

from
hunter

Namfong,
showed

in the him
otters.

River"
fish

(Hainan's
on

largest stream), his

declared in
one

lying

the

they

left there
the

by

the number

of such

remains

place, and

abundance

412

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

of skins island. handle

oflfered for sale at The about Chinese in

Namfong,
catching
It is not

he
them

judged
often
clear how

that
use a

otter

are

common

on

the
on a

racket-shaped
south in Mell
eastern

net

six feet long.

but

far

China

this otter from

ranges,

it doubtless

reaches

the

subtropics.
of this
was

(1922) writing altogether

one light moonan a

Canton,
At

mentions all events

near

seeing otters
he records
an

there, although the species is not

individual
that
race as seen a

certain.

night
west

that

city, and
broad,
and
an on

another

caught
at

in

net

hovir young
was

of there.
was

In

swift

mountain
20 a

stream
one

Fungwahn,
eyes

female taken cries

meters

caught,

May

young from

with
same

still closed Its

three-quarters of
led
to

hour's
in
a a

journey
hollow A

the

place.

whimpering
some

its discovery the brink of

among
very

rocks young

in tall grass,
one

three
was

from

stream.

of this observers

species
have

taken

August
the
use one

5 in Hainan

(J. A. Allen, 1909).

otters

Various

tioned men-

of trained he
saw

in

catching fish in China. Gorges,

a over a

Swinhoe miles

(1870c)
up

speaks
other

of

in the drive

Ichang
otters

thousand In and

the with

Yangtze, that
members

would of the

fish under
seem

large
more

cast

net.

comparison
make

family,

tractable

intelligent

pets.
from Foochow, specimen, apparently a female, in the British Museum, the label, weighed noted in a fishing net July 10, 1890, and as on taken A
was

ten

and

half

pounds.
"

Specimens examined:
Central Fukien: Hainan: China:
i

Six, as follows:

(M.C.Z.).
i i.

Yenping,
Nodoa,

(sldn);Yuld,

Foochow, (skull);

(B.M.); Amoy,

(B.M.).

191.

Lutra

lutra nair

F. Cuvier

fflMALAYAN
Lutra Lutra nair lutra F.

OTTER

Cuvier, Dictionnaire
Thomas,
Ann.

des

Sci. Nat., vol. 27, p. 247, Nat.

1823. 396,
1922.

nair

Mag.

Hist., ser.
came

9, vol.

10, p.

Type specimen:
it
was was

"

The

type

from

Pondicherry, Madras,
The skull for the excellent

India,whence

sent

to

the from

Paris

Museum

by
made

Leschenault. available

of this

specimen

removed

the skin and

figuresshowing

it in four

aspects, in J. Anderson's
"

(1879, pi. 1 1) "Yunnan

race

Researches."

Description:
similar brown dorsal

The

Indian
to

of the
race,

common

in its coloration

the

Chinese

with

otter apparently is closely slightgrizzlingof the umber

surfaces, whitish
It
seems

lips and

throat

and

with

the

longer belly hairs

L.

chiefly white.
with

to

differ from
and

the available

specimens of

I. chinensis and

mainly in its larger teeth, Compared

the

possibly in larger dimensions

of the figxures

of skull

body.

excellent

type

skull in Anderson's

plate, the

THE

CARNIVORES

413

teeth

of otters

from

eastern
area

China

are

individually smaller, the tooth

row

less.

In both, the

interorbital

is uninflated.

Measurements: head body, as: following dimensions

and

"

Anderson 27 inches
are

gives

the

measurements

of

mounted

specimen
The

(685 mm.);
from 105; his

tail, 15.75

inches
the 51;

(400 mm.).
skull:

taken

figure of

type

greatest
71;

length,
mastoid cheek

116

mm.;

basal

length,

palatal length, molars, 38;

and
upper
m'
on

zygomatic
cheek

width,

width,

63; width
combined

outside

teeth,

38; lower
upper
two

teeth,
outer

42;

length of pm*
upper

outer

edge, 18.5;

molar,
skulls

edge, 7.6;

molar,

longest diagonal,

14.3

(10.5, 10, in

of L.

I. chinensis). and Habits:

"

Occurrence

The
names

few

specimens of
those
as

otters

available
and nair

for

study
female

render

it difficult to
but Thomas

assign

definitelyto 396)
Museum. has

of western Lutra north lutra

southern
a

China,
secured and the
sent

(1922b,
Forrest the
to

p.

identified

by George
by
him of the
a

in the

Mekong

valley, 28"
This

latitude, Yunnan,
extends definitely

British
race

identification

range

Indian from

into western
on

China.

Sclater,
of
an

as

long
at

ago

as

1861,
posed supthat

published
the than
of the

letter

Swinhoe

the

capture
from

otter

Amoy

and

it to skull
those

be

Lutra

nair, but

specimens
of these

eastern
are

China

indicate

and

especially the
I. nair,
as

teeth
as can

animals
from

considerably smaller
careful in

of L.

far

be

judged
Indian

Anderson's Thomas

figures

type.

I have,
as

therefore,

provisionally followed
the
race,

regarding
prove

Yunnan
that

specimens they
are

representing
or even

though
nair

it may

later

intermediate

identical
not

with
that
on

eastern

individuals.
extended

son Ander-

(1879, p. 211), although

nevertheless secured

he

did

think

L.

into Burma,

numbers
two

of native

skins

the the

borders

of western

Yunnan,
the

representing apparently
race

under
not

discussion, the
be certain

smaller was species, of which larger L. tarayensis. Since no skvills

probably
were

to

be had,

he could

of the

identity of his specimens.

Specimens examined:

"

None.

192.
Lutra

Lutra

tarayensis Hodgson
vol. 8, p. 319,

tarayensis Hodgson, 1840.

Joum.
Anat. Wiss.

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal,

1839; Ann.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

i, vol.

5, p.

28,

Lutra

monticola

Anderson,

and

Zool. d.

Researches

Western nach

Yunnan,
China
u.

p.

207,

pi. 12, figs. 1-3, 1879.

1903-05, vol. 10, pt. i, p.

"iLutra hanensis 1908.

Matschie,

Ergebn.

Exped.

Filchner

Tibet

150,

Type
now

specimen:
for

"

Hodgson's
of in and

types
his

were

sent

to

the

British

Museum

where

the looked

original specimen
it, wrote
names, not

Lutra

tarayensis

must

be, but

Anderson,
ingly seem-

who

1879 that

his

specimens
a

were

"unfortunately
skuUs

without

along with
so

them
was

series of Otter

of which

were

stated,"

that

it

not

species possible to recognize the types.

the

414

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

The
were

type
from

of his L.

tarayensis as well

as

of his L. monticolus

(as originallyspelt)

Nepal.
"

Description:
of
the naked Anderson

This

is

larger otter
a

than

L.

I. nair, with

the

upper

border of
a

nose-pad
the
to

forming
color
as

straight
"more under

transverse

line, instead
than somewhat

W.

describes
any

rufous

umber-brown
is

L.

nair,"

without well

tendency
with
on

grizzling;the
"The chin

surface
the

only

hoary,
and

washed

brown.
the
on

and
on

edge of
the
The

lips are
on

whitish,
the
same

the

silvery hoary
of the
back neck

sides of the
the

head,

throat, and

under

surface
as

and

chest, is marked."

tail is of the

color

the

all around. Anderson

points

out

that

the

distinctive

features

of the

skull

are,

"the
seen trum, ros-

considerable in dorsal

swelling of the
the
a

post-orbital contraction
of
same

of the

frontal," well
the

view, and

nearly straight instead

continuation downward. of the
The

depressed profileof plane

as

which
case,

is almost of
the

that

of

the

brain

instead and

being
teeth
a

deflected

rostrum

itself is

proportionally noticeably
which is The

shorter
The

larger as compared
of this otter

with

L.

I. nair.

skull of

fine adult

in the British

Museum
the

has width

long,
about teeth

narrow,

and
same as

parallel-sided postorbital region,

the

of

the
are

interorbital

distance,

and

is

slightly

swollen.

large and

heavy.
"

Measurements: measured:
23.25

^Anderson

states

that

the skeleton
the

of

female,

as

mounted'

from

the

tip

of the the

premaxillaries to
tail, 17.75
female
to

end

of the

sacral

vertebrae,

inches

(590 mm.);

inches

(450 mm.).
group.

The

tail is apparently

proportionally longer
The
measurements
as 1

than
a

in the L. Intra skull

of

of this

species
width,

are

given (under
to

L.

monticola)

follows, reduced
10.5;

millimeters:

foramen

magnum

tip
to

of premaxillaries, end of

palatal length, 55.5; zygomatic

row,

74;

orbit

nasals, 14; upper

A

tooth

48; lower
Museimi

tooth

row,

50.8. Burma,
Upper
cheek teeth measures as

skull

in

the

British

from

Chindwin,

follows:
ZygoGreatest No.
BM

Width

Lower cheek teeth

Basal

Palatal

matic
width

Mastoid width 66.8

across

length

length
106.0

length
60.8

molars

Locality Burma
occurs

126.5 Occurrence

79.5

39.3

43.7

51.6 this otter

known

and I. nair
two

Habits:

"

There

can

be

little doubt
almost may

that

along

with

L. the

in southwestern

China, but

nothing is
be "In
to two

of it.

Probably
I obtained but

are

usually confused, but

the

skins

identified Western distinct he The calls L.

very

by the
Yunnan,

characteristic

shape of
numerous,
no

nose-pad.
The

Anderson skins

states:

perfect Otter
skulls."

belonging
two,

species,
cola, montidifferent

vmfortunately
seems

larger of the

which

to

be the present

species,the smaller, L. /. nair.

THE

CARNIVORES

415

skull, with
and

straight dorsal
be
his
name,

profile, short
shown

rostrum, in Anderson's
that is
on

inflated

interorbital

portion,
12,

large teeth, is excellently

seems

plate (1879, pi.

L.
same

figs.

1-3). There
on

to
as

little doubt
L.

Hodgson's really the

the page,

tarayensis,described
animal,
best and be

the

same

page the

monticolus,

for which,
used. and In

therefore,
described it
to

former
as

coming
two-thirds

first the L.

may head

He
posed suption addi-

its tail
was a

being

length of

body,
hills.

lowland

animal record

while

monticolus

lived

in the

the

rather

definite
to

for Yunnan
a

by Anderson,
skin without
as

Pousargues
skull from from

(1896a,
Yunnan.
a

p.

2) has referred

L.

monlicola, doubtfully,
described

The skin

identity of the bought by

It
the the

otter

by

Matschie
at

Lutra

hanensis southern

trade

Filchner

Expedition quite
and the
same

Hinganfu,
as

Shensi,

is still
a

unsettled. one-half

is

probably
of head

L.

I.

chinensis, having
the

tail
as

length

body,

but

Matschie

describes
would

nose-pad
seem

having
L. of the

its upper

border
The
so

straight across, origin of trade

that
even

which,
skins

if correct,

to

cate indi-

tarayensis.

in China

is not

always the vicinity

it does
not

place of sale,

if this

identification

is correct,

necessarily establish

the presence
"

of the

species in Shensi.

Specimens examined:

None.

Genus Micraonyx Aonyx J. A. Allen,

Proc.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Micraonyx
Hist.,
p. 229 vol.

J. A. Allen
47, of p. 94,

pi. 9, fig. i,

text

figs.5C-C',

6, 7, 1924.

Swinhoe,

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1870,

(not

Lesson).
are

The of the

so-called

clawless
and

otters

of the
were

East

smaller

than the

the
genus
name

members
or

genus

Lutra,

until
late

recently
A.

usually placed in
that
a

genus sub-

Ao7iyx, but

the
the

J.

Allen
A.

showed

the

latter animal

is based
so

exclusively upon
many
eastern

South

African that he

capensis,
the

large
genus

differingin
for
small the

details

of structure

erected

new

Micraonyx
are:

the

species, M.
of

cinerea. about

The

chief

diagnostic points
the

size

(total length tapering

to
a

adults

560 mm.),
becomes

tail broad
bare whole

at

base,

but the

rapidly
ventral
and

slender

tip, which
and feet

nearly
the

especially on
of the naked

side; pads

of hands

large, covering
but
very

areas,

greatly thickened;
usually absent;
than in Lutra.
In

claws

present,

weak;
but and

first upper

premolar
more

(pm')
so

postorbital processes
general
The the skull formula than in dental

small is short

definitelydeveloped,
broad in

proportion,
pm.f
and and

the

teeth and
so

relatively large.
with
M.
one

is usually: i.l cl
in Lutra. The

m.i

34,

less

pair

of

premolars
occurs

type

only species is
south
to

cinerea Indies.

(lUiger),which

southern

India, China,

the

East

4i6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

193.

Micraonyx
SMALL-CLAWED

cinerea
OTTER

(Illiger)

Lutra

cinerea Mus.
Nat.

Abh. Illiger,

Kon.

Preuss.

Akad.

Wiss., Berlin, for

1811,

p. 99,

1815.

J. A.

Allen, Bull.

Amer.

Lutra

Hist., vol. 22, p. 480, 1906. (Hydrogale) swinhoei Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, leplonyx Horsfield, in Swinhoe,
Proc. Zool.

1867, p. 182. 1870, p. 229.

Western

Aonyx
Lutra Lutra

Soc. London,

swinhoei

Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,
and Zool. Mus.

1870, p. 625.
Researches

(Aonyx)

leptonyx Anderson,

Anat.

Yunnan,

p. 213,

1879.

Micraonyx

cinerea

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Nat.

Hist., vol. 47, p. 93, 1924.

Type specimen:

"

Unknown. coloration is in

Description:
"

The

general similar
are

to

that

of the
brown

otters

of

the

genus

Lutra,
or

that

is, the

upper

parts
chin

uniformly "dark
parts
somewhat The with throat."

without

head

markings
on

white-tipped hairs; imder

cheeks,
and hind

paler, becoming greatly developed

the much

whitish

the

sides of neck, soles of fore

and

pads
claws,

on

the and

feet, combined
border

reduced

the

nose-pad

with

its upper

straight

across,

will suffice to

distinguish it externally.
The distinctive
very short

characters rostrum, brain

upper
"

of the

skull, as

already mentioned, large teeth, with

are

its small

size, the

prominent jaw
than

postorbital processes,
very

deep postorbital

constriction, broad
less

case

anteriorly,and
in Lutra.

usually

one

premolar

in the

Measurements:

No

Chinese

specimens
Mus.

with

flesh

measurements

are

at

hand. for

J. A. Allen
to

(Bull. Amer.
southeastern

Nat.
a

Hist., vol. 47,

p.

94,

1924) gives
mm.

specimens from
II

Asia

total

length
Indian

of about

560

weight

about

13

pounds.
skull dimensions
mm.;

The

average

for six East

skulls he

gives as follows:
width,
so

condylobasal length, 89.2

width the
rows.

zygomatic
width,

width,
18.

61.7; mastoid
The molars
are

53.9;

of brain of

case,
an

47.5

interorbital

large that
the tooth

breadth

upper

molar

slightlyexceeds
cheek

the

distance

between

In

the

skull

described, the

upper

teeth
12.8 p2-m2,

(c-mO

measure

32.2

mm.;

p^-mS

26.8; the
Lower

large
cheek

by

12.2.

premolar, p^ upper teeth (c-mj), 37.6;

by 13.8; the
27;

upper

molar,
13.4

8.8

first molar,

by 8.0;

second

molar, 4.9 by 6.3.

and
over

Occurrence

Habits:

"

The

small-clawed from the

otter
western

is

apparently distributed
of Yunnan
ward east-

sparingly
to

aU the
very
one as a

southern
coast

China,
in

borders and
seems

Pacific few
to
new

Fukien for it. the

Province
The

Hainan.

Nevertheless of Swinhoe This

was

there who

are

definite records

first
Museum

to be that

sent

J.

E.

Gray
but

at

British

about

1867.
who p.

described it
came

species,Lutra
in

{Hydrogale) swinhoei, by Gray, reality,

as

supposed 625)
men-

from

Formosa,

Swinhoe

later

(1870c,

THE

CARNIVORES

417

tioned, it
immature
that when

was

from
and

the
was

island

Gawkang,
some

near

Amoy
in

in Fukien. Swinhoe

It

was

an

animal,

alive for
vent to young

time

captivity.
but

mentions it made

hungry

it gave

sharp jarring notes

chicken.
three At and
a

if left alone

louder Swinhoe
these and

sounds

like those
p.

of

trading station

in Hainan, between

(1870a,
and the

229) procured
of
other than in

skins
the and

noted

the differences
toes

skins

otters,
A onyx,
was

minute
the

pointless claws, relatively long

Malacca that
and The and p.

longer
of

more

fully webbed
He believed lack
are

first toe

the

hind

foot.

that
a

it

different He

from

specimens
bones
to

in its

longer tail and

found
in
caverns arrows

of

white

throat.

adds

the

of this otter
wounds

grotmd
to

by

the the

Chinese

applied
natives
the

from believe

poisoned
that known
otters

in order
cross

absorb the

poison.
otter

in Hainan
and

this
as

is

between

common

gibbon,
records the

it is there he
of

"Mountain

otter." in western that

Anderson

(1879,
in the

213)

that

found

of this genus Two

Ytmnan,

hills to

eastward

Bhamo,

Burma.

skins

he procured

seemed

brighter

colored

than

the average

of Micraonyx
Other

cinerea.

than

these, there

are

no

definite

records

of the

small-clawed

otters

in southern

China.
occturence

Writing of their Roy.

the
see

in Borneo,

E.

Banks that

(Journ. Malayan
"they
may

Branch with
on

Asiatic

Soc,
or

vol.

9, p.

61, 1931) says

the small

be

met

seashore

far the
may

upriver in
roar

side
drowns

streams;
the

this is the
of one's

best

place

to

them,
the

for

of

the

water

noise
the

movements

and

otters

be

easily observed
in families

nosing about
of 5
or

water's
take
to

edge.
the is too

times Somea

solitary,sometimes sharp clumsy gallop

for them
to
on

they all
water

jtmgle in
shallow

being distvu-bed, for the

as

rule

find

refuge."
"

Specimens examined:

None.

Family
CIVETS

VIVERRID^
AND MUNGOOSES

The the
the house

Viverridae

are more

at

the
or

present
less take The

time the

confined

to

the

warmer

parts

of in
a

Old

World,
and

and

place

of

the

boreal

Mustelidas

tropics
cat,
and
or

subtropics.
smaller

larger species
than
a

are

somewhat

bigger

than slender

the

hardly larger
form, short
claws.
The
on

good-sized rat, of long

rounded

build,
more

weasel-like

legs, small
first toe each
The

feet, with
shorter than

curved the
are

and

less retractile
are

is much
The

others, naked,

and

there
the

usually
of

the

full five

foot.
skull off

pads

of the
rather

feet

with

rest

the

sole the

hairy.
in

is usually
a

elongate, with just behind

the the

narrowed

rostnmi,

orbit which

marked
the

by

constriction

supra-orbital

processes,

subfamily

Viverrinae, containing

41 8

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

civets

and

paradoxures,
the

are

short

but

obvious, they
are

while much

in the

subfamily Heror

pestinae, containing
meeting
audital
the bulla
an

mungooses,

longer, nearly
a

quite
The

upward
is

process

of the

jugal

to

form into
an

bony
by

orbital
and

ring.
a

elongate, divided
and

externally
bounded
The the

anterior
a

posterior bluntly
with

portion by

oblique furrow,

in the
are

rear

broad,

and

triangular paroccipital process. the fourth premolar and upper

The upper molars
cones are

teeth

of the molar
transverse

carnivorous modified
as

type

first lower in
a

camassials.
the three molar

usually elongate
but the

axis, with
The first

principal
has

evident,
and

hypocone
and

obsolete.

lower

the
blade

protoconid
of the
in
a

paraconid high
camassial,
aspect
heel the the

compressed
a

for

shearing against pointed

cusp

the

upper
outer

metaconid

prominent
the Four
to
occur

partly hidden
the tooth

by

protoconid, while bordering

are

posterior part of
genera in the of civets
warmer

forms

low and

with
genus

three

cusps. known

and

paradoxures,

one

of mungooses may
Genera of black in length

parts of southern

China.
Key

They
to the

be

identified
Chinese and white

by

the

following key.

of

VivERRiOiE

A.

The
a.

tail with Size Size

alternate
over

cross-bands 130
mm.

(or buff).
Viverra Viverricula

large, skull

b. B. The
a.

smaller, skull less than

130

mm.

in length and white.

; supraorbitalprocesses very-

tail without Head short. a'.

more or

alternatingrings of
less black with white

black

markings

Body

with

three

to five well-marked

median

black

interorbital stripes; Paradoxurus

region of skull much

h'. Body without constricted b. Head without black
areas

constricted

longitudinal stripes;interorbital
; supraorbitalprocesses to form
a

region

not

ously conspicuPagutna

well

developed, nearly
the orbit
....

or

quite meeting

the jugal processes

bony

ring about

Herpestes

Genus

Viverra
CIVET

Linnaeus

Viverra

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. i, p. 43, 1758.

The structural
has been

Civet

of India

and

the
the

East

has

lately been
African
as

shown

to

differ in certain
that
name

characters

from
as

rather

similar

species,so
the

the

latter

separated
animal.

Civettictis,leaving Viverra

generic
the of

of the

oriental white
set

It is

easily recognized by
feet and of
a

its large size, with black band

across

full black-andlower

ringed tail,blackish
by
transverse
areas

broad

throat,
erectile

off

white. of the

A back.

prominent
The

crest

longer

hairs

extends

down

the blunt

middle
but The

skull is elongate, with

processes, and
a

strong
marked

zygomatic

arches,

prominent
audital

postorbital
bullae
are

postorbital

constriction.

relatively small,

the

total

THE

CARNIVORES

419

length of their inflated equaling portion

meatal the level
oflf. The and the distance

posterior portion, including the

between

paroccipital process,
This
from the

tips
a

of

the and

upper is

canines.

posterior
anterior

is evenly
chamber of the

rounded,

lacking
groove.

keel,
The in
a

separated
is each

by

an

oblique
which

palate
small
an

slightlyproduced beyond
on

maxillary,
form,

ends upper

lobe

side, well marked

row;

incisors
very

in the

jaw,

evenly
to

convex

the

canine

is

long jaw
small

slightlycompressed
second and third The
a

from upper

side

side

the

first

premolar

in each

is small, the and

premolars larger, subequal, triangular

upper cusp

in side view

compressed.
cusp, is
a

fourth

premolar is sectorial, with

with

antero-extemal

high

median

cutting edge,
as

and

terior pos-

ridge.
sial tooth.

There

prominent
seem

antero-intemal
to

cusp in the
are

in the and

usual

camas-

The

molars
are

normally

be two

upper

in the

lower

jaw

on

each upper

side, but

occasionally three.
the

They

elongated
inner

transversely
arated sep-

in the

jaw,
the

with

large protocone

forming

the

tip, widely
with lower
a

from
and three cusp cusps,

outer

cone

(apparently
be the

the

paracone), which,
developed.
In the

parastyle
jaw,
the

metastyle,
last about and

appear
are

to

only

cusps

premolars half-way
the last teeth.

of about
on

equal size, the first of them posterior edge,

one,

(p 2) with (pa) with

minute
such in
are

up

its

the

second

two

(P4) with
The

but three

which,

however,
of the

is much

larger

than

the

two

other

anterior
set

cusps

first lower

molar

prominent, with
heel inner
and

blade-like
low

edges
at

in

triangle,succeeded
one

by
one

like low, basineach

on

with

three rim

cusps
to

its

edges,

posterior,and
second

the

outer

close
the

the

back.
two

The

lower
but =40,
a

molar

is

slightly
cusps.

less than The

an

the

heel

of

first, with

pairs

of low

well-marked with
notes

tooth
extra

formula
one or

is,therefore, usually: i.l Ct

two

pm.i m.f
on

occasionally
are

molars

above

or

below,

which

few

given

beyond. Although
eastern

various
these

specific names
seem

have

been upon

bestowed

upon

civets

from

China,
A form

all to
as

be
that

based
now

slight peculiaritiesof color

for study, shows
that

pattern.
a

large series, such

occurs over

available

but
the

single

the

southern

parts of China,
the genus. p.

nearly

identical the

with

Indian

animal,

which

is the

type

species of
by
Shih

Possibly 5)
as

"beautiful

viverra," recorded
is this

from

Kwangsi
is not

(1930,

Prionodon in China.

pardicolor,

species,for the

latter

definitelyknown

to

occvir

194.

Viverra

zibetha

ashtoni
CIVET

Swinhoe

CHINESE
Viverra Viverra p. Viverra

ashtoni
zibetha I, 1929

Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,
ed. 10, vol.

1864,
I, p. 44,

p. 379,

fig.
G.
M.

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., (in part). Hilzheimer,

1758.

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

No\'itates, no.

359,

sp. aflf. undulata

Abh.

u.

Ber.

Mus.

f. Natur-

u.

Heimatk.,

Madgeburg,

vol.

i, p.

175,

1906.

420

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Viverra

Matschie, Wiss. Ergebn. d. Exped. Filchner filchneri

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10, pt. i, p. 192,

1908.
Viverra zibetha

Jacobi, filchneri
Proc. A. B.

Abh.

u.

Ber.

Mus.
art.

f. Tier-

u.

Volkerk., Dresden,
1929.

vol.

16,

no.

i, p. 7, 1922-

A. B. Howell, Viverra

U. S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75,

i, p. 30,

zibetha ashloni

Howell, loc. cit.

Pocock,

Journ.

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc,

vol.

36, p. 427,

1933.

Type
the Min

specimen:
River,
that

"

Swinhoe's

type
but

of

Viverra

ashtoni is not

came

from

Suykaou,
Pocock

Fukien,
it is not

China,
in the

apparently
Museum,

preserved.
other

writes

(1933)

British there.

although

specimens of

Swinhoe's

collectingare
"

preserved
usual

Description: ground color from

of the marked
bands

The
the

color
and

consists

of

grizzled
the root
the

gray

and

blackish sides

muzzle
more or

cheeks,

back

to

of the

tail,the

body
by

washed
about

less with
more

buffy toward
or as

posterior half, and

wavy
transverse

five

and irregiilar

less
more

indistinct

of blackish, whose
on

lower

ends

show

pronounced
show in
at
a

blackish-brown of ill-defined

marks dark
or

the

sides
that

of the tend A

belly.
to

The

haunches

number

markings
in number.

arrange

themselves

lengthwise stripes,three
lower

four

black

stripe commences
to

the

part

of the wider the

neck and first

in the of

mid-dorsal

line and
on

extends the

the

root

of the

tail,becoming
with
a

longer erectile hairs ring

at

lower

back,

and

ending abruptly
on

black
on

the

base
and

of the hind three first

tail ; it is bordered feet chocolate

transverse

the

back

by

white

stripe
behind
much
;

each

side.

Fore

brown.

Chin

and

throat

blackish

brown,
and

interrupted by
the
ear,

white
a narrow an

bands,
anterior

originating from ring, the second

narrow area

below
and

the

forming
first
first

wider
the

separated
white

from
passes

the

by

intervening
to

of blackish of the

third

ring

directly back
off
a

the

lower

part

throat,

then

becomes
a

transverse,

cutting

wide
and

blackish

patch

in front

of it, and ventral

having
surface

black

stripe bounding body

fur is

its upper
to

posterior borders.

The

of the which

is whitish, due

the

neath long white-tipped guard hairs, bea

the

pale brownish
the

basally, with
and
black

ish scattering of longer browna

hairs.
at

The
across

tail is full, bushy which

tapering, with portion

more

white
to
on

transverse

ring
of the five

its base,

mid-dorsal middle
are

stripe extends
ochraceous

the

succeeding
side with

ring, which
middle black line.
ones,

is black, with

the

each

Following this
basal
one or

five

white sometimes

rings alternating showing

black line
a

the

two
an

of the latter

small

amount

of ochraceous first and In

second

or laterally,

incomplete mid-dorsal

connecting the

black

rings.
there

all these
In

characters from

is

considerable

range

of

purely individual
color of the

variation.
may

skins

the

same

the locality,
to
a

buffy ground
of

body

be

replaced by clear
The

gray, the

due

mixture be

white-tipped and
blotches

blackish
every

hairs.

pattern

on

flanks

may

extremely indistinct,
spots and

with
or

gradation from

well-marked

stripes to inobvious

indis-

PLATIC

IX

r^:

live

Civet

( Vivena

zibelha

ashtoni).

Yunnan.

Note

the

dorsal

erest

of erect

hair

Head

of

Civet

{Vivena

zihctba

ashloni).

Mucheng,

Yunnan

THE

CARNIVORES

421

tinct
on

that become cross-stripes tail is

may

well defined
six white and

on

the

rump. the

The

number
one

of

rings

the

usually twelve,
be

six black,
in black
one

terminal

black,
were no

but fewer

there than

only

five

of each,
the white

while

from
ones

Fukien
very close basal

there

eight of each,
very
narrow

last three

together and
black of the
may

separated by
connected

rings.
body

Usually only the

color

ring is
median
tinue con-

dorsally with
the
or

the

dark

by

an

extension

black

stripe across
to

intervening white
third,
or even

ring, but
as a

occasionally this
few
scattered
a

the

second median

beyond ring.
In the find

black-tipped well-developed
black

hairs in the

line of the white

specimens having
basal
one or

buffy

tint

on

the
a

sides, it is usual

to

two

tail-rings
black

provided stripe.
hue.
In

with
In
one are

pair

of

ochraceous

centers

separated by
Fukien,
these
as

the

median
are

exceptionally bright skin from

indicated
even on

centers

rusty
of that

in color and

the

third

black

ring

scattered

hairs

the

skull

there

is
with

an

increasing
age,

narrowness

of the with
in
a

distance

across ness narrow-

the

supraorbital processes
of the constriction

and

correlated
so

this, an
skull the

increasing
the

behind

them,

that
mm.

in which

temporal
distances

ridges just meet,

25.2, whereas
are

the first distance

an mm.

is 32.5

and

postorbital constriction
these less variation be

in 17.1

older

skull

with

well-developed
is
more

sagittalcrest,
or

26

and

respectively. There
border of

in the

line outor

of the

posterior
or

the

palate,
a

which

may

evenly arched,
In

bracket-shaped,
there
a

again with
to

simply
a

short

median
and

spine.
lower

the
as

teeth well
as

is

tendency

develop
adult 57054
the
an

third

molar within

in upper
narrow

jaw,
show molar with

considerable molars.
as

amount

of variation
skulls has

limits, in the Szechwan,

upper
row,

crown

area

of the

Three

from
a

Wanhsien,

the
on

third the

molars,

follows:

No.
on

well-developed
of the 45 tooth

third
and It abuts

right side, situated

turned

outer

border
about about in On

its

crown

backward
root

at

angle of
and 3
one. mm.

degrees.
its

against
area,

the

posterior outer
circular
and

of m^,

has

one-fourth
unworn,

crown

is

nearly
ternal ex-

in outline, about
cusps
an

diameter,

with

two

minute alveolus
molar

inner

the

left side of the

No. 57052 and

palate is
has about
so a

the

of
on

similar

tooth,

lost

probably in cleaning.
some

third

the

right-hand side,
second 45

4.5 Its the

mm. crown

in

diameter,

one-quarter
that

the

size of the is at is
more a

molar.
to

is tinned tooth

similarly,
row.

its long axis

there
as

about
much than

degrees

line of the
an

On

the

right side
of

larger third
one

molar, showing
were

abnormal
and grown

condition
out

growth
so as

if

tooth
crown

agglutinated
m^.

of

shape

partly
a

to

overlie
molar beside molars

the
on

of

The lower and In

specimen
jaw,
crowded the but
to

is further in each the

case

peculiar
situated

in

having
behind
these

third but
extra

each

side in the
molar

not

the
are

second the

outer
an

side.
old

In

size
No.

smallest.

third

specimen,

male.

58379,

422

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

with

well-worn
on

molars,
the

there

is

small

circular

alveolus
was a

about
third

1.5 upper

mm.

in molar

diameter
that there has is
a

right side, where

on

evidently there
the left side the third in

been

cleaning; partly filled alveolus

shed
"

lost in

the

corresponding position,
once

where

molar

stood,

but

it had

evidently

been

and

the

cavity nearly closed.

were

Measurements:

The

following dimensions

taken

from

the

fresh

specimens in the field.

60094

130.0

18.3 from

63.3 these

62.8

40.5

39.8
on

50.0

57.1

Hainan

It will be show
very

seen

figures that,
The
is

the
of A

average,

males

and

females
a

little

disparity
the

in size.

skulls

the

females from

average

very
seems

little smaller, smaller

than

but

amount

negligible.

skull

Hainan

usual.
"

Nomenclature: it becomes

With

magnificent series of
there

over

tion, fiftyskins for examinavariation in the details

evident

that

is considerable

THE

CARNIVORES

423

of the color pattern named

a

of this
the

species,that
in

is

purely individual.
Viverra
no

In

1864, Swinhoe
out
on

Civet

from
the with

Min

River, Fukien,
race

ashtoni, pointing
cross-bands
to

that the tail-

it differed

from
and

typical
the

having
In

obvious

haunches,

black
with

dorsal the

stripe continued
the
are

the

third from
A. that

dark

ring, instead
however,

of

ending
that
as

first.

present
not

series

Fukien,
Howell

it is clear ashtoni does

these
a

characters
of V.

constant.

B. the

(1929) regards specimen

or

subspecies
very

zibetha

but

admits

single
is

he

had

not

agree

well

with

either
says
race.

Swinhoe's
that the

originaldescription
Indian
V.
a

his

figure. Pocock
and
so

(1933), however,
it
at
as a

Civet

shorter-haired,
based
The
on

regards

valid

Matschie's

filchneri,
synonym.

trade

skins purchased
claimed the
as

Hinganfu,
of this

southeastern

Shensi, is
:

characters
on

distinctive

species are ring is

of the

the

presence

of wavy
narrower

cross-bands white
dorsal and
amount

haunches,

six instead
the

of five broader

black connected

and

six

of which tail-rings,

only

basal

dark

with
dark

the

black

stripe,the

black

tail-tip, a broadening
fur, characters
as

middle
are a

throat-band,
to
a

the

smoke-gray
of individual
in

under

all of which of
two

subject

certain

variation,
gave

the

examination
to

sufficient series shows.

Wroughton,
V.
the
z.

191 5, the

subspecific names
Chindwin Burma. the latter these

supposed
and V.
z.

Indian

races:

picta from
but
a

Upper

River,
He
race

Burma,

pruinosa from
the

Little

Tenasserim

River,

later

concluded

that
gray

former

is

untenable without

distinguished
Both

by

its clear
occur,

ground
in

color

yellow tinge.
from
vol.
a

variations

however,
have

Chinese

specimens
Indian

single locality. Robinson

19,

and

Kloss

since
race,

(Rec.
V. of
z,

Mus.,

pt. 4, p.

176, 1920)

added

another

supposed
subject
to

from sigillata,

peninsular Siam,
these It characters is

characterized
seem

by

the and

sharper

definition much

its

markings.
indicated

All

unimportant
the Hainan

vidual indi-

diversity.
as

possible by the smaller size of the only available

and southern Habits: half
"

that

animal
skull

is smaller, from
not

however,

that
uncommon

island.
over

Occurrence
most

The

Civet
from

is

apparently

of the
the

of

China,

the
On

Yangtze
the the

basin
the

southward,
most

but

avoids record

high country
is of
at
a

of western and skull

China. obtained
and

coast, American
also

northerly
Asiatic

I have

skin

by
it
To

Museum

Expeditions
of

Chingkiang, Kiangsu,
in the

occiu^s

in the

neighborhood
occur as corded re-

Shanghai,
as

and

Chusan

Islands. borders
of

the

westward,
Thomas of

it may

far

the
a

extreme

southern

Shensi,
north

(191 id) having

trade the

native

skin also at

obtained

forty miles
southeastern

Hanchungfu;
to

skins

were

obtained
but the from

Hinganfu,
such distance.

Shensi, by
is not easy

Filchner

tion, Expedithey

exact
a

origin of
long

specimens
To the
one

trace, and

often

are

sent

southward,
of which
was

Jacobi (1922) mentions

grayer,

two

skins

from

near

Ichang, Hupeh,
Museum's

the

other

more

yellowish ; the American

collections

include

specimens from

eastern

424

THE

MAMMALS

OP

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Fig.

i8.

Distribution Viverra

Map.

V. tibelha ashtoni

Szechwan,
others

as

from U.

Wanhsien

and
Museum

Tsomalin,
from

and Wachin

A. B. Howell
and

(1929) mentions
in the Civet
seen same

in the

S. National the

Yachowfu,
the

province.
southward

Avoiding
into

Szechwan

highlands, however,
whence
are

ranges

southwestern

Yunnan,
River. Others
p.

skins from

have

been

from

Likiang
Hunan

and

the

Namting
Swinhoe

Hupeh
that
near

(Fonghsien) and
common

(Yochow). (1922)

(1870c,
it is found

630)

wrote

it is

in the
to

bamboo-covered
and

hills of southeastern
states

China all
over

from

Shanghai though
Hainan,

Canton,

Mell
less

that

Kwangtimg,
also
p.
on

commoner

in the

popiilous northern
less
and
numerous.

parts.

It is found

ever, where, howtwo

it skins

seems

Swinhoe

(1870a,
a

227) procured specimen

It is

fiat there.

there

J. A. Allen

(1906) mentions

female

secured

Little is recorded but stomachs while in

a

of the habits
amount

of the civet in China. of in fruit

also.

ous, chieflycarnivornotes

likes of two

certain
that
were

Mell

(1922)

that and

the

he

secured

Kwangtung

contained of
a

snakes

crabs,
Shih

third that

snakes,

insects, remains

IJulus, and

fruit.

(1930) states

the

flesh is "delicious."

THE

CARNIVORES

425

Specimens examined:
Kiangsu:
Fnkien
:

"

follows: as Fifty-five,

Chingkiang, Futsing,
25

i.

; Yenping,
i. i.

8.

Hupeh:
Hainan: Szechwan: Yunnan

Fonghsien,
Namfong, Wanhsien,
:

12;

Tsomalin,

i.

Likiang,

2 ;

Namting

River, 4.

Genus
THE

Viverricula
LESSER

Hodgson
CIVET

Viverricula

Hodgson,

Ann.

Nat.

Hist., vol.
occurs

I, p.

152,

1838.

This

smaller
over a

civet
the

with
and

its

larger relative, the

of the
at

Chinese

Civet

(Viverra),
included
as

subtropical
of Viverra
The

tropical parts
most

East.

Formerly
accorded the

subgenus

by

writers, it is

present
color skull

ftallgeneric lack the form

of
most
an

rank.

group

differs in its smaller and

are more

size and of the

pattern,
and

erectile

dorsal

crest,

in

many

details
and

teeth,

outstanding of which
skull, and
the

the

narrowed

laterally compressed
bullae, that
as

of the

much

enlarged
have

audital

project well
the

beyond the paroccipitalprocesses

chamber molar
more

and
are

their anterior

well

as

posterior
second

enlarged.
reduced. of

The

teeth
The

relativelysharper
are

in their cusps,
as

the

teeth

the m.f

same

in

number

in normal
genus
seem

mens specivery

Viverra, namely:
from

i.f
the

Ct

pm.i

=40.

While

the

is not

strikingly different enough

although
to to

latter, its general

rank. the genus
can,

characters
a

important species,
with

establish

its coordinate
who

There
in

is but

single eastern
fidl
doubt that

Bonhote,

revised

1898,

accorded be
no

specificrank
a

the

Chinese series of admitted

to

representative. There specimens

the
at

however,

better have
seems

command,

from

intermediate
the

he would localities,
No

subordinate

relationship of
As

latter.

type
the

species
genus

have

been

formally designated.
indica

originally proposed
is
a

contained

two,

Viverra Viverra

Geoffroy, which
The former
may,

synonym

of

Viverricula
as

malaccensis, and
genotype.

rape.

therefore, be

taken

the

195.

Viverricula
THE

malaccensis
RASSE OR

malaccensis
LESSER CIVET

(Gmelin)

Viverra

malaccensis

Gmelin,

Linnaeus's
G.

Syst. Nat.,
M.

ed.

13, vol.

i, pt. i, p. 92,

1788.
359, p. 3, 1929.

Viverricula

malaccensis

malaccensis

Allen,

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

no.

Type specimen:

"

Not

known

to

exist.

The

type localityis Malacca.

as

Description:
"

medium-sized
the

civet, about
of and head and

large
body.
a

as

small

house

cat,

the

tail about of the

two-thirds

length

The dark

general ground
blackish

color

body is

grizzled gray

blackish, with

stripe

426

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

extending along
from
become five
to

the

side

of the dark

neck

from

the the sides. dark

or

posterior base
middle
Feet
area

of the

ear,

and that

eight
into

narrow

stripes on
on

of the
a

back,

broken
at

lines of spots
corner

the eye,

and

small

crescentic from Of six to

mark nine skins

the

anterior

of the with
are

brown.

Tail

with

dark from
a

rings alternating
Hainan,
all but
one

white
gray

buffy-tinted rings.
color of the

twenty

in the

body,
but

the

exception
in

having
The

butfy
skull

cast.

is in

general
Its

miniature form
a row

of

that
more

of

Viverra,

differs
from

number side and

of details.

general
with tooth
and

is much
above

compressed
audital
shorter. the bulla The

side
to

to

relativelyhigher,
maxillary
is greater, The

depth
instead

the

equal

the

length

of the

of much
at
more

postorbital higher
in whereas

constriction

the bullae

sagittal crest
are so

occiput
inflated

much
than

in

proportion.
that the

audital

much the

Viverra in Their entire

in the
more

they
latter

project conspicuously
genus

below

paroccipital processes,
than
not

they
is

are

considerably

lower
but

these

processes. and

anterior bulla
two

chamber

distinctly inflated,
The

in

Viverra,
and

the form
and

is

relativelylarger.
but
as

teeth in

agree

in number
are

general higher
is differs in

genera,

the

cusps

Viverricula whose

somewhat

trenchant,
and of the rounded
crown

in the
more

last lower

premolar
The

posterior cusp
first molar

larger in
the

portion pro-

compressed. having
No
the

upper
more

outline the

in

inner

portion
the

sharply triangular,lacking
of the in the

shelf -like

cingulum bounding
"

base taken

protocone
flesh

in

Viverra.
collector
are

Measurements:

measurements

by

the

available.
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OP VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS MALACCENSIS

THE

CARNIVORES

427

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

The

type

locality of
have

the been in

Lesser

Indian

Civet

is

Malacca,

and,
in The

although

several
that

subspecies
has in skull

named,

Wroughton,
that those Tne
seems

writing
valid.

191 8, states

he

entirely failed

finding
the
to

one

series from

Hainan
so

agrees that

measurements
same.

with

lished pubborder

for the range

typical form,
includes

it is here

considered Peninsula

general
taken

probably
and Delacour the

the and

entire
Thomas

Malay
has

the

southern

of China
the

Hainan,

lately identified
as

specimens
Over with
most

by

expeditions following
the
race

in

Indo-China
doubtless

the

same.

of
true

South malac-

China,
censis

occurs,

intergrading

the

along

Chinese H.

boundary.
who secured

Mr.
on

Clifford its habits Chinese

at

Pope,

the Hainan
common

series,writes
Nodoa,
one

of his observations

there, that
does

it is very
not

all about
A
even

and, according

to

his

hunter,
Mission

climb
very

trees.

young

being
it

reared

by

friends it could

the

remained
and

wild,

after
in
a

several
room,

weeks,

though
distinct

be

handled shelter

did
darkest
a

not

bite.
corner.

If loosed When

immediately
three

sought the
sounds,
the other three
a

of the

alarmed

it made
and
a

cat-like
sounds

growl,
sometimes

plaintive given
in

cat-like

noise,

peculiar chuckle,
was

succession.

Its food

bananas

and

fruit.

Specimens examined:
Hainan:

"

Twenty20.

two,

namely:

Namfong,

2;

Nodoa,

196.

Viverricula
CHINESE

malaccensis
LESSER

pallida(Gray)
CIVET

Viverra

pallida Gray,

Proc.

Zool. Ann.

Soc.

London,
Nat.

1832,

p.
ser.

63; Illustrations
7, vol. Filchner I, p. nach

of 121,

Indian

Zool.,

vol.

2,

pi. 6, 1834.
vol.

Viverricula

pallida Bonhote,
hanensis

Mag.

Hist.,
d.

1898.
u.

Viverricula
p.

Matschie,

Wiss.

Ergebn.

Exped.
Mus.

China

Tibet

1903-05,

10, pt. i,

196, 1908. malaccensis

Viverricula

pallida G.

M.

Allen,

Amer.

Novitates,
race was

no.

359,

p.

3,

1929.

Type

specimen:
Reeves,
was

"

The

type
from

of this
the

sent

to

the

British

Museum China.

by John
The
under the in

probably
figured by
Viverra

vicinity of Canton,
in his "Illustrations the
name

Kwangtung,
of Indian

specimen
name

J. E.

Gray

Zoology"
two

pallida, and, although

the that the

appeared
of

years
accompanied un-

earlier

the

Proceedings of

Zoological Society
basis of the

London,
is

it

was

by description, so plate. Description:

"

name

really Gray's

Similar

to

the

typical

race

but
with

slightlylarger, more
less obvious

rufous
The

in coloration
usual
a

and

longer-haired in winter
of
the

coat,

stripes.
hairs

ground
a

color

hair

is ochraceous
ochraceous the

buff, individual
and
a

having
color

pale base,
is
more

subterminal obscirre
in

ring of
winter

black

tip.
The

The under

pattern

when

pelage is fuller.

fur

428
is
as

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

pale smoky
a

in color. of
as

The

number

of

rings

on

the

tail,which
narrow

has

been

used

character

systematic importance,
as

varies
as

within nine
or

limits, from
In
rare

occasionally
too, the

few

six to

rarely

as

many

ten.

cases,

ground

color may
"

be gray

instead

of ochraceous.
were

Measurements: in the
No. Head

The

following

measurements

taken

by

the

lectors col-

field
and

: Tail Hind foot Ear

body

Sex

Locality
Yunnan Szechwan Szechwan Fulden Szechwan

43128 58373 58377 84433 84351 58374 84348

CRANIAL

530

350
312 320

97
100

42 40 43 43
40 40 40

556
570 550

105

305 295 325 250

MEASUREMENTS OF

96
90 94

480
525

9 9
PALLIDA

Szechwan Szechwan

460

83
VIVERRICULA Mastoid width

MALACCENSIS

Condylobasal Basal

ZygoPalatal
matic width

Width
across

Upper
cheek
teeth

Lower

Length
of

cheek teeth

No.

length

length

length

molars

bulla 22.8 21.5

22.1 22.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 21.0

Sex

Locality
Yunnan Szechwan Fukien Fulden Fukien Fukien Fukien Fukien Fukien Fukien

43128 58373
59319

93-6 96.0
1 00.0

89.0
92.0

46.0 48.7
52.5 52.5

44.0 44.0 471 47.0

30.2 31.0 32.3 31.0 32.0 32.0 30.0

31.2

27-5
28.0

35-5

40.2 42.5 44-5

38.0
40.2 40-5 41.0 39-5 390 390 415 40.5
394

95-4

30.3 31.0

60125 60136
60180

1035
102.3

98.5
97-5 97.0 97-5 97.0
100.3
lOI.O

44.8
45-2 42.5

55-6
53-4

46.7
515 45-5 50.0 50-5

29,8
30.3

100.5
101.3
lOI.O

84422 84431 84430 84421

53-8
540

28.3
28.8

46.0 42.6
45-5 45-7
43-9

105.0 105.0
100.8

54-5 54-5 52.5 49.0 49.2 49.0 53-3 524 54-3

52.2

330

31.0 293 295

22.3 22.3

48.0
47-4 45-5

316
314

Average
43125

97-5 92.0 91-5 92.0 95-2

21.9 21.9 22.3

21.8
22.1 21.0

96.3
95-4

31-8
31.0 31.0 32.0 32.0

34-8 29.8
29.0

390

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Yunnan Fukien Fukien Fukien Fukien Fukien Szechwan Fukien Szechwan

45506
45507 45515

46.0 44.8 49.6

47.0

37-5 37-3

40.6
40.4 430 43-3 43-5 43-7
43-2 40.0

96.0
99-3
lOI.O

31.0 30.2 293 29.7

293

38.7 39-6 38.8 38.7

390

60135
59321

963 98.2 96.4 98.0

91.0 94-5 94.5

102.5 100.5 102.3 95-2

lOI.I loi.i

48.7
47-5

33-8
323

22.5 22.5
21.0 22.0

84347 84427 58374

52.2 47.0
509 50.9

48.8
44-5

31.6
31.2

28.3
295 29.5
more

36.0 37-8 37.8

than

Average

46.9 46.9

31.8 31.8

41.8 41.8
a

21.9

Nomenclature:
race,

"

This

is

perhaps

little

barely recognizable
from
a

differingin larger size and

Matschie's in the
fur the

slightly more
hanensis
at
was

buffy
based
and

color
on

the

southern

animal.

Viverricula
market

skin

obtained

by
on

Kreyenberg
the

Hankow,
dark

is said
a

to lack not

cross-bands less than

shoulders, while

tail has

eight

rings, of

width

that

THE

CARNIVORES

429

of the
seems

light ones.
at

These
no reason

differences, however,
for
over
"

are more

purely individual, and

than
one

there

present

supposing
South

that

race,

Viverricula

malaccensis

pallida,occurs
and
Habits:

China. the of
range the and

Occurrence China is almost

It is

interesting that
with basin
and that

of this animal

in

exactly
the

co-extensive

large Civet, Viverra

in the
The
west most

zibetha, extending from

the base of the Szechwan is of
a

Yangtze

southward,
Yunnan.

reaching northerly
from

highlands
in the
a

central Museum

record

I have

specimen

the

of

Comparative
secured whence

Zoology,
T. the

Tunglu, Chekiang,
The Museum also

near

mouth

of the from

Yangtze,
The

by J.

Wright.

has
one

specimen
as

Ichang, Hupeh,
Szechwan,
Suifu the others

Weigold tions ExpediHowell

Expedition obtained
secured
records
one

well

(Jacobi, 1922).
in eastern
from

Central
and the

Asiatic
A.
same

several in the U.

from

Wanhsien,

B.

S. National

Museum

in

province.
of
a

The series

field work from

of these
and

expeditions resulted Yenping,

and Canton At that the

in

acctmiulation from

good

Futsing

Fukien,
the

and

Yochow,
Yunnan
commonest

Hunan Province.
civet with the

Province,
Mell
next

Likiang, Yunnanfu,
of Masked Civet.
to

Namting
says

River,
it is the
two

(1922), writing
to

region,
taken

the
were

Siudsau,
were

Kwangtung,
in

nurslings
Mr. that

mother

brought
collected
in the

him
such

early July.
writes
me

Clifford this

H.

Pope,

who

with

success

in Fukien,
and

species
thickets

is abundant
or

vicinity of Futsing
fields
or

is

frequently driven
of the
more

from

other

cover

in the
not
see

along

the

base

open

mountains
in
or

by
western north-

dogs.

He

did

it, however,

during his stay in Kuatun,

The

the Pen

comer

of the hair of the

province.
regarded
the

Chinese in

call

it

"pi mao"
or

Cat,

because
to

the

tail is utilized

making
favor

brushes the

"pens."
of

According

Shih, the fiesh

It is

is also

with milk for

a a

by

natives.

interesting that
that these
are

dentition

consists

fairly serviceable
so

teeth, and

retained
skull

relatively long time,

that

individuals

of nearly full size, with still retain

the

having
of this skull

condylobasal length
no

of from

88-92
teeth

mm.,

full milk
upper In been
an

dentition

with

sign of the permanent

coming
almost of the
more or

through.

The

canines

sickle-shaped.
upper

aged

set are forward, long and bowed molar (No. 84431), the small second

jaw

has
over.

lost from

both

sides,

the

alveolus

in each

case

less closed

Specimens examined:
Kiangsu: Nanking,
i i

"

In all,sixtythree,

as

follows:

(Univ. Mich.). (M.C.Z.).

3.

Chekiang: Tunglu,
Fukien: Hunan:

Futsing, 41; Yenping,

Yochow, Ichang,
i i.

Hupeh:
Szechwan: Yunnan:

(M.C.Z.).
10.

Wanhsien,

Likiang,

i;

Namting

River,

2;

Yuankiang,

i;

Yunnanfu,

i.

430

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus

Paradoxurus
THE
PALM

F. Cuvier
CIVETS
des

Paradoxurus
1821.

F. Cuvier, in

Geoffroy and

Cuvier, Hist. Nat.

Mammiftres,

vol. 2, pt. 24,

pi. and

5 pp.

text,

Quite
markedly

in

contrast

to

the

Civets, the habits, in

not

Palm

Civets with

or

"Toddy
which

Cats,"
tails

are are

arboreal

in

their
and

accordance

their

longer in proportion, slightly coiled

of the with The of
a

though

strictlyprehensile, are
in

capable of being palms

and soles

and

providing efficient aid

instead
as

climbing.
and
an

The

feet have the

their naked

pads slightlyroughened
of

practicallycontinuous intervening hairy

way resembles
narrow area.

toe-pads,
are

being separated
The
skull

by
in
a

claws

retractile
but

in cats.

general
do

that

Viverricida,
The level of

is somewhat bullae
are

larger, lacking the

little inflated, and
processes

high

occipital
below

crest.

audital
the the

very

not

extend

the

broad,

triangvilarparoccipital
a

against which ridge.

cusps In

they

closely abut;
contrast

basioccipital has
more

prominent
condition
more

median
of the

striking posterior
anterior in ricida. Viver-

is the

much

rounded

of

the

teeth, in keeping doubtless

with
in

the the

frugivorous habits.
P. in

The

premolars
instead the
upper

are

actually smaller
third
upper

larger

hermaphroditus than
a

The of
a

premolar

differs

having

low

internal fourth

buttress,
of

more

compressed
a

blade-like

structure;
cusp,

the

premolar
and in
a

jaw has
the
that

large antero-intemal
one.

bluntly rounded,
is not
a

very

small but
cone,
are

antero-external
has
so

The

first upper of

molar

triangular

outline,

inner the

part broad

instead is

pointed, with
molar
two at

well-developed hypoAll its cusps of

lingual
somewhat

border

nearly parallel to the labial.

second

low

and

bluntly

rounded. oval and

a

The

is much
very the has

smaller, but
small
outer

broadly rounded, (paracone

In the
and lower cusps

outline, with
low inner
cone

cusps

metacone) jaw, the

that

extreme
a

inner

edge.

last

premolar, though
in their
second

small,

broad,
those

basin-like of the first in

heel, and molar,

a

closely resemble
tooth.

arrangement
is

much
about

larger
the

The

molar

relatively larger than

and

Viverricida,
cusps much

size of the
The
more

fourth

lower

premolar,

with

low, blunt

resembling it.
Palm
and
or

genotype

is Paradoxurus

typus

of India.

The
over

Civets
the

are

strictly tropical in their distribution, extending region

borders that has
to

India
southern

Malayan
smaller

the

East

Indies,
Two

and

barely
occur,
a

reach

the
one

southeastern and
a

of China.

species
once

larger

in Hainan, China.

apparently

been

secured

in southeastern

Key A. B. Size Size

to

Chinese than
100 100

Species
mm mm

of

Paradoxurus P.

larger, skull length smaller, skull

more

hermaphroditus
P. minor

laotum exitus

length

less than

THE

CARNIVORES

431

197.

Paradoxurus

hermaphroditus
THE
PALM

laotum

Gyldenstolpe

CrVET Vet.-Akad.

Paradoxurus
no.

hermaphroditus

laotum

Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Svensk.

Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat.

Handlingar,

Stockholm,

vol.

57,

2, p. 26, 1917.

Paradoxurus

hermaphroditus

J. A.

Hist., vol. 26, p. 240,

1909.

Type Siam,

Specimen:
is

"

An

adult

male, skin

and

skull, from

Chieng
15,

Hai,
1914.

upper The

collected

by Count

Gyldenstolpe's expedition, August

in the

specimen

presumably
"

Riks-museum of
a

at

Stockholm,

Sweden.
a

Description: grayish
the buff
to to

Ground

color

the

neck

and
narrow

body
black

varying from

pale
from
to

nearly golden, with

the

pair of
a

stripesrunning
shoulders in

occiput
Below

tail parallel to
are a

median blackish
in

black

stripe from
arranged
on

tail.

these lines

number

of and and

spots

indistinct The

lengthwise
head into
of and the

along
back
to

the the

flanks,

cross-rows

the
are

haunches.

throat grayer the

occiput
back.
the

including
the eye is mixed

the

ears,
a

black, merging

tint of the forehead

the
outer

Below eyes
ears

is

short, lengthwise mark

gray, The the

white;
the the

between base

with

and
feet

with
are a

white

above

eyes;

of the

is also white.
colored like

blackish median

brown,
black In
one

tail black

terminally,
with entire
that throat

its base

back,
buff

with

line continuous

of the
to

back. the in upper

Belly grayish
chest
and

without

spots.
crown

specimen,
head with
are

the

the these

sides and
areas are

of the mixed

shining black,
hairs. of of characters lack

but

most

specimens
already

much

paler
chief

The uninflated
rounded

the
a

skull

have

been

mentioned.
and

The

bullae, the
cusps

high posterior sagittal crest,

are

the

blunt,

of the molar
"

teeth

most

striking.
of

Measurements: In

No

flesh measurements
this

Chinese the
size

specimens
of
a

are

able. avail-

general, however,

species

is about

house

cat.

There

is
are

seen

to

be

very

little difference smaller.

in size between

the

sexes,

though

the females

slightlythe
"

Nomenclature:
to

The

typical
southern

P.

hermaphroditus is considered
of the

as

restricted
Farther

the

mainland

of the

portion

Malay

Peninsula.

432

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

north,

in

southern More

Siam,

sHghtly paler
to

race,

P.

h.
P. the

raviis

Miller, has
from animal
a

been
near

described.

recently, Wroughton Burma,

it not
upper
to
name a

described

hirmanicus Chinese
about
are

Sagaing, Upper
be referred, were
P.

form

which

probably
had that these

should

that

Gyldenstolpe
and well shown
to

described,
two

month
same.

earlier,
Since
visionally pro-

h. laotum, from

Siam,

the

his

description
used

seems

apply
for the

the

Hainan

Palm

Civet, I have
must

his

Hainan
are

animal, although it

be

recalled

that
and
races

color
a

characters
review

in this group with

at

subject

to

much
show

individual that the

variation,

final
are

adequate

material

might

supposed

fewer

than
and

present
"

believed.

Occurrence is known first

to to

Habits:

The

only part of China

of

in which Dr. Mount

this Pahn
was

Civet the

occiu*

is the

island

Hainan,
grown,

whence from

J. A. Allen
Wuchih,
in
the

(1909)
at

record
in

it,a female, half

1923, and Mr.

November

18, 1905.
a

Later,

Chfford Here

H.

Pope
it
was

succeeded said

obtaining nearly
hunters
to

dozen

Namfong
and

Nodoa.

by

native

be the

fairly common
trees,
rather

in the

larger patches
on

of

jimgle and
as

heavy
well.

woods,

living in

occasionally found
savage,

the

ground

Their

dispositions

seemed

for when seize three

upon weeks. very

brought
At

in alive in in.

long baskets
Two
young

by the himters,
"kittens"
a were

they would
but seemed
was

spit
two
soon

or or

anything put
docile.

kept alive for

manner

first they would

spit in

most

vmfriendly
all
over one

became

They

enjoyed climbing
nose,

and

to

receive

impressions mostly through the

motion and
and
a

whose
every

long delicate
new

tip

in
were no

constant

carefully extended
other fruit.

toward

object.
in
1

They
makes

fed mention

on

bananas of this
as

Curiously, Swinhoe

870

species of Hainan.
as

Specimens examined:
Hainan:

"

Ten,
7.

foUows:

Namfong,

3; Nodoa,

198.

ParadoxTirus
LESSER

minor
PALM

exitus
CIVET

Schwarz

Paradoxurus

exitus Schwarz,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

8, vol. 7, p. 636, 191

1.

Type specimen:
east

"

The

type

is

an

old It

female, skeleton
is in the

only, from

Fumui,
at

of

Canton,

Kwangtung,
17.
external

China.

Zoological

Museum

Berlin, originalnumber

Descriptio7i:
"

The

characters

of this
race

species
of P.
as

are

unknown,
of

but

if my

assumption that it is merely a northern Peninsula, be true, the coloring is doubtless by Bonhote (1903a,
p.

minor
in

Jalor, Malay
as

much

that

animal,

scribed deon

9), viz., "color

above,
the

pale fulvous, showing

two outer
ones

the

back

five

longitudinal

black

stripes,of which

tend

to

THE

CARNIVORES

433

break black
ears.

up

into

spots.

These
from

stripes converge
the
crown

anteriorly
head,
white

to

form

one

broad
to

stripe,which
Across the while There
a are

arises

of the have and

slightlyanterior
it
a

the

forehead
the is

the

hairs

tips, giving
part
of and The show with the

grizzled
are

appearance, dark brown. eye,

muzzle,
a

limbs,
white

under

throat

very
to

small

crescent
on

below,
the

slightly anterior
remainder
a

the
under

and

few of
The
a

irregular white
dull tail
or

spots

chin. flanks

of the

parts spots.

brownish-grey, while
throughout
which
are

the

few

black the

is black

its of
a

length,

the

irregular exception of (Schwarz,

narrower

terminal The

three
on

ionr

inches

dirty white." reallyfounded becoming

skull,

which
to

the be

description of P.
into
the

exitus is

191 1, p.

636), is said
set

characterized

by the "brain-case

anteriorly, and
is not between
paracone

gradually
off.
.
. .

passing
Bullee

intertemporal constriction, which

in front, and

sharply

short, roimded
lacerum with
much

strongly inflated
.

carotic
reduced

canal
as

and

foramen

poster ius
shorter

Pifp^] with
and

the

in

cochinensis, but

metacone

better

developed postero-intemal ledge."

Measurements:
"

The

type

sktill and basilar

only known
mm.;

specimen is said
mastoid

to

show
43;

the

following

measurements:

length, 84
case

palatilar length,
34; 35;

zygomatic

width,

55;

width

of brain
12.5; 9.

at

squamosal,
cheek

width,

33.6; intertemporal constriction,

7.5
;

upper

teeth,

length of pm*,

its greatest Nomenclature:

oblique diameter,
"

The

measurements

given by Schwarz
those

for the

type

skull

of

P. exitus

seem

to
so

coincide
that

very

closelywith
very
at
name

given

for the the

skull of P. Chinese
race

minor animal

by Bonhote,
represents
the

there

seems

little doubt
a

that

same

species, or
the The

most

local

northeastern
as

of

it.

In

the latter event Occurrence

east

proving true,
and
in Habits:
"

will stand

I have

given it above.
Civet, from
the
are

description of this Palm Kwangtimg,

No constituted further

Fumui,
of its

of

Canton,
for the should

southeastern

first record

the genus
occurrence

mainland be

of China.

specimens
extreme

known,

but

expected
"

sparingly along

the

southern

borders.

Specimens examined:

None.

Genus
THE

Paguma
MASKED

Gray
CIVETS

Paguma

Gray,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1830,

p. 95,

published Aug.

5,

1831; Zoological Miscellany, no.

I, p. 17,

1831.

The the

Masked

Civets
with
a

represent
loss of the
The

slightlymore
skull has

specialized condition
on

than this
and

Palm

Civets,

striped pattern
a

the

back, although
rostrum,

appears

faintly in the

young.

shorter, broader

434

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Fig.

19.

Distribution

Map.

Paguma
1. 2.

P. P.

larvala larvala
larvala

3.

P.

larvala

hainana

inlrudens

there

is

no

deep constriction
its width

behind from the

the

the

postorbital processes,
of the

but

instead

the

forehead
of the

maintains

center

orbits to the

anterior

border The for

are

parietal bones, with

are

postorbital processes
as

barely projecting.
but
are more

teeth

the The

same

in mimber carnassial

in Paradoxurus, has
the
a

modified its cusps

crushing.
broad,
extemal alone with
cusps, and
one

upper

lower, shorter

crown,

and

bluntly rounded,
instead of

with

antero-intemal

cusp

equaling the
the

antero-

being

much

larger.
flat and
The

In

side

view

central

cusp

projects,the
a

posterior heel
as

being

shelf -like, instead

upper first molar

of trenchant
has

sharp edge
of which
cusp
even

in
two

Paradoxurus.
outer
are

but

three

the

subequal,

low,
The

and

bluntly rounded,
molar has

the the

internal
usual than

lower,
but

but
are

similarly blunt.
very

first lower
and molar the of

five cusps, in the

all

low

and the

rounded,
second

tooth the

is broader

latter
shows

genus.
a

Frequently
to

upper

jaw

or

of both trait in

jaws
these

tendency
The

be

wanting, perhaps
also
are

another

progressive
modified,

animals.

upper

canines

slightly more

THE

CARNIVORES

435

being longer, and

side, with
The the and
a

wider

in

side view,
in the

more

evidently compressed
of the inner
China The in
to

from

side to

faint rib-like column

occurs

center

face.
and the south

genus

from
the and
on

Nepal

across

Formosa,

into

larger islands longest known,

races

of

East is

Indies.

Chinese

species is
China

genotype
two

represented
mainland

southern
one

by apparently
all

geographical

the

and

in

Hainan,
Smith)

closely related.

199.

Paguma

larvata
THE

leirvata

(Hamilton
CIVET

MASKED

Gido

larvatus

Hamilton

Smith, in Griffith, Animal

Proc. Zool.

Kingdom
1

by Cuvier, Swinhoe,

vol. Proc.

2, p. 281, Zool. Soc.

pL, 1827. London, 1870,

p.

Paguma

larvata

Gray,
Proc.

Soc. London,

831, p. 95.

630.

Thomas,
Paradoxurus
Natur-

Zool.

Soc.

London,
Cat.

191 1, p. 688. Mamm. vol. I, p.

larvatus
u.

Trouessart,

Viv.
177,

Foss.,
1906.

p.

330,

1897.

Hilzheimer,

Abh.

u.

Ber.

Mus.

f.

Heimatk., Matschie,

Magdeburg,
Wiss.

Paguma

reeved

Ergebn.

d. Exped.

Filchner

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10, pt. i, p.

196,

1908. Paguma Paguma Paguma

larvata larvata larvata

rivalis Thomas,
reevesi larvata

Ann.
u.

Mag.
Ber. Amer.

Nat.

Hist.,
". Tier-

ser. u.

9, vol.

8, p. 618,

1921. vol.

Jacobi, Abh.
G.
M.

Mus.
Mus.

VoUcerk., Dresden,
no.

16,

no.

i, p.

8,

1922.

Allen,

Novitates,

359,

p. 4, 1929.

Type
in the
unknown.

specimen:

"

The

name

was

originallygiven
be

to

mounted

specimen Locality

Leiden

Museum,

which

may

regarded

as

the

actual

type.

Description:
"

About

the the

size
or

of

house
on

cat

but

with Head

shorter and neck

limbs.
to

There

are

no

stripes on
a

body
on

rings

the

tail. sometimes
a narrow

the for

shoulders
a

black;
distance

white
on

blaze
the

the
or

forehead,
neck
as

extending
line

back

varying
A
ear

to

occiput
and

of

white-tipped
to

hairs. of the

white
and

mark

below

another

above
a

the

eye,

extending

the

base

below

it, often

forming
tail

nearly complete
to

half -collar. terminal

Upper
half of

parts

and

proximal portion
the feet blackish other

of the brown.

grayish

ochraceous;

the tail and As series

of in

civets,
from

there

is

wide

range

of individual skin
on

variation. entire and

back

In

nineteen

Fukien,
into

the

average

has the

the

pale
The

ochraceous under fur

so

buff, fading
is smoky.
reduced
extreme
as are

nearly

clear

gray

sides

belly.
the

In
to

other
be
or

specimens
either
two
are

the

ochraceous
or

tinge of

back At

becomes the

very

faint
the
as

wanting
from

altogether.

opposite
are so

one

in which
as

ochraceous in skins the

tips of
of that

the

body
The

hairs black
in
one a

intensified

that

they

bright
about the last

Hainan.

tip
third

of the

tail usually

comprises
only
the

half

length

member;
others

skin, however,
from

it includes

third, while
or

in two

and

in

Szechwan,
the black

tail is entirely gray

A

gray

tinged with
is mentioned

pale
in

ochraceous,

lacking
from

tip entirely.
and the A.

specimen
same

of this type

is Recorded
a

by Jacobi

Kiating, Szechwan,
"Wahsin,"
Szechwan,

variation The

specimen from

by

B.

Howell.

black

tip may

be

436
rather of the of the

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

well defined, dorsal

or

it may tail.

be

dark
amount to

striperunning nearly the whole

of black

length portion
head-

side of the
hairs

The

in the

subterminal

longer
are

is also the

subject
same

much

variation, while
in
any two

the

white

markings
however,
least two hairs well

hardly
white

in

details

specimens.
the
ears,

Usually,
but in at

the

frontal

blaze

is continued
may

back
as a

between
narrow

of the Fukien
to

series,it

be traced
one

line of
eastern

white-tipped
it is
dition con-

nearly
found

the
as

shoulders. far

In
as

example

from

Szechwan,
the

developed

back

the

scapular region, thus

more or

approaching
less of the The chin

in P.

I. intrudens.

While, usually,
skins all
are

mustachial

vibrissae throat

are

white, in occasional

black.

is black, the

mixed

grayish.
"

Measurements: 440
mm.

An

adult

female
ear,

measured

in the

flesh: head

and

body,

tail,370; hind

foot, 80;

47.
OF PAGVMA
Width
across

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

Occiput Condylebasal

te ZygoBasal Palatal matic

width

Mas-

Upper
cheek
teeth

Lower cheek
teeth

toid width

No.

gnathion

length

length

length

molars

Sex

Locality

Nomenclature:

"

The

name a

Gulo

larvatus
so ever

was

first

published by Hamilton
in the

Smith,
Museum. actual but

who

took

it from

specimen,
should it

labeled
be

by Temminck,

Leiden

This

specimen,

reidentified, is, therefore, the

a now

type.
a

Hamilton

Smith's

colored

figure is
as we

poorly executed
know

sketch South

gives

fair

representation
the

of the

animal

it from

China.
who

The

origin of

subject, however,
de
as

is not

recorded, but

Temminck,

"Monographies the animal figs.1,2), described

stated Soc. of
new a

later, in his

Mammalogie"
Paradoxurus

(1841, vol.
larvatus, and
Meanwhile the

2, p. 329, pi. 65, figured the skull,

that

it had

been
p. 95;

obtained

in
p.

London.

Gray

(Proc. Zool.
the basis
a

London,

1831,
sent

1832,
then

67) had

redescribed

species on published
2,

specimen
genus,

from
and

the

vicinity of Canton
to

by Reeves, referringit first to

Later he
a

Paguma,
in

Paradoxurus.

colored

figure of the animal

which,

of Indian ("Illustrations
many

Zoology," again
a

vol.

pi. 11, 1833-34),

For

though

respects

crude,

is

fair

representation.

THE

CARNIVORES

437

nearly three-quarters
concluded
mosan

of

century

the crude

name

stood,

until

Matschie

in the

1908
For-

that
race,

Hamilton

Smith's

figure more
and

nearly resembled
the

named

taivana
come

by

Swinhoe,

that, therefore,
therefore
has renamed shown

type
the

men speciForas a

must

have

from

Formosa.

He

Chinese the

animal
mosan

Pagiima
civet
does

reevesi.
not

Thomas

(1909a), however,
Hamilton
and from Smith's that

that
as

resemble

figure nearly
that It
was

well

do

specimens from
civet
Thomas

the

lower
reached that

Yangtze
London the

it is unlikely

in 1827
best
to

palm
follow South in from of
a a

would
in
so

have

Formosa.

seems

assuming
P.

original specimen
a

imported
I. larvata.

from Thomas

China,

that

reevesi becomes
named
as a

synonym
race,

of P.

later paper

(1921)
the from

distinct
can

Paguma
doubt,
this

I.

rivalis, a pale skin

an

Ichang
P.

on

Yangtze,
the and

but

there

be

no

from
name

examination
a

series of skins

west-central
western

China,
animal

that

is also that

synonym of the

of
coast.

I. larvata, and Occurrence

indistinguishable from
Civet has
more a more

Habits:
Palm

"

The

Masked and

extensive
the

range genera
a

northward Viverra
and

than

the

Civet,
The

in this respect Museum's

most

resembles

Viverricula.

American
as

splendid series includes

at

specimen
of the Clifford
To the

from

Tunglu,
To
to

Chekiang,
southward

the it
seems

northerly record,
commoner,

the

mouth

Yangtze.
H.

the be

and

was

found

by Mr.
about

Pope
the

of

frequent
border

occvirrence

in the
secured

vicinity of Futsing, Fukien.

from B. the

westward.
on

Dr.
eastern

Walter

Granger
in the

several
and A.

region
has adult

Wanhsien
others

of Szechwan,
same

Howell

recorded among

from

Wahsin
and

and

Suifu

province,
from P. records

the

only
from

them
under

"qtiitepale"
P. the

doubtfully separate
Thomas

I. rivalis, although
a

entered

I. yunalis.

(191 le,

p.

688)

male

southeastern

Shensi, in
In
southern

Shangchow
China it is

district,the

most

northwesterly
and

record
commonest

yet available.
civet
its

generally distributed,
to

is the

in

Kwangtvmg,

according
and and tables

Mell.
a

Swinhoe
one

(1870c) mentions
would
foot
was on

actively
well
as

climbing habits,
the with Walter with
a

tells of

tame

that
one

climb
each
most

up side

doors and

as

legs of
the

chairs
It

by putting
but

pushing night.
bent
or

up Dr.

hind

legs.
has

slept by day
some

active
one

of the
as a

Granger

published showing

notes

on

that
on

he

kept
means

pet, together

photograph
in

its method

of

holding
with

by

of the
woods young

tail, rocky

closely applied.

Mell

(1922) found
A
was

it in

forest, bush,
two

high
at

places eight
Gardens nine
or

Kwangtung.
ten

large brought

female
to

nursing
21,

perhaps
in

days

old

him
young

on

June
bom

Wutsung
London

that

province.
days,
or

Pocock

(1911a) records
a

three
in

in the eyes

Zoological
in about that with in

from
and
so

pair captured
their
that

Szechwan.
very

Their

opened

growth
in three

seemed
months

rapid
that

in

comparison
their

of
At less

dogs

cats,

they equaled

parents

size. and

first their

color

was

quite different from

of their

parents,

grayer

438

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

yellow, with
of
a

a on no

pair of ill-defined
the doubt sides
the
notes

dark

stripes on
In

the

back

and

indistinct
eat

traces

pattern

of the
former that the

body.
stomach
two wrote

captivity they will

a

fniits and
in
a

cereals, and
state.

constitute

large part of the diet

one

wild

Mell

(1922)
a

of

that had

he

examined
in their

contained
stomachs. cooked
a

fruit, that
Swinhoe
meat.

of

second

oranges,

while

others

leaves

(1870c), on
On
one

the

other
a

hand,

that
was

his pet civet

preferred
a

occasion,
it
was

Masked

Civet
a

pursued

by

leopard into
the that

native

village,where
to account

killed with this civet

stick

According
Cat,"
tung
on

Swinhoe,
of the

is called

(Mell, 1922). by the Chinese

"Gem-faced in

white

facial mark.

Shih

(1930)

states

Kwang-

it is called

"m6n-tsien-kiu."
In

Specimens examined:
Chekiang:
Fulden: Szechwan:

"

all,twenty -five,as follows:

locality, i.

Tunglu,

i.

Futsing, 8; Yenping, 7; Chunganhsien, Wanhsien,

i
.

i;

no

exact

5;

no

exact

i. locality,

Locality unknown,

200.

Paguma
WESTERN

larvata

intnidens

Wroughton

MASKED

CIVET Hist.

Paguma Paguma

larvata

intrudens

Wroughton,
Ann.

Joum. Mag.

Bombay
Nat.

Nat.
ser.

Sec,

vol.

19,

p.

793,

1910.

larvata

yunalis Thomas,
"

Hist.,

9, vol.

8, p. 617, 1921.

Type Specimen:
in northeastern collection of the

The

type
not

is

skin

and

skull from

Sima,
No.

near

Myitkyina,

Burma,
British

far from
an

the
adult

Yimnan female. larvata

but mark

border,

9.7.20.6 in the

Museum,
to

Description:
"

Similar
tone to

P.

larvata

slightly larger, the

on

back

a as

brighter,deeper
a

of ochraceous,
the

the white
and the

the

forehead

extended

broad

stripe

shoulders,

facial

markings,

including the

whitish

half-collar,more
"

clearlydefined.
No
measurements to

Measurements: This
eastern race,

of be

fresh

specimens
than

are

available. of

however,
The

is supposed

slightlylarger
seems

the
out

typical form

China.

only adult
Yunnan,
11

skull at hand
and
measures:

to

bear
to

this character.
mm.;

It is from

Yuankiang,

occiput
112.5;

gnathion, 118.5
cheek

condylobasal length,
width, 66; mastoid
40 ; lower cheek
teeth
,

7.2;

basal 42.2;

length,
width

palatal length, 58; zygomatic

upper

width,
44
.

across

molars, 38.7;

teeth,

Nomenclature: larvata

"

There
on a

seems

to

be the

no

doubt

that

Thomas's

Paguma

yunalis, based
considered

skin few

from

Likiang Range, is indistinguishable.

Yunnan the
name

Wroughton
P.

the

available
gave

specimens
P.

the

same

as

his

I. intrudens, but

Thomas

in 1921

I. yunalis to

two

skins

THE

CARNIVORES

439

from

Yenyuanhsien,
the

southern
two

Szechwan

(not Yunnan
fifty miles
east

as

given
of

in

the

original
type

description), about
locality, on
a

hundred
that

and
were

Wroughton's
secured

ground
suborbital

they

brighter
The from

in

their of

ochraceous

tint, with

very

small

white

mark.

series

skins
the

by

the

American

Museum shows

Asiatic
that of
a

Expeditions
white
vague

Likiang
mark in Thomas's

and

Namting large
so

River,
and that

however,
defined
as

the

suborbital

is usually

well this

instead
as

"mere

streak"

as

specimen,
are

well

the

difference

in the

ochraceous

tint of the

back

doubtless

matters

of

purely individual
Occurrence and

variation. Habits:
to

"

This

rather

poorly
Burma,

characterized
and south

race

is found
western

from Yunnan

southern
to

Szechwan

northeastern whence Museum

through
it under secured the

central
The
at

Tongking,
American

Thomas Asiatic and P.

has

recorded

the
a

name

P. I. intrudens. hunters' skins

and

Expeditions

series of

Likiang,

in Yunnan,

other

specimens from
came

Namting Likiang

River,
in

Tengyueh.
Szechwan.

The Two A. B.

type

of

I.

yunalis
from

from feet
on

Yenyuanhsien,
the

southern
are

specimens
Howell.

10,500

Range

recorded

by

Specimens examined:
Yunnan:

"

Nine,

namely:
i;

Likiang, 5; Namting
201.

River,

Tengyueh,

2;

Yuankiang,
Thomas

i.

Paguma
HAINAN

larvata

hainana
CIVET

MASKED

Paguma Paguma

larvata larvata

hainana

Thomas, Allen,
Bull.

Ann. Amer. hainanus

Mag.
Mus.

Nat. Nat. A.

Hist., Hist.,

ser.

8, vol.
22,

3, p. 377, 479,
p.

1909. of 17,

J.

A.

vol.

p.

1906 (not
240,

authors).
1909.

Paradoxurus

(Paguma)

larvatus

J.

Allen, ibid., vol. 26,

April

Type
British China.

specimen:

"

^An immature

male.

No.

99.9.2.1,

in the

collection
of

of the

Museiim,

from

Five-finger Mountains

(Wuchih),

island

Hainan,

Description:
"

In

size and of the

general body

appearance

like the
rufous

mainland
of
gray

race,
or

but
gray

the

general coloration
bufif. No
not
an

yellowish

instead

tinged with

Measurements:

"

measurements

of adults
that

are

available.
race.

The

size is,

however,
The

probably
skull

different adult
female

from

of the

mainland

of

measured:

occipito-nasal length,
width,
20.5;

197

mm.;

palatal length,
width,
37.5; upper

51;

zygomatic
cheek

width,

58; interorbital 36.

mastoid

teeth, c-m^
a a

Nomenclature:
race

"

By
in

curious

coincidence,
about
same

Thomas the tenth

named of

the and
a

island

P.

I. hainana,

paper

published

April,

J.

A.

Allen

independently

described

it, using the

subspecific term

in

paper

440 dated
name.

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

April 17,

1909.

The

former

author

is,therefore, the authority for the

Occurrence Swinhoe is that from of

and
the A.

Habits: island

"

Apparently
The

the

Masked

Civet

was

not

known

to

of Hainan.

first record

of its

occurrence a

there

J.

Allen his

(1906,
paper in

p.

479), (1909)

who he

briefly mentions
made
near

female of his

from
P.

Cheteriang.
hainanus. 1923 Civet The
Mr.
at

In The

later

this the

the

type

I. In

locality is
H.

the

mountains
several

southern

border.
the

Clifford Nodoa
and

Pope

collected

young

specimens of
not
seem are

Masked
common.

Namfong,
tame

where, however,
this animal,
to

it does such

to

be
to

Chinese
ratters.

frequently
This
race

and

pets
to
are

said island

make

cellent ex-

is believed
the

be

confined

the

of Hainan, will

but

when

specimens
be foimd
very

from

adjacent

mainland
the

available, they

doubtless

similar, grading into

"

typical race.
are

Specimens
Hainan:

examined:
2;

Seven, of which
5.

three

skulls.

All

are

immature.

Namfong,

Nodoa,

Genus
THE

Herpestes Illiger
MUNGOOSES

Herpertes (sic,corrected

to

Prodromus Herpestes in Errata, p. 302) Illiger, Soc. London,

Syst. Mamm.
Mus.

at

Avium,

p. 135,

181

1.

Calogale Gray, Proc. Zool.

1924.

1864, p. 560.

J. A.

Allen, Bull. Amer.

Nat.

Hist., vol. 47, p. 160,

The

mungooses
a

form

well-defined

group,

now

usually regarded
has
even

as

stituting con-

subfamily
as a

of the

Viverridae, but

Pocock
are

urged

that their

they

be

recognized
and the the

separate

family.

They

characterized

by
and

long,

slender
and
ears

weasel-like

bodies, fairly long tails, coarse-haired

and rounded
ears

tapering,
narrower

by
of

broad,
more

low

in
are

contrast

to

the

larger

typical civets.
among the

They

ground-living in habits, though

of trees.
muzzle
a

occasionally ascending
The skulls
are

larger branches by
the
or

characterized which the

short, blunt

and

well-developed
of the

postorbital
form
a

processes,

nearly
eye.

quite

meet

process

jugal

to

bony

ring

about

The

posterior portion of
short
to

the

audital

bulla The of the

is

roundly inflated, the paroccipital processes

are

and

inconspicuous.
habits
much

teeth group. than

of the The

sectorial
upper

type, corresponding

the

carnivorous
lobe

fourth
one

premolar

has and

the

antero-intemal
a

larger
cusp.

the

external cusp of and

corresponding,
tooth

provided with slightly in front

well-developed
of the middle

The
outer

main

the

is situated is

of the The

length,

the

posterior heel

provided

with

cutting edge.

THE

CARNIVORES

44i

molars

are

very
a

much

narrowed
narrow

anteroposteriorly
from
the

so

that

the

protocone
at

is the

separated by
outer

long

isthmus

paracone

and

metacone

edge of
The

the

jaw.
group sub

mungoose

is best

developed in Africa, and

the in

is characteristic of the
these

of

the

tropics and
two

tropics,taking
known
as

place

to

great

extent

weasels.
been

Only

species are
regarded
retained

to

occur

China,

and,

although they
may

have

sometimes both
be

representing distinct
Herpestes.
Mediterranean
The

genera,

for the

present

under

genotype

is the

large Viverra

( =Her-

ichneumon pestes)

of the

region.

Key A. B. Size Size

to

the

Chinese

Species white

of

Herpestes stripe stripe

H.

smaller, skull length about larger, skull length

about

65
95

mm.,
a

no

shoulder

ruhrifrons
H.
una

mm.,

white

shoulder

202.

Herpestes
RUFOUS-FACED

ruhrifrons

(J. A. Allen)

MUNGOOSE
Nat.

Mungos

ruhrifrons J.
sp.,

A.

Allen,
Proc.

Bull.

Amer. Soc. Amer.

Mus.

Hist., vol. 26, p. 240,

1909.

Herpestes

Swinhoe,
A.

Zool. Bull.

London,
Mus.
Mus.

1870, p. 228.
Nat.

Herpestes griseus J.

Allen,
M.

Hist.,
no.

vol.

22,

p. 479,

1906 (not of authors).

Herpestes ruhrifronsG.

Allen,

Amer.

Novitates,

359,

p. 9, 1929.

Type specimen: although

hence

"

No

type

specimen is designated
it is stated of Natiural

in that

the the

tion, original descriptype

Moimt is
a

in the

list of measurements Musetim

male,

No.

27596, American

History, from

Wuchih,

Hainan.

Description:
"

General

color

of the

neck,

body, tail, and

the sides. The is

limbs

except

the

feet, a grizzled olive-brown,

is
seen

barely lighter on

fur when

parted
the

to

consist

of

an

under

fur of shorter, finer hair which

slaty

at

base

and
two

pale
or

ochraceous

rufous
of

terminally, overlain
gray

by

long guard
of

hairs, having
black and
a

three

rings
The the

buffy

alternating
shows

with

equal rings
so

blackish
is due of the

tip.
to

under

fur hardly

through,
gray and

that

the
brown.

ing general colorThe

minute

ticking
hind

of

buffy
are

blackish

sides

face
but

and

the

fore and
darker

feet

clear
with

bright ferruginous, the forehead

annulated,
the

similar Tail

somewhat back

and

mixed
in

black-tipped
of the

hairs. third

like

the

above,

distichous

form,

hairs of the

middle
it
a

longest, their tips pale

ochraceous Middle

in the
area

distal half of the Chin

tail,giving
chest,
and

lower yeldull Tail

tinge
ochraceous,

than

the very

back.

throat,

belly

with

few

annulated

hairs.

slightlymor.e

rufous.

442

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

slightly more
mfous.

rusty

in ventral

aspect,

the

terminal

third

becoming

distinctly

Measurements:

"

No for

measurements
a

of fresh

specimens
by
Mr.

were

available
600
mm.

to

J. A. Allen,
240; gave:
a

who

gives
without

well-made
60.
mm.;

skin, total length

Two,
measured
"

about

tail,

hind
head

foot
and
a

claws,
315, 300

Clifford
ear,

H.
19,

Pope,
11,

body,

tail,

220;

foot, 58, 58;

for

male

and

female, respectively.
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

OF

HERPESTES

RUBRIFRONS

From than males.

these

measurements

it is

seen

that

females

average

little smaller

Nomenclature: this

"

As

mentioned

in

his

original description, the

the

author

of
pes Her-

species recognizes its close relationship with "javanicus"

be
an

Javan

Mungoose,

tes

and

its
race,
a

representatives
but

this may

insular
stand and
as

until

an

Malay adequate review

of the

Peninsula,
of the
group

of which
can

be

made,

it may

distinct

species.
in

Occurrence
mungoose
was on

Habits: but

"

Swinhoe
was

1870
to

mentioned

the

occurrence

of

Hainan,
at

unable

secure

specimens. by
Mr.

A H.

good

series

obtained
agree the

Nodoa Dr.

and

Namfong,
Allen's few he

however,

Clifford

Pope, and specimens

they
were

these
from
common

with

J.

A.
a

description based
earlier.
saw

island
about

collected

years

Mr.

on eight Pope writes

other that

Nodoa,
from

and
one

twice

them

by day
to

in open, Those sudden

or

rolling,bushy brought
in

country,
alive
were

running

clump

of bushes

another. make

fierce and
one,

fearless in

and disposition, and

would
a

threatening
and of the
to

jumps
Twice The head
concern

toward he

glaring fiercely closely

a

emitting
bite the
snake took
see

hissing
a

spitting sound.
a

observed

fight staged between

to

mungoose

cobra.

mungoose's

tactics

seemed

be

to

upper

fore part
It seemed

snake's
little

repeatedly, regardless of
about
did
went not

what

the

did.

have the

being bitten
reach

in the
"I

face, but
could
not

especial care
that

that

snake's
goose mun-

fangs

its
back

body.
of the

in either
it seemed

fight
not

the
to

for the

snake's

head

but

rather

think

THE

CARNIVORES

443

of

doing

so

until and

the

snake
two

was

about

finished.
are

The

mungoose

bites

as

the

snake the the

on

strikes snake's

the

pairs of jaws
on

often
for

locked.

It

meets fearlessly

onslaught
the
to

head

and

gives

bite

bite.

When
now

it begins to
and the

get

advantage,
long enough
neck between

length give
its
a

of

its hold

increases, while

again

it holds

vicious

shake, ending by crunching

snake's

head

and

long
a

teeth." skin
he

Mell
the
as

(1922)
of

records

obtained

on

Gunjam
captured

Shan,
It

mountain
was

in

north of this

Canton,

Kwangtung,

yet within
The

the
was

city limits. only

record

identified
old

species by Matschie.
been

animal

inside of

an

mortar,

where

it had from

sleeping, and
China.

constitutes

the

this

species or

its group

continental

Hilzheimer's

Herpestes leucuriis,later

changed

to

H.

from albifer,

China,

proved

to

be

squirrel skin, probably

examined:
"

Callosciurus.

Specimens

Nine

from

Hainan,

namely,

Namfong,

i ;

Nodoa,

8.

203.

Herpestes
CRAB-EATING

urva

(Hodgson)

MXJNGOOSE

Ctdo
Urva

urva

Hodgson,

Joum.

Asiatic
Proc. Anat. Wiss.

Soc. Bengal,
Soc. Zool. d.

vol.

5, p.

283, 1836.
p.

cancrivora
urva

Swinhoe, Anderson, Matschie,

Zool. and

London,
Researches

1870,

630. Yunnan,
China
p.
u.

Herpestes
Urva

Western
nach

191, Tibet

1879.
1903-05, vol. 10, pt. i, p. 190,

hanensis

Ergebn.

Exped.

Filchner

1908. Mungos Herpestes Herpestes

urva

J.

A.

Allen, Bull.
hanensis A.

Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist.,
U.

vol.

26, p. 242,

1909. 75, 152,

art.

cancrivora
urva

B. Howell,
Zeitschr.

Proc.
f.

S. Nat.

Mus.,
vol.

vol.

I, p. 31, 13,

1929.

sinensis

Bechthold,

Saugetierk.,

11, p.

March

1936.

Lungtao

Shan,

Kwangtung.

Type specimen: Description:

"

"

Not

specified.
is
a

This

considerably larger species

and
to

than

H.
;

rubrifrons,
feet

of

uniform

coarsely grizzled pelage of black

back,

buff y
or

or

whitish

dusky

brown;
A
not

tail like the white

becoming
from

whitish
the

buffy

ochraceous
mouth
to to

terminally.
the

conspicuous
very

stripe runs
Chin variation

corner

of the
whitish
narrow

shoulder,
is
extent
on siderable con-

sharply
individual

defined.

and

throat within the

gray.

There
the

in color

limits, in
of white
that
or

of

the

white
and

tipping

to

the in the

longer hairs,
rusty
less

amount

brown
some

chin,

throat

feet, and

intensity of the

buffy tint, so
u.

in

the under

fur is almost
The skull

whitish,
is

in others

(the H.
elongate

sinensis in lack H.

of

Bechthold).
differs

proportionally
the
seen

than

and rubrifrons,

notably
of the

in the

shape of

audital
in the
as

bullae, which
latter

the

pronounced they
are

inflation
pear-

anterior instead

portion
of

species,so
below.

that

almost

shaped

egg-shaped

seen

from

444

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Measurements: head

"

An

adult

female
550
mm.;

from

Yenping,
hind

Fukien, foot,
URVA

measured

proximately: ap-

and
CRANIAL

body,

tail,220;
OF Mas-

105.

MEASUREMENTS

HERPESTES Width

Zygo-

Upper

Lower

It

will

be

seen

from

these males

measurements

that

there

is

practically little

difference

in size between
"

and

females. is very distinct it does in

not

Nomenclature: its cranial

seem as

Although
characters

the from

Crab-eating Mungoose
the other
more

and

color

eastern

mungooses,

at

present that
Howell
has

it should advocated.

be

accorded No

than

subgeneric distinction,
when
who
a more

A.

B.

doubt, however,
there the will be
name

thorough
it
to
as

study

of the

Asiatic

species is made, generic

the rank under

those
urva.

will regard There

seems

worthy of separate
but
a

Urva

be
but the

single well-defined
in 1908 gave skins in
the

species,extending from
name

Assam
to

to

South

China,
on

Matschie basis

Urva

hanensis which
gray

the

Chinese

animal,

of four

purchased
fur the

at

Hankow,
brownish head

he much

supposed differed from

mixed with
a

the

typical form
of all white,

having the chin

under

with
gray

white
tone

instead of the
siderable conas

of the

dark

brown

instead
and

light reddish
tail 250
mm.

brown,
instead

under
"

side ochraceous
300
mm.

instead various is much

of didl

brown,

of 275

In

the

details of color, the individual

trade

series

examined
and

shows

that

there

variation,
cannot

already

noted,
as

the

tail measurement

taken

from

skins

be

regarded
to

very

significant. I have, therefore, relegated this supposed

of H.
urva,

species
hanensis

the synonymy
a

in

subspecific sense Although

was

for

although specimens from proposed

same

A.

B.

Howell
eastern

has

used

the

name

China,
as a

Herpestes cancrivora
in

hanensis. his has

G.
urva

Hodgson

cancrivora animal

specificname preceding
year

1837,
so

published for the

in the

and

priority.

THE

CARNIVORES

445

Occurrence
over

and

Habits:

"

The

Crab-eating
extending
the
as

Mungoose
far north
as

seems

to

be

mon com-

parts
on

of South
eastern

China,
coast,

the

mouth

of

the

Yangtze

the

where

most
no

northern certain
may

record records
not

is
for

Chinkiang,
it,although
from Museum Hills
near a

Kiangsu.
Matschie's

To

the westward,
of

however,
from

I have

type

Urva

hanensis

Hankow
a

have the

come

great
from

distance.

Anderson
and

(1879)

mentions recorded

specimen
one

in the

Paris

Kiangsi,
It is

Swinhoe

(1870c)
common

from the

Ftikien

Amoy.
anhsien,
writes of
me

apparently
a

in

Fukien,
and the

for

American
as

Museum's
one

lections col-

include
in

number northwest

from

Futsing
of

Yenping,
streams

well Mr.

as

from

ChvmgH.

the
he

comer

province.
in the the

Clifford

Pope
in

that

found
is also

it

common

near seen

mountainous

sections the

Futsing.
be

"It

commonly
native

among the

terraced

rice fields
it is

mountainous
to

regions, where
fond.

it is said to find
name,

loaches

of which

supposed
cat', and

very

The

'ni ch'iu

mao',
to most

'loach signifies
its apparent

it is also

sometimes
be
are

called

'blind
more

cat' in reference

ness, nearsightedSeveral,

for it may
when

approached
prone
to

readily
about that

than

wild

animals.

alarmed,

dash

in circles,one it is attracted of streams.

and

another."
and he it is in has
seen

Swinhoe

(1872) writes along

following close behind by crabs, near Ningpo, (1930, p. 5)

to

general found
it in found

banks

Shih
it is said and

says

that

Nanning
it not with island

for sale in cages,

uncommon

be

good

"ratter."

Mell

(1922)
A in

in both young does

was

north

south

parts of Kwangat

tung.
presence Dr. 1909.

female
the

her

two

brought
seem

him have from

Mr.

Wampu.
known

Its

of Hainan
p.

not
an

to

been Mount

until in

J.

A.

Allen

(1909,
were

242)
to

recorded
at

old

female

Wuchih,
H.

Others
no

secured
seem

Nodoa,
met

Hainan,
with
as

by

Clifford

Pope.

Hitherto

collectors
examined:

have

it in Yunnan. follows:

Specimens
Fukien: Hainan: No
exact

"

Thirty-seven,

Kiangsu: Chinkiang, Futsing,

Nodoa,
15;
6.
.

i.

Chunganhsien,

i;

Yenping,

13.

locality, i

Family

FELID^

CATS

The and

cat

family includes
has
the

beasts

of prey lines

in which

the

specializationof habit
to

structure

progressed
group.

along
The fur

quite opposite
and dense the

those
of

seen,
coarse;

for the
run

example,
habits
are

in

dog

is fine and
are

instead

usually of the

skulking type,
the

prey

is stalked

rather

than

down;

the

claws, in all but blunted;

the

cheetah,

retractile,preventing
in the

them

from

becoming
present,

entepicondylar nmning

foramen
as

humerus
it is lost.

is usually
The

whereas,

in such

species

the

dogs,

skull

446
conforms
as

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

in

similar

way,

for whereas
the quarry,

in

dogs it is long, with

cats

pointed muzzle,
blunt. The
in

if for in

reaching
the the
are

toward have
are,
or

in the

it is short reduction six above

and

teeth

Felidae incisors but

undergone
as

considerable

number, below,

for,
the

although

typically in Camivora,
two

and
two

premolars
while
upper the

three
are

sometimes
one

in the
one

upper

jaw and
on

in the lower, The

the

molars

but

above
a

and

below

each

side.

last blade is

premolar is specialized as
first lower
to

sectorial the

tooth, shearing against

so

of the reduced their

molar,

in which

heel,
the

prominent
and

in

the

Canidas,

practically nothing, leaving

edges
to
a

paraconid
molar
crown,

protoconid with
a

sharp

form

the

blade.
and

The

upper

is
set

practically funcwith its

tionless
transverse

tooth, with
to

single root,
tooth
row.

small

oval

long axis

that

of the
cats

The upper
ears

typical usually
to

have

rather

long tails,imtufted
short

ears,

and

usually three
tufted the small
small

premolars;
and

the
two

lynxes have
upper

tails and

high hind
the

quarters,

premolars, through lynxes

are

loss
to

of

pm*.

According
cats.

Pocock

(1917), the

closely allied
and

the

typical
the

Cats house this

comprise
the

many

species of varying size tiger, and

and

proportions, from
attempts
to

cat to leopard, aggregation into genera success,

lion.

Various have
upon

subdivide

subgenera
relied
hand

been
are

made,

with

varying species

degrees of
The of of who into

since

the
been
to

differences
on

largely quantitative.
all the the forms
as

ultimate

result has
on

the

one

to

regard

Felis,
a

or

the

other
or

make

each The

well-marked latter
A.
course

type
was

representative by Severtzov,
the

distinct

genus

subgenus.

taken

in his paper five genera

of 1858, reviewed and

by J.

Allen More

(1919), divided

family

twenty-seven

subgenera.
more

in his review divided

the

of the
group of

classification,went
three

(19 17), recently, Pocock and thoroughly into the matter largely on
the the
are:

into
the

subfamilies, based
bones.

condition

of the

suspensoriiun
cats
or

hyoid
close

These

subfamilies

(i)
the

the

typical

Felinas, mostly smaller

species, in which
to

suspensorium

is ossified,

holding the
Pantherinae,

larynx
in

up

which
a

the

larger species, suspensoriimi is imperfectly ossified, "its inferior

elastic tendon

the

base

of the

skull; (2)

portion consisting of
upon

larger or shorter

conferring great mobility (3) a special subfamily,

the

lions); and larynx" (includes leopards, tigers,

the of the then

Acinonychinae, for
in the
claws.
structtire

the Felina2 cheetah, which, although agreeing with larynx, differs in the lack of folds of skin to protect the his
but and

Pocock

subdivides

subfamily Felinas
two

into

thirteen

groups

of
Pan-

generic rank,
thera

while

recognizing
since later added

genera and

of

Pantherinae, namely,
for the for for
a snow

for the

lion, tiger,leopard
has

jaguar,
the

Uncia

leopard. pallida, species,

Lonnberg
and

(1925)
two

the

subgenus
genus

Poliailurus

Felis
new

Ognev

years

added

EremcBlurus

THE

CARNIVORES

447

E.

thinobius, from

the

Transcaspian
most

region.
genera

In of

his

review

of Russian
that have
our

cats, Pocock

Ognev

(1930) considers
as

of

the

smaller

species
authors

recognized, generic rank

of the
to

constituting subgenera
to
some as

only of

Felis.
to

Other
others.

given
edge knowlseems

of the
a

groups

and

subgeneric
thorough,
of these

Until

group

whole

is

more

the

conservative
for
so

course

be

to

give subgeneric standing

characters
over are

to

most

groups,

closely related
can

in

general

the any

cats,

that

intermediate

modifications that have

be

found

bridging
once

almost

apparent
the

differences
seems

individuals varied
more

show. in than size

to

Having
and

become

established,
in accordance structural
Key

type
the

to

color

pattern
much

with

size of its prey

and

habitat,

have

acquired

differentiation.
Chinese
and

to

the

Mongolian of the

Felid^

A.

Cats

of

small

to

medium

size; suspensorium

hyoid
of the

apparatus
skull
a.

ossified, holding the larynx close to the base

Subfamily
long, relatively
ears

Felinse

Tail

at

least twice

the

length of the hind usually rather

foot;

not

nasals usually penicillate; about the

abruptly contracted
a'. Smaller, the about

half-way
a

back, cat; muzzle

size of orbit
to

house

short,
the

distance

from

gnathion

less than

long

diameter
or

of the eye;

postorbitalprocesses
of the jugal. the three. back of the

long, nearly

quite meeting
No
1.

those

a".

white

mark

across

ear.

Upper
a.

premolars

Jugal ending anteriorly below

foramen;
and a'. Backs nasals turned

the

mal lachrySubgenus
Felis chaus Felis

slightly upward

outward of
ears

distally
reddish foramen and

affinis

b.

Jugal bending

reaching lachrymal
inward
as a narrow

branch; nasal
third in color
. . .

profile concave
a'. Backs
2.

in its middle
ears

Subgenus

Poliailurus Felis bieti

of

like the

back

Upper
in
to
a

premolars

narrow

two; jugal ending anteriorly upward tapering point, continued

in advance of the lachrymal

meet

the

frontal

foramen
a.

Subgenus
color

Trichcelurus

General

grayish buff, with

little trace Felis tnanul manul

of cross-banding h". A white mark

across

the

back

of the

ear;

plex com-

body

pattern

of stripes and

blotches; nasals Subgenus

Felis Prionailurus

depressed, sloping evenly downward

a.

Ground Ground

color

brighter buffy

hengalensishengalensis
chinensis hengalensis

b.

color

averaging paler

Felis

448
b'. Larger, than
not
ears

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

the

distance

from

orbit
eye

to
;

gnathion greater
postorbital
process; process

the

long diameter
white

of the

closely approaching the lacking Body

pattern
lower
a a

jugal

backs

of

cross-mark,

a".

usually without

markings, rarely
rows

with

of longitudinal stripes and

not

of spots;

canines

speciallyelongate
large, somewhat
sections blackish of

Subgenus Profelis
Felis temminckii tristis

b".

Body

marked

with

squarish
pale ground

blotches,
color

consisting of by
chin
narrow

enclosed

complete; edges, often inthat the

canine of profile
a

of lower

jaw large, so

the

is nearly vertical

Subgenus Neofelis
Felis nebtdosa

b.

Tail foot
not

relativelyshort,
; ears

less than

twice

the

length of hind
two ; nasals

with

long pencil ; upper

in their

premolars
middle

abruptly contracted
a

length

Genus

Lynx

Lynx lynx hyoid apparatus

from orbit of the eye

isabellina

B.

Cats and
a.

of large size; suspensorium of the

long

chieflycartilaginous
Rostrum
not

Subfamily
the distance
to
.

Pantherinas

shortened,

gnathion considerably exceeding

a'. Pattern
on an 1. 2.

the diameter

Subgenus

Panthera

consistingof
ochraceous Ground Ground color color

rounded

spots and

rings of
coat

black Felis

ground deeper ochraceous, paler, coat

transverse

pardus

shorter.

Felis

pardus fusca fontanierii

Felis

longer stripes
on a

F. p. rufous-

h'. Pattern ochraceous

1. 2.

consisting of ground
color color

tigris

Ground Ground to
a

richer, coat

shorter

Felis

amoyensis tigris
amurensis tigris

slightly paler, coat

longer
added

Felis

Probably (Undo)
country
Chinese
number whence

this

list will

eventually be
of the

the and

Snow barren
ever

Leopard,
been
taken

Felis

uncia,

species characteristic
Asia.
few

steppes

mountainous in
A

of central

No

specimens have
men

apparently
shot

territory,and
are

white
in

have and

it in
over

its native
the border
none

haunts. into

annually
find the

killed
way

Tibet fur

brought
but

China,
is his
me

they
inside

their borders into

into

markets,

probably
Mr.
western

of these

killed
recent

of- China. the

Nevertheless,
of extreme
on a

Brooke

Dolan,

on

expedition
he
tracked
a

highlands
in the
snow

Szechwan, peak
the

tells
to

that

leopard
he

barren

mountain

close

the
was

Tibetan
not at

border, which
all the
sort

surmised
true

must

be

this

species, for
choose.

country
has

that

the

Leopard

would

Pocock

studied
that

the

cranial
stand

characters
as a

of this beautiful
genus, but

marbled

species, and by the type

the skull very

believes of

it

should

separate

characterized
the

suspensorium

peculiar to
downward.

the

Pantherinas,

with

of profile

steeply sloping

THE

CARNIVORES

449

Genus

Felis Felis

Linnaeus Linnaeus

Subgenus
Felis Linnasus, Chaus

Syst. Nat.,
Mamm.

ed. Brit.

lo, vol.

I, p. 41, p. 44,

1758.

Gray,

List

Mus.,

1843.

The

type
catus

of the

genus

Felis and

of the
as

subgenus
descended

as

well, is the
from the
as

Domestic
Cat

Cat,

Felis

Linn., usually regarded

a

Wild
Pocock

of
has

northern

Africa,
the

form

of may

Felis be

libyca.
with

Possibly, however,
a

suggested,

ancestry Cat,
F.

mixed,
The
as

certain
group
as

amount

of blood

of the

European
found F. chaus

Wild
the

silvestris.
as

typical body,
and
to

consists
F. silvestris

(i) of small
and

species with
and

tail about
and

long

the

in

libyca, forms,
borders

chiefly in Africa
Satunin the F. of

western
one

Eurasia,
race as seems

(2)
extend

the
to

shorter-tailed the western

to

its allies,of which

of China.
race

(1905)

described

Felis

kozlovi what

seems

be

an

eastern
on

of

silvestris of

Europe, from
from
to

Lukchum,

eastern

Tienshan,
prove

the that

90th degree
this type
Pocock

longitude
will be

east

Greenwich.
the
western

It may

eventually
of China of and and

also

found

reach the

parts
characters

enumerates

among

external

Mongolia. typical Felis, the penciled

rostrum

short,
ears

broad

head,

reduced the

rhinarium,
white

large, pointed
their

sometimes

never

showing
rather the

spot
The

on

back,

the

vertically contracting
by
the short

pupil
of

and

small

feet.
of the

skull
to

is characterized

(distance from
the
end and

edge

orbit
are

the

gnathion

less than in

the long diameter

eye), the nasals proximally

out
; the

which
a

suddenly
of the

contracted

their
are

posterior half, opening

and

and
up

in

depression, while
branch

anteriorly they premaxillary

nearly
is
meet

everted,

ascending

slightlynarrowed
those

tapered posteriorly,the
from the

postorbital processes
is

corresponding
in the upper

jugal, and

there

normally

minute

anterior

premolar

jaw. Apparently only

one

species of the typical subgenus

204. Felis
INDIAN

occurs

in China.

chaus JUNGLE

aflBinis Gray
CAT
on

Felis

affinisGray,

Illustrations Winton,

of Indian
Ann.

Zool.,
Nat.

vol.

I,

pi. 3, 1830 (date

7, vol.
on

plate, 1829).
1898.
an

Felis chaus

affinisDe

Mag.
name

Hist.,

ser.

2, p. 291,

Type specimen:
from

"

The

is based

Gray's plate of

Indian

specimen

Gangootra, Description:
"

India.
A
cat

slightlylarger than
in the way
to

the

House
or

its lack

of darker

markings
from the hairs

of spots
basal

Cat, distinguished by stripes. The entire dorsal

tail is
and
a

side of the
of the

body

occiput
with abundant

the

half

of the

uniform with lower

ture mix-

buffy-tipped
also

others

ringed with
over

buffy

tipped
of the

black, back,

latter

slightly more
the

the

median

area

where

buffy-tipped

hairs

become

pale rusty.

On

the muzzle,

forehead

450

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

and

cheeks

the

black-tipped
and
and the the
same

hairs

are a

absent,
trifle
chest

leaving
and

these

areas

almost
extends

form uniacross

pale rusty,
the lower

tint,

brighter perhaps,
belly,
the

throat,

middle

of the and the

forearms,

fore feet Chin

and

and
upper

wrists, the throat,

the

hind

feet, ankles
between

inner fore

side of the

tibial

joints.
is

the

chest

legs, and
ochraceous.
eye,

the

inguinal region nearly

There
a

white,
whitish
the
ears

last

slightly tinted
the A

with
comer

pale

trace

of

short
are ears

stripe at
whitish.

inner

of each

and

the
to

long
the

hairs
eye.

lining
Backs

small

dark

spot is present
without Tail

anterior
trace

of the bar

ferruginous, their tips blackish,

in

of the back

white
on

transverse

seen

certain
an

other

groups

of cats.

like the
or

its basal

half,

developing
and
a

indistinct

dorsal

stripe with

three
the

foiu- half

-rings of
the

blackish black

blackish

tip distally;underneath,
in the with last 25
that
mm.

tail is

buffy,

with

tip

extending
The

all around
skull
to

or

so.

shares

of

F.

bengalensis the
diameter of

short

rostrum

(distance
nose,

from

orbit

gnathion
of the and

less than and

a

long
broad

orbit),the
process

pinched-in
of the
of the

long postorbital
The
structure

processes

ascending
branch

maxillary. mal lachryThere

jugal, with
to

slender
the

passing

outside

foramen
and the
a e

ascending
of the

meet

prolongation
is less than its

of the in the

frontal, is peculiar,
house the
cats.

version

tips of
of the level

the

nasals
at

is

deep emargination nearly

to

palate

posterior edge,
of the camassial.

notch The

extending
small
upper

forward
first

the

of the

middle

premolar
Measurements:

is well

developed.
A skin
and

"

skiill from

Darjeeling, India,
mm.;

measure:

the

skin

approximately,
105
mm.;

head

and

body,

615

tail, 230;

the

skull:

greatest

length,
mastoid
lower

basal
42;

length, 86; palatal length, 38; zygomatic

outside

width,
teeth,

69; 32.6;

width,
cheek

width

camassials,

40;

upper

cheek

teeth, 36.1.
and

Occurrence
the chaus group, chaus
ears,

Habits:

"

According
Cat is
and the

to

De

Winton

(1898), who
from

reviewed Felis

the

Indian

Jungle

readily distinguished
Persia, by its rather
skull is

typical

of the
and

Caucasus

region
while it

longer tail,bright
with

fox-red

lighterbuild, Although
records

slightlynarrower,
the

lighter,
of India,
Museum

less-crowded there Asiatic

the
a seem

teeth.
to

occurs

throughout
in

greater

part

be

no

of its presence obtained

if
a

China. skin

The
on

American
Burma

Expeditions, however,
River, which,
into that

native

the

border

at

Namting

locally killed, indicates

Yunnan.
cat

that

the

range

extends

short

distance

southwestern

It is said

in India

this

interbreeds
a

with

the

domestic

form.
Yunnan.

Specimens

examined:

"

One

only,

skin

from

Namting

River,

THE

CARNIVORES

451

Subgenus
Poliailurus

Poliailunis
vol.

Lonnberg
2, p. 2, 1925.

Lonnberg,

Arkiv

f.

Zool., Stockholm,

l8A,

no.

This

subgenus
the
a

was

proposed

for

the

pecviliardesert
until its
1925,

cat,
when

Felis

pallida erecting

(=bieti), published
a

skull

of which

remained

unknown

Lonnberg

description with
for the been

figures showing
lie with

and peculiarities,

special subgenus
out

animal.
to

Previously,
the

with

only skins
The

for

study,

its

relationshipshad
brought
more are

supposed
as

Felis chaus.

important points
are:

by

Lonnberg
case

characterizing
and

subgenus
of the

(i)

the in the

much

globular brain
concave

(2) the peculiar shape

third
very
convex

nasals, which

profile
broad

in

the

middle

upward
with

distally;(3)
of the the orbit rim

interorbital

region;
end

(4)

the

large bullae,
the

large auditory meatus;

to

(5) the anterior

of the from
that

of the

jugal,forming
but

lower
so

rim

the

level

lachrymal point
premolar

foramen,
to

bending
is formed
the

inward

that

of the
the
a

orbit
terior an-

the

frontal and

by

the upper

maxillary; (6) premolar

has

small small

is present cusp. these Chaus.

second

but

distinct

anterior

Notwithstanding
closest
related
to

it peculiarities,

seems

likely that
have been

the

species is
to

the

Although

names

given

slightly
it
seems

differently-coloredspecimens from
more

different
to

parts

of western variants
can

China,
rather than

than

likely that
for

these
but

pertain
until
vary
a

individual

to

tinct dismust

geographical
remain

races,

sufficient
much the

series
in the

be and

studied, this
pattern

uncertain,
At

cats

very

tone

of their

markings.

present,

therefore, only

one

species is

here

recognized.

205.
THE

Felis

bieti

Milne-Edwards
CAT
vol.

PALE

DESERT

Felis

bieti
sargues,

Milne-Edwards,
Bull. Mus.

Rev.

G^n.

des

Sci. vol.

P(ires

et

Appliques, 1898.
35

30,

p.

670, October 3), p.

15,

1892.

Pou-

d'Hist. Bull.

Nat., Paris, Imp.

4, p. 357,

Felis

pallida Buechner,
South

Acad.

Sci. St.

P^tersbourg, vol.
7, vol.

(new

ser.,

vol.

433,

November,

1892.

Tatung

Range,
De

Kansu. Ann. Mus.

Felis Felis

chaus

pallida

Winton,
Annuaire

Mag.
Zool.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

2, p. 291, for

1898.
vol. 21, Nouv.
et

chuiuchta p.

Birula,
Southern

Acad.

Sci., Petrograd,

1916,

Faites

Divers,

i, 1917.

Gobi.
Abh.
u.

Felis

pallida subpallida Jacobi, Sungpan,

Szechwan.

Ber. Mus.

f. Tier-

u.

Volkerk., Dresden,

vol.

16,

no.

I, p. 9, 1922.

Near

Type
any

specimens:
that
two

"

No

types

are

specified in
brought
back

the but

original account, Pousargues

Prince

nor

is

specificlocality given by Milne-Edwards,

the the

(1898a)
and
are

later

explained
from formed
Museum

specimens vicinity of Tongolo

basis of the
name.

were

by

Henri

d' Orleans these

and Both
at

Tatsienlu,
are

Szechwan,

China,
and

therefore

cotypes,

in the

d'Histoire

Natxixelle

Paris.
a

Description:
"

About

the

size of

house

cat, with

nearly uniform

colora-

452 tion head

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

practically lacking
and

any

stripe
side

or

spot
limbs

pattern.
are

The

upper gray,

side

of

the
and
are

body,
at

and

outer

of the
or

yellowish guard

thickly
latter

irregularly ticked yellowish nearly slaty

the
at

with

blackish

dark-brownish followed
and

hairs; the

the

base, then

blackish,
the

by
the

grayish portion occupying

black.
the

half

the

length
is

of

hair,

tipped
On
a

with

Under

fur

soft,
of

its base,

tipped
more

with

brownish.

sides

grayish portion
area,
as

longer hairs

extensive, giving
On dark the
outer

paler tone
side
and of the there upper base
are

to this

the

ish blackbe

tips
three
or on

become four
the

shorter.

haunches

there brownish

may
cross-

indistinct inner
side

cross-bands,
forearm.
has
at

is

broad of the
ear a

band in

of the

The

side of each

head,

although

general
white
area

colored
area;

like the
the and

back,

the

uniformly pale long;

reddish-brown the the

backs with

of the
a

ears

like the of hairs

the

back
about
are

in color, without
20 mm.

cross-band about
the

short

pencil
Across

muzzle

is brownish. lower

cheeks
near

two

indistinctly
upper

marked

brownish below the

the stripes,
eye,

of which

begins
the

the

edge of the
mouth, cheek,

lip,and
the
upper

continuing
the lower

slightlybehind
them

angle
across

of the
the
a

while
curves

starts to

from

eyelid, and, running

throat washed with

downwards Lower

join the
chin

lower

stripe;between
the

is included

light-gray area.
the rest

lips and
with three the

white, the

yellowish brown;
under fur

of the under Tail

parts white, with

or

yellowish-brown
terminal
also be

showing through.
indistinct like the
are

four

blackish

rings in the
there the
may
area

part, separated by whitish

some

rings, and rings in the

The

tail-tipblack; portion, with

three

dark

basal

between

them

colored there

back.

above

description is
in the rufescent

from

Buechner
or

(1892b), but
of the

apparently
to
a

slight variations slightly more by

and Birula

ground
Felis

color,

in that

under such
as

fur, tending
that
on

coloration;

some

specimens,
faint
the

described
the
a

(1917a)
rufous

as

chiituchta, show

cross-bands

body,
verse trans-

five indistinct broad The

longitudinal stripes on
band
across

occipitalregion,

with

the lower of the

throat.
been

general
who

characters

skvill have

described brain in

in
case,

detail

by

Lonnberg,
audital

emphasizes
the

especially the
short

large globular
with
a

inflated middle level of the is the

bullae,

peculiar
termination
so

nasals,

concavity
downward
the

their
at

third, the
of the

anterior

of the the

jugal bending
forms the
a

the

lachrymal canal, relatively weak jaws,

in both
end

that

maxillary
in

anterior anterior
small

rim

orbit, the
present
anterior

dentition,
the

which of

small
but

premolar
cusp
at

and

presence

distinct

of the upper

camassial.

Measurements: for this

"

There with

are

apparently exception
known

no

flesh

measurements

available of skin
been and

species, for,
all the

the

of

Lonnberg's
appear

specimen
to

skull, nearly

previously

specimens

have

trade

THE

CARNIVORES

453

skins, of which

the

published
are:

measurements

must

be

regarded

as

mate approxiEar

only.
BUECHNER

These

Head

and

body

Tail

(1892b) (1922) (1917a) (1908)

For
the

685
775

325
321

58 67
"

JACOBI

830 840

350 350 230 345

"

BIRULA
MATSCHiE

600 820

60

(with hair)

"

skull

of the

female

from

Min

Shan,

Kansu,

Lonnberg
94
mm.;

has

lished pub-

the

following
mastoid
to

measurements:

condylobasal
across

length,
41; A

zygomatic
of brain
case,

width,
51.2;

74.5; orbit

width, 47; width

2"]; pm^-m'

molars,
22.

width

gnathion,
type
basal

inclusive,
Birula's
F.

female

skull, from

the

southern

Gobi,
mm.;

specimen

of

chuhichta, measured:
70.1. the
name

greatest

length, 97

length, 89; zygomatic

This
cat

width,
vmder

Nomenclature:

"

has

usually
out
was

gone that

of Felis paper 15,

same

pallida,
ing describ-

but

Pousargues
the
same

(1898a, p.
animal
as

357) points
Felis

Milne-Edwards's

bieti,
date

published October
of November district
of in

1892, while
year. and four that hundred
to

Buechner's

bears

the F.

publication
bieti is the

the

The

type
F. and
even

locality of fifty miles

far
in

Tatsienlu

Szechwan,
more

of

pallida is

Kansu,

in the

Tatung
are

Range,

localities not
not

than

apart.

They

apparently

different suflficiently

be

raciallydistinct.
so as

is also,
more

the

The cat described by Birula description indicates, much and

(1917a)
the
same,

as

Felis chutiichta,

except

that

it is
than

rusty

coloring

with

more

indication

of

occipital stripes specimens

"ad
in locum

described in it
F.
was

by

Buechner.

It would
vary to
a

be

expected
tone.

that The

the
two

general coloring, as
on
=

bengalensis, might
based
came

rusty

which

from

the

Gobi
were

of southern
collected
two

Mongolia,
by
Kozlov trade

Placum)
by the
two
on

Nor gave

in Provincia the
name

Goizso,"
Felis

and

1908. brought

Jacobi (1922)
back

pallida subpallida to
from

skins

Weigold
hundred the of

Expedition
miles
north the

Sungpan,
type
the

in

northwestern of F.

Szechwan,

about

of the
on

locality

bieti, basing clearer, and

more

his distinction
the that

fact that

stripes

haunches it

seemed
seems

general
these

tone

coloring
are

darker.

Nevertheless,

likely
seen

slight

differences than

individual
or as

variations, similar

to

those

in other the

cats, rather

geographic
this also
Occurrence that

subspecific in value.
a

I am,

therefore, for

present

garding re-

synonym.
"

and

Habits:

This

is
to

rather reach the

uncommon

standing species, notwithof fur and trade.

its
back

pelt

seems

often Henri

centers

The in

two

brought

by Prince

d'Orleans
of the

from

Tongolo
to

Tatsienlu,
most

central

Szechwan,

later the types

species,seem

be the

southerly

454
record

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

available. the
western

Passing northward,
borders

the

animal
and

apparently
Kansu,
and

occurs

sparingly
westward

all along
to
an

of Szechwan

thence

unknown the gap

distance.
to

Jacobi's two
Shan,
southwestern the

skins from

Sungpan,
whence

northern D.

Szechwan,
secured

bridge
the

Min

Kansu,
of

Sjolander

specimen
The

that

formed author of the

basis that

Lonnberg's
in
a

description of
has

the that

skull
the

(1925).
six

latter

adds

Birula,

letter, mentioned
since

Zoological Museum
more

Academy
localities

of Sciences,
are

Leningrad,
Matschie

obtained
p.

skins,
a

but

the

not

given.
Filchner the Gobi

(1908,
not

205)
of it is

recorded

skin

from

Kweito,

extreme

western

Szechwan,

far

south

Buechner's

type

locality,secured
Felis
same

by

the

Expedition.
of southern
of
an

likely that

Birula's
the

chutuchta,- from
animal.

Finally Mongolia, in
of rather

Goizso, is really
seems

Nothing
and

is known it is
western

its habits, but

it

probable from
country
be doubted
were on

its type

of coloration

that

inhabitant Chinese

barren
may

the
if the

edge of the Tibetan specimens edge

sectired
more

steppes.

It and

in the

fur markets
came

of Tatsienlu the

Sungpan
of the writes in

locally obtained;
western

likely they
or even

from Tibet. he One

borderlands

extreme

of China this

from
tracks

Weigold
found
in

(1923)
snow

that

it

was

probably
wooded
a

species

whose

the

January
was

in the

mountains
snare

of Wassuland.

of the
;

specimens
was

he

sectored

caught in
a

set

for Musk

Deer

in

July
in

the

other

chased pur-

in
one,

store.

On

another
east

occasion, his foxhound

early evening chased

of 3,000 meters, the

in the

mountains is covered with

same

of

Sungpan,
low in its offered

where

at

an

altitude

the cat,
was

country
and found

with
two

thickets.

Apparently
On
a

dog fought the

cat

returned

bites

jaw. only

the

following day, the

and

in the

place, but
"

snap

shot,

escaped.

Specimens examined:

None.

Subgenus
Trichcelurus Otocolobus

Trichselunis

Satunin P^tersbourg, 386, 1858

as for 1904,

Satunin, Annuaire Severtzov, Rev.

et

Mus.

Zool. Acad.
de

Imp.

Sci. St. 10, p.

vol. 9, p. 495,

1905.

Mag.
are

Zool.,

ser.

2, vol.

(not of Brandt,

1844).

These

desert

cats

regarded by Pocock
between Felis and

forming
With

separate
the with

genus,

intermediate share
the have

in certain

ways

Lynx.
body,
eye, the

former
the

they
latter

general
in
common

size and the

the

proportions
rounded

of tail to

while
narrower

they

pupil of

premaxillae,
loss of the
first

shallow
upper

notching of
small

suborbital The the

more

edge of the palate, and

of striking pecviliarities

the
the

premolar.
are:

skull,
the

as

listed middle

by Pocock,
of the foramen
to

its width,

steep slope of the profilefrom

of the

about
of the than

orbit, the prolongation

jugal bone
the

forward
the

in front

lachrymal long, the

join the anterior

forward

tip of
end

frontal;

palate wider
of the

large bullae, whose

and their

is

slightly in

advance

glenoid ridge,
process

large

outer

chamber,

equaling the

inner.

The

ascending

THE

CARNIVORES

455

of the
a

jugal nearly
bony
type

or

sometimes
the eye.

quite joins the postorbital process,

is Felis manul Pallas.

thus

ing form-

ring about

The

species of the

subgenus

206.

Felis

manul

manul CAT
Russ.

Pallas

PALLAS'S

Felis manul

Pallas, Reise
Recherches manul 1905

durch pour

versch. servir

Provinzen
Nat.

d. des

Reichs,

vol.
p.

3, 225,

appendix, pi. 31C,

p.

692, 1776.
for

Milne-

Edwards,
Trichcelurus
p.

k I'Hist. Annuaire
nomen

Mammiferes,
Zool. Acad.

1868-74 (1872).
1904, vol. 9,

mongolicus (not
Felis

Satunin,

Mus.

Imp.

Sci. St.

P6tersbourg,

501,

tigrismongolica,
Game Mus. Animals

nudum).
of

Felis

manul

satunini manul

Lydekker,

India,

p. 334,

1907. for

Otocolobus

Birula, Annuaire

Zool.

Acad.

Sci.,Petrograd,

1916,

vol.

21,

p.

130,

1917.

Type
known

Specimen:
some

"

No

type

is mentioned

in

the

original account,
at

but

it is of the

that

of Pallas's
at

specimens
so

are

preserved possibly Tatary

a

the

Museum

Academy
back

of Sciences Pallas from

Leningrad, journey
the

that

skin

of this cat Pallas

brought
that

by

his

is still in existence deserts of the the

there. and

states

this cat

is foimd
"

throughout
About
from

Mongolia.
Wild
short

Description:
differs low
on

the
most

size
cats

of
in In

European
extremely
coat
;

Cat,
rounded

this

species
ears, set

remarkably
the head and with
bands

wide
black
across
a

apart.
and

winter

the

entire
more

body
or

is

pale buff,
above
eye, the and

slightlymixed
dark with and brownish
a

tinged with
the lower

rufous

several

less obsolete
gray

part of the

back;

head

pale
corner

few

black

spots;

short

white

stripebordering inner
and
a

of the
across

another
as a

bordering
broad

the

lower

eyelid
edged

thence
narrow

passing back
blackish
more

cheeks below. blackish

The

white

streak,

by

line above
or

The

tail is colored
near

like the
the end but
more

back,

with

several and A of

less obsolete
a

rings, those
the nape

conspicuous
and full.
most

forming
the

black

tip.

summer

pelage is similar
head
to

less thick

specimen apparently in
hairs

this pelage has while is

from
to

dark the
root at

blackish
of the the

brown,

pale-tipped,
hair

the

tail in the

mid-dorsal
darker
to

region, the
a

buffy

pale ochraceous
narrowly
are

base,
with

becoming
and

posteriorly,then
All-black hairs
and

ringed

gray

buffy brown minutely tipped with black.

back. On the

sprinkled freely throughout tips

and upper
are

the

sides, the

buffy
so

bases tint

whitish

longer

and

the clear

black whitish the

tips largely disappear,

on

the

is clearer chin
and become

becomes throat

nearly
are

the of the
a

belly.
throat

The and

middle the

of the

white,

but

sides

upper

chest

conspicuously
the
area.

blackish hind
two

brown,
feet
are

with

few
buff.
two

white-

tipped hairs
tail has half that
A three

scattered black

over narrow or

The about
an a

ochraceous then

The
at

rings
less, and

inches

apart,

more

distance
from

apart

all-black

tip.
and

kitten

Sungpan
of

retains

thick
seen

woolly coat,
in the adult.

qmte
The

lacks

the
how-

complete frosting

white-tipped

hairs

crown,

456
ever,

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

is
has

nearly black
nine
narrow

with

tinge of brown,
black bands

while
across

the

posterior half of the

half, the posterior spaced
black

body

transverse
across

its dorsal
tail has

stripes continuing rings, and

a

the

haunches.

The

seven

black

tip.
"

Measurements:

No the

fresh-made

measurements

are

available.
an

Birula

(191 7), however,

gives
CRANIAL

following cranial
OF Width

dimensions
FELIS

for

adult

pair:

MEASUREMENTS

MANUL

MANUL

Greatest
diameter of orbit

Upper premolars
and molar

Lower

Greatest
No.

Basal

Zygomatic
width

outside molars

premolars
and molar
22.0

length 92.7

length

Sex

85.8

74.1
66.2

43.0

28.6

18.2

cf
9

84.5 Birula

39.8
paper the

25.8 the above

18.3

20.5
are

(1917), from
excellent
account

whose of detail He

particulars
with silvestris

taken,

has

given
and

an

skull, well
that

illustrated Felis the

has

compared

it in Felis.

with

of that

photographs, representing the

Manul also
short

typical subgenus
are

concludes

peculiaritiesof the

sufficient to warrant Pocock.

The

giving it generic distinction, a conclusion

width of the

accepted
rostnim, details

by

great
loss

skull,
small
prove

large bullae, and

of the
in his cusps

of the

anterior
if these the and
race

relatively very premolar, together with

to

the

the

of the

camassials,
shows also

be

constant,

are

well illustrated individuals

figiires. He regard
to

variation distinctness
T.
m.

that

exists in different
transverse

with
and

the
that

number Satunin's The

on use

of the

body

stripes,

concludes

mongolicus
name

is not

distinct.
for
same

Nomenclature: of cats Brandt

"

of

Severtzov's of the

Otocolobus
use

this
name

group

is invalidated for it
a

account

previous
has
not

of the

by
in
placing re-

group

of

ground

sqtiirrels. Satunin
usage If the

was,

therefore, right
fixed
as

by Trichcelurus, although
as a

been

to

whether
new

it

shall

stand

genus

Trichcelurus
as

manul
out

or a subgenus. mongolicus, becomes

latter, then

Satunin's

race,

invalidated

by Felis tigrismongolica,
the
new name

pointed
not

by Lydekker,

who,

therefore, proposed
in his review

F.

m.

satunini does

in its

place. regard it as valid,

the

Birula, however,
a occur

of this

group

in

191 7,

conclusion
west

apparently well
of the

founded. his T.
m.

Satunin

supposed
was

typical race
race.

to

Gobi, while

mongolicus

the

Mongolian
and

Occurrence found
to

Habits:

"

As
and

species, the
Gobi
to

Manul
to

is

desert-living cat,
and south the

from

Dauuria,

Kansu,

the

westward

Dzungaria, by

southern
race,

Tibet, where
F.
m.

it is supposed
The

be represented

ent slightlydifferwas

nigripectus.
near

specimen
Wall,
to

figured by
hence

Milne-Edwards in northern
desert

killed
at

in

"Mongolie,"
the

the

Great

the

edge of

desert.

It

seems

be found

perhaps throughout the

Hopei
country.

THE

CARNIVORES

457

Lonnberg missionary
Birula

(1925)
Eriksson

has

published
from extended

notes

on

three in the

specimens
interior of

secured

by

the

Hallong
account

Osso

MongoHa,
and

while

(1917), in his
from
came are

of the
a

characters,
from
on near

mentions Labran

figures

specimens
while While
extreme
a

Sining, Kansu,
from
the

and

second

the

monastery,
of the

third
records
western

vicinity of Urga

the the the

northern desert Brooke

edge
Dolan

Gobi.

lacking, it probably
border of Szechwan
west
as

reaches

steppes

along the Expedition

tn.

well, for

secured

two,
came

one

day
from

of

Sungpan.

Satunin's

type

of

Trichcelurus

mongolicus
Pocock

Kjachta,
has and

Mongolia.
a

(1907)
animal

figured
suggests

live

specimen
very
are

of

this

cat

at
ears

the

London
that
seem

Zoological Gardens,
to to

that

the

low, wide-apart

give
raise

the

an

always
very

angry

look,

really

an

adaptation
such
as

allowing it
small

its head

above

low
to

inequalities of surface
its quarry

rocks,
ears

without
were

being
the
"

so

conspicuous
erect

beyond
It is said

as

it would
to

be

if its

of

usual

and

pointed type.
jerboas.

prey

chiefly on

small

rodents

-spermophiles, gerbils and

"

Specimens examined:
Szechwan

Two

skins, one

day

west

of

Sungpan,

at

Manningou,

(A.

N.

S.

P.).
Subgenus
Prionailurus
2, vol.

Severtzov 387, 1858.

Prionailurus
Mus.

Severtzov,
Nat.

Rev.
41,

et

Mag.

de 1919.

Zool.,

ser.

10,

pp.

390,

J.

A.

Allen, Bull. Amer.

Hist.,

vol.

p. 340,

The

cats

of this group

are

characterized

by

conspicuously striped and

from
over

spotted

pattern,
four the in

consisting of longitudinal stripes

number,

forehead
the

to

nape, though al-

usually stripe
white The
with

becoming
traceable of border of the

somewhat
to

broken
root

shoulders,
A

median
the
on

pair is
inner
back
are

the

of the
there

tail.
a

white

short

marks mark

the

eye,
not

and

is

conspicuous broad
to

the

ear,

extending quite lengthwise

The tend
rows

the

inner
and

border.
the

sides
some

of the
ten
or

body

marked blackish
the

with

of spots, thus

tail that of
to

fewer

rings.

pattern
to

differs
transverse

from
rows

of the

house
the
a

cat, in which
black

body
white

markings
the

form

spots,
form

tail-ringsare
the
not

joined in

mid-dorsal
is absent.

line, and
The continue is

coalesce
skull

black
the

tip, while
are

ear-marking
The

differs,
ward down-

in that

nasals of the with

everted

in their terminal

third

but

the
and

curve

facial
that

profile.
of the
is very

postorbital process
to

long

slender,
the
eye.

often The

vmiting
upper The

jugal

form

complete ring (
F.

about

first

premolar

frequently missing.
=

type
a

species is Felis pardochrous Hodgson

of nominal
to

bengalensis) and,
,

though
all
one,
are

number

species related
with

to
or

it have
three

been

named,

probably only
China.

referable
not at

but

one,

possibly two
off, occurs

subspecies,of which
and northern

all

sharply marked

in eastern

458

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

207.

Felis

bengalensis
THE TIGER

bengalensis
CAT

Kerr

Felis bengalensis Kerr, Animal Felis bengalensis

var.

Kingdom

of Linnaeus, vol. Bull. Mus.

i,

Mamm.,

p.

151,

1792.

pardochrous Pousargues,
Ann.

d'Hist.

Nat., Paris, vol. 2, p. 180

(p. 2

of

separate),

1896.
Prionailurus

bengalensis Pocock,

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

8, vol. 20, p. 339,

1917.

Type
the The
name name

Specimen:
is "based
has been

"

Probably
upon
a

not

in existence.
that
to
swam on

Pocock board that

most

(1917) writes
a

that

specimen
tradition

ship

in

Calcutta. since
not

fixed far
as

by

the

species

bears

it; and

the

description, so
to

it goes,
cat.
...

fits the
I
see

species and
no reason

certainly does
the

apply

any

domesticated
The

for

discarding
a

term."

Description:
"

essential there

pattern
are

is
narrow

as

follows: black

with

general ground

color
at

above

of ochraceous,

two

stripes, one
the eye,

commencing passing back

the lower

the

posterior comer
the

of each

eye,

the

other
a

just

below

along

side of the
or

jaw

and

enclosing
across

white
upper
or

area

between with

them;
the

stripe is
brown borders the with
outer

more

less continuous

the

throat

stripe of the
the

other

side, and
on

there

are

three
a

four but
narrow

other

corresponding imperfect blackishstripe

from

collar-marks inner
comer a

the upper

lower

throat;
the the
one

short
;

conspicuous white
black
neck and up

and

edge of

eye

four

stripesrun
to

upper

of the fifth

eyes

along
median broad

midline
on

of

the

the

shoulders,
; the two

sometimes of these
blotches

narrow

the

crown

forehead into

stripesbecome
over

posteriorly,breaking
the

wise large length-

the

shoulders;
there

inner
are

pair

likewise
as a

at

the

shoulders,
the

but
root
rows

from
of the of

they
The

traceable

interrupted nearly continuous pair

are

becomes

of

stripes to
surrounded

tail.

sides

of the
may

body
be

marked
or

by
more

about
or

five
less

longitudinal
color, the spots
or on

elongate spots, which

the

all black,

by ferruginous, or
white

anterior
The tend

part

of the has
a

spot may
number
themselves

be

of the

latter brown

posterior part black.

a

belly
to

of blackishin about and

upper
not

grotmd, which
rows

arrange
across

four

five transverse
The

of rounded with
ten not
or

markings
more

the

chest

abdomen. connected in addition back house In of the

cat.

tail is buffy mid-dorsal

presence
serve

broken
black

rings of blackish, tip,characters

middle the

in the
to

line, and
of
at
a once

the

forming a conspicuous whitish

to

which,
of the
common

spot in the

ear,

will

distinguish the species from

the

series examined with

a

from
of

Yunnan,

the
on

ground
the the

color

is

bright buff
not

or

yellowish, tinging
In the
extreme

good

deal but

ferruginous
spots

shoulder

region,
other

only

ground

color,
the

broadly edging
may

spots

and

markings.

specimens,

body
with

be
at

chiefly bright rusty, narrowly

the

and

incompletely bordered

black, while

opposite end

of the

series

THE

CARNIVORES

459

are

skins
as

in which all-black

the
on an

ferruginous is nearly suppressed,

ochraceous-bufiE
are

so

that

the

markings

show

ground.
the

In which the

the

skull, the
or

strikingfeatures

long

narrow

postorbital processes,
of the

almost, orbit; the

the

rarely quite, join

of the
a

the

pointed
process
at

process of the

jugal

to

enclose abuts

nearly vertical

ascending
nasals

maxillary abrupt
the

which

against
and of the
and in

middle

portion
without of
even convex

the

point

of their

narrowing,
termination

ends

bluntly,
end

narrower

posterior extension;
below the level of the

anterior

the

jugal just
curve

lachrymal canal;
nasals,
instead house
race are so

the profile, continue the outward

downward

of the
fore do

frontals

and skull

that

the

latter

outline
their

of the

part of the
in the
of the the
very

of

turning

upward

and

at

tips as

they

common

cat. at

Measurements:

"

No

fresh

measurements
are

typical
cranial
little

hand. of
in

Under the

the skull the

two

subspecies following
examined. No
doubt

included there is

measurements

only

difference

size

between

subspecies.
"

Occurrence:
and

series of skins, with differs from

a

but

single skull, secured

eastern

at

Likiang
a more

Weisi, Yvmnan,

series from
grayer

China
in the the

in

having

buify ground according

to to

color, instead
them

of the

tone

usual

latter.

have, which,

therefore, regarded

provisionally as representing
is the
one

typical race,
Szechwan Yunnan

Wroughton,
and

found
Two
one

in

India

from from

southern
eastern
as

Baluchistan
are

Upper

Burma
to

Tenasserim.

specimens
is nearly
as

referred

F. b.

chinensis, though
the
two
races

yellow
in

the

mens. speciChina.

Probably

intergrade
namely:

somewhere

southwestern

Specimens examined:
Yunnan:

"

Twelve,
no

Likiang, 6; Weisi, 4;

exact

locality,2.

208.

Felis

bengalensis
TIGER

chinensis
CAT

Gray

CHINESE
Felis

chinensis

Gray,

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

2, vol.

i, p. 577,

1837. pi. 31A; pi. 31B,

IFelis pardella Pallas, Acta

Felis microtis

Acad.

Sci. Imp.

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

Petropol., for 1781, pt. i, p. 281, 1784. des Mammifferes, servir a I'Hist. Nat. pour

p. 221,

figs,i-ib, 1868-74.
Felis decolorata
Felis

Milne-Edwards,

ibid.,p. 223. ibid.,p. 341,

Soc.

scripta Milne-Edwards,

Felis euptilura Elliot, Proc.

Zool.

London,

pi. 57; pi. 58, figs.l-lc. 1871, p. 760, pi. 76; Monograph
text, 1883
7, vol.

Felidas,pi. 26 and

text, 1883

(in part).
Felis Felis macrolis

Elliot, Monograph
Ann.

FeUdae, pi. 26 and

Nat.

(lapsus calami
1903.

for

F.

microtis).

ricketti Bonhote, Bonhote,

Mag.

Hist.,

ser.

II, p. 374,

Felis ingrami
Felis anastasice

ibid.,p. 474.
Mus. Zool.

Satunin, Annuaire scriptus Matschie,

Acad.
d.

Imp.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg, Filchner

nach China

for
u.

1904, Tibet

vol. 9, p. 1903-05,

528, 1905.
10, pt. I,

Prionailurus p. 201, Felis

Wiss.

Ergebn.

Exped.

vol.

1908.
f. Ber.

(Prionailurus) scriptus Mell, Arch.

u.

Naturgesch.,
Mus.

vol.
u.

88,

sect.

A,

no.

10, p. 20, vol.

1922.
no.

Felis euptilura microtis Jacobi, Abh.

f. Tier-

Volkerk., Dresden,

16,

i, p.

8, 1922.

460
Prionailurus

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

chinensis

Cabrera,

Bol. Real
u.

Soc.

Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid,

f. TierArkiv f.
u.

vol.

22,

p.

165, 1922.
16,
no.
no.

Felis bengalensis chinensis

Jacobi, Abh.
anaslasice

Ber. Mus.

Volkerk., Dresden,
vol.

vol.

i, p. 9, 1922. 12, 1925.

Felis {Prionailurus) chinensis Felis sinensis

Lonnberg,
Yatsen

Zool., Stockholm,
no.

18A,

2, p.

Shih, Bull. Dept.

Biol., Sun

Univ., Canton,

4, p. 4, 1930.

Type Museum,

Specimen:
No.
120a,

"

The
a

type
and

specimen
skull
sent

from

"China" from

is still in the

British

skin

(probably

Canton,

Kwangtung)

by J.

R.

Reeves.
"

Description:
race

The
to

description of the color pattern

the

given
that

under

the

typical
Indian The ground, backor

applies equally
in the

Chinese often

subspecies, except
without
any

usually the ground

the

color animal color

latter is grayer, often

at

tinge

of

buffy, while

is, more
pattern
and

least, a decided
to

ochraceous in the
may

in its

background.
of the
to

is subject in the

wide
of the

variation

tint particiilar be

details
to

spots, which

enlarged

blotches,
may

more

or more

less confluent
or

form

broken mixed

while stripes, with

black
to

in their
such

coloring there
as

be

less

ferruginous
plate
of
or

extremes
seem

figured
lack
much

in

Milne-Edwards's
black
and
are

F.

microtis, in which
instead.
are

the

spots

to

reddish than
in may

ferruginous
be similar
to

larger in males
too, the in which it would there
seem,

females, which

markings are Apparently slightlyinferior in size. Possibly,

seen

the

differences
may

those

in

number

of spotted

cats,

be

small-spotted
factors.

and

large-spotted individuals, independent

of other

Measurements:" from
as

The

field measurements
were

of

an

adult

male

and

female

Wanhsien,

Szechwan,

recorded

by the collector
and

(Dr. Walter
mm.

Granger)
255
;

follows

(those of the male

115, 114;
CRANIAL

first) : head

body,

445,

485

tail,230,

hind

foot,

ear,

45, 50.
MEASUREMENTS OF
FELIS

BENGALENSIS

THE

CARNIVORES

461
BENGALENSIS
Median

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

FELIS

(Cont'd)

length
of
\

nas^s

is 17-5 17.0
17.0 18.0

16.7
18.5

17.8 17.8
173 18.0

18.5
150

The mainland. be
a

Hainan

skulls

may

average

very

slightlysmaller
that the

than

those of males

from
seem

the
to

It is also noticeable

in the

latter

nasals

trifle
The

longer.
of adult is not males
very
are a

skulls

little
In

larger than
old

those too,
that the

of adult

females,

but unite this

the
to

difference form
a

great.
none a

males,
females

temporal ridges
seen

sagittalcrest, but
There
the is often

of the

I have

shows

development. long is

complete orbital ring formed

and

by

the

fusion

of the

postorbital with
so

jugal

process,

frequently
Thus in
an a

the

contact

is almost

complete,
from

the

postorbital point.
both
on

old

female. No.
No. the

84397

(Fukien), the ring Fukien),

of the
It the

is

complete on ring is complete

small
on

sides; while
the

in

second.
In
a

84395
presence
amount

(also
or

left side

only.
in about in
some

absence variation. the

first upper
may The filled be

premolar, there
one or

is also

certain

of of

absent tooth

both

sides

fiftyper
cases,
as

cent

specimens.
the

is

evidently deciduous
Of

attested

by

partly
No.

alveolus.

twenty-two

skulls

examined,

the

following

showed

this tooth

missing:
missing missing missing missing missing missing missing missing missing missing missing
on
on

57341 57375

first premolar first premolar

first

both
both

sides sides ; old,

no

trace

of alveoli

58371 59958
59957 59959

premolar

on
on

left side; alveolus

filled in

first premolar first premolar first premolar first premolar first premolar first premolar first premolar first premolar

right side
both both both both both sides sides sides sides

on on on on on
on

60055 60093 84395 84396 84399

sides; not

old,

no

trace

of alveoli

left side; no both

trace

of alveolus

on

sides; alveoli partly filled in

462
The

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

large upper
in
skull he
"

camassial

often

has

the

antero-intemal

cusp

or

lobe that

very it is

poorly developed, occasionally almost lacking

a

obsolete. Kansu.

Lonnberg

mentions

examined

from the

Nomenclature:
to

Obviously

common

Tiger Cat
more

of China
a

is very
marked
use

similar
species. subname

the

Indian

F.

hengalensis,indeed, hardly
seems

than been the

poorly
first to
Felis

Jacobi (1922), however,

in trinomial
a name

to

have

the

form.

Cabrera,

indeed,
based in which then

has
on a

suggested
spotted

that
cat

pardella of
should also it

Pallas,
be
used

long overlooked,
of F.

from

China,

instead
F.

chinensis,

case,

dating
a a

from

1784, it would However,

is not bestowed
of color
or

antedate
seems

bengalensis,the latter
to

becoming
from

subspecies.
name

unwise

upset

long
names

usage have

by introducing
been

that

certainly
upon

identifiable. Chinese of
cats

Various of this
The

time
on

to

time

type, all apparently based

material
and
more

variations

details eum Musfactorily satisshown

than color

markings.
of Natural

examined

in the

collections
does

of the
not
seem

American
to
me as

History
into

elsewhere, however,
than the
two
races.

divisable

Hainan
a

skulls,

by the
those

measurements

in the

adjoined
but
the

table,

average
are

very

little smaller
the

of mainland
are

animals,
same.

differences
cats

insignificantand
China characters
no

characters
prove
to to

the

Probably the
winter

of

North
other

will
may

eventually
be found definable said

have

slightlythicker
their Elliot

pelage, and
but
at

warrant

subspecific separation,
described
and
as

present

clearly
Felis

characters
to

appear.
come

Felis

euptiliira a
examined

cat

of this type,

have

from

Siberia,
as

considered
same.

Milne-Edwards's the

microtis latter

of the and

vicinity of Peiping
that

the

He

type
as

of the

found

its

ears

were

of normal

length, instead
name

of smaller
F. macrotis

its describer
graph "Mono-

supposed;

indeed,

he

inadvertently spells the Undoubtedly,

as as

in his

of the
decolor ata

Felidas."
same

Elliot

says,

Milne-Edwards's
on a

Felis
sent

is the

his F. microtis, the

measurements

former

based

skin

from
mm.,

Peiping by Fontanier,
tail, 320) unduly
F.
are

the

of which the

(head and
was a

body, 830
native skin
between he

indeed

large, but
Elliot
was

evidently
unable F.
to

specimen
any

and his

stretched.

detect

difference

eiiptiluraand
animal
is

Milne-Edwards's in
a

microtis, the

type

of

which

again
the

figures, an
Felis essential
the F.

reddish

phase
the
same,

of

coloring. Apparently
with
nor can a

Milne-Edwards's
color but

scripta

really quite
of F.
an

yellowish ground
I see,

markings
and F.

b.

chinensis,

after

careful
that

perusal of
Bonhote's
on a

descriptions and
ingrami
skull from

examination
are

of the

type
The
was

specimens,
former
a

ricketti

really different.
Kweichow,
condition
and

is based young

skin
at

without all events

northern
if the

perhaps
can

animal,
to

short-tailed with
F. broad

of the

specimen

be

asstimed

be

good,
sis.

and

spots

and

markings.
Fukien,

It is,however,
was

clearly
to

F. b. chinenF. b.

The

from ricketti,

Foochow,

believed

differ from

THE

CARNIVORES

463
The
105

chinensis
was

in its

larger size
and and F. basal

and

gray

ground color.
as

sex

is not
is

stated, but

probably male,
but of the males

the

skull

length

given,
the

mm.,

unquestionably
width
not
a are

large,
those

palatal lengths
Bonhote the

and

zygomatic
had
are

quite

of that

b. chinensis.

apparently
the
statement

sufficient

series to prove

the gray
to

and

buff-colored

specimens
he

only individual

variations,
p.

so

that,

clinch

the

matter, kittens

of

Sowerby
a

(i923g,
native
were

37), may

be

cited,

that
to

of two the

which

bought
and

"from which

at

Chin-wang
other

Tao,
same

close

Sino-Manchurian
was or

border,
my

viously obthe F.
one

of the
was

litter,one

dark

like

Tung
adds,
names

Ling specimen,
in

and
on

light (buff-yellow
F.

sandy)."
F.

He
two

commenting
but

euptilura and
form."
to

chinensis, that

probably "the
Satunin's
Felis

represent
may
seems

the

The
a

Siberian, typical

euptilura, however,
anastasice series of five

very

hkely
to

prove be Kam
a

be

distinct
It
was

subspecies.
described
and and

likewise
from be

synonym.

from

specimens coming
is admitted of these
were

(Tibet), Kansu,
to

northwestern F.

Szechwan,
no

and

to

similar
for

F.

bengalensis
More

scripta,but apparently
are

specimens
Lonnberg
with
F.
as

available

comparison.
from doubt
but
to

recently, however,
which
two

(1925)
that

has

figured
himself

men speciis
seems no

Kansu
that

agrees b.

anastasice, and
author

there

the

both

F.

chinensis,

ready

concede.
and
very

Occurrence

Habits: little

"

The

Tiger Cat
in the

is very from

widespread
to

in

eastern

Asia, going
It is found
to

with

appreciable change
except
settled districts.

India

the

Amur and

region.
appears

throughout
even

China,

really desert
Mr.
or

areas,

thrive

in rather

thickly
as

Clifford

H.

Pope

writes

that

in Fukien
to
as

it is known its many

an

"chin

ch'ien

mao" cash.

Money
flesh
on

Cat,
is much

in reference

doubtless

spots, like Chinese

He
found

Its
common

prized by
haunting
at

the

natives
and

article of diet.

it

Hainan,

thickets,
chickens. in Formosa

occasionally coming (1870c,

South p. and

about

the

Mission
it
as

compound
the
commonest

night for
wild
cat
tions men-

Swinhoe

629) regarded
where
sent

China,
Museum

it is

forest-dwelling species.
from unable from another the

He

skins in the

British

by

Reeves
was

Canton,
to

and
any

others

from

Shanghai
between
a

and

Fukien. from

Milne-Edwards

detect mouth

difference Pei

skin

Canton
that

and he In and
was one

another

of
from less

the

Ho,
a on a

Hopei, notwithstanding
different
the

considers northern

specimen
it becomes

Peiping
common

species, F.
edge (as
Yenanfu,

microtis.

China

southern
at

of the

Ordos
that

Gobi

Deserts.
a

Sowerby,
coop,

however,
and Thomas

trapped

male
has

Shensi,
F.

raiding
from forests

chicken

(191 le)

recorded

microtis)
occurs

thirty miles
at

south

of

Fengsiangfu,
whence also former The

southern
both

Shensi. and

It

in the R. C.

the

Eastern

Tombs,
it. 1924.

Hopei,
The

Sowerby
one

Dr.

Andrews

have

obtained
district in

mentions

killed

by dogs

in the

Shanghai

westward

464
and altitudinal

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

limits

of the

range

are

perhaps

coextensive from
the

with

forests

and

thickets.

Under
and have

various
southern

synonyms, and

it is recorded
western

PrincipaUty
the

of

Muping, explorers
Of raids
the
to

from

Kansu the borders that

(Ssigu), while
of eastern it haunts it is

Russian

brought
little has

back

skins

from

Tibet

(Kam).
often

its habits

been Mell
market the
case

written, except

thickets, and

henyards.
the
as a

(1922)
at

says

that but

in winter
seems

occasionally brought
wild had
and
a

in alive

animal

Canton,
be

always Pope
about.

untamable,
one

yet taken
was

kitten,
and
two

might

different, for

little

that

very

friendly
about

continually
weeks,
in China

followed

people

Unfortunately
trouble.

it

died
records
was

after

having
seem

developed
to

bowel
small

The One

only

of young
to
a

found
Mell

indicate
at

litters.

of three
were

brought
under

(1922)
in bush that

on

May

29 and

Logong, Kwangtung.
were

They
two

fotmd old.

boulder

jimgle
growth
24
were

judged
seems

to

be

about

weeks
two

He

mentions

their

in

captivity
small

very

slow, for

sucklings brought
as

him had

on a

May
much

still very kittens

in December. for sale is indicated

near

Sowerby,
the

already noted,
at

litter of two

offered

him

Sino-

Manchurian

border.

earlier

breeding
were

date

for

Hainan,
late

where,
March

Nodoa,

three

small

kittens

obtained

by

Mr.

Pope

in very

(26-28). Specimens
examined:
"

The

following
(B.M.).
;

are

referred

to

this race,

in all

fifty-

six: "China," Kiangsu:

4,

including the type

i,
i

Chinkiang, Ningpo,

+1

(B.M.)

Shanghai,

(B.M.).

Chekiang:
Hopei:
Hunan:

(B.M.). Tombs,
i.

Peiping, i;
Yochow,

Eastern

5.
i i

Hupeh:
Kweichow: Fukien: Szechwan: Hainan: North

Changyanghsien, Vingin Shan, Futsing,

Suifu, Nodoa, China,
i.

(M.C.Z.)

Shanyang,
of F.

(B.M.).

(B.M.), type
2;

ingrami.
5;

7;
i

Chunganhsien,
(M.C.Z.)
;

Yenping,
3.

Foochow,

(B.M.), type of F. ricketti.

Wanhsien,
i; Mount

15;

Namfong,

Wuchih,

(B.M.).

Subgenus
ProfelisSevertzov,
vol. 20, p. 340, Rev. 1917. Rev.
et et

Profelis
10, p.

Severtzov 386, 1858. Pocock,

Ann.

Mag.

de Zool.,

ser.

2, vol.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

8,

Chrysailurus Catopuma

Severtzov,

Mag.

de

Zool.,

ser.

2, vol.

10, p.

389, 1858.

Severtzov, ibid.,p. 387.

Ann.

Pyrofelis Gray,

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

4, vol.

14, p. 354,

1874.

This Cat
a

subgenus

includes
the

Temminck's
western

Cat of

of eastern Africa.

Asia Both

and
agree

the

Golden

(Felis aiirata) of dimorphism

have the African

part
The
as

in

showing
the

marked

in pattern. animal

two

first the

names

given
latter
were

in the

synonymy
on

above

type;

two

based

THE

CARNIVORES

465

Asiatic
and
to

cat.

Pocock

(1917) regards these

to

as

representing
characters

but

single

group,

gives preference
the

the the

first

name.

The

given
in

are,

in addition
on

type

of

coloring:

long cylindricaltail,differing
of skull, in which of the lateral the

color

the

top
to

and

ventral

sides; the
exceeds the the the

larger size

distance

from

orbit

gnathion
orbital

long diameter well-developed

nasals, which

orbit; the

relatively short
the side
not

postof
the

processes;

flange along
of depressed
in

pterygoid bone;
at

broad

though

form,

everted
at

the

tips, differ from

end in the

those

of Prionailurus
bone. in The in The

having

median of the rounded

pit

their

proximal
instead

frontal

ascending
and

processes

maxillary,
off, taper

of

being nearly
a

vertical
turn.

direction

bluntly
upper and it
at

slightly with lacking.

names

posterior
one

first small

premolar
China,
seems one

is

frequently
although
if
more

Only

species occurs given

to

Indo-Malaysia
races,

and,

have the
one

been
occurs

various latter

supposed
country.
were

doubtful time

than

in the

It
to

was

supposed
puma, but

that

the

relationships of this
not to

subgenus

close

the

American

this

appears

be

the

case.

209.
Felis

Felis

temminckii
servir

tristis Milne-Edwards
k I'Hist. Nat. des

tristis Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

pour

MammifSres,

p.

223,

pi. 31D,

1868-74

(1872).
Felis Felis Felis Felis Felis moormensis moormensis dominicanorum semenovi temminckii

Pousargues,

Bull. Mus.

d'Hist. loc. cit. Zool. Zool.

Nat., Paris, vol. 2, p. 180, 1896 (?not of Hodgson). (?not of Gray). London, Imp.
1898,
p.

nigrescens Pousargues,
P. L.

Sclater, Proc.
Mus.

Soc.

2,

pi.

I.

Satunin, Annuaire
mitchelli melli

Acad.

Sci. St.

P^tersbourg,

for

1904,

vol.

9, p. 524,

1905.

Lydekker,
in

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. f.

London,

1908, p. 433.
vol.

Felis

(Catopuma)
temminckii temminckii temminckii Felis

Matschie,

Mell, Arch.

Naturgesch.,

88,

sect.

A,

no.

10, p.

36, 1922

(not Felis

(Neofelis) melli Matschie,

Felis Felis Felis bainsei bainesi

ibid.,p. 35).
China

Sowerby, Sowerby,
A.

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, vol. 2, p. 352,

Soc.

1924

(lapsus calami).

loc. cit. B.

badiodorsalis

Howell,

Proc.

Biol.

Washington,

vol.

39,

p.

143,

1926

(new

name

for

{Catopuma)

melli).
A. B.

Felis

temmincki

dominicorum

Howell, Proc.

U.

S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75,

art.

I, p. 33,

1929.

Type
with

specimen:
Naturelle

"

The

type
in

is

skin

without

skull, representing the

and
sent to

phase

striped pattern, bought

at

Peiping by Fontanier,
it
it

the
exact

Museum

d'Histoire
whence

Paris, where
but

presumably
said
to

still is. have been

The

locality
in the

it

came

is unknown,

was

procured

interior

of China.
"

Description:
tism,
same

In

its coloration
to

this cat

shows

an

extraordinary dichromarelative, of the

is that in

somewhat

comparable
F. of
aurata.

that
more

exhibited usual
and

by its African
type
of
are

subgenus,
central
area

The

coloring

which
more

the
or

the

occiput,
or

neck

back

bright ferruginous,
sides

less darkened

by

black

black-tipped hairs;
limbs
are a

the

of the

neck,

body

and

proximal portions
individual

of the hairs

rather

abruptly
basal

paler, nearly cinnamon, three-fourths,

then
a

the

longer

having

pale-gray

466
narrow

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

ring of blackish
black;
effect
a

brown,
of

succeeded

by
The
a

one

of cinnamon, these
and

and

often

tipped
to

with
a

number
to

white-tipped hairs
of them the

among

contribute feet
are a

give

pale

the

sides

body. having
short paws.

fore

hind

grayish,
narrow

the

short

hairs

covering
and
a

pale
The there

basal

portion,
in
a

then

blackish of the

ring,
sole

gray

tip; a
hind definite of each

blackish

stripe marks
head is this

the

outer

edge

of both

fore

and

phase

is the
short
20

only
white
mm.;

part

of the

body

showing
corner

pattern:

conspicuous

stripe at
the
on

the

inner

upper each
a

point of
side

each
on

is
to

running eye, with nearly continuous

the
outer
commences

vertically for about

a

longer grayish-buft" stripe

above above and the below
a

passing
broad
eye
a

occiput ; this stripe is bordered

one

below
center

by
of

very eye;

narrow a

black

line, the

of which
about
ear

arises
a

the

white
passes

stripe
back
to

centimeter this is

the

middle

of the

and

the level of the

; below

blackish
upper Backs

stripe,with lip; chin and

of
ears

narrower

broken
throat
an

stripe or double
the

series of spots

along
white.

the

upper

and

lips at
gray
area

the

tip of the muzzle

in the

black, with
their bases.
upper

indistinct
throat small

middle;

clear
bar
on

gray

area

about
with

Lower
chest

with

transverse

blackish

bordered
the lower

rusty;
and

with of

irregular rusty
become

spots, which
definite half its
a

chest

ventral

surface

body
and under

larger,more
in about tail to

blackish

spots,

surrounded series. of the

by cinnamon Inguinal region

back

hair,
and and then

arranged
side of the

dozen

transverse

tip white;
in
a

dorsal

side

tail like the

sides, gradually blackish,

vary and

darkening
this

the black

terminal

part,
70

becoming
mm.

less chestnut, Occasional

finallywith
type

tip

about

long. being less clear reddish

all
over

individuals
in the

from

of

coloring through
are a

mid-dorsal
such the

region, but
an

instead
that

dark

brown

the back

of Elliot's

was apparently ; of plate in the "Monograph

it

animal

served is

for the
that

original
named

Felidas," and
This

possibly
may be

Felis moormensis
accentuated
name

nigrescens by Hodgson.
a

condition

still further
gave the

and

nearly black

condition

result, to which

Hodgson
of

niger.
The second tone, the

type
has
a

of coloration, instead handsome of Felis

as

of

having the body

and

an

almost
much

Uniform resembles

pattern

of spots that

stripes that
in this In

very

pattern

bengalensis,so
a

animals

phase have
most
cases

usually been having

The
the

regarded

representing

separate

species.
the
on

apparently, this phase

ears

agrees,

nevertheless, with

monochrome the

type
a

in

black each
ear,
one

with
with

grizzled central
the
same

area

back,
nape head

clear

gray

patch behind
pattern
usual

bright ferruginous
has
narrow

and

shoulders.

in the

secured

by Pope in Kuatun
there
are

the

markings
of black
down
rows

as

in the

type,
a

but

in addition

two to

lines
then
an

the back
on

with

less

clearlymarked

pair
and

external

them,
with

about

four

each

side, of elongate blotches

spots, each

ochraceous

center

THE

CARNIVORES

467
at

incompletely ringed by
side.
A
row

broken

blackish

margin, usually wider

on

the

posterior
The

of blackish
to

spots is present

each

side

of the
and

belly.

tail,
with
a

in addition

the also

usual about This

coloring
fifteen

of

ferruginous
bars
seems

above its

white
as a

below,
in the

black

tip, has

black

along
also
some

length
to

smaller
amount

species mentioned.
of individual
as

striped phase
the

subject

certaiii
more

variation
the
one

in

general
others

tone,
duller
as

specimens being
browner,
of but his the

ginous ferrulike the

The may

in

described,

and

apparently
Felis

specimen meaning
represent
It would In

figured by
of this
a

Milne-Edwards is
not

the

type

trislis.

dichromatism

altogether clear,
yet altogether
young

striped phase

primitive pattern interestingto

the in both do know

not

lost in
it.

evolutionary
form
make

progress.

be

if the of

have skull

males,

temporal

ridges
form

the
seen,

unite

to

a a

sagittal

crest

when

adult, but
and

female
not

skulls
a

these

ridges

large lyrate
five skulls
one,

outline,
the small
on

probably

crest

except
on

posteriorly.
sides it is
skin in but

In

upper

anterior

premolar
while

is present
in the of

both
two

in two sides.

others

the

right side only,

"

other
the

lacking
F.

on

both

Measurements:

The
are:

dimensions
head and in

type
mm.;

of

t. tristis

as

given
doubt hides

by
the

Milne-Edwards hide
served had been

body,

840

tail, 400,
two

but

no

stretched
as

preparation.
F. semenovi 940
mm.;

The

native-cured
the

that

Satunin

types

of his
1050, measured

measured,

male
A

and

female
in the and

respectively, head striped phase, body,

731
mm.;

and

body,

tail,560,
C. H.

490.
as

female
head

from

Fukien,

by

Mr.
ear,

Pope

follows:

tail,485;

hind

foot, 174;

67.

Nomenclature: Temminck's from least

was

"

The

proper

subspecific
determined. that first the

name

for F.

the

Chinese

race was

of
scribed deis at

Cat

is not
and

easily

Typical applied
with that the

temminckii

Java,

it is assumed The

continental
to
a

representative
continental
F.

subspecificallydifferent.
F. moormensis
to

name

animal

of

Hodgson,
form.

1831,

which

Gray's

nigrescens, 1863, representative

darker.

applied
If this

the

Nepalese

It is assumed
races

Chinese
are

is different
prove

since still,
not to

Nepalese
be the
case,

of

other

species
name

frequently
be the
name

Hodgson's

would

subspecific applicable

but title,

if the

animal

of China

is really different, the

earliest

468
it
to cat.

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

to

seems

be The

Felis

tristis of
as

Milne-Edwards,

1872,
gray

the

striped phase of
of the

the

same

type skin
in

represented is rather
to

in tone Felis

ground
based in

color, which
on

led
one

Satunin
in
at

1905

propose in the

the

name

semejioin,

two

skins,
market first

the

striped, one

monochrome

phase, purchased
He
seems

the

fur the
same

Sungpan,

northwestern

Szechwan.
two

to
one

have and

been
the

definitelyto
in 1908, skins
with

recognize that the

Pousargues
seems

phases represented
seems

species, although Lydekker,

Chinese

(1896a)
been

also

to

have

suspected
of

this.
western

to

have

the and

first to

make

comparison
tanned

those

from

Nepal
that the

Sikkim,
he

representing Hodgson's
had,
was a

F.

moormensis.

He

concluded

specimen

skin

only,

from

Szechwan,
from the

representing
named

the

monochrome

phase,

subspecifically
is characterized

different

latter, and

it Felis temminckii
are

mitchelli; it
with He
a narrow

by lighter upper
rufous
and dorsal

parts, which
of
a

golden tawny,
brown.

lightSikkim
under-

streak, instead
show

being mahogany
rtifous phase reddish-brown

adds and This

that

Nepal specimens
as

bright
dark
as

with

pale

spotted
latter

parts,

well
may

as occur

wholly
in China

phase.
of this

phase,

however,

well, for the

seems

specimen represented
be

by Sclater's
The
name, eastern

plate of his Felis dominicanoriim,

nevertheless,
China is
may prove
to

to

variety.
Cat

be

available
that

if the
western
on a

Temminck's China. skin from

of

really separable
Felis temminckii is

from

of

Apparently, Tengyueh,
skins
F.

too,

Sowerby's
Yunnan,
1922, added

bainesi, based
than

western

nothing
to

less

this

same

dark
as

-brown

variant.
two

Matschie,
from

in

the

difficulty by naming pointing

that had
are

Felis

melli

Weisi in

in

western

Yunnan,
of color

out

that

they

differed
matters

from

t. mitchelli

minor
This

details
name,
so

undoubtedly
same

of individual
to
name a

variation. Clouded

however,
A. B.

he

in the

paper

given

supposed
Felis the

new

Leopard,
In

Howell

proposed in its place the

names,

t. badiodorsalis.

spite of
of the
and

all these

it

seems

to

be the
the range

case

that in

dark
as

and
as

lighter
chrome mono-

variants

species occur
than

throughout
so

China,
it does

well
seem

striped individuals,
more

that
race

for the in this

present
wide

not

possible possibility
to

to

recognize
the
more a

the
or

one

range, will be

with

the

that

southern

southeastern

animals

found

eventually

constitute

recognizable subspecies,
and is at
as

F. t. dominicanorum.

Occurrence Cat
as

Habits:

"

As

already indicated, the

from the
low

Chinese

race

of Temminck's China

present

known

country

of southeastern
areas

far north

northern Yunnan.

Fukien,
Skins

westward of

in forested
are

to

the

highlands
about
a

of Szechwan

and

this cat

apparently
It
was one

traded

good
at at

deal, especially those

that served
as

of the
the

striped phase.
of
as

of these,
others

bought

Peiping, Sungpan

type

F. F.

and tristis,

of two
one was

purchased
un-

that

Satunin

described

semenovi,

striped, one

THE

CARNIVORES

469
former

striped.
said
p.
to

Mell

(1922)
the

mentions

one

of

the and

type
and

bought
from
The

in

Yvmnanfu,

be

from
one

region between
back

Tali

Likiang,
Szechwan.

Pousargues

(1896a,
and

3)

records
sent

brought

by Prince
from
a

Henri

d' Orleans

Yunnan,
most

others record

by the missionaries by Buechner,

of

Tatsienlu,
secured

northerly

is that

specimen
a

by Berezovski
there
p. may notes

in the
some

region of
doubt
as

Ssigu, Kansu,
to

though
come

if this
near

were

trade

skin,

be

its

having
border

from

by.
and

Shih

(1930b,
the

2)

it from that

the

western south-

of Hunan.
east
a

Menegaux

(1905, p. 72)
over

writes

its distribution

is from He

Nepal
and

to

Szechwan from
one

south

whole

Indo-China
from

peninsula.
one

states

that

skin

Tongking
by
Gaston
at

is

indistinguishable
from
meters
saw

from

"Tibet,"
Yunnan
Peronne

mentions
he

sent two

Peronne 3,170

Atuntze,
altitude.
The that

northwestern
At

(where
skin

stayed
were

months),
and from he

Likiang,
Museum
to

said, they
a

common

often China

them.

Paris

also forme skins had

has

sent

by

Fontanier

in

1867

appears

be

"la
two

m^lanique" brought
the back
a

mentioned

by

Hodgson.
other

Pousargues
from

(1896a)
Yunnan,
red

records

by
the

Prince

Henri
the

d' Orleans blackish

one

of which
the

body
Both

imiform

brown,
usual
most

with
In

between

ders. shoulcat

showed
less common,

facial of the

markings.
Kuatun

eastern

China,
Fukien.

this

seems

to be

specimens coming
at

from
in that

Sclater's
in and

type

of Felis dominicanorum
some

was

obtained
of whom it

province
Rickett
where

1897,
La

by

Dominican
and
sent

monks,
them year.
at

was

received
at

by
London,
no

Touche

by

to the

Zoological
Clifford H.

Gardens

it lived
than
are

until

the

following specimens
of

Mr.

Pope
Of

secured

fewer
which

five
tically prac-

beautiful

Chunganhsien,
dominicanorum. writes
that

northwestern

Fukien, only
cat
one

topotypes

F.

these,
common

represents
the

the

patterned
Kuatun

phase.
and

He

it is the who the

set

in

vicinity of
bamboo range The

is trapped
cut

by

hunters

steel-toothed the
heard
or

traps

with
must

springs along paths generally

Chinese
and
towns.
over

through
mountains.

forest; hence
It
was

species
of in

the

higher

not

Futsing.
(Rock

call it

"huang
a

pao"
has

(Yellow
in

Leopard)
medicine

"shih

hu"
at

Cat),
market

its bones

bring
"Yellow

good

price

native
an

shops

near-by

Williston Chinese

(1926)

described

animal,
in
to

evidently
at

this, called
western

by

the

Leopard,"

brought

him

Longanfu,

Szechwan.
It would

be

interesting to
they

know
a

the

significanceof
relation

the
to

alternative each
sort.

types
The

of pattern
1

and

whether

bear

Mendelian

other.

ratio of the

Pope series is suggestive of something of

Five,
from

the

Specimens examined:

"

Chunganhsien,

Fukien.

470

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Subgenus
NeofelisGray,
Proc. Zool. Soc.

Neofelis

Gray

London,

1867, p. 265.

This

subgenus
to

includes
and

the

Clouded
to

Leopard, ranging from

Fukien
of off the and

the

eastern

Himalayas
are

Borneo,

in

China

Hainan.

Characteristic
areas

the the

beautifully patterned markings

body,
black,

consisting of large
the
rather
states

of

buft'y-gray background
tail, the

marked
ears.

by

long, darkthat the

ringed
and

relatively
also of
a

short

Pocock of the
salient the

(19 17)
features

feet

rhinarium
a.

scarcely differ from

He
those

those forth In the size

larger felines
resembles
processes

that

he

includes
as a pared com-

in Panther with

brieflysets leopard.

of the

skull,
of

skull

that

small
do
not

leopard in edge of
so

the

short

and the

widely separated postorbital corresponding

the processes
;

which
the

closely approximate
the

of the
are

jugal bone;
broad
;

lower

orbit

is

distinctly thickened

the

nasals

the the

mandible canines
the

is
are

elevated

anteriorly that
for their
is

symphysis

is

nearly

vertical
states

; and

remarkable
area

relativelygreat length. triangular and

in other

Pocock

also that

pital occi-

remarkably
low
as

pointed, and

the
The

bony
tooth

partition in the
formula is
as

audital

bulla

forest-living species.
of

in

typical Felis.
The

type

species is Felis nebulosa,

best

which

other

described

forms,

if

valid,

are

doubtless

considered

as

subspecies.
Griffith

210.

Felis
CLOUDED

nebulosa
LEOPARD

Griffith, Descrip. Vertebr., p. 37, 1821. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 228. melli Matschie, in Mell, Arch. f. Naturgesch., vol. 88, Felis {Neofelis)
Felis nebulosa
Felts

macrocelis

sect.

A,

no.

10, p. 35, 1922.

Type
to

specimen:
have
come

"

The from

type

specimen

of Griffith's

Felis

nebulosa It is

was

lieved beno

Canton,

Kwangtung,

China.

probably

longer

in existence. The

Description:
"

general ground color of the dorsal

at

surfaces mixed
the
cat

is

grayish
a

buff,

the

hairs

brownish of similar the head

the

base

tipped

with

buffy,
to

and

with effect

cient suffi-

nimiber On
eye

but

black-tipped hairs
more or

darken

slightly.
The

this is is

ground

shows

less of the
at

usual

pattern.
comer;

narrowly prolonged
above the

ringed with
forward
eye
as mm. as

black
a

except
dark
one

the

upper

anterior
a

this whitish black

ring

short

marking, separating
below the the

short the

stripe

from
a

the

similar

it.

Posteriorly
below black
gray

eye-ring continues
about 40

black behind

stripe
the

across

cheek, while
a

it, commencing

angle of

jaw,
the

second

stripe runs
dorsal
and becomes
meet

backward side from

along
the

the

side
of the

of

the

neck,

separating
this

buffy

of the

white

throat.
two

Anteriorly

stripeexpands
sides do
not

nearly transverse,

but

the

stripes of opposite

quite

in

THE

CARNIVORES

471

the

skin

described. of small
and space

At

the

base

of the
the the

mustachial

vibrissas of the
but
are

are

three

or

foxir

parallel rows
The

spots, and
between
black.
area

posterior half
are

upper the also black back

one

lip is
forehead

black.

muzzle
are

eyes

unmarked,
of the up. low
on ears

and
with mark head side from the
a

occiput
the and

spotted

with

The about

backs

black,

slightly marked
back
runs

pale-gray
neck: upper the base and All

half-way

Six

stripes
of the
on

of the
to

innermost of the the neck of

pair
;

starts

the
starts

the

the

second the the back

pair
third fore
as a

each
one

between
the

the

midline
ear. or

base

the

ear;

pair begins,
the

base

of each and
more

three

pairs end
down rump

at

shoulder,
double

second

widest,
black black broken the

less continued
across

the

series of elongate
narrow or

blotches,

which
the
on

the

again
may

become
even

definitely two
be traced in of the
more

stripes,to
form,
out
are

base
to

of the the basal with

tail, and
half

less and

of the

tail.

The

sides
of

the

body

haunches
of

marked

the

characteristic
on

pattern

sisting species, con-

about

six transverse
more or

blotches

each
rows

side, outlined
of three. border
on

in

black,
transverse

the

posterior blotch patches

their
or

less subdivided
have be the
more

into
narrow or

These best the these

smaller

blotches

black

developed
anterior

on

posterior side, and

there
are a

it may small
area

less

imperfect
the

side.
areas.

Usually
Tail with

few

blackish
near

dots base

scattered

inside

ringed

its mid-dorsal
the back of

the
a

buffy, with
distance blackish
side
on

two

blackish

median the tailnating alterto

stripes of
pattern

traceable about

for fifteen

varying
indistinct
The
rows

it.
to

Otherwise

consists
with

brownish

rings
from
or on

grayish-white
with
chest and

rings.
about

lower

of the

body

chin
blotches the

anal
across

region is white
the

four smaller

of blackish-brown

spots
same

belly, and

scattered

spots of the

inner

sides of the
The

limbs.
have

of the skxill peculiarities

been

mentioned

among

the

subgeneric

characters.
Measurements:

"

None

available.

Nomenclature:
or

"

Griffith's
so

type

locality may
account

be

fixed the

as

Canton,

China,
variation
that

that

neighborhood,
of

that, taking into shown,

individual
to
a

in

pattern

markings
of

by

cats,

there
on a

is

no

reason

suppose

Matschie's

Felis northwest

(Neofelis) nielli,based Lienping, by

near

specimen
is

killed
a

three-hours'
race.

journey
of for
the the

Canton,

really
fewness

different
and

The

chief difference
dark

mentioned

its describer

is the

relative Felis

breadth

tail-rings. Swinhoe,
animal,
says

using Horsfield's
in Chinese

name,

macrocelis,
on

Chinese of the

it is called

the

Mint

Leopard,

accoTont

shape

of its blotches,
whose

recalhng mint

leaves, in distinction
earned

from

the
name

Common Golden

Leopard,
Cash

spots, shaped
The

like cash, have

for it the is Sumatra.

Leopard.

type

locaUty of Felis macrocelis

472 This

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

name,
as

published in 1825, four

synonymous

years

later

than very

F.

nebulosa, is usuallytwo
are

regarded

with

the made

latter, but
as

likely the
as

sub-

distinct, a suggestion specifically

long
5, p.
seems

ago

1827 by

Grififith himself

(in the "Animal

Occurrence Clouded
not

Kingdom
and Habits:

by Cuvier,"
"

vol.

164).
to

Very
The
secured

little Central
two

be

known

concerning the
at

Leopard
and

in China.

Asiatic native-made On
the

Expeditions apparently did

skins,
one

encounter
one

it alive, but
at

Yenping, (1870a) leopard.

Hainan. from fur Mell said

Fukien,
wrote

Namfong,
said
to
occur

Hainan. in the
a

latter island, Swinhoe with skin skin the

common

that
B.

it

was

motintains

A.

Howell
and

(1929)
Kollman
a

also

records

hunter's
a

from
sent

Kachek,
among
an

Trouessart Kweichow
center.

(1914) mention
who
no

others

by
There

missionary
is of
course

secured

it at that
the

Sanchouenfu,
it
was

important
obtained.
were

certainty
in and and

locally
at

(1922) writes
to

that

skins

he

purchased
west,

fur market
but
one

Canton
that

have

come

from
even

Kwangtimg
farther

Kwangsi,
had
seen

he

believed

they had
hours'

been

obtained
west
a

freshly killed, three

and he
same

journey
in Canton

Missionary Weller's home native-prepared skin said to have

evidence China
as seems

of

at

Lienping,
from
occurs

later

bought

come

the

region.
of it

Present southeastern
to

to

indicate
as

that but

it

sparingly throughout
no

far north

Fukien,

hitherto

record

seems

have

appeared

from

southwestern
"

parts of the
without

country.

Specimens examined:
Fukien: Hainan:

Two

skins

skulls, namely:

Yenping, Namfong,

i.

i.

Subgenus
Panthera

Panthera

Oken
1816.

Oken,

Lehrbuch

d.

Naturgesch.,

vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 1052,

Pocock of the

(1917) would

separate
is

the

larger cats, in which

ossified, from
the

the

suspensorium

hyoid apparatus
that

which this

imperfectly portion is bony, to form a separate

includes
but
two

smaller species, in In subfamily, Pantherinae. for

the

group

he

genera:
snow

Panthera

leopards, jaguars, by its peculiar,

on

lions and

tigers,and

Uncia

for the

leopard,
his
the

characterized classification
and

abrupt
list but the
as a

profile. Severtzov
in Panthera also
the Snow

(1858), basing
not

less
of the the

sound above

characters, included

only
the

leopards

jaguars placing
A.

Leopard subgenera
for the
are

and

American

Puma,

lion and
Leo and

tiger as separate
distinct
genus

of the

genus

Tigris. J.
Panthera

Allen
to

regarded

lion, and

restricted

the

leopard

jaguar, species that

in usage
is still to

very

closely related.
and
no

It is evident
the
as a

that

uniformity
each the
outcome

be

attained,

doubt

scheme
genus

of

designating
On the

species-group, as
for those
who

lions, tigers,leopards, etc.,

wish
to

will be

emphasize

these

group

differences.

other

THE

CARNIVORES

473

hand,

these
and

characters
thus
as

may the
same

be

equally
time out, skulls how of

well

emphasized
rather it is to

by
find and

the

use

of

genera sub-

at

imply

the

close

relationship.
differences
of

It
a

is remarkable,

Pocock

points
the

difficult

kind

that of

will

distinguish
has its

lions, leopards,

tigers,yet
habits,

each

type

animal

specializedcoat-coloring and
lines.

different

evolved

along highly
In
among

contrasted

the

subgenus

Panther

a,

using
is
to

that

term

to

include

leopards
with the

and the

tigers length
total
teriorly, pos-

Chinese

species,the
distance
of from

muzzle orbit and

relativelylong compared gnathion

indeed far

of the of the

skull, the
eye

exceeding equals

long diameter
the
away

instead
skull.

being less,
The

about
of the

one-fourth

length

of the

ascending
carried

branch

maxillary tapers
as

instead

of in the

being
latter

vertically upward
upon
a

in of

the the

short-nosed

forms,

so a

that

it encroaches in Panther

the

middle

nasals,
the

ducing pro-

pinching-in,
and

whereas
very

and

other

large cats,
toward
as

nasals

are

broad

taper
end

only
in and
a

slightly and

gradually
Pant

their used

proximal
Pocock,

tip, where
includes
the

they

slight depression. tigers; some,

as

her a,

by
almost

leopards
the

however,
a

would,

with

equal
terized charac-

propriety, regard by
bones. the
The

latter

constituting

separate
in

genus,

Tigris,
of the

its color
name

pattern
Panther
a

and
was

slight differences
used
a use

proportion
year, at

cranial for

in

the

same

18 16, the

by

Oken

leopard

and

by

Hiibner
to

for

genus

of insects, but
mammal.

present

time,

precedence

is

tacitlygiven
211.

its

for the

Felis
INDIAN

pardus
PANTHER for

fusca
OR vol. 44,
i, p.

F. A.
LEOPARD

A.

Meyer

Felis fusca F. A. A.

Meyer, Gray,

Zool. Annalen,
Mamm. in Brit.

1793,
p.

394,

1794.

Leopardus
Leopardus
Felis

reeiesii

List

Mus.,
Mamm.

1843
and

(?nomen

nudum).
2, p.

perniger Hodgson,
Proc.

Gray,
Soc.

Cat.

Nepal

Thibet, ed.

3,

1863.

pardus Swinhoe,
var.

Zool.

London,
Mus.

Felis pardus
Felis Felis Felis

nielas

Pousargues,
Nutzbare

Bull.

1870, p. 628. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 2,

Mus. f. Natur-

no.

5, p.

180, 1896.

pardus sinensis

Brass,

Tiere Abh.
u.

Ostasiens, Neudamm,
Bcr. Mus.
u.

p. 6, 1904.

pardus

fchinensis

Hilzheimcr,
M.

Heimatk.,

Magdeburg,

vol.

I, p.

183, 1906.

pardus variegata G.

Allen, Mem.
Mell,
Arch.

Leopardus pardalis
Felis Panthera

sinensis G. M.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 235, 1912. f. Naturgesch., vol. 88, sect. A, pt. 10, p. 18, 1922. Comp.
Mus.

pardus perniger

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,
Nat. Hist.

pardus fusca Pocock, Joum.

Bombay

no. 360, p. 12, 1929. Soc, vol. 34, p. 307,

1930.

Type

Specimen:
were

"

Not
on a

known

to

be

in existence.

Meyer's
the

name

and

scription defrom

based
account

melanistic
was

example
from
in
to
a

of

Indian of the

Leopard
of India. of

Bengal.

His

in turn
who
to
saw

taken animal

notice

animal
Tower

published
London.

by
The

de

la Metherie, appears
"

the first

captivity
the

in the
of

name

be the

the

given
the
so

leopard

eastern

Description:
blotches rounded

In

leopard,

common

cat-pattern

stripes
of
numerous

and

is still further

fragmented,

that

the

markings
ground.

consist On
the

spots

on

bright

ochraceous-buff

head,

these

474

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

spots
the

are

small
in and

and

more

or

less rounded

with

distinct
to

tendency
lines
on

to

arrange

themselves
cheeks

longitudinal lines, corresponding

down
nose

the

the

sides

of

the alone of the than

back

of the
or

head

and

neck with
can a

of many

other

cats.

The

middle

of the
is
a

is clear,

rarely
the

few

minute
eye,

black of
a

dots,

and
more

there

trace

pale line
the
rest

at

inner
head.

thus

of the

slightly
the

whitish

tint

of the

On

the
to

body

the

ochraceous
buff
a on

tint becomes sides.

The

deeper along
black
row

the

median

line, paling
on

ochraceous

spots
of

become

larger, and
blotches.
or

the

median
the

line form

nearly
on

continuous form the

a

elongate black
may have On clear

Laterally
on

spots

take

the

of

rings,that
and black

be complete,
a

broken

the

posterior side, less often

or on

anterior,

may

ochraceous-buff
and

center,
as

this may
the
outer

contain sides

central

dot.

the

flanks
become
a

belly,
black

well blotches

as

of the

legs, the markings

There the
are

again
half of

solid

of

varying
rows

rounded the

shapes. belly,
white. like and
or a

about sides

dozen

series have
under has

or

transverse
numerous

across

and

inner

the

limbs
the half

also

but

less

regular
are

scattered

black
The

spots;
on

elsewhere its basal

row

surfaces
the

of

body

and
area

limbs
ochraceous

long tail
with
areas a

median black
the

dorsal

the

back,

double

of
are

elongate white,
and

spots, while spots tend

areas

terminally
form
more

below, the
less distinct

between
transverse

spots

to

broad

rings with

narrow

white

between,

and

black As

tip. pointed
much
out

by Pocock
like the relative
so

and

others, the skull

is in its

general shape
of the less

and

proportions
cats

tiger'sor lion's,and length

the

differs from which

that

smaller

in the

greater

of the

rostrum,
are

is much

curved branch
the

downward,
of
the

that

nasal

bones

not

narrowed

abruptly by the ascending

the distance from orbit to gnathion exceeds maxillary, and of the eye of being less. In general it is true that instead long diameter in

when

with the jaw a leopard's skull rests portion of the cranium upon
and that the in outline of the lower somewhat do

place is laid
surface,
of the

on

flat surface, the

the

hinder not,

the

but

in

tiger
These
true.

it does

border

mandible from
below.
case

is

more

nearly straight, distinctions,

The

whereas
as

the has

tiger it is
shown,

concave

Pocock

however,

not

in the

every

hold

nasals

only
the
at

slightlyexceed tips, in
cats.

in backward
are

premaxillary, which
the
contrast

of extent tips ascending processes slightlytapering and truncate produced backward,

more

of the

to

their

nearly vertical

position in

many

of

the

smaller

Measurements: W.
R.

"

fine
in

adult
the
at

male flesh the

leopard shot
as

in

Hupeh
at

by the
the

late
mm.;

Zappey,
hind
are

measured

follows:

total

length, 2,080

tail, 850;
Females

foot, 260; height

shovdder, 610; height

hip, 605.

smaller.

THE

CARNIVORES

475

Notnenclattcre:
southern
on

"

The

question

of

the

correct

name

for

the

leopard
the group

of

China
basis

is not

easily settled.
material
in the how

Pocock

has

lately reviewed
of the

the

of available has
names

great collections

British

Museum,
basis

but

this attempt of the

of

only

revealed The

imperfect
to

and

insufficient is the
Felis

for many in is

used.

type
raised

locality of
as some

pardus

of

Linnaeus,

spite
now

doubts
as

that

have

been

of the
Three

points involved,
races

regarded
before
name

North form
to
a

Africa, probably
of the
as

Egypt.
lowlands the

geographical
for
the of of the

intervene earliest of

the

Indian
was

is reached,

which Felis
Tower that

the

seems

be,

Pocock
at
one

first to

show,

fusca
of is

Meyer,
to

based

on

specimen
It
across seems

time

in the
this

menagerie
form

London,
found

from
the

Bengal.
eastward

likely that
southern be
to
a

is the

leopard
1863

the

part of China, but

of.

without
in

adequate
used
as 2

comparisons
name

this

is

difficult

certain

Hodgson

the

Leopardus perniger for

this is
F.

melanistic
for

leopard from
a

Nepal, but,
race.

Pocock I used
a

shows,
the
name

probably

not

applicable
the earlier

recognized
but

In

191

p. variegata for the

as

Chinese F.

Leopard,
p. melas.

the

basis
animal the
name

of this is
is

Javanese leopard,
as

is also

This gave
name

regarded
sinensis

different by subspecifically
a

Pocock.
on

Brass, in furbearers,

1904, the

to

Chinese

leopard
China
E. be
no

in

treatise

but

is hardly
the of

worthy leopard
eastern
me

of

consideration,

being
may

unidentifiable.
be considered has
seen

Provisionally, therefore,
the many
same as

of southern India. "there Indian

a

the

leopard

Dr.
can ones.

Schwarz,
doubt North

who that

leopard skins,
are

writes

that
the

Malay

specimens
animal

entirely different
different

from
to

The

Chinese

is- also

enough

deserve

name." Occurrence
and Habits:
"

Leopards
forest
cover

are are

still
not

fairly common
so

over

southern
to

China

where

vegetation
and shelter.

and
E.

cleared that

away in western

as

offer

no

concealment

H.

Wilson

(1913) writes
but
are are

Szechwan,
from
the
at ward east-

leopards
Mount in head

are

scarce

north

of into

Maochow,
Yunnan. The

of

general
secured

occurrence

Omei

southward

They

plentiful also
who had

to

brush-clad

rocky
was

country.

specimen
some

by Zappey

the

of

Ichang Gorge

purchased

from

natives

caught

it in

476
bamboo-noose
that
on

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

trap,
one

though
he

usually log traps

while
met
came

are

used. of

Wilson
the than upper
a

further Min

relates

occasion

descending
three from
to
men

the

valley
with
more

River, in

western

Szechwan,
These

laden

hundred
and
were

leopard being
Sifan
and

skins.
to

they said
from
Mr.

Kweichow
used

and

Yunnan,
and

taken

Sungpan
tribesfolk.
writes
me

Suifu

be

for robes

girdles by
several where in

the

other

Clifford
the

H.

Pope, who
common

collected
in

mens speciit broad

in Fukien, is bold
and At

that

leopard is
cows

Futsinghsien villages
the

daring,
Kuatun,
it
was

often

attacking

and

goats
of the

near

daylight.
maintained

in the
not

northwestern

part

province,
but
The

hunters the

that

uncommon

in the is the
commoner

lower

country

avoided

higher levels, where

of the

Temminck's China

Cat

species. by Professor appearing

from

familiarity Kellogg's
campus
was

leopard
account

in southern

is well with
In

illustrated
their
a

C. R.
on

(1927)

of two

grown

cubs

mother

the

of Fukien
to

Christian the

University.
China,

1905, London.

female

Hongkong (1870c)
was

sented pre-

Zoological Society of
much richer

Swinhoe
that

familiar Canton from

with Market India.

the

leopard in South
were a

and

believed

skins

from

the

yellow
about is

with

larger black
intimate small. has
in

spots than
habits
of

those

Relatively little is written

China. mentioned female
The

the

the with

leopard in
the adult in
a

number

of young
and Count Two 1920. says

probably

Two

were

above,

Gyldenstolpe
fetuses Mell
were

recorded
a

two

fetuses

killed in Siam.

found
who

female for

killed at several
he

Yenping,
years

Ftikien, January
southern of but
taken

26,

(1922),
are

resided
there

in

Kwangtung,
one, at

that
in

they
the

uncommon

and

had

known of the

Lofau;
were

more

northern

mountainous He
saw

parts

province, however,
ones came

they
and open the he
on

everywhere
At

occasional.
the

freshly killed
bold

at

Jannfah through

River

Lihnshan. window

latter
and

village, a
carried his bed
on

very

leopard
one

in

of his house

off

one

by

his
The the

three first third

dogs, dog
at
was

while
taken

slept. They
a

Tuesday
of
for

to were kept night, the second

tied

at

night.
and

Wednesday,
that
on

about
a

3 in the

morning
kept
a

Friday, notwithstanding
it, it escaped.
A few
A

Thursday
the
same

night
animal

when

watch
off
a

was

days
hiint

later
was

carried

pig from
the

villagea few miles

was

away.

organized dispatched
had

by the
with
wounded

villagers,and
axes,

leopard
not

at

length stirrounded
two
men

and
woman

rifles and

although

before

and of

been

by
near

the

animal.

killed
to
a

Huchow,

(1925c) speaks Sowerby man-eating leopard a be rarely that they regularly take Chekiang, but it must
Black
or

diet of hiiman in

flesh. of

melanistic

individuals
and

uncommon

parts

southwestern

China,
in

are apparently not especially in the Malay

Peninsula.
two

Hodgson
black

secured

examples
at

Nepal, Anderson
western

tained (1879) also oband Mell

leopard

skins

Tengyueh,

Yunnan,

(1922)

THE

CARNIVORES

477

states

that

he

saw

very

large dark
"

skins

from

the

Jannfah region,in Kwangtung.

Specimens
Fukien
:

examined:

In

all,fifteen,as
with

follows:
a

Futsinji;, 5 (four skins, two skull).

i;

skulls, and

skull without

skin) ; Yenping,

(one

without

Hupeh:
Szechwan: No
exact

Changyanghsien,
Wanhsien,
i;

Ichang,

(M.C.Z.). (M.C.Z.,
without

Tatsienlu,

2,

skulls); no

exact

i. locality,

locality,2.

212.

Felis

pardus fontanierii
NORTH CHINA

Milne-Edwards

LEOPARD

Felis fontanierii Milne-Edwards,

Ann. Zool.

des Soc.

Sci. Nat., Zool.,

ser.

5, vol.

8, p. 375,
33

1867.
catus rijaponensis

Leopardus

japonensis

Gray,

Proc.

London,

1862,

p.

262, pi.
chinensis vol. 34

(not Felis

Boddaert,

1785).
Leopardus
Felis chinensis

Gray,

ibid., 1867,
Acad.

p.

264, fig. (not

Felis

Gray, (new
ser.,

1837).
vol.

pardus Buechner,
vol. 13, p.
var.
var.

Bull.

Imp.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

2), p.

100

(Melanges

Biol.,

146), 1892.
chinensis

Felis Felis Felis

pardus pardus pardus

Trouessart,

Cat.

Mamm.

Viv.

Foss.,

p. 354,

1897.
of
u.

fonlanieri Trouessart,

loc. cit. 1904 d.

grayi Trouessart, ibid., p. 268, Matschie,

Wiss.

(new Exped.

name

for

chinensis,
nach China

not

Gray).
1903-05, vol. 10,

Panthera
p. Panthera

hanensis

Ergebn.

Filchner

Tibet

pt. I,

198, 1908. pardus japonensis pardus Pocock, Joum. ibid.,p. Bombay

323, Nat.
10.

Hist.

Soc,

vol.

34,

p. 320,

1930.

Panthera

bedfordi Pocock,
"

pi.

Type
was a

Specimen:
and

The

type

specimen
and of

of Milne-Edwards's
in the him

Felis

fontanierii
of

skin

accompanying
consul,
M.

sktill obtained
sent

neighborhood
to

Peiping
skin and

by

the

French
at

Fontanier,

by

the

Museum
was a

d'Histoire
trade

Nattirelle said
to

Paris. been

Gray's type
exported
the
state

Leopardus japonensis
It

have

from

Japan.
Museimi. the

is

figured by
in

the

author the

presumably
does from
on a

is still in in
a

British
in

Since, however,
skin

leopard
come

not

occur

wild of

Japan,
of

question
in the

must

have
was

the

mainland the
"

North

China.
west

Gray's Leopardus Peiping, China,

that
of the the

chinensis British of
but

based

skull from

mountains It is

Museum. China

Description:
is different of
has such
a

generally agreed
southern

leopard
country,
the

North the

from

that

of the

parts

definition animal intense

of

differences

is not

easy. and

Apparently, however,
averages somewhat the

northern
with less

longer

winter

pelage
skins.
the

paler,
not

ochraceous richer
tone

background
of southern in
mm. an

in the

color

of

pelt, a tawny
the

buff

instead
any

the

Available winter

do figiu-es

indicate hair
has the

significant
the

difference
at

size.
in

In

pelage, however,
the South in

of
a

back

is

least that

40

length, whereas
from
near

China

leopard having

much

shorter

fur,
back from

of

adult

Ichang

February
the

long hair of the

color in skins

half
near

that

length.
as

Jacobi

describes

tint of the

ground

Peiping

nearly "orange
Few
measurements

buff." of
North

Measurements:

"

China

leopards,

taken

in

478
the
head

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

flesh, are
and

available.
1,170
mm.;

Milne-Edwards

notes

the

length of the type

that

skin China
out

as: an

body,

tail, 750.
feet

Sowerby
2,135

says

in North considered

animal the the

and

that

measures

seven

(about
an

rnm.)

is not

of

ordinary,
body,
The

doubtless

implying
of
an

adult female

male. from

Pocock southeastern

(1930,

p.

323) gives
as:

flesh measiirements

old

Shensi,

head

43M
skull

in.

(1,095 mm.);
to

tail,31

in.

(790 mm.).
averages

according
and "the
a

Pocock

(1930)

sUghtly larger than

a

in

Indian Indian

specimens,
that sktills,

Anderson

(1879) believed, from

is not
so

comparison elongated."

with Busk

muzzle few

deep, but is
details
NORTH

more

(1874) has published

CRANIAL

comparative
OF

of Chinese
CHINA

leopard skulls also.

MEASUREMENTS

LEOPARDS

Source 60106

chinensis

(type)

bedfordi (type)
Nomenclakire:
"

Most

unfortunately the
Pocock

nomenclatiire has

of the

North

China

leopard is much
Felis North

involved.

(1930), in his review, Leopard

and and

revived

Schlegel's
into He

orientalis, 1857, for the China,

Korean

believes into Panthera

it extends Amurland.

meaning
North
that

probably
China

Manchuria,

north
as

distinguishes the
ensis, assuming
came

leopard from
of

Hopei
this

pardus japonin

the

type

Gray's

trade

skin, bought

Japan, really
in

from

North

China,

especially since
s

specimen

agrees

color

very

closely with
If
one

Milne-Edwards'
Panthera proper
name as a

colored

plate

of Felis

fontanierii from
Felis

Peiping.
the

accepts
as

full genus, this

race.

Pocock's

combination
one uses

will, therefore,
as

stand

the

for

If, however,
to

generic term,
since
in

the

subspecificname

will have used

next

be
a race

abandoned

for F. fontanierii,

japonensis had
and

previously been
same reason

for

of Felis catus
name,

by Boddaert,
the

1785;

for the
not

the

proposed
had

Leopardus chinensis
name

of

Gray, 1867, is
chinensis
to

available, for Gray himself small, spotted Tiger Cat.

for the Felis
was

previously given
Trouessart,
some as a

Felis
as

the

who

used

Felis

the

generic

term

leopards, perceived this pardus grayi

unnecessary, and is the

thirty years
for the

later,
on

and

"Catalogus" proposed animal. This China Gray's North

in his
F. p.

substitute, based

however,
proper
correct case, term

earlier

fontanieriiis
the

an

exact

equivalent, complication
southeastern

in combination
with
on

with

generic
A

name

Felis, whereas

japonensis is
enters

in combination in that

Panthera. the basis

still further skins from

the
one

Pocock,
and
for
a

of two

Shensi,
F.

from

Hupeh,
and
or

fourth
these
a

purchased in Peiping (the type localityof

new

erects p. fontanierii),
are

race,

P. p.

on bedfordi,

the

ground

that
are

they
in

"paler
coat

much

less

richly
the

colovired."

The

first three, however,

winter

nearly

so,

THE

CARNIVORES

479

type
The

(labeled
skin
from
as

November

8) having
referred
to

the
race

fur

of

the

back of
a

about

25

mm.

long.
the sidering Con-

Hupeh
in

this
less

is that

young in

animal, with January.

tone

pattern,

usual

immatures,
shown

clearly defined,
pattern
be well and

taken

the

wide
not

variation
seem

in the
race can

general
but

of

leopard

skins, it
on

does

that

this

founded,
one

is

really based

winter

skins

(disregarding those
a on

from

Peiping,
from hair

of which

is

immature).
in

I have

examined

fine

male

specimen
of

Ichang,

Hupeh,
and

killed rich

early

February,
I

which,
to

account

its short

(20 mm.)
that

coloring,
to

assigned
male

the

South
mentions

China
from

subspecies, so
the
more same

it

seems

more

likely that
Shensi

the

Pocock

province
to

owed

its

light coloring
China best

immaturity.
as

Certainly
an

it

seems

reasonable
the North winter

regard
and
to

the

leopard
forms,

at

most
on

intergrade
of its

between
and
more

China

South
be

but,
with
ever

account

longer
the

paler
exact

pelage,
a

associated
of

the former.
show P.

Should
the
a

study of

sufficient series
it will the

leopards
to

that

Shensi
name

animal

is
in

recognizable form,
by
Matschie based
on

have

be

called
same

hanensis,
in

given

1908

to

leopard

of the
from

region

southeastern

Shensi,

though

purchased

skins,

Hinganfu.
Occurrence
and

Habits:

"

Sowerby
China.
In
as

(i923g)
the in

writes

that

the and the

leopard
appears of

is at
to

present
the
same

found
there

in only the
as

southwestern

part of Manchuria,
mountains
to

be

in

North be

west

Peiping (1922)
tail,
seems

it

apparently
one

is still to
secured

found,
the
as

Fontanier's

day,
with

for

Jacobi
haired it

mentions

by
color

Weigold
described
over cover

Expedition,
for
most to

thickly
North
as

markings
to
occur

and

ground

this

race.

Elsewhere,
of

in small is sufficient
and

numbers,
wild

generally
with

parts
hide
in

China,
in

where

there

country
Provinces

by day,
and

Chekiang, along
the
a

Kiangsi,

Anhwei

(Sowerby,
Shensi,
the

1925c),

westward records

Tsingling Range
and

into southeastern
old

whence

Pocock

(as

Panther

pardus bedfordi)an
Matschie avoids
of

female

from

Shangchow
skins
loess

district, another
in

from

Paoli,
It
parently ap-

(as
the

Panthera desert

hanensis)
cotmtry
but
to

obtained
and thus

Hinganfu.
from

and

is absent

much

Shansi

and

northern

Shensi,

is recorded
Buechner
two

from

Taiyuanfu
in

(Shansi) by
common

A.

B. Howell

(1929). According
Kansu.

(1892), it is
near

everjrwhere
that with

in southern
and

Berezovski
records
a a

secured

Choissjan

country,
fur
even

Jacobi (1922)
than
to

melanistic

skin
from

from

Sungpan,
his it hides

thicker As in
a as

that

of

December

specimen
number
a

Peiping.
own

its habits,
that

Sowerby
a

(i923g) brieflysummarizes
of lairs in which wide

experience
and
cover

saying
much

it usually has
over

by day
to

is

great traveler, ranging

as

district,
in
out
a

single animal
Often The

believed
the
are

twenty
wild

to

thirty miles
trodden

night.

it follows yoimg

tops

of

ridges where

pigs have

regular paths.

usually

480
two

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

in ntimber

as

with

the

southern upon

animal.
some

It feeds mountain

on

small

deer

and

game mestic off do-

birds, and

frequently descends
dogs
guns,
as

village to
The
no

carry

animals,
the

elsewhere often
use

being especially sought. poisoned bait,

mammals,
well-marked
extremes
:

natives
of

hunt

leopard
As with
the

with

and

but

have

way

trapping
act to

it.

other local
are

wide-ranging
up
to

its very
races,

mobility
except

would
a

prevent

breaking
subjected
"

into

where

majority

of individuals

similar

of climatic

conditions.

Specimens examined:
Shensi:
i

One

only, viz.

skull.

213.

Felis
THE

tigrisamoyensis
SOUTH CHINA
vol.

Hilzheimer
TIGER

Felis tigrisvar.

amoyensis
Arch. f.

Hilzheimer, Naturgesch.,
Mus.

Zool. vol.

Anzeiger,
88,
sect.
no.

28, p. 598, 1905.

10, p.

Tigris tigrisMell,
Felis

A,

no.

18, 1922.

tigrisG.

M.

Allen,

Amer.

Novitates, Bombay

360, p. 13, 1929.

Hist.

Panlhera

tigrisstyani Pocock,

Joum.
"

Nat.

Soc,

vol.

33,

p. 531,

pi. G, 1929.

Type specimens:
the basis of immediate

Five

skulls
name,

sent

from
were are are

Hankow,
believed in
the
to

Hupeh,
have

China,
come

formed
that

Hilzheimer's

and

from

region.
are

These

specimens
All

Strassburg

Museiun,

but

their nvmibers

not
"

mentioned.

cotypes.
in

Description:
have been described

The

general type
the

of

coloring
with
The

all the

races

of

tigersthat
in the

is much

same,

great

individual

variation color feet

degree
dorsal
nose.

of the surfaces The

complexity
is
an

of the

markings.
tawny,
somewhat and
area

general ground
clear
on

of the the

ochraceous
are

usually
as

the

and

head bordered it
the
or

markings by
a

follows:

the

lower

eyelid is
about of

narrowly
except

white,
whitish This

the
on area

upper

eyelid is similarly marked, temple extending by

stem

that
to

joins
ear.

each

back

half-way
some

whitish
transverse

is crossed black
a

the

anteriormost the

four

five

narrow

stripes marking zigzag

extends bar. and
at

forehead,
an ner cor-

this

particular stripe rather

over

T-shaped, with
A

its crossbar
the
a

elongate spot
of the eye,

the

eye. the

small

black

mark

is present

anterior
short

while
on

from cheek

posterior comer
a

backward

black head

stripe ending
second

the

in

short

vertical

Of much

the

transverse narrower,

the anteriormost stripes,

or

is the

broadest, those
with
a narrow

behind black
a

and passes

the
tinuously con-

third
around

nearly continuous
the upper throat.

band

that

There the

is

black
then small

line from

just behind
a or

the

angle of
and

the

mouth,

curving under
branch.
or on

eye,

dividing into irregular spots

face sides with
a

short

upward
are

another between like the

downward
the eyes, color

Other sides

lines
The

present
are

the

of

the the

and of

muzzle. the

cheeks

ground
inner backs

of the

back,
limbs
are

but
are

muzzle,

the

chin, throat, belly and

transverse

sides of the of the

ears

white

scattered

blackish
transverse

bars.

The

black

with

whitish

THE

CARNIVORES

481
the
any

mark and Thus

half-way
haunches
among

up. vary

The

details of the

stripesacross
that

neck, body, shoulders,

two
are

individually, so
skins
an

hardly
American
the

exactly
Asiatic

alike.

three

obtained adult

by

the

Museum

tions Expediinto
rufous A less

in

Fukien,

one,

rnale, has
with

body

stripes much enclosing

and
a

broken

broad center, second broken

lozenge-shaped blotches,
while skin
over

wide
are

borders

bright

the shows the

stripes
the but

on

the

hips
to

clear, wide,
very
or narrow

continuous.

opposite extreme, tending

with
center

with
short

stripes,much
; the

body,

be

incomplete
broken the
upper

third

specimen
to

is somewhat
blotches
transverse

intermediate,

the

stripes more
open to
on

and

tending
of

foim The
or so

enclosing
with

tawny
are

but
on

anterior

part.
a

markings
show

continued centers,
as

the

tail in the
in
a

shape

dozen

rings, usually
individuals whose
coat

tawny

and
case

ending
of the

short

black

tip. Rarely

melanism,
a

in the

famous color

"blue

tiger" of Fukien,

appeared
of

very

dark

almost

bluish

(Caldwell, 1924).
those
the of

The

skulls

tigers may
greater
The

usually be distinguished from

of the

leopards
lower

by their size, the profile of exceeding

greater
the

elevation nasal
extent

forehead,
are

and

by

concave

jaw.

bones,
of

too, the

usually longer
The will this

in

proportion,
forehead,
that
case

the

backward
and

maxillaries.
skulls that

flatter

size,

broader
Pocock

nasals

of lion
has The of of shown

usually distinguish
is not

species also,
when
a

but

(1929)
in number

always

the
to

large series is examined.

South skull

China

Tiger, according
from that

HilzIndia:

heimer

(1905), differs
the from

characters

of

(i) in side view

processes,

highest point point

the

the

skull

is in front fore
and is the

of the aft in
over

postorbital
a

which
in

outline
the

declines

nearly
the

half

circle, whereas

Indian

specimens
more

highest point
as seen

processes;

(2)
has

the

occipitaltriangle is slightly smaller

antero-extemal

truncate

from

rear;

(3) the
which is

skulls

average
a

than

in

the

Indian
cusp

animal;
Indian

(4)

the

upper

carnassial

small

accessory

in the

animal

lacking
to

in the
a narrower

Chinese;

(5) the last lower

and
a more

premolar in
subject
been

the

Chinese

tiger is said
as seen

have

cingulum
small

tapering anterior
seem

portion
individual

from

above. and do

All
not

these hold

points, however,
in the

to to

variation

good

series that

I have

able

study.

Measurements: that
measured from

"

Swinhoe
snout to

(1870c)
base inches. It of

tells

of

male

tiger killed
tail, 30

at

Axnoy,
ear,

of tail, 64 inches;

inches;
Pocock

5.5

inches; girth of chest,

P-

40
a

weighed
furrier's

330

pounds.

(1929,
and that

530),

who the

examined

number

skins

shipped from pegging

out.

Shanghai,
He

fovmd
was no

that doubt

largest measured considerably

only

9 feet 9 inches, in total in

length,

stretched

skinning

and

regards

the it is

South
a

China

Tiger

as

distinctly

smaller
10

than

the

Indian.

Nevertheless,

large Indian

Tiger that will

measure

feet in total

length.

482

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

FELIS

TIGRIS

AMOYENSIS -a

J2

-S

i3

'S

45519 45520

318
273

259 225

145

210

125
no

105

95

97.0
91.0 90.5

16.0 99.0

35 32 31

cf 9 9

Fulden Fukien Fukien

127
128

190

98

76
88

47863 Nomenclature:

98.5 that

"

It

is difficult China
in

to

find
that

characters

will
on

satisfactorily
of

separate
individual
to

the

tiger of South
obvious
that those Dr.

from

of India, for

account

the

variation
any
one

relatively trivial details, it is

good
in
a

hardly possible
the

pick

out

will hold well

series. with
me

Nevertheless,
that he has the

sion impresChina
seen

prevails living animals

them has is
a

among

acquainted
writes South from

both,
that
and Mr.

South

Tiger is distinct.

Ernst
to

Schwarz

repeatedly
and

brought slightlydifferent from

many

Berlin

China

Indo-China,

finds
who

Indian

Tigers, while
and

James

H.

Fleming,
Indian

handled
very

skins,

states

positively that
its fuller coat,

washed-out,
China

short-haired,
with

Tiger narrow-striped beast

the

of the
as

Plains with

compared
wider the
the
same

the

South

animal

Pocock,

in his review He writes

at
a

of the

has tigers,

deeper color, independently arrived

a

and
at

stripes.
clusion. con-

that, having

inspected

large number
smaller

of
than and

so-called

Hankow

skins
and
coat.

he found furrier's,

they averaged
a

Indian

tigers,

darker,

more

fully
"The of

striped, with
was

somewhat
as

longer
well
as

softer, though
sisted con-

variable,

tint

also variable

the

pattern which
with
nape
on

sometimes centers, fore sometimes

stripes mostly
and The
was

looped,
extent

unlooped
coloured

sometimes

or diamond-shaped complete from the

darker
to

the

leg, sometimes
with the

interrupted.
area

of the
To
a

white this

on

the

belly as
he
gave

pared com-

variable."

tiger

the in

name

Panthera

tigrisstyani, selecting as
but of

type

skull

collected

by
of the

Styan

"North

China,"
most
name

probably from
thus

somewhere
to
an

in the have been

latitude
done

Yangtze

valley, for 30". This

Felis
named and of P.

Styan 's collecting seems

is

south

of latitude

practically
based
are on

exact

equivalent of
the skins Hankow

Hilzheimer's
and
so

tigris var.
because

amoyensis,
the fur

skulls
to

from

region,
from
to

dealers

said
name

call the

shipped

Hankow instead

Shanghai, Amoy
t.

Tigers.

This

will,therefore, have

be used

styani.
and Habits:
"

Occurrence of prey, in many

Tigers

are

relatively common,
E. H. Wilson

for

large beast
2, p.

parts of southern

China.

(1913, vol.

178)

THE

CARNIVORES

483
few found and their skins
are

writes

that

in

Hupeh,

in the western
The favorite

part,
To

are

frequently
yang and

brought

in.
are

rocky

precipitous
the

gorges

in the

regions of Changtigers are

very
rare

Patung
shan";

haunts.

westward,
"in the

in western around

Szechwan,
Wa

though they
are

occasionally found
more

jungle-clad

wilderness

common,

however,
doubtless

in the

Chienchang
the that
at

valley
Indian very

and
race.

southward

through

Yunnan,

where

they grade into

and mountains says

Weigold
of of

(1923) corroborates
to

Wilson's in Szechwan.

statement,
In the

little trace
west

tigers is

be

found
as

Yenpayi,
still to be

Wanhsien,
In

however,
on over

well

as

in

Djinshan,
he
was a

they
that years

are a

said

found.
had

Wassuland killed

the
a

upper

Min,

told

wandering
In

men specieastern south-

been
and

bait

in mid- winter
seem

few
be

before.

southern that and

China,
in
in
was

tigers
several

still to
on

fairlyplentiful.
the bare
swam

Swinhoe

(1870c) city, on
hunted
so

wrote

1858
some

appeared
natives.
a

hills
across

near

Amoy,
to

killinglivestock,
an

instances chased

One where

Amoy
locks match-

island, and
a

into
It
was

house,

it

was

killed by
Dr.

through
them
as

hole
the
an

in the late old the

roof.

in this section that

that

W.

L.

Smith
while

in

nineties, killingone
male
was

weighed
Island,

385 povmds,
that
was

recently
have
come

1925 from

killed
five writes and

on

Amoy

supposed
In

to

mainland

miles
that

distant

(Chi Ping, 1927).

are now

southern

Kwangtung,
as

Mell

(1922)

tigers

only
in the

occasional
northern
at

visitors, part

the

country

is largely cleared
are commoner

thickly settled, rough

and

but

of the

province they
In the

in the the North

mountain
East

regions, as
ten

Tanhashan. kill them

arrows

watershed

between

Rivers, the

Chinese bamboo wounded animal.

are

by tipped
the

using large bamboo

with

crossbows is said which

that

in the

traps,

shooting

poison.
on

It

tiger, licking
until it suffocates
but
to

the the

place, gets Tigers

few.
carried
are

poison

its tongue,

swells

still met

with

in fair niimbers

in Fukien,

the
was

northward

Sowerby
away
on

(1925c) writes
children,
streets
was

that

in

Anhwei

tiger that
February,
report
in

said
and

to

have

three the

killed the

first of another

1925, of

publicly Sowerbyin

displayed
natives

of

Anking, while tiger shot Shanghai.

lent

told

tigers killing

in the

Tinte
a

district of Chekiang.
in the

Writing
Kekwan
are a

1930,

however,

(1930b) reports
before
and
so

nine-foot
in
to

Mountain
now

region shortly
unknown
at

brought
that this North

Tigers

almost
one

Chekiang,
at

capture
of the

probability to
tracks

report of
be

Mokanshan
rare,

that

time.

Yangtze

valley, tigers must

of

exceedingly Shansi,
southern 1933, the and

though
later
at

Sowerby
twelve

(191 8) has reported seeing

the

in western
one

in

note

(1933a) reports
miles

definite

capture
and close in the

in

Shansi,
ing shootnear

Pehfang,
of
two

north

of Chiehchow

in January,
to
same

others, both
while in the
a

youngish animals,
quoted
forest
Tombs

Lingying monastery,
note

Hangchow, tiger killed

correspondent

tells of

"black"

Eastern

about

1912.

484
A
have

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

good
made

deal the

has

been

written

about of the
in

hunting tigers,but
animals
his in

few

sportsmen
haunts that
to

painstaking study (1924)

into has

their

chosen

H.

R.

Caldwell
the

embodied

book,
them

"Blue
as

Tiger."
he

Indeed,
must

follow
not

animals infinite

their lairs and

and
use

still-hunt but

did,
in

one

have

only

patience
in

daring,
it.
A

absolute
resume

faith of
some

the the

accuracy

of

one's

rifle and

ability to
out

brief

of

interesting Tigers
even

points brought
are

hunting tigers near

yet
to at

Yenping, boldly
carry with for off

Fukien,
human

follows.

by

instinct
the

cowardly,

times
and
cover

attack
a

beings,
They
skill.
a are

entering
at

native
and

dwellings
use

seize

child.

adepts
Caldwell
terrace

stalking
an

make

of
a

slight

surprising
hours
a on

mentions in

instance

where
a

tigresslay
nnoved when
a

three
out
as

grassy

plain

view
to

watching
the

bleating goat
she

staked

lure.

When
her

she

finally
down.
saw

decided
quarry

make

attack,

rapidly
an

forward
shot
a a

toward

intended
her

to

within

striking distance,
to two
as

accurate

brought
this

On the into

another animal
a

occasion, while
advance where
a

watching

tiger from
of
more

blind,

observer

within
men

thirty yards
were

goat,
than

peering occasionally
five and hundred

valley
After bush.
cow

at
a

work

yards

distant. into
upon
a

time,
A

if

suspecting

trap, it turned
the
sat
a same

vanished

silently boldly eating

a

the
a

few

days

later, however,
owner

animal
ten
cow

charged
away

and lunch.

killed

it, although its

will
even

not
or

yards being

midday
he
men

Tigers
the

attack

goat
his
the

led

by
In

rope,
to

killing it instantly.
and

"Often

after

securing
off into

victim,
nearest

courage

seems one

fail
case

abandons in

kill,bounding
fuel
on a

bush."
a

three
at

gathering
the
on

grassy

terrace,
and

roused

tiger which
third
no a a

charged
blow that
to

once,

crushing
him
of the

skull
the

and

neck

of two
below."

striking the
animal
near

"landed

lifeless
three

terrace to
was

This

made

attempt
lad

drag

any
a

victims

cover.

Again,
by
a

Yenping,

walking
in the

along
After
"to

trail with
made

his father,
off with

seized

tiger,which
the

fixing its

teeth

boy's skull,
the

him, followed
the
man

by

frantic
the

father, callingfor
no

help.

making
father,
and such

good
but

its escape,

tiger released working

As in the off without

boy, paying
a

attention
away,

seeing

field

short
to

distance
devour the

attacked

killed instances

him, making
are

attempting
of the

body.
into

Many

related.
a case

illustrative
a

animal's
from the

tremendous above heifer feet

a a

strength, Caldwell
pen up where
an a

recounts
was

where and

tiger leaped
out

heifer

kept, killed it
which
was

leaped
and away

carrying
to

bodily high.
the

embankment
same

measured

found for
more

be than

twelve

The
carcass

tiger
of
to
a

attacked

and
two
a

dragged
hundred

half
was

mile shot

hog dressing
a

pounds.
more

This
four

animal

and

proved
The

be

male

weighing
muntjacs,

little

than

hundred

pounds.
Favorite lairs

food

of the
as

tiger consists
even

of various

game and

animals, -especiallywild

pig,

small

deer,

porcupines

pangolins.

THE

CARNIVORES

485 about,
to

frequently
raided

show the

the

remains
for the

of

these

animals

and

are

sometimes
value
tions men-

by

Chinese

pangolin scales,
even a

which

medicinal

is

attributed.
a case

Caldwell
where
a no a

includes
man

frogs among
sack of been away
trees

the
one

articles

of diet, and
was

carrying
had made
to

frogs

night by

attacked

and the of

killed

by

tiger that
attempt
and

apparently

attracted
the
are

the

croaking of
the
sack the claw

frogs, for frogs just

was

was

drag

man,

although along
up
at to
a

ripped
the smaller the and

torn.

Frequently
where do. the

found reached

quented trails frethe of

by tigers, showing
as

tigershave
the

bark,

cats
are

will

Such for by

signs, sometimes
hunter
to

height

eight
of the

feet from
presence The

ground,
size of the

looked

give

some

idea

animals.
is not another

number

of young and
on

large.

Caldwell he

reports
came

once a

finding
company
one

tigress
of five that

with

four

kittens,
may

occasion adult male.

and

upon young,

together, which
was

have
to

been
a

an

with
Mell

her

for

of them
that

killed
the

proved
young

be
bom

young in

(1922)
a

believes
litter in old

in South
found
case,

China
December
saw a

are

winter,

instances

of two
another in Nat. the

in he

in

the

Tsingyuan
of two

region (Kwangtung),
young about
a

while

litter

consisting
near

fortnight

limestone

mountains vol. 20, contained in

one case

Pingloh.
191

W.

Forsyth
of the

(Journ. Bombay
tiger, notes
the
same

Hist.
female

Soc, killed,

p.

148, four,

1),writing
another

Indian
in
same

that

five

fetuses, and
in
seen

other

writers
the

journal although
pp.
two

have

recorded
usual

six for
the

race, 21,

is the

nimiber

of young
domestic

with

parent
are a

vol. (ibid.,

1062, 1063, 1912).

Of

animals,

dogs

favorite

food,
In

as one

with

leopards, while
tigers
within

the

toll taken

of human
no

lives is often

excessive.
been

neighborhood,
by
belief that
cows

Caldwell
a

reported
weeks.
are

less

than
never

sixty people having

seen

killed the

few

He

had

anything
Several

to

bear

out

large animals
he

attacked

from

behind.
the the

attacks from

upon the side

that

personally
fastening
the its fore head. neck

watched,

proved
the neck the

that in

tiger "attacks region

of the neck
cows

and

below,

fangs
paws

in upon

jugvilarvein, and, by placing

by
has
a

chest, breaks
a

the

sudden

wrenching
in each
he The calf
case

of that
a

the the

Examination
was

of

number

of killed
an

proven

broken."

He

instances
tame

interesting case
buffalo and her

where

watched
cow

mediumin about the

sized

tigerstalking a
of
water

water

calf.
the It
as

stood the

six inches

and

kept
a

her

body
for
a

between

and

tiger as
a

latter manoeuvered

along

dyke

spring.
back,

finally sprang
Caldwell
upon the

from

terrace
more as

above,
a ruse

landing squarely
to

upon than

the in
a

cow's

believed,
cow.

reach

the

calf

planned
and

attack
as

The skidded

latter,
it off, up

however,

by

quick flinching
its back "with
in the all the

movement

the

tiger struck,
whereupon
it

landing
and

it upon away

mud

water,

picked itself

strode

dignity

of its kind."

486
In

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

southern into
the

China
caves

tigers are
and

hunted
that

in the

barren
among

Amoy
the

region by being
rocky
These
case

followed hunters in front the

fissures with

abound

hills,the
are

arming
as

themselves hunters

long three-pronged
into
A
a

pikes.
that

held

the will

advance

the

passages, hunter

so

in

of

charge
often

animal
a

impale itself.
chance
entrances

white shot
at

stationed

outside
the

may

obtain
out

momentary
one

for

such

occasions, when
the L. spearmen.

tiger slips
account

from

of the of

rather been

than

face
Dr.
to

An

of this
method

form
used

hunting
the he

has

given by
hunter
as a

W.

Smith
a

(1928).
of stout

Another
bamboo

by

Chinese

is for the
a

prepare

cage

poles
upon

into which
this cage,

retires with
the

kid

lure. the

The

in attacking, springs tiger,

shoots
arrows

from

shelter

of which

hunter

into

its

belly at arm's
modem
weapons but

length, surely an
and the for

exciting experience.
of been
as

At

the

present

time, with

decrease,
who for

spread long periods they have

have that

larger communities,
a source

tigers must danger

to

inevitably
the

of

Chinese,

centuries
the
extent

regarded
their

them

the

embodiment flesh
consumer. are

of

strength and
demand
as

vigor, to
"medicine"

blood,

bones
to

and the

in great

for

imparting
notes

various
an

virtues

Lanning
which within
death the

(191 1) gives
of the

interesting account
abstracted.
In

of

the

tiger in China,
a

from killed the

deacon Archsays

following

are

January, 1875, Chekiang,

been
in the 8

tiger was
had caused

five miles
of two
men.

city gate of Ningpo,

was

that

Its length "With his

said Boat

to

have

feet, 2 inches.

Moule,
that three times

in Wade's within its chief killed

and

Gun

Yangtze
the

Valley,"

memory

tigers had
the It
was

visited mountains first

neighborhood
of Taichow."
to
a

of
In
an

Ningpo, though
1880,
arrow a

"home

is amongst

tiger was

near

Hangchow.
a

shaft.

Lanning
to

had

note

of

tiger that
when

brought leaped into

less than
a a

bay

with
at

yard
Canton

New-

chwang, seizinga pig, which

where

it

dropped
certain that
had
a

fired upon.
cover,
no

In the

delta,

tigers seem
to west
a

be

common

in suitable
a

twenty

people
close

fell victims
to

man-eaters

in

year.

In
a

1894
man

tiger was
few

killed

the

gate

of

Foochow
at

killed hours'

days before.
measured

In

1897
II
on

tigresswas
in

shot and

Kuliang, weighed

few

distant, that
In

7 feet

inches
the

length

205

pounds.

1895 tigers were

account

reported
manner

Talung
"the
an

Shan,

near

Nanking.
by

Lanning's
sudden rush the

of
that

the

in

which for he the the

tigers kill their

says attack
ox or a

prey,

independently
a

corroborates

of few

Caldwell, yards.
side If

is made
deer

of

only
from
on a

prey

be
are

it is seized the fore

paws

by

throat hold
one

below. each

Whilst of the

teeth

thus Then

engaged,
a

take

fore quarters. breaks

the

quick wrench,

sometimes

aided

by

spring

to

one

side,

neck, and

the

operation of killingis over."

"

Specimens i) ; one
from

examined:

Three,

from

Fukien,

China

(Futsing,

2;

Yenping,

India.

THE

CARNIVORES

487
Dode

214.
THE Felis

Felis

tigrisamurensis
TIGER

MANCHURIAN Soc.

tigrisvar.

amurensis

Dode,

Proc.

Zool. in

London,

1871, p. 480.
vol. 2, p. 29, vol. 1923 33,

Felis tigrislongipilis Sowerby,

Panthera

Naturalist

Manchuria,
Nat.

(in part).
p. 527, 1929.

tigrisamurensis

Pocock,

Joum.

Bombay

Hist. Soc,

Type specimen:
of F.

"

No

type

is mentioned

in the it is

brief and
that

informal
a

tion descripwas

t. amurensis at

by Dode,
of the

although

implied
of of
a

specimen
when he
as

exhibited
the
were one

the

meeting
and

Zoological Society
p.

London

posed pro-

name,

Pocock
the

(1929,
same

527) speaks fixing the

type

skin

if there
the
west

in existence, at Ussuri
"

time

type

locality as

bank

of the

River

in Manchuria.
to

Description:
Swinhoe,
and

According

Pocock's

summary of

of
the

the
races

notes

of
the

Dode,

Temminck,

this

northeastemmost

of

tiger is
coated.

distinguished by being paler colored, less richly striped, and Probably

with
an

thicker side in

the

last is the

most

striking character,
animal is thicker

for, mounted

by

side

Indian

Tiger, the
almost

Manchurian

similar essentially
with
comes

important
tail. No
and
a

characters,
doubt,
Amurland size has has than

though
is winter

markedly

coated,
that
so

well

filled-out

however,
a

tiger skin every specimen, in thick coat,

very that he the

from the

Manchuria

that

impression of
it, as
he Pocock had

larger (1929)

become

general, with
says North

little real

basis

for

shown. that

Indeed,
of average
"

only

available

skull

is smaller

Indian

tigers.
the
measurements

Measurements:

Pocock London

gives

of
as:

tigress sent
body,
to

from

Vladivostok

to

the
or a

Zoological length
of nine

Gardens

head

and

74
say,
occur.

inches;
than
a

tail,34 inches,
North Indian
The

total

feet, "no

larger,that is
no

tigress." Nevertheless, large individuals

seems

doubt

do

skull, likewise,
to

to

show

no

tangible differences, (1874) zygomatic

gave

unless

it may
a

be

found

average

little smaller.

Busk

the

following for
nasals,

male 345

skull
mm.;

from

Manchuria

(converted into
about 305;

millimeters): greatest
width,
225;

length,
117

condylobasal length,

by 56;

upper

carnassial, length, 36.

"

Nomenclature:
name

Although
in
out
a

sometimes

called for
a nomen

the the

Mongolian
Manchurian

Tiger,
race,

and

the

mongolica
has

used

subspecific sense
the

Pocock the
term

(1929)
T.

pointed

that

latter
to

is

nudum,
of the

and

that

longipilisof
a

Fitzinger applies
form.
extreme

the

tiger west
amurensis
It remains

Gobi, if again
the shown

that

is
to

recognizable tiger of
the

Dode's

name

is thus
to

first to
how

be

given

the

northeast.
western

be

different

this

really is

from

the and the

more

tigers.
this
race

Occurrence
to

Habits: wooded

"

Probably
parts

of

the

tiger
and

range

across

of northern

China,

formerly intergraded with

used

488
the
exact

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

subspecies
limits
can

F.

t.

amoyensis

to

the

northward

of

the
at

Yangtze
present

basin. time

Its it is

only be
area,

guessed

at, however,

for

the

nearly extinct in this

says

though still fairlyplentifulin Manchuria.

that

Sowerby
parts
of

(i923g,
Tung
to

vol.

2,

p.

31)

in

Hopei
of

"it still occurs

in the

wilder

the

Ling and
the

Wei

Ch'ang
and

(the Eastern
North
and

Tombs,
and

Grovmds)
areas

North-east
the

Peking,
of

and Imperial Hunting throughout the forested in the extreme

were

of Manchuria, mentions
from true further

Amur,
he

Ussuri, into Primorsk

seen

east."
to

He
come

that

has

skins
of

tigers that
rather

said

have

the

Kweihwacheng
but

district this
areas.

northern be

Shansi, "undoubtedly
imsuitable
doubtftil and

of for

the

long-haired type,"
its abvmdance of the
seen more an

must

country
if the

them,
is fovmd
says

with

of open
desert

It is

extremely
of the

tiger

in any
has
never

open

country

Gobi,

indeed Hunters

Pocock
agree

he in

authentic

specimen from
the

Mongolia.
subsistence

that the

the

forests it

of

Manchuria,

tiger'smain

is wild

pig,

trails of which

persistentlyfollows.
"

Specimens examined:

None

from

China; from

Manchuria,

one

(M.C.Z.).

Genus Lynx Kerr, Animal Kingdom are,

of Linnaeus, vol.
i,

Lynx
Mamm.,

Kerr
p. 41, 1792.

The smaller
are

lynxes
cats,

as a

Pocock

having

bony
In

(1917) has shown, closely related to the other classificasuspensorivmi for the larynx, and in his tion
in
the
case

given generic rank

subfamily
where,
as

Felinse, coordinate here, these

to

with
are

that

of the
as

"groups." subgenera, it might be

other the

the
more

groups

regarded
rank

consistent, therefore,
the
of

accord

similar

to

lynxes.
most

Nevertheless
the

latter smaller

form cats,

better-marked
the

assemblage
of much and does rostrum,

than

of

subgenera
loss of the

in

combination
shortened

shortened
narrow,

tail, the

backwardly
upon

premolar, upper of the tapering ascending branch

nasal
to

first

maxillary, which
a

not

encroach

the

such

an

extent
are

as

to

cause

sudden
the
turns
a

narrowing heavy
hind

of its

posteriorhalf.
that
are

Externally they
than the

characterized

by

quarters,

higher weight

fore, and
greater

probably in quick
power

compensate
the

by
ears

their
are

size and

for the males

that

balancing
have
a

of

longer tail; the

rviff at sides
rather

penciled, and
throat. the

the

usually
some

well-marked

of the

It is true
or

in

of these of the

points, as
upper

in the

longer
cats

tails of caracals,
as

usual

absence

small
are as

premolar in
but
on

such

F.

bengalensis,intermediate
seem

conditions
a

shown,
most

the

whole

the

lynxes
more

to

be

as

well

marked

group

of the

subdivisions

of the

typical cats.
A

single race Mongolia.

of

lynx

seems

to

reach

the

borders

of western

China

and

northern

THE

CARNIVORES

489
(Blyth)

215.
Felis isabellina

Lynx

lynx isabellina
vol.

Blyth, Journ.

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal,
in Western f. Tier-

i6, p. 1178, 1847.

vol. 2, p.

Felis lynx isabellina Wilson,

Naturalist
u.

China,
u.

181, 1913.
vol.

Lynx

isabellina

Ja.coh\, Abh.

Ber.

Mus.

Volkerk., Dresden,

16,

no.

I, p.

10,

1922.

Type
in the

specimen:

"

"An

imperfect
Musevim

skin"
at

from

"Tibet,"

presumably

still

collection

of the
"

Indian is
a

Calcutta.

Description:
is the
a

This

large lynx;
above,
and

specimen
below

from
a

near

Urga, Mongolia,
blackish

general frosted
inner
and

reddish

white
on

with
of the
a

few

spots

on

side of the
the flanks

fore limbs with

a

the

sides

belly ; outer
white

sides border

of the
to

legs

indistinct
small

reddish

spots;
near

broad

the

eyelid, interrupted by
cheeks the
ear,

black

spot

the

posterior
brown;
and the

upper upper

margin;
half
the

with

three

or

four

indistinct
a

stripes
the

of

reddish

of

its terminal

pencil,

spot

on

lower

cheek,

tip

of

tail,

black. Measurements:
are
"

No

measurements

of the

exterior

nor

any

skull

sions dimen-

available.
and Habits:
"

Occurrence
to

The

exact

status

of the small

lynx in China
numbers

is difficvilt about the of the

a

determine.
of the

It Eastern

apparently
Tombs,
northern in the

is present
northward

in

from

region
evergreen

following
Rhoads

the

southern

borders

forest

into

Mongolia. brought
of
back

(1898,

p.

124)
The

records

fine

advilt

captured
Asiatic

Imperial Hunting
a

Park,

Hopei.
skin is
a

American

Museum secured
the

Expeditions
northeast of the

beautiful which
here

without

skull,
on

fifteen

miles

Urga, Mongolia,
evergreen

point

about
the
to

southern

limit

boreal of

belt,
seen

bordering
he

Gobi. this the

to

Sowerby
race,

(i923g)
the

also

speaks
area

having
lynxes

skins, which
To and

refers

from

forest
a

of
many

northern

Mongolia.
are

the

westward

of for sale

Chinese various

borders,
Chinese Henri

good
marts.

taken

brought
one

in

fur

Pousargues
in the
course

(1896a)
of his
are

mentions from

brought
to

back

by
E.

Prince H.

d'Orleans

journey brought

Batang
west

Ytinnan,
western

Wilson from sale thick

(19 13)
the among and

writes

that

they
parts

into the

Sungpan,
and
the five
to

Szechwan,
find
gray, each.

neighboring
the soft. also In

of

Tibet

to

north

and dark

ready
very

wealthy

Chinese.

He

describes from held

pelt
seven

as

Sungpan
the

they
that

sell for
are

taels
at

Weigold
and
are are

(1923)
of

mentions in from
race

they

for

high price
of northern

Sungpan,
that
these

all brought
a

interior
the

of Tibet.

It is

quite possible

different

from

reddish-gray lynxes

Mongolia

and

Hopei.
examined:
"

Specimens Urga.

One

from

Mongolia,

fifteen

miles

northeast

of

CHAPTER

VIII

ORDER

PINNIPEDIA

SEALS,

SEA-LIONS

The
an

seals offshoot

and of life has

their the

relatives,
Camivora the

the

sea-lions,
members
or

fiir-seals, and
have

walruses,

sent repre-

whose

become

specialized
the the
are

for of for

an

aquatic

and
not

pursuit
carried

of
to

fish the

other

sea-life, though
it has hind
row

process

adaptation
the

been

extent

that and

among

Cetacea,
both

hairy
and

covering
the teeth and

is still
still
a

retained,
show of the

the

fore

limbs

well

developed,
a

transverse

of

incisors,

followed

by

specialized
to

canine of

series

premolar
with of
to two

and

molar

teeth, cuspate

which,
crowns,

however,

tend for
to

become
fish.
on

similar

shape,
spend
much shores into the

compressed
their bask main time in the in

adapted
also

catching
haul
The
out

Seals
or

the
sun.

water,

but

delight

rocky
may

sandy
divided and

order

be

groups,

the

eared

seals, comprising
the Phocidae. A the

the third

family

Otariidae,
somewhat

hair-seals,
in
as a

constituting
ways,

family,

intermediate
The

certain

is
many

that ways

including
more

walruses,
than fur and

Odobenidae.
the
over

Otariidae
its very

family

is in
a

tive primiof under

Phocidae,
ftir; they
can

for
have

members small forward the there

still external when soft is

no

retain
ears,

pelt consisting
and the

hind ambles

feet, though
about is hind
no on

flipper-like,
land.
the
no

still

be

turned

the

animal of
ear,

In

the

Phocidae,
hairs of

however,

under external
so

fur

the and
the

coat

lost,
feet

only
are

stiffer

long

remaining, being
but is
turned

the animal

longer
on

capable
all have
row

forward,
to

that

on

land

longer

walks This the latter

fours
a

obliged
to

hunch of the

its

body

along
in the

caterpillar-like.
two

may

relation

the about

method with for

in

swimming enlarged
The but

groups,

for the
a

former
use

themselves hind feet

anterior Otariidae is

limbs,
still

while retain
the

the

chiefly
process

propulsion.
the
more

considerable

supra-orbital
teeth
are

skull,

this

quite

lost

in

cidae; Pho-

also, their
It Chinese
western

simpler nothing
are

and is

peg-like.
known
no

is

odd
coasts.

that

almost Not

definitely apparently
for
490

about

the

seals available what

of

the in

only

there
a

specimens
to

museums,

but

it is still

matter

investigation

learn

species

THE

PINNIPEDES

491

are

present

and

when.
there

Except
is

for

few

brief references
in the

by Swinhoe
subject.
available

(1870c)
In 1902,

and

Sowerby,
late
Dr.

apparently nothing brought together

Pacific, and
new

print

on

the

the the

J.

A.

Allen
North few

material
a

representing
review of the for of the

hair-seals

of the
a

published
It
was

preliminary
that
most

species,describing frequent
gave seals
no more

forms. than

obvious
of the

species
he of

northern

waters

those

Chinese
on an

coasts,
erroneous occur on

which

records.

Sowerby
says that

(i925d), commenting
both

report
the

at

Shanghai,
but the

sea-lions
I
can on

and

seals

Chinese

coasts, in

only definite

statement 2,

find is in his book,

the

"The

Naturalist
the

Manchuria"

(i923g,

vol.

p.

80),
is

authority of which
prove be
some

Kurile Pacific
or

Fur-seal Harbor
at

is included.

The

hair-seal

likely to
to

form
that

of the

Seal, Phoca

richardii.

It is much
be

desired
at

specimens,

least skulls, of Chinese

seals should Family

FUR-SEALS

preserved

any

opportunity.

OTARIID^
AND

SEA-LIONS

The the and

seals

of

this

family
is the

have

evolved
the

along

different
the

line from hind foot

which and

that

of

hair-seals.
the

They
power

still retain

ability to
in the the

turn

forward,
row

swimming
whereas

largely placed
hair-seals hind limbs with
a

long fore limbs

are

the

body
is

along,

in

fore

limbs
are

short

propulsion
ward. backa

accomplished
The
coat

mainly
is
a

by

which
short
a

permanently
under

tvuned and

true

fur,
which

dense

pelage

longer

over

fur of stronger

hair

possesses

striking sheen.
Gray
by
Callirhinus

Genus
Callorhinus

Callorhinus
p.

Gray,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1859,

359

(not invalidated

Blanchard,

1850, in

Coleoptera).
Callotaria

Palmer,

Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington,

vol.

7, p.

156, July 27, 1892.

This

genus

includes
genus

the

fur-seals

of the

North
southern

Pacific.
oceans

It differs from in

the

fur-seals

of the of the nasals.

Arctocephalus
more

of the

having
and

the in

facial

portion
shorter

skull The

convex,

less branch nasal

lengthened
of the

and

narrowed,

having
to
a

ascending
sides with
of the the

premaxillary is
then broadens the

narrowed
out

small form from The

tooth

waist
a

at

the

opening,
a

dorsally
skull

to

wide

contact

nasal,
cheek above

point distinguishing
teeth and The
are one

readily points.

that molars

of the
are

sea-lions.
reduced
to

The
two

simple with

conical
the

formula:

i.f Ct

pm.i
Island.

m.f

=36.

type

below, giving following ur sinus species is Callorhinus

(Linnaeus) of Bering

216.

Callorhinus

curilensis
FUR-SEAL and Fur-seal

Jordan

and

Clark

KCTRILE

Callorhinus

curilensis

Jordan
"

and

Clark, Fur-seals

Islands

of North

Pacific, pt. 3, p. 3, 1899.

Type

specimen:

No

type

specimen

is mentioned

by

the

authors

of this

492

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

species,who
seal of the

merely
western

say

in
;

casual

way

that

the

name

is

proposed for the fxir-

Pacific
"

Robben

Island

is the

type locality.
is

Description:
in its dark blackish fur is whitish

The

Kurile
as

Island Alaskan

Fur-seal

apparently much
differs in that
animal.
eastern

the the

same

color

the

species,but
more

under

instead
"

of the No

rusty
are

tint of the

Measurements:

skulls

available,

nor

have

any

comparative

urements meas-

of this seal been Occurrence

season on

published, apparently.
"

and Kurile

Habits:

The
and

fur-seals
on

that

concentrate

for their

breeding
to

the
are

Islands,
to to

Robben from

Island, considerably farther

the in herd that
autumn
was

the

west,

supposed
and

remain

distinct

breeds
to

on

the
seas

Pribilof
east

Islands,

migrate southwestward
Here,
at

early

the

of the

Japan
times

coasts.

least, the bulk

allowed. No

of the
doubt

catch

taken

when

in former

pelagic sealing was

to

occasional
that

individuals

stray
to
occur

considerably farther
"off Chefoo this is rather slender
"

the

south, for Sowerby

and

states

they
be

are

said

(North Shantung)
evidence None.
upon

Shanghai."
to

It must

admitted

that

which

base

positive record.

Specimens examined:

Family

PHOCID^

HAIR-SEALS

The have
at

obvious

characters
enumerated.
as

separating the
Of
as

two

families
genera of

of

seals

mentioned

already been
one occurs

the

several China.

hair-seals, probably

least

far south

northern

Genus
Phoca

Phoca

Linnasus

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. lo, vol. i, p. 37, 1758.

Externally, the fingers of the

they decrease flattened, with
and
a narrow

hand

in this genus first to fifth.

are

either
skull

subequal,
is somewhat
and
to

or

very

slightlyin length from

brain
case,

The

broad

large orbits which

The in lower both

look
are

forward reduced
a

upward,
two
on

interorbital the molars

The and

space.
to
one

incisors

each

side, and
c.T

jaws, giving
above
and with
common

tooth is

formula

of

i.f
the

pm.T

m.T=34.

first

premolar

below
the
crowns

single-rooted;
more or

other

premolars
The

molars

are

two-rooted,
genus

less

tricuspid.
vitulina
The

type

species of
is the most

the

is the

Harbor

Seal

(Phoca

Linnaeus).
genus

Phoca

widely distributed
boreal of
seas,

of the in the its

family, and, though

North
on

abundantly
least
coast
as

represented in the
as

extends that

Atlantic
the
eastern

at

far south
at

of China

Virginia,so corresponding latitude seems

the

latitude

occurrence

very

probable.

THE

PINNIPEDES

493

217.

Phoca

?richardii

(Gray)

PACnfIC

HARBOR

SEAL

IBalicyon
lOtaria

richardii stelleri

Gray,

Proc.
Proc.

Zool.
Zool.

Soc.
Soc.

London, London,

1864, 1870,
p.

p.

28,

fig.

Swinhoe,

633.

Type
Columbia,

Specimen:
in
the

The
"

type
Museum.

was

skull

from

Vancouver

Island,

British

British

Description:
Seal in the is
that

The
"

Pacific mottled

Harbor
dark

Seal and the

is

similar coloration.

to

the The

Atlantic chief

Harbor obvious

general
in the their

light

difference

skull,

in

which in
the

premaxillae
extensive i.f

are

more

prolonged
the.
=

orly, posteriThe the four

so

tips

are

more

contact

with

nasals. with
to

teeth,

as

characteristic
and molars

of

genus, and

are:

c.\ with

pm.T

m.T

34,

molars pre-

compressed along
the

provided
tooth.

from

three

sharp

cusps

arranged

axis

of

each

Occurrence seal of
the the

and

Habits:
"

It
but

is since

not

definitely
the

known

that in the

this
eastern

is

the

hairPacific

Chinese Califomian side

coasts, coasts,
about
as

species
that

occurs

along
the

it far.
he

is

probable
Swinhoe

it

would

extend

southward
the

on

western

(1870c,
told

p.

633),

under

heading Shanghai Ruggeds"

"?Otaria that
at

stelleri,"

says
seen

that

had

been

by

European
islands
the

pilots
called
that "the the

at

they
the mouth seals

had

often of
the than

seals

basking
This
makes

on

some

Yangtze.
sea-lions,

habit,
it
seem

and

fact
that

pilots
were

called

them
and

rather eared

likely
not

these

hair-seals wovild

not

seals.
them

Apparently
about the
mouths

they
of

are

commonly

seen,

but

one

expect

to

find

rivers.

Specimens

examined:
"

None.

CHAPTER

IX

ORDER

CETACEA

WHALES,

DOLPHINS,

PORPOISES

The

discovery
teeth which
seems

of in

primitive
number
to

Cetacea
and
structure

in

the

Eocene

deposits
those of

of

Egypt,
or

having early
from

resemble
to

Creodonts
of

Camivora,
the

point
the

unequivocally
of
the the order

the

derivation
structure

this
a

order

latter life. The

through
earlier
and

perfection
of

bodily
had
teeth

for
two

wholly simple
serrate

aquatic peg-like
crowns.

members

teeth with
to

of

sorts,

incisors In
the

double-rooted

posterior
the
some

compressed
be

modern

descendants,
in
lost
a

teeth of

tend
the

strictly
crown

peg-like,
can

and found.

single-rooted,
Cetaceans
traces

though
have be

few

traces

cuspidate
coat,

be

practically
in
some

all
;
as

their

hairy
have

though
a

able considerthick
outer

of fat
or

it may blubber

discovered
to

they
a

developed
of
to

layer
form head limbs
to

of has and
have

take and for

its their

place
nostrils
out

non-conductor shifted
when

heat. summit
;
are

Their of their the fore

as

become

fish-like valves modified

have
water

the

developed
become

shutting
into thin

submersed which limbs

and

elongate
while in
a

paddles
hind

so

stiff vanished

be

of

little

use

except
a

as

balancers,
of the
the

their few

have

entirely
bones,

except
both

for

vestige
in

femur

species,
of

vestigial
abdomen. its

pelvic
The

buried
has
or

deep

posterior enlarged
up

muscle
and down
must

masses

the
at

tail, however,
lateral lobes
and

enormously
by
whose

is

provided
motion
the

tip
is

with

two

flukes

and

body
other

propelled
mammals,
with
a

smoothly
for
new

speedily
rise The
and
a

along.
the

Cetaceans
at

breathe
and

air refresh
out

like

which

they

to

surface is the

intervals,
breath visible
whales and

their
under and

lungs

supply.
the

"spout"
rendered fine
spray.

vapory

driven
as

compression
its in with moisture
two

of

lungs,
into the

momentarily
The
or

it

cools

condenses

living

may

be

grouped

sions, diviof

toothed

species
or

Odontoceti,

those roof
the

provided
of
the have

ranks

whalebone
the

plates
or

baleen

hanging
whales,
mass

from in of

the which

mouth,
been

comprising
lost
serves

Mystacoceti
and

whalebone the matted from

teeth

through
instead

degeneration
for

frayed

whalebone

fibers

sieving

their

food

the

water.

494

THE

CETACEANS

495

Popular terminology for members

the and short

of this group
the smaller

varies

much,

but

in general
heads
are

largest species
beaks
are

are

"whales,"
while

types

with
narrow are

rounded
snouts

"porpoises,"
seals, the
number

those and of

with

longer,

"dolphins." applied.
three

Nevertheless,
the the here

"porpoise"
cetaceans

"dolphin"
the Chinese

often
are

loosely
not

Like
but that

coasts

well
or

ascertained,
times
are

will

doubtless for many

or

eventually
genera
are

be

found

to

be

two

enumerated,
in

widespread
upon three

in the the

Pacific

and

seldom the

brought

by fishermen
or

found
at

stranded least

shore.
occur:

Of the

toothed

whales,

Odontoceti,
a

families

(i)
great

primitive
and

Iniidae, known

by (2)

single species lately discovered Delphinidae, comprising

descendants of
a

in the of the
very

freshwater

lake, Tungting;

the

most

living
diverse

porpoises
forms that

dolphins,
in the

the the

modem

group

of the

flourished

middle
the

Tertiary times;
the

and

(3)

Physeteridae,
The
known

represented by
but
are

largest of
whalebone
several

Odontocetes,
or

Sperm
as

Whale.

species of Chinese
two
or

whales,
that

Mystacoceti,
eventually be

yet probably
to
occur.

include
These

three

of the

must

found

Finback
the

Whales
presence

of

the

family Balaenopteridas, lengthwise

furrow-like the

characterized

by

short

baleen,
tissue of

of many
and

plaitsof extensile

muscular

on

the

throat,
on

by

presence

of

projecting cartilaginous "fin"

varjring size

the

lower
Key
to

back.
Families
of

Chinese

Cetacea

A.

Teeth
a.

present

in the

jaws
and lower tional. jaws func-

Suborder

Odontoceti.

Teeth

in both

upper

a'. Rostrum broad b'. Rostrum

long and compressed

short
or

narrow, roots

teeth

with

Family
with

Iniidae

tapering, teeth
in lower

peg-likeroots
b.

Family Delphinidae
teeth

Large
head

functional
truncate

jaw only; Family Physeteridas

plates
Suborder

terminally
two

B.

Teeth

absent;
from

ranks

of whalebone

depending

the

palate

Mystacoceti,
Family

Balasnopteridse

SUBORDER
TOOTHED

ODONTOCETI
WHALES

Family
RIVER

INIID^
DOLPHINS

The

River
in the New

Dolphins
World Their

are

at

present

known

from Lake

the

Amazon
a

and
most

Orinoco

Rivers relict

and

from fossil North

Tungting
remains and
are

in China,

interesting
and late

distribution.

known

from

middle
a

Tertiary formations

in both

South

America,

implying

former

wide

496

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

distribution,
southern The
to

so

that

the

discovery of Lipotes, a living genus

interest. details resemblance trait. of the
in The

of the

family in dolphins,
brae vertea

China, is of remarkable

family
there

differs in many
an

skeleton

from

the
The

true

which
are

is

outward
a

bodily

form.

cervical into
are

all separate,

primitive
teeth for the

narrow

beak, with

many

in each

jaws are produced jaw; the lower mandibles

part
to

long
or

fused,
a

at

least

closely appressed,
; the

greater
are

of their
the

length, forming
and
at

very

long symphysis
are

upper

teeth

confined side to

maxillary, expanded

their roots their base.

processes

peculiar in being compressed

rather square

from

side and the

The
are

posterior part of the

also.

sktdl and

long squamosal

rather The
so

characteristic

single

genus,
as

Lipotes, representing this family in China,

1918, and
is characterized

was

covered dis-

recently

by Miller

(1918) as

follows:

Genus

Lipotes Miller
no.

Lipotes Miller, Smithsonian

Misc.

Coll., vol. 68,

9, p. 2,

1918.

Beak bent half their

toward

long
at

and
an

slender, bowed

upward,
of the

the

basicranial mandibles
a

axis not

ously conspicufor
about

angle
tooth

to

the
row

axis

beak,

joined

length, the
their
roots

continuing nearly
130 in

third

of the distance

beyond
or

the

condyle; teeth about

number,
side
to

their side

crowns

slightlyridged expanded

furrowed,
A dorsal

compressed

from

and

distally.

fin present.
218. CHINESE

Lipotes
RIVER

vexillifer

Miller
"PEI CHI"

DOLPHIN;
no.

Lipotes vexillifer Miller, Smithsonian

Misc.

Coll., vol. 68,

9, p. 2,

1918.

Type Specimen:
U. S. National

"

The the

type

consists

of

the of

skull, slightly broken

an

in

the

pterygoid region, and

Museum,
18, 191 6, by Charles

cervical

vertebrae

adult

male.

No.

218293,
ary Febru-

from
M.

Tungting Hoy.

Lake, Htinan, China;

collected

Description:
"

Externally this dolphin, dolphin shape, with

narrow a

as

shown

by the published figures,

snout,

has

much

the

usual

very
a

long beak-like

gently

rounded

forehead,

pectoral limb, and

a

placed far back

caudal

and

having

long

base short

and and

low triangular dorsal fin, The nearly straight sides.

pedvmcle is apparently rather pale blue-gray above, white below. complete specimen, it is blind,
and
or

deep.
to so,

In

color
who eye

the

skin

is
a

According
least

Pycraft,
for the

examined is very small

at

nearly

degenerate.
Measurements:
"

Miller

states

that

the

length is about
breadth of beak

2.5

meters.
mm.

He
;

gives
basal

the

following dimensions length, 510; tip of beak

of the
to nares,

type
390;

skull:

condylobasal length, 514

between

maxillary

THE

CETACEANS

497

notches, 96; breadth

of

of beak

at

middle,
114; 225

37;

greatest breadth

of intermaxillaries
x

proximally, 62; occipitaldepth,

471
;

temporal
tooth

fossa,
row,

no

80; length of tooth taken

and
row,

dible, man-

length

symphysis,
Habits:
"

; upper

278

; lower

285.
in
the

Occurrence the

and

Hitherto

this

dolphin has
miles
up the

been

only
in

large Tungting

Lake,

some

six hundred
All that

Yangtze,
is the

adjacent parts

of the

river.

is known
and that

of its habits the

note

brief paragraph self himhad

supplied by Hoy in Miller's He (1923) a few years later.

never seen

paper, says

published by Hoy
years' residence
its mouth. In for he

in several around
more

the
waters
more

species except
of than in the

in the
are

lake

and
are

winter,
there

when

the

lake main

low, they
channel

easily seen,
At of three "In

is

scarcely
often times
water

the

river

left for them.

such
or

times

they
or

appear in

numbers,
of
as

usually in little companies

as

four,
summer

at

schools
a

many

ten

or

twelve

individuals.
level. The

the
streams

rises to
the

height of 48 feet
are

above the

its winter

mountain
The

feeding
that the

lake

then

full, and
the
that the

dolphins disappear. rising the dolphins

their beak
and

natives their way

say up
are

in the

late

spring when
rivers, and apparently
with

lake
these

is

make

small, clear

are

breeding grounds."
water, of the
that

They

fish-feeders, and
are

long

slender

practically blind
as

tion condicase

associated

probing about Hoy

of
water states
an

for fish in muddy that the

stomach and in when

in the

of

the

Ganges
about
seen one

Dolphin.
two

type

specimen
are

contained "often The

quarts

eel-like
up

catfish the mud and

the

dolphins
for
vent to

in he

shallow

working
297

their
shot

search
gave

fish."
a

collected

weighed
The

pounds,
consider

"subdued

bellow."
that there in
a

Chinese

the
are

blubber skulls is
one

of

medicinal

value.

Hoy
have both

adds been

the

Shanghai
one

Museum

two

of this

species that
lower

long time;
In

is

complete, the
these
Mr.

other

merely
was

the

jaw,

without

data.

addition

to

specimens,
Clifford

secured
at

for the

American

Museimi the local

of Natural
fishermen.
was

History by
An

H.

Pope,

Timgting,
the dorsal

through
aspect

excellent

photograph,
with

showing
Mr. In

of the

dolphin,
in Volume
and
some

published
sketches,
soft parts
the
were

in connection

Pope's narrative
addition Hist.
to

of his work,

I, plate CX,

of this series of reports. skeleton

photographs,

color
of the

(Amer.
and

Mus.
a

Nat.

No.
has

63975)
been

^"iid

preserved,
of

life-sized model

prepared for
"The New

the

Musetun's

Hall

Ocean

Life

(see Pope, C. H.,

in Andrews,

Conquest
"

of Central

Asia,"
type.

p. 475,

1932).

Specimens examined:

One,

the

Family
DOLPHINS

DELPHINID^
AND

PORPOISES

This

family contains

most

of

the

modem

species of small

cetaceans.

498
There the and
are are

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

in general two

types:

those

with
those

longer
with

beak-like

snouts,
rounded

to

which

term

dolphin
short in

better
to

applies, and
which
the the

abruptly
may
a

foreheads

very
numerous

beaks,

term

porpoise
but genera

be few
a are

restricted.
as

They
dorsal

speciesin
this is

Pacific Most

Ocean,
of the

only

yet definitely

recorded

from in
some

Chinese

waters.

have

well-developed
is
and

fin,but
in those
the
or

lacking; the symphysis

the teeth
are

of the

jaws
neck

usually short, even peg-likewithout

are a more

with

long beaks, while

roots
seen

usually simple
The The

expanded
less fused

in the
in

river

dolphins.
instead of

vertebrae skull has

together
well rotmded

the

typical subfamily.

globular

brain
process

case,

posteriorly
is

squared,

and

the

zygomatic

of the
the many

squamosal
genera others

relatively short. family, only

such

Of from

of this

five appear
as

to
common

be

known definitely

China,

but

certainly occur,
the

the

Ocean

Dolphin especially
In

{Delphiniisdelphis) and
the

Killer Whale
warmer

{Orcinus orca),cosmopolitan species,

waters,
the

former North

especiallyin

rather

latter in all seas, fur-seals.

in the

Pacific, where
included

they
these

prey
two

largely on
genera
Chinese

young

the

lowing fol-

key, I have

for convenience.

Key A. Beak
a.

to

Genera

of

Delphinid^e

long, a well-developed dorsal

Color

fin present. about 32

not
on

whitish;

beak

tapering, teeth

each

side

in each

jaw;
Sotalia
.

symphysis
b. Color midline.

of mandible

long, pterygoid bones

touching

in the midline. in contact in

dark, symphysis of mandible

with dark
on

short, pterygoid bones

indistinct

a'. Body
teeth

saddle-mark side of each

and

stripeson
larger, teeth

sides, smaller,

46-50

each

jaw below;
about 25
on

Delphinus Tursiops

b'. Body
each B
.

uniformly
side in each short
or

dark

above, white

jaw

Beak
a.

very

lacking.
fin; teeth
with

No

projecting dorsal
four fin

compressed

crowns;

color

black, size
Neomeris

small, about
h. Dorsal

feet
; teeth to

prominent

conical. lower

a'. Teeth

usually confined
below

jaw

in

adult, less than

ten

in all ; color

grayish, paler
b'. Teeth a". b". in both Color Black behind all

Grampus
about
ten

jaws,

in each.
narrow

black, body slender, pectoral fin long and interrupted by

a

Globicephala
another Orcinus
. .

color the

pale mark

above

eye,

and

high

dorsal

fin,belly white, pectoral fin broadly oval

Genus
Solatia

Sotalia
p. 393, 1866.

Gray

Gray,

Cat.

Seals

and

Whales

Brit. Mus.,

The form

members have
a

of this genus

are

still very

imperfectly
with

known.

In

external

they

dolphin-like

appearance,

long,

narrow

beak,

slightly

THE

CETACEANS

499

rising forehead,
color

and

large,more
or

or

less in

triangular or
at

falcate

dorsal

fin.

The The of the

is usually
differs and the

pale, white
that of

gray,

least

one

species, speckled. long symphysis

do
not

skull

from

other

dolphins

in the
bones

rather which

jaws,
behind
on

in the

widely separated pterygoid

The teeth
are

close

together
up
to

palate.
of each
of
to

smooth,

peg-like, and

number

35

each

side

jaw. frequent
shore
waters

Dolphins ^lobe,
as

this genus
some

in the into
a

warmer

parts

of the
or

and the

are case

extent

fluviatile,coming
is the

the

mouths

of rivers, from in

in

of

the

Amazonian

species, ascending

long distance
to
occur

the

mouth.
waters.

The

following species

only

one

known

Chinese

219.

Sotalia

chinensis

(Osbeck)

CfflNESE

WHITE

DOLPHIN

Delphinus Delphinus
Sotalia

chinensis sinensis

Osbeck,
F.

Voyage
Hist. Zool.

to

China des

and

East

Indies,
p. 213, p. 513.

tr.

by J. R. Forster,

vol.

2, p. 27,

1771.

Cuvier,
Proc.

Nat.

Cdtac6s,

1836.

sinensis

Flower,

Soc. London,

1883,

Type Specimen:
and

"

None.

The who

name

was

given by
at

the
in

Swedish
Canton about

missionary
River,
the
saw

traveler,

Peter

Osbeck,

while

lying
in

anchor

"snow-white adds
that "at

Dolphins
a

{Delphinus chinensis)" tumbling

they
seemed

ship;
common

he

distance in
the and

nothing
name

different
so were

from

the

species, except
well be essential and the be
are

white

colour."

The

informally given might

it not the
same

disregarded
white.
waters

considered
out

unidentifiable,
that have and these found have

that
common

there

is

an

description pointing
Since
later

resemble these

dolphin dolphins
there in

comers

white

coastal
no

of southern
that

China,
Osbeck's
of the

secured
the
same.

specimens,

can

doubt

whatever

species was
live animal

Description:
"

The
and is

color
black known

is said

to

be

"of

milky white,

with

pinkish
The

fins

eyes." only
detail
from and the

skeleton

classic

paper

of

Flower

(1870), length

where
was

it is described
7 feet

in
as

some

beautifully figured. by
ten

The

total

4.5 inches

mounted.

It is characterized

the

relatively small
twenty-two
than

number

of vertebrae,
or

seven

cervicals, twelve
all. The

dorsals,
the short. is at

liunbars,
are

caudals,
related The

fifty-one in
and the

bodies
processes

of

vertebras

longer

in

genera

transverse

skull, with
of the

the

long

narrow

rostrum,
the

once

noticeable

for bones.

the

long symphysis
Measurements:

lower
Flower

jaw

and

widely separated pterygoid

dimensions
as
:

"

gives the principal cranial

12.8

greatest
at

length,

20.7

inches; length of rostrum,

inches;

greatest

breadth

post-

500

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

orbital
18
row,

processes,

8.8; breadth

of rostrum

at

base, 4.7; length of mandible,

row,
11.2

inches; length of symphysis, 5.5; upper

II

tooth

inches; lower

tooth

inches. and
but

Occurrence southern

Habits: almost

"

This
our

is

species of the knowledge

p.

coasts

and

estuaries

of

China,
written

entire

of it in

print consists
notes

of the

paragraph

by

quoted by Flower.
rence

(1870c, Briefly, he tells us Amoy,

The
effort taken
to at

Swinhoe

652)
that

and

his further is
to
a

in letters
occiu*-

this

species of daily
fotmd

in the

harbor of with the

of

where

they

appear

be

throughout
them,

theand
a

greater
it
was

part

year.
some

Chinese, however,
that

seldom
a

capture

only
the

he

finally secured
a

specimen
to

through
of

fisherman. and

This skeleton
to

was

Quemoy,
he

large island
of

seaward

Amoy,

sent

the

Royal
says

College
and
as

Surgeons.
he has
seen

Later, writing from

this
seen

Hongkong
Canton and

Flower,
and up the the

Swinhoe
Foochow

believes
that

species in the
seven

River

River
as

they

were

himdred
p.

fiftymiles
that

Yangtze
on

far

Hankow. miles

He from

adds the

(1870c, sea)
This
we

652):
a

"Above smaller the

port, and

to

Ichang
A

(mo

noticed

and

apparently different form, also white

Chinese article the

in colour." Chi

River

Dolphin, Lipotes.
an on

anatomist,
of the

was possibly Ping (1927b) has lately

contributed

anatomy

tongue

in this

species.

Specimens examined:

"

None.

Genus Delphinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. The genus

lo, vol.

Delphinus Linnaeus
1758.

I, p. 77,

Delphinus,
occurrence

containing the
in Chinese and in the

typical Ocean
seas,

Dolphin,

is

doubtedly un-

of for As in the

frequent

and

especiallyis to be looked
current.

warmer no

waters

northward is
on

flowing Japanese
from
appear

yet, however,
the
to

actual been

specimen

record

the
to

area.

Although
synonymous

several with

species have
common

described,

most

of them

be

Dolphin, Delphinus
D.

delphis. True
Malabar
dark
coast

(1889), however,
as

clined in-

recognize
the
common

of the longirostris
has
an a

possibly valid.
area over

In color the
gray

Dolphin
below

conspicuous
is white.

saddle-shaped
fulvous band black. base the

back,

bordered

by

indistinctlyoutlined
surface
that extends

becoming Eye
of the
rounded sur-

posteriorly. The by
a narrow

ventral black

Flipper
to

ring

forward

the

beak.

Dorsal

fin
the

high

and

falcate.
contact
one on

The

skull the side

is characterized

by
and of the
each

beak,
two

pterygoids in
grooves

below
each

posterior nares,
of the
about

long especiallyby the palate.

Teeth

slender

long wide
total

midline 47-50
on

small, conical
The

and

nvunerous,

numbering
seven

side of each

jaw.

length

is about

feet when

adult.

THE

CETACEANS

501

Genus

Tursiops Gervais
DOLPHINS

BOTTLE-NOSED

Tursiops Gervais, Hist. Nat.

des

Mammiffires, several

vol.

2, p. 323,

1855.

This

genus of

includes

rather
to

similar-appearing species,but in general

ten

they
with
gray

are

fairlylarge size, running

and

feet in Their
teeth

length, of
color
to

rather
a

stout

build,

prominent beak,

falcate

dorsal

fin. the

is

uniform
each

brownish

above, shading into white

and
seas

below,

22

25

on

side of each
a

jaw, proportionally large They

from
are occur one

plump,
of the
is

conical,
and

and
one

adapted

for

fish

diet.
mon com-

in the of the

warmer

world,

species at least, the

in

Atlantic
of the

Ocean,
southern

migratory, passing definitely

United States
to

early
Sea.

summer

the

latitudes

the

Greenland

These
panying accom-

social

dolphins, traveling together

vessels
for short
to

in small
The

schools, and

frequently
T. be

distances.
be

best-known
and
to

species, hardly
in Chinese "China

truncatus

(Montagu),
some

is believed
of the

cosmopolitan,
will

it
occur

can

doubted
waters.

that

member

genus

be

found

One
a

species, T. catalania
No. a3070,
in unknown the

(Gray), is indeed
Museum d'Histoire
p.

reported
Naturelle

from
at

Seas,"
but

skull,

Paris,
than T.

the

precise
with The

localityis
a

(True, 1889,
and the True
at

41).

It is smaller surface of the

tmncatus,

relativelylonger beak,
skull 254;
was

under
as

body

is

spotted.
mm.

Paris

measiu-ed of

by
beak

follows:

total

length, 436
109;

; length of
across

beak,

breadth
at

base

of

maxillary notches,
records

breadth

intermaxillaries
waters
are

proximal end, 76.

Definite

for this genus

in Chinese

to

be

expected.
Genus Neomeris "Terror,"

Gray
vol. i,

Neomeris Nat. Meomeris

p.

Gray,
Hist., Gray, 676,
1922;

Zool.
ser.

Voy. H.M.S.
9, vol.

"Erebus"

and

Mamm.,

p. 30,

1846.

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

16, p. 655, 1925.

List Osteol.

Specimens Brit. Mus.,

p. 655, Soc. 1925. Biol.

p.

306,

1866.

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

g, vol. 9,

ibid., vol. 16,

Proc.

Neophocana

Palmer,

Washington,

vol.

13, p. 23,

1899.

The

obvious
taken

external

feature

of this genus
The

is the

lack

of

dorsal
known

fin,its

place being
is small;

by
is
no

low

projecting ridge.
or

size of the
but well
as

only

species
skvdl
as

there

beak
upper

projecting snout,
The eyes
are

the

forehead

rises almost The is

in

vertically from
characterized

the

lip.

developed.
in

by

the

widely separated pterygoids

small
the

Phoccena,

and,
at

the latter, there The rostral

is

hump-like projection
skull is bent
vary

of the
at
a

intermaxillas
very

the

base.
to

portion of
axis.
The

downward number

strong

angle
with
one

the

basicranial about minute have

15
to

teeth

slightlyin jaw.
The

in each

jaw,

usually
or

21

on

each

side of each
but
most

intermaxillary carries remaining part

from side to
of the

two
row

pointed teeth,
somewhat

of those
crowns,

in the

tooth

spade-shaped

compressed

side, and

show-

502

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

ing

slight nick
Thomas in
that

on

the

edge in the middle, while

those

of the

lower

jaw

respond. cor-

1922 Neomeris

had

advocated
was

that

Meomeris for
a

be
genus
a

used of

for

this
and

genus, that

believing
Meomeris,
Palmer

preoccupied
was

polyps,
was

apparently
already
Thomas for
a

misprint,

valid, since
the the in
name

genotype

designated. Apparently,
proves and

had
as

proposed
later

instead

Neophoccena.
use

however,
to

pointed out,
so

previous zoology

of

Neomeris

have

been

plant,
for this

that

its

use

is not

invalidated,

it

becomes

reinstated

porpoise.
Neomeris
BLACK

220.

phocaenoides (G. Cu\-ier)

FINLESS
ed. 2, vol.

PORPOISE
I, p. 291, Mamm.

Delphinus phocsnoides
Delphinaplerus Delphinus
Neomeris melas nielas

G.

Cuvier, R6gne
in

Anim.,

1829. (aperju g^n.), p. 7, 1842. marins), p. 14, pis. 25, 26, 1844-45.
vol. I, Mamm.,
p. 30,

Temminck,
in

Siebold, Fauna

Japonica,
Manmi. and vol.

Temminck,

Siebold, Fauna

Japonica,
"Erebus"

(mamm.

phoccenoides Gray, molagan

Zool.

Voy.

H.M.S.

"Terror,"
6, p. 24,

1846.

Delphinaplerus
Neomeris

Owen, Murray,
"

Trans. Ann.

Zool. Soc. London,

1869. 1884.

kurrachiensis

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,
a

sen

5, vol.

13, p. 351,

Type specimen:
toire Natiirelle
at

The

type

is

skull, No.

a3o86,- in the
as

Museum

d'Hisof Good

Paris.

This, although labeled

was a

from

the

Cape

Hope, almost
the

vmdoubtedly
coast,
as was

from
second

more

northern secured

locality, probably from

at

Malabar
in

specimen

the

same

time, and

also

Paris.
"

Description: abruptly
combined
The

This

small
and

porpoise
the

may low

be

at

once

recognized place of
the short
a

by

its

rising forehead
with skull the

extremely

ridge

in

dorsal

fin,

all-black

color.

is characterized
down from the

by its globose brain

the

case,

broad
the
20

trum, ros-

sharply separated pterygoids, and

tooth which
A
row,
are more

bent

line

of

the

basicranial
about

axis,
i8
to

widely
in each teeth

teeth, which,

usually
in the

have smaller

the
and

crowns

spatulate except
of five skeletons
from

first few

anterior

conical.
account

extended

and

their that
a

by the writer
is

in 1923,
in

which with

it appears the

variations was lished pubvestigialpair of ribs vertebra. The

normally
ribs

present
are

connection thirteen the

seventh
one case

cervical

thoracic

usually
rostrum

pairs,though
head
and

of fourteen the

is recorded.
fin
more

Compared
attenuate, with

with the

Phoccena,

is
more

more

rounded,

pectoral

shorter

deflected

downward,
are

correlated

haps per-

bottom

feeding, the
vertebrae and the
are

three less

anterior

cervicals
the

fused, the

neural
the

spines of the
sternum account

body

developed,
is
in

posterior portion of
For
an

is reduced,

humerus

proportionally longer.
a

lent excel-

of the muscular

anatomy

Chinese

specimen,

see

A. B. Howell,

1927b.

THE

CETACEANS

503

Measurements:

"

The

largest of the foxir specimens secured measuring

other
a

by

Dr.

F.

R.

Wvilsin and
may

were

two

males,
The

1,580

and

1,460
than and Dr.
; to

mm.

respectively, or
are

62.5
it
two

57.75 be that

inches.
females each
sent
an

recorded

measurements

smaller,
At all events

and

average

little smaller
measured

males. 50

females adult
to

with

embryo,
in

47

inches

respectively.
measured:

An

female,

whole in
a

preservative, by
rnm.

Wulsin,
front

snout

notch
snout

of flukes
to
anus;

straight line, 1,245

to

of dorsal
to
across

ridge ("fin"),
80; flukes
to

585;

850;

insertion of

of

pectoral fin,
90;

230;

eye,

angle

of mouth, 430;

50;

to

posterior edge

blow-hole,

width

of tail,

greatest
The

length of pectoral fin, 265; its width, 85.

of five skiills
are

measurements

given

in

my

paper

of 1923
to

(p. 248).
foramen

The

largest of
220

these
mm.;

gives
rostrum

the
to

following: greatest length, maxillary notch,

127; 91 ; rostrum

rostrum to

magnum,

front of

edge

of
at

blow-hole,

124;

palatal length,
79;

greatest
tooth

width,
row,

156; width
75;

rostrum row,

maxillary notches,
length of mandible,
Occurrence tile and

length

of upper

lower

tooth

71;

170.

Habits:

"

This
the

is

strictlycoastwise,
in
warmer

estuarine
from mouths

and the

fluviacoast

porpoise, frequenting
India
and around
to

shores

waters,
the

of

western

southern

Japan.
as

It enters
as

of the
whence

larger
the the
on

rivers,
British

ascends has

the

Yangtze
a

far up

the

Ichang
from Strait
it is

Gorge,

Museum records

received

specimen
few,

(Lydekker,
and

I909d).
various
of

Although
localities
and

published
both

of the Indian

species are
waters.

it is known

sides
to
occur

of the

peninsvila,Singapore,
In

Malacca,

is
at

said
the
seen

also in Bomean
of the

China,

mouth in

Yangtze, where
at

Sowerby
surface."
in

apparently common (1926c) writes that they are

mentions
one

often in the

schools where
that

"playing
it is the color these the

the

He

captured
above

Whangpu,
and
states

fairly common
in life is dark

Seven-mile
gray

Reach
a

Shanghai,
about the
not

slate

with the

little white

lips. Apparently only Ichang

Lake,
the
on

porpoises
stream,

pass but

freely up
also Dr. F.

great

river, reaching
at

main

occurring commonly
R.

Tungting
the of
three

haunt
now

of in

Lipotes (Hoy, 1923).

the Museum of

Wulsin,

who

secixred

specimens
these in
a

Comparative
in

Zoology, obtained
near

small

tributary of the

Yangtze coming
above of

its mouth Here

the
a

at

Kiangyin,
captvire
stretched

Province
them
across

of

Kiangsu, eighty
a

miles

Shanghai.
hooks In and the
water.

Chinese

by suspending
the
stream at

number the

sharp iron
of the these

from

long line
up and
to

surface
one more

passing
its

down,
free

porpoise eventually
only
serve

strikes
it the In

of

hooks,
among

struggles

itself
until

to

entangle
or

firmly

neighboring
Asiatic

hooks,
at

it is drowned is
a

killed.

the of

museum

of the

Royal

Society
Dr.

hai Shang-

mounted

skeleton

this

species (Sowerby,

1926c).

Wtdsin's

504

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

fourth

specimen
Hunan,
on

was

captured in
hvmdred
B. and

fresh-water miles
paper

stream

that

flows

into

Tungting mens speci-

Lake,

one

and

twenty

south
was

of Yochow.
came

The from

which

A.

Howell's
two

(1927b)
These small

based
to

five from other Like water, breath. found in

Woosung
on

from

Whangpu,
are

in addition in
the

an

Kiangsu, eighth from some

Musevmi.
not to

point
the

the

Yangtze.
these

U.
are

S. said

National

Harbor
are

Porpoise,
rather

cetaceans

leap

out

of

but

sluggish
food
as seems

in

their
to

Their
the

chief

be in

rolling to the surface for movements, shrimps, Palcemon japonicus, a species neighboring
of the
seas.

Yangtze
identified

well

as

the

Remains

of

this

shrimp
as one

were as

by

Dr.

Waldo

S. Schmidt small Similar

U. S. National the
stomach the

Musevmi,
contents

well
of

the

spinal cords
been

of two

fishes, among
food
and in stomachs

of of

Dr.

Wulsin's

specimens.
recovered
name

addition

remains

small
states

squids have
that the

from

of Indian is "hai-chu" above:

examples.
or

Sowerby

Chinese

for this

porpoise

Sea

Pig.

Specimens examined:
Kiangsu: Kiangyin,
Hunan: Lake
3

"

Four,

as

mentioned

(M.C.Z.).
i

Tungting,

(M.C.Z.).

Genus

Grampus

Gray

Grampus

Gray, Spicilegia Zool., p. genus appears have

2, 1828.

This

to

contain described
the

but from

single cosmopolitan
the

species, for,
of the

although
True that In
narrow

several

been

different

oceans

world,

(1889), who
the form the

examined claimed

evidence these the

very
were

came carefully,

to

the

conclusion variation.

characters

for

matters

of

individual

Grampus
or

resembles

Blackfish

rather

closely,having rather
fin, and
in
the the

pectoral fins
in
a

"flippers,"a large falcate dorsal

curve.

forehead
area

rising abruptly
front
of the

convex

The the

skull
are

differs

having

in

nostrils

elevated, while

teeth

deciduous, ordinarily lacking

age,

in the upper
when

jaw,

and

gradually becoming
there
are as

lost,with
seven on

in the lower, side of the

although

all

are

present

many

as

each

mandible.

221.

Grampus
THE COMMON

griseus (Cuvier)
GRAMPUS
vol. 19, p.

Delphinus

griseus Cuvier,
rissoi

Ann.

Mus.

d'Hist.

Nat., Paris,
vol.

14,

pi.

i,

fig. I,

1812.

Clobiocephalus rissi Anon., Chinese Globicephalus Blyth, Joum.

Repository,
Asiatic
Seals Soc. and

6, p. 411,
vol.

1838.
1866.

Bengal,
Whales

28, p. 481, 1859.

p. 323,

Clobiocephaluschinensis

Gray, Cat.
"

Brit. Mus.,

Type Specimen:

Not

specified.
is "a
and

Description:
"

The

general color
The lower beneath

steel

gray the
are

of mediiun

depth
upper

and

everywhere
and
an area

uniform.
on

lip
the

chin,
fin

margin
of
a

of the

lip,

the

belly

dorsal

light gray

color, ap-

THE

CETACEANS

505

preaching
lines of
The
a

white.

The

whole

body
of

and

the

fins
and

are

traversed

by

irregular
p.

lightgray
skull has

color and
a

varying width
rostral

length" (True, 1889,

its

126).
that

relatively short
the and

portion,
length
are

length

less
;

than the

of the

remainder
are

of

skull, and
of

tapering conspicuously forward

uniform
teeth age.

intertheir
lower

maxillaries rostral

wide
convex

nearly
The with

throughout,
confined side
seems

with
to

portion
even

upward. drop
out

usually
on

the
to

jaw,

and

these

Seven

each

be

the

maximum

number

recorded. True

Measurements:
coast

"

gives
length
in
to

the
a

following

for

large female
inches;

from of
to snout

the
to

of New
15 of

England:

straight line,
17
snout to

130

tip

eye,

inches;

tip of
22

snout

blow-hole,

inches;
anterior

tip of
base

snout

anterior

base

pectoral fin,
skull

inches;

tip of

of dorsal

fin, 50

inches; length of pectoral fin, 21.5

The measured

inches.

(True,

1889,
breadth

p.

128): greatest zygomatic

length, 487
processes breadth

mm.;

length
rostnmi

of rostrum, 342;
at

246; greatest
across

across

of squamosals, of

breadth 204.

antorbital

processes

of frontal, 310;

base,

Occurrence
a

and

Habits:

"

As

elsewhere,
at

in

the

oceans

of the

world,
are

this is
more

rather
one

uncommon or

species,or
individuals in the
described but
to

least
at
one

it appears time.
of The

so,

in that

seldom

than

two
one

taken

sole record

for China
a

is the
at

oft-quoted
Leuchen,
dorsal

Chinese
as

Repository
above,
worn

January, 1838, of
on

male
a

taken

and

black and 9.75

lighter
teeth

the

belly,

with

triangular
The

fin, and
is said
the

five blunt been

in the

lower

jaw only.

total So
far

length
as

have

feet, that
and

of the

pectoral
the

fin 14 inches. in other

known,
to

food

consists with

of

squid

cuttlefish,a diet

that

cetaceans

seems

be

correlated

the

degeneration of showing
an

teeth, particularly of the

upper

jaw.
For
an

excellent
and external

photograph,
form,
of
see

the

curious

linear in

and

circular of and

markings,
the
a

article

by
i,

Troughton
1931,

Proceedings
a

Zoological Society
stranded
at

London,
New

p.

565, pi.
Wales.

concerning

male

female

Sydney,
"

South

Specimens examined:

None.

Genus

Globicephala
BLACKFISH

Lesson

Globicephala Lesson, Hist. Clobiocephalus Gray,

List

Nat. Mamm.

Mamm. Brit.

et Ois.

decouv.

depuis 1788, vol. I, p. 441,

pi. 8, 1828.

Mus., p. xxii, 1843.

The
a

Blackfishes of

are a

rather beak

closely related
in

to

the

Grampus,
of

but

there

is

slight indication
in

usually present
rises

the

shape

protruding lips,
any pro-

whereas

Grampus

the

forehead

almost

vertically without

5o6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

jection.
narrower

The and

body

is longer
In

and the

more

slender,
the
some

and

the

pectoral
broad and the

fin

much

attenuate.

skull in

rostral

portion is

bluntly
and tively rela-

rounded

in front, the

intermaxillae median line.

species broad,
teeth
are

pterygoid bones large

here. in Chinese
one

in contact few

along

their

The
row

moderately

in number,

only

eight in each
what
was

in the

species considered
Dr.
same

It is not
seas,

certainly known
G. scammonii

is the

species occasionally seen by

the Andrews
one occurs

but

since

obtained
that

at

of

the

Japanese
waters.

whaling stations, it is assumed

in

Chinese

222.

Globicephala
SCAMMON'S

scammonii

(Cope)

BLACKFISH

Globiocephalusscammonii
no.

Cope, Proc. Acad.

Nat.

Sci.

Philadelphia, 1869,

p.

21.

True, Bull. U. S. Nat.

Mus.,

36, pp.

139,

185, 1889.

Type
made known

Specimen: by
of

"

True

(1889, Cope
There

p.

139)
the the
says

remarks

that

"this

species

was

Professor

from is in

description, measvirements,
U. "is S. National Museum
the
a

and skull of the

drawings

Scammon." Scammon
no

presented by

which

True

presumably presumptive

type

species," but, since Description:

"

type

was

named,

this is
to
a

merely.
distribution

This of

Blackfish the

belongs

group
to

of world-wide
the North

in
G.

warmer

waters

globe, in

contrast

Atlantic

melcena.
and

It is outwardly

distinguished by its long slender

dorsal

species, body, the very

its

narrow

elongate pectoral fin,large crescentic

and other

fin, with

concavity
median

pointing backward,
areas

by its entirely black

type.
on

color, lacking the white

below
The

of the

skull

is distinctive,
in

account

of the
cover

very

widely expanded
entire breadth melcena

interof the

maxillaries, which
rostrum at

this
so are or

type
much

practically
wider
a

the

its

tip,and

than
row.

in the

type.

Moreover,

the

teeth

are

fewer,
"

seven

eight in
to

Measurements:

^According
186

Scammon

(Marine
from

Mammals),
snout to

the

total

length

of

male

was

inches

(4,724 mm.);
snout to

tip of
33

dorsal

fin,

(1,372 mm.); tip of 54 inches length of pectoral fin, 34 inches (1,067 mm.).
True the
U.

pectoral fin,
;

inches

(838 mm.);
inches

(864 mm.)
the

breadth

across

flukes, 42

(1889,
of rostrum

p.

185) gives
Museum:
at

following
between

measurements
mm.;

for

the

skull

in

S. National

total

length, 690

length of rostrum,

340;

breadth

base, 308; breadth

"

orbits, 487.
reports
from Chinese

Occurrence
waters to

and

Habits:

The

reference

of Blackfish
the

this

species is wholly provisional. Indeed,

is rather

validity of the species

to

G.

scammonii

doubtful, since

it is very

closely related

the

species

THE

CETACEANS

507

of the

warm a

waters

of the
from

Atlantic,

and

other
may

names

applied
be

to

what

is apparently

Blackfish
is known be

Japanese by their
the

waters

eventually
cetaceans.

found

identifiable
at
sea

when
may

more

of the

characters rather

of these

Blackfish

usually
an

identified

leisurelymovements, pointed dorsal

the
an

risingto "blow"
fin, much
rounded
The the

with

easy and the

grace,
at

showing
favorable
is such
to

backwardly
it is in
and

forehead,

opportunities
that

long

narrow

pectoral.
when of water

length
animal

of

body
water

sight

appreciable time

breaks
up

breathe,
are more.

it sometimes

churning
up Dr. the
to

foam.
hundreds found

They
or

gregarious, often
In

leaps out partly, gathering in large schools,

several

his work

at

the

Japanese whaling stations,

and

Andrews
same one

that has

this been

species was
seen

occasionally taken,
Chinese
waters. to

it is perhaps
of

that

in

The

examination this.
the presence these

actual

specimens, however, (i926h, 1927)

to

is most has

highly

desirable
two

establish
on

Sowerby
cetaceans,
to
an enormous

published
off

brief

notes

of

supposed
school Island
see, at

be

Blackfish,

Shanghai.
W. E.

The

first of
on

relates
2,

reported by Captain
the mouth of

Kent

September
As about.

1926,
as

off Gutslaff
eye could

Whangpu,

Yangtze
and open Mr.

estuary.

far

the

there and

were

hundreds,

"breaching" disappeared
to

swimming
sea.

They
note

turned mentions
his

north
a

east

later,

and
or

The L.

second

school

of seventy in the
"

eighty, seen
estuary

by
near

Arthur

Anderson

from

yacht

anchored

Yangtze
None.

Shanghai.

Specimens examined:

Genus

Orcinus
KILLER

Fitzinger
WHALE i860. of

Orcinus
Orca

Fitzinger, Wiss.-Pop.
is preoccupied

Naturgesch.
for another

der Saugethiere, vol. 6, p. 204,

genus

of authors

of cetaceans,

as

synonym

Hyperoodon,

The

Orca

is characterized
fin in the the

by its
skull

stout

body, lacking
a

any the

indication

of

beak,
not ten

high

dorsal
at

male,

with

long rostrum,
the teeth

intermaxillaries
stout

broadened

tip,pterygoids
in each
as an row.

in contact,

very

and

about

(rarely to
is

twelve)

Since of the
here

this

cetacean,

the

largest of the
of its
mopolitan cos-

Delphinidse,

important
it

enemy be

ftar-seal, and
for the

because
sake of

distribution,

may

included

reference,

although I have

no

actual

records

from

China.

223.

Orcinus
KILLER

orca

(Linnaeus)
ORCA

WHALE;
i, p.

Delphinus
Orcinus
orca

orca

Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. Naturgesch.

1899.
vol.

Fitzinger, Wiss.-Pop.
13, p. 24,

der

77, 1758. Saugethiere, vol. 6, p. 204,

i860.

Palmer,

Proc.

BioL

Soc

Washington,

Type specimen:

"

Not

known

to

exist.

S08

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Description:
"

As

seen

in life, the

coloring above
behind dorsal
and

is blackish
eye and
a a more

or

grayish
obsctire

black, with
whitish broadest this mark said

whitish, narrowly oval

and behind

mark
the

the

patch just below medially and

is
more

fin, forming
In
both

saddle

mark,

tapering

downward than

forward.

some

individuals
are

clearly noticeable
to

in others, and

light areas

sometimes this
area

be

yellowish.

The

mid- ventral the

anus,

region

is white,

sharply

outlined,
to

narrowing between
parts
arm. more as

pectoral fins, expanding

and

posteriorly
and

take

in the

lower

far

as

the

continuing in
in related

an

upwardthe

backward-reaching
The is

skull is rather
not

solidly built
rounded
as

than

genera

rostrum
are

fairlylong,

short

and

in the

Blackfish.

The

teeth

large,
are

stout,

conical, and
ten

sharp-pointed.
in number counted.
"

They
row,

project somewhat
though
in
some

and laterally,

usually about
as

in each

specimens

as

many

twelve

may

be

Measurements: in this dorsal fin in this

There

is
The

remarkable
males
enormous, not
a

sexual

difference
a

in size and

portions prothe tically prac-

cetacean.
sex

only attain

larger size, but

with

becomes
the

huge triangular affair

out

straight edges, while

almost third Males
as

pectoral
dorsal

fin broadens
fin is

with

age,
more are

becoming
than
narrower. a

oval.

In
as a

the

female, male,
about
are

the
and 26

large
the

but

hardly

high

in the

falcate, while

pectorals

reach

length of

feet, possibly thirty, but smaller, rarely exceeding

the

this

latter

was

"estimated" The
form

only; females
is stout
so

much
and

15 feet in

length.
the

and

heavy,
is
no

forehead
An

slopes backward
skiill from
the
rostnmi

from Pacific
to

tip

of the snout,

that

there

beak.
950

adult
mm.;

(M.C.Z. maxillary
at

1205)

measures:

greatest

length,

length

of

notches,
290; upper

510;

palatal length, 620; greatest width, 630; width

row,

of beak
row,
are

base,

tooth

355; Habits: there

lower
"

jaw, length, 770;

definite doubt
records that

lower of the

tooth Orca

360.
at

Occurrence

and
but
a

No

hand

for

Chinese coasts, In the

waters,
for

is

no

it

occasionally
all the
on oceans

passes

along the
world.

it is

cosmopolitan

species, found
to

in

of the

North

Pacific it is well known

summer

be

common

the

American

side, and
it very
a

during the

is

one

of the

chief

enemies

of the

fur-seal, which
waters.

likely harries
voracious whales it
as a a or

also

in its

wintering places in the Japanese

schools
and Both

It is
the

most

animal,

going in small
up small and appears.
"

often

attacking
and out

whalebone
know
or

snapping

porpoises.
where

fur-seals

hair-seals
on

dangerous
drove

enemy,

possible will scramble

land

hide

when

of them

Specimens examined:

None.

THE

CETACEANS

509

Family

PHYSETERID^
WHALES

SPERM

This
extended

family is distinguished
upward
at

in

part skull,

by
so

the
that

fact
an

that
enormous

the

maxillaries
basin pure

are

the

sides of the

is formed
ceti, spermaThis teristic characin front.
two

for the
a

support
thick

of

large reservoir-like
may be

"case"

containing nearly
of the head

oil,which

dipped out,
anterior
or

of the end

consistency of tallow. gives it

or a

remarkable

enlargement
and teeth
are

of the
it is
more

appearance,

less
to

verticallytruncate
lower
of the

square
are

The

functional

confined

the

jaw.
former
on

There

living
much

genera, smaller

Physeter, the
Kogia,
at
or

Sperm
of the

Whale,

largest
In

the

Odontoceti,
the the
snout

and
or

the

Pygmy tip
median

Sperm
snout at
a

Whale.

nostril left-hand
as seas

blow-hole

is situated in Kogia

the

asymmetrically
back from

side, while
cetaceans

it is

nearly

distance

the

in the in

generally. by
when

Sperm
they
were

Whales
not

doubtless

reached

the
but

Chinese

times

gone the

assiduously hunted, species became

much

during

the

height of
now

sperm-whale

fishery

the

depleted, though

it has

probably slightlyrecovered.

Genus Physeter Linnjeus, Syst. Nat.,

ed. lo, vol.

Physeter
76, 1758.

Linnaeus

i, p.

The

only living species of this

in

genus
seas,

is the

Sperm
the

Whale,

of world-wide
north

distribution into colder

especially the
It is

warmer

though
left-hand
of 25 the
to

rarely straying well

enormous

water.

distinguishable by
on

truncate
near

head,
of the

asymmetrical
snout, lower
the

S-shaped
the
of

blow-hole

the

side

the

tip
of the

enormous

basin-like

forehead

skull, long symphysis

27 in each
ramus

of the lower
the

jaw,

and

large stout
non-functional

teeth, about
small

jaw.
upper

Traces

teeth

have

been

reported

from

jaw.
224.

Physeter
SPERM

catodon
WHALE

Linnaeus

Physeter catodon

Linnasus, Syst. Nat.,

ed.

lo, vol.

I, p.

76, 1758

Physeter macrocephalus

Linnaeus, ibid.,and

of various

authors.

Type
Linnaeus
ashore in
to

specimen:
the the
seems

"

'No

type

specimen by
there else

exists.

The

name as

was

given by
been
the that
cast

cetacean

described
In
to

Robert
was a

Sibbald
school

having
Whale,

Hebrides.

this

case

of them,

and
so

scription dethe

applicable
familiar
P.

nothing

than

the

Sperm
the

name

P. much

catodon, coming
more

first in Linnaeus's

work,

must

vmfortimately displace species is

almost

the

macroceplialus by which

versally uni-

known.

510

THE

MAMMALS

OP

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Description:
"

The

enormous

head,
blow-hole

comprising neariy
on

third
the

the snout,

total the

length, with
presence for
a

the
a

asymmetrical
of white

the the

left side

of black

of

low
amount

ridge-like dorsal

fin, and

entirely
the

color
to

except

certain

marbling

about

lips, suffice

identify

this whale. Measurements:

over
"

The

adult
head

male with

reaches

length
upper
on

of

fiftyfeet
each
snout

or

slightly
truncate

and and

has

an

enormous

overhanging
25-27
the

lip,squarely

snout, female instead

narrow

lower

jaw with
30 the
"

about

teeth

side of it.
more

The

is much

smaller, about
while
and pass
must

feet, and
are more

end

of the
and

rounded,

of square,

teeth

slender

recurved.
at

Occurrence China
or seems

Habits:

Undoubtedly
coasts
so

Sperm
on

Whales their
The way

times
north

enter

the

Sea

and

along the
have

of China in
a

in

spring,
record
came

at

least
to at

they
that

done

times

past.
whale

only by

actual

be

of Chi

Ping (1924) of
The
the

"young
map

(Physeter)" that
Dr.

ashore

Tinghai, Chekiang. showing

over

splendid monthly
indicates

prepared
of

Charles Whales

H.
as was

Townsend,

in

color

distribution
that the

Sperm
this

plotted
common as a

from

11,000 eastern to

records,
coast east

in

summer

species
He

off the
as

of

Japan,
the China

on

so-called Hawaiian
and

"Japan
Islands.
of the

Grounds,"
shows

well

farther

the

approaching
for

the Sea

scattering of winter

records
"

north

Philippines.

Specimens examined:

None.
MYSTACOCETI
WHALES

SUBORDER
WHALEBONE

The

suborder

Mystacoceti
the

includes
are

at

least three

families

of

bone living whalea

whales, in which
series of whalebone

teeth

lost

by resorption before
down

birth, while
ranks

plates is formed,
mouth

hanging

in two

lengthwise
ends

into the form whales The

a a

capacious
sieve

cavity.
the minute
out

The

frayed and
and

tangled
small

of these

plates
the

by which
are

crustaceans

fishes, on

which

chiefiyfeed,
few
that

strained
records useless

before

they

are

swallowed. China
are

published
it is almost three the

of larger Cetacea
to

for

of

so

indefinite
ably, Probmay

nature

attempt
be

an

identification
to
occur.

of them.
These

however,
identified

families

should

expected
also

be

by

following key, which

gives the

obvious

generic and

distinctions. specific
Key A. Lower
a. to

Whalebone
a

Whales

to

be

Expected fin.

in

Chinese

Seas

back

without and
narrow

triangular projection or
lips
ends
much up

Upper jaw plates very

the black

lower but

arched, whalebone
to
seven

long,

feet, both
thick and

plates and

frayed

black,

body

in color, or

white-marbled

below

Family Balaenidas, Eubalwna (Bonnaterre), Right glacialis

Whale

THE

CETACEANS

511

b.

Upper
short

jaw
and

and

arched, lips slightly

up to

whalebone

plates
whitish
two

broad,

about

two

feet, dull

throughout, longitudinal

body
grooves,

long, tapering, throat

with
gray

body

color

mottled

Family
Rhachianectes

Rhachianectidse,
Whale

glaiicus (Cope), Gray

B.

Lower vertical
a.

back
fin

with

triangular projectionor
fourteen

well-defined Finbacks Family Balaenopterida;,

Throat fin
a

with

about

lengthwise

plaits,dorsal
very

low, irregular projection, pectoral limb

one-third
more or

long, about
color

the

total length of body, with white

body

black,

less mottled

Megaptera

nodosa

(Bonnaterre),
Humpback

b.

Throat

with

many fin

more

than

fourteen

lengthwise
hooked

plaits, dorsal backward, length.

a'. Sides dorsal a". A of

well-defined, somewhat
limb about
an

pectoral

eighth of total

upper

jaw

tapering evenly
white the band

to

the

tip, Balanoptera
and B.
acuto-rostrata

fin large, falcate, body broad

to

below

white about ends

across

pectoral fin,

length
its

twenty

feet, whalebone

frayed

yellowish white

Lac6p6de,
Piked Whale

Little

b".

Pectoral
1.

fin all dark-colored

to

above.

Smaller, length

fifty feet, whalebone

fine and white
....

black, its frayed ends

2.

B. dark

borealis

Lesson, Sei Whale

Larger,
with their

to

sixty-fivefeet, whalebone partly

ends
or coarse

many

wholly white
and

blades,
B.

frayed

dull whitish. from

the

physalus (Linn.),Finback

b'. Sides dorsal

over

of upper

jaw bowed body

outward bluish
to

tip,
all
on

fin small,

mouse-gray

except

for

irregular blotches
and its

of

white

throat,

whalebone

frayed

ends

black Sibbaldiis musculus

throughout

(Linn.),Blue
Whale

Although
to

century
whales
were

or

less
well

ago, made

before out,
a

the

characters
names

of

the
were

different

species of large
members
of

great many
from number

applied
of

this group,

it

now

becomes others

apparent
that
to

the

work

True,

Lonnberg,

Harmer,
their

Andrews,
characters

and
are

the
a

of distinct
amotmt

species

is small, while
so

subject

certain
as was

of variation,

that

it becomes

increasingly
can

doubtfiil that

whether,
will

formerly

believed,
graphical geoeasy

any

reliable
races

characters in the

be

found
oceans.

satisfactorily distinguish
this is not
whales
are are

different
very

Nevertheless,
of

always

to

demonstrate,
and

for because

few

specimens

Pacific

preserved in
difficult
even

museums,

of their
In such

size adequate

comparisons
range

between

specimens.

large animals,

too, the

of individual

varia-

512

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

tion is likelyto be nvimber of

museum

proportionate, and specimens.

suffice
here
to

can

hardly be determined
lack the of

from
a

the

limited
nature

In

the

anything

of

definite

available,
with
the

it must

indicate

expectation
at

that

if future

species of probable investigations reveal actual

Atlantic

occurrence,

characters

distinguishing Pacific
former The arched will prove

from

the

longer-known

representatives, the

best

only

raciallydifferent.
narrow

Right
rostrum

Whale,
for

distinguished by its long

accommodation,
characters
seas was

baleen
Balcena the

plates and
sieboldii

their of

named

by

Gray,
for

on

the

basis

supposed
in the

supplied by Japan.
Atlantic

Japanese

animal,

it is

frequently
how far it

taken

off
the

It is altogether

uncertain,

however,

really differs from

species,Eubalcena

glacialis

(Bonnaterre).
The

Gray
Dr.
on

Whale,

Rhachianectes Andrews

glaucus (Cope),
at
as

was

gated especially investi-

by monograph
the
but
two

Roy
the

Chapman
the

the

Japanese
type
of
a a

stations,

and

in

his

species,he regards it
or

the

family distinct
dorsal
coarse.

from has used

Right Whales
throat
to
as

Finbacks. while

Exteriorly it lacks
is

fin, and
It

grooves,

its whalebone

pale
west

and

formerly
fotmd it

abound far south whether

in winter
as or

along Japanese
it
occurs

the

California
on

coasts, and
side
as

Dr. of the

Andrews Pacific. be

the
not

coasts

the

It is tmknown looked The muscular

to

in Chinese

waters

well, but

it may

for. Finbacks
as a

group under

are

recognizable by
of the
a

their

many

longitudinal
the

plaits on
a

the

side
at

throat,

an

adaptation allowing them expelled through

contained
are

engulf

great body

of water

time, which
fish
or

is then

whalebone be swallowed. The its very while

at

strainer, and

the

small

crustaceans

left to

Humpback
the

Whale,

Megaptera nodosa
a

(Bonnaterre), is remarkable
the

for

long pectoral limb, nearly

same

third
are

length of

the

entire

animal,
the

time the

the

throat

folds
at

few, about
lower

foiorteen

between

pectoral limbs, and

often and of in the Atlantic

fibrous This

"fin"

the

part of the back

with

is low, and

irregularshape.
fish northward This
that
was

species is
to

fairlyeasy

it is found
in
summer

be and

somewhat

to capture harpoons, migratory, following schools to

of small in
p. and

retreating somewhat
which
west

the

southward

winter.

is
he

possibly
saw one

the
or

species concerning
two
some

Swinhoe
coast

(1870a,
of Hainan,

231)

wrote
one

large

whales

off the
who adds

that

taken up the

there bones
is

by

fishermen,
manure.

tried out
that

the
seems one

oil,ate
to

the

fiesh, and
in these

ground
seas,

for
seen

He

it

winter

and

in

May
He

accompanied
in

by
in

its young the

in Namoa
set

Straits

near

Swatow,

remaining

those
a

waters

imtil

northeasters Chinese

in

diiring late October.

mentions

reference

the

Repository,

THE

CETACEANS

513

of

November,

1843,

to

"Notices
of that

of the

the

whale-fishery
(not

in

the

Chinese

Seas,

as

conducted The

by
large
p.

the

Inhabitants
Whale

Coasts"

seen).
in

Finner from

Gray
vertebrae

described
sent

1865
Formosa

(Proc.
by

Zool.

Soc.

London,
was

725),

cervical
the it to hence

from

Swinhoe,

with

little

doubt

Common
be

Finback in it that B.

Whale,
the

Balanoplera
second and

physalus,
cervicals

although
were

Gray

supposed united,
indicates
for
prove

different,
he called

third

partly
the

and

swinhoii.
may
was more

True's

monograph
there
a seem

of
no

species

how

wide

individual
that this

variation

be, and
than the in

good

grounds
this will

supposing
to

specimen
most
common

variant.
cetaceans

Probably
in Chinese

be

one

of

the

of that

large
years

waters.

Swinhoe
to

states
a

(1870c,
whale

p.

652)
at

past
after gave
one

some

Americans
two

undertook found
were

establish whales
sort
or

fishery
for their
whose which

Swatow
purpose

but and

or

captures
doubt
that these of Licent
no

the
some

useless

it far
the

up.

No
than

of

finback, Whale,
a

thin

blubber
were

yields

less
ones

the

Sperm (1924)

the

Right
that

probably

sought.
but

mentions of its

"whale"

went

ashore

lately

at

Chef

00,

gives
Other

indication fin whales

species.
to coasts.

common

cooler

waters

all

over

the

globe

will
a

be

found
one,

in

time

along
feet

the

Chinese
taken
at

Sowerby
and

(19241)
for

mentions the
a

young
at

fourteen

long,
He

Amoy,
it
as

preserved

Museum

Amoy

University. resembling
whose

speaks
Common

of

Balcsnoptera
but

Iborealis,
with

medium-sized
black pure

species
whalebone,

the

Finback fine
and

smaller,
and

deep

frayed
latter
streaked

ends the

are

wool-like,
are

contrastingly
or

white,
or

while
more

in

the

whalebone

plates
with
and

all

white,
white
or

all

dark

purplish,
bands,

often

lengthwise
ends
coarse

narrow

purplish
small

and

their
acuto-

frayed
ro

bristly
is
common

dull

whitish. often feet

the

The

Balcenoptera
and is
across

strata

along
much

rocky
exceeds whalebone

coasts,

entering
in

bays
and bar

coming

close

in

shore. its all

It

seldom

twenty
and

length
white the

easily identified
the

by
fin.

yellowish-white
the
be

wide

pectoral
mammal,

Finally,
to

Blue
common

Whale,
at

Sibbaldus times in
a

musculus,
the North

largest hving
and is 80 of

is known
range. may

in

Pacific
may

cosmopolitan
or,

Its

extreme

length
records,
of

straight
more.

line
head

exceed

feet,
with

if

one

believe
bowed

the

even

Its

is of

distinctive
rostnim.

the

wardly out-

instead

nearly

straight

outlines

the

CHAPTER

ORDER

NOMARTHRA

SCALY

ANTEATERS

OR

PANGOLINS

In
group broad

older of
the

classifications
order scales

the

pangolins
characterized

were

regarded
by
their

as

an

Old

World of

Edentata, arranged
tongue,
of
break

external
the

covering
small

homy long
median
and

in the fore
open

regular
lack
of

overlapping
teeth,
can

series,

conical

head,
of
the

extensile claws
serve

and
be

by

the

great
back
these

development against
insects
to

the

foot,
the

which
nests

doubled for
these

the and

palm,

to
as

of

termites,

probably
American
the

ants

well,

form
are

their
so

food.
many

In
and

spite

of

similarities

the
as

anteaters, of
a

there the

important
of

differences,
vertebree
current correct at
a

such
the

lack
the
to

clavicle,

difference in the

in

articulation
and

the
that

of
usage in
remote

lower

back,
them both
as an

external
a

genitalia
order.

male,

others,
is

assigns regarding period

distinct
as

Nevertheless, related,

Winge

probably
arisen

groups offshoot

distantly
of the

perhaps
that

having

Insectivora

became
These

specialized
insects
so

for

living
the animal

upon

ants

and form

especially
an

termites
and

(white dependable
on

ants).
food

within
any

subtropics becoming uncertainty

to

abundant
to

supply,

that

adapted
as

live

exclusively
It

them

is thereby
a

freed

from claw

future

to

its

sustenance.

needs other

only

specialized
have taken

development
in the

help
teeth,
that

in
the
serves

securing

this

food,
of when

but

changes
and

place
and the in
on

loss flat
or

of

development
as a

the

tongue
the

salivary
rests
on

glands,
its
it

broad

tail in

prop

animal

haunches
up,

digging, being
is

part
for

to

fold is

about

itself of

as

protection
offensive

when action.

curls Its

disturbed,

it

incapable

much

scaly

armor

unique

among

mammals.
The
to

pangolins
parts

are

all Asia

included
and

in Africa

the
south

single
of the

family
Sahara.

Manidae,

confined

the

warmer

of

of

Family

MANID^

PANGOLINS

The

family

has

lately

been

studied
S14

by

Pocock

(1924)

who

regards

the

THE

PANGOLINS

515

several
are

distinct
more

types
obvious

composing

it

as

the the

representatives of six
longer-tailed
arboreal
two

genera.

There
the in may

two

modifications:

types, and

shorter-tailed

ground-living forms,
to two

of

which

apparently
Manis and
on

species

occur

China,
be
known

assigned by Pocock by
the
Key

genera,

Phatages.
his

These

following characters, based

to the

in part
of

key.

Genera

and

Species
a

Chinese

Nomarthra

A.

Median

row

of

scales end

consisting
of the
not

of

single

series quite to the short

and

tail ; xiphistemum

spade-shaped,
rods

produced
back
to

as

two terior pos-

long slender
ribs
a.

extending

the

Subfamily
ear a

Maninse

(the Asiatic

Pangolins)

External

well-developed flap; a
male

tinct dis-

post-anal depression in the

bones
much

; nasal

wider

posteriorlythan
smaller,
skull

in front
.

Manis

pentadactyla

a'. Size

averaging

length
M.

usually less than

b'. Size adults b. External

averaging

83 mm larger, skull
mm

pentadactyla dalmanni

length

in M. p. pusilla

usually exceeding 83
ear a mere

thickened in
same

ridge;
male;

no

post-anal
bones

depression

the

nasal

of practically the

width

out throughPhatages crassicaudata

Genus
Manis

Manis

Linnaeus

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. Brisson, Regne Gray,

Hand-list Anim.

lo,

vol.

I, p. IX

36, 1758. distrib.,Quadr., ed. 2, p. 18, 1762. Brit. Mus., p. 8, 1873. and Mamm. Rum.

Pholidotus

in Classis

Pangolin

Edentate,

Thick-skinned

The

general characters
their

have

been

already indicated.
in

The

Asiatic

golins pan-

differ from continued

a

African
to

relatives
end

having

the

median
in

series of scales
latter

in

single series
near

the

of the
a

tail,whereas
double
of them

the

there

is

sudden shows

transition
numerous

the

to tail-tip

series.
of
a

The

curious

conical
such the

skull
as

peculiarities, many expanded

at

primitive

sort,

the

large nasals, broadly

in

the

base, the
the

frontals

exceeding

parietals
on

size, the hand,

large

the

other
lower also

it is

ring-like tympanic specialized in the complete loss of teeth, reduced supraoccipital, and
backward tubular

bone;
size
The the
are

of the

jaw,
has

and

in the

jugal
lack

been

lost, the

prolongation reduced orbito-temporal fossa is much

and in the

of the

palate.
through squamosal
is
a

of

strong

jaw muscles,
very

maxillary
In
narrow

process

and

the

in

consequence

nearly
ear
a

contact.

typical Manis, flap of skin,

A Manis

there but this

fairly

well-marked
in the

external
genera
race

formed

by

is reduced

related

to

mere

thickened

ridge. by

single species only is known, petitadactylapentadactyla.

smaller
race

typical

of
on

which the
on

is

Formosan,
mainland

It is represented

Chinese Hainan.

and

by

another

slightlydifferent

form

5i6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

225.

Manis

pentadactyla
CHINESE

dalmanni

Sundevall

PANGOLIN

Manis
Manis

dalmanni aurila
Western

Sundevall, Kongl. Joum.

p. 352,

Vet. -Acad.

Handlingar

for

1842, Stockholm, 1836.

p.

278, pi. 4, fig. 10, 1843.

Anat. and

Hodgson, Yunnan,

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal, vol. 5, p. 234,

Anderson,

Zool. Researches

1879. Mag.
p. Nat. 1922.

Manis

pentadactylaCantor,
Hist. Nat., Madrid,
vol.

Ann. 22,

Hist.,

ser.

i, vol.

9, p.

482, 1842.

Cabrera,

Bol.

Real

Soc.

Esp.

169,

Pholidotus
p. 234,

kreyenbergi Matschie, 1908.

Wiss.

Ergebn.

d.

Exped. Filchner

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10, pt. i,

Manis Manis

(Pholidotus) kreyenbergiMell, Arch.

f. Naturgesch.,
Amer.

vol. 88,

sect.
no.

A,
429,

no.

10, p. 32,

1922.

pentadactyladalmanni

G.

M.

Allen,

Mus.

Novitates,

p. 6, 1930.

Type specimens:
he based Canton." skin without
his
account

"

When
on

Sundevall

described

and the

named

Manis
as

dalmanni,
prope
a

three

These
rostrum

three

specimens, giving be specimens, which may

Museum,
be the it

habitat
taken
was one as

"China,

cotypes,

were:

in the Stockholm surmised

Formosa

which
same

apparently
that Dalmann

without had

label, for Sundevall

written
was

might
a

about

from

nearly
the
at

hundred

years

before; the second

the

men speciwas a

of unknown d'Histoire from the

origin, in
Naturelle China.
author

Copenhagen
Paris, where
this last
states
was

Museum;
it had the
he

third received

in few

the
years

Museum

been

previously
since mainland

Since

only specimen describing

the
the

of known

origin,and
of the
The

expressly
China,
the taken

that

is it
as

pangolin

of South

I would
race as

designate

lectotype.
as

type
has and

locality
shown,
to

of

Manis

pentadactyla pentadactyla, is,

whence became
cover

Thomas

be

Formosa,
afterward

Bontius,
the both
armor

in

scribed 1658, dename.

figured a specimen
"

that

basis

of this of

Description:
to

The the

large scales
head
may

completely
the
or

sides is
on

the

tail

its base, but

on

and be

body
darker surfaces

protective
body

the
the

dorsal hair

side
that
or

only.

The

scales

lighter horn-color,
of the is either hairs bristle-like
worn

while

sparsely clothes plates of the back, flap. The

but the

the

under A

grayish white
between
a

dull ochraceous

in color.
but

few
soon

scattered become
in
on

project
ear

the

these of

away.

The

is

well-

developed eighteen
tenth The

number about
and

scales fifteen

the the
or

median
head

line varies
and
on

somewhat
or

individually
on

averages

neck,
the

seventeen

body,

about
across

sixteen
the

seventeen
are

tail.

In

the

diagonal ring of scales

skull is smaller
than

body, there
Formosan
not

normally fifteen scales.

the

that former
to

of the
are

and

Hainan

races,

but

series of measiu-ements Measurements: about

than taken
a

of the

available. the and

"

According
than

Swinhoe,

typical

race

from of
a

Formosa

is size

third
South

larger

Amoy
animal.
and

specimens
The
are,

is constantly
measurements

larger

the

China

following

were

mostly

from

well-made

skins

therefore, only approximate:

THE

PANGOLINS

517

The

average

of

twelve
mm.;

specimens, including
tail,273.

the

above,

which

are

the

largest,is:

length, 712.5

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

MANIS

PENTADACTYLA

DALMANNI

Occurrence from
the the

and

Habits:
border

"

The

pangolin is found
to

all

over

southeastern
but does

China,
not

southern

northward

southern

Anhwei,
also
on

go

beyond
off the

Yangtze valley.
of the

It is said to be found Inland

are

the

island

of Chusan,
in

the

mouth

Yangtze.
whence

its range records

even

extends

southwestward

Yangtze

valley,
not,

there

for
to

Kiukiang,
in the

Nanking,
but

and avoids

Tatimg.
the of
Yunnan.

It does

apparently,
western

extend

eastern

Szechwan,

higher country
No

of doubt

China,
distribution

appearing again
is
to
a

southern

parts

its

very

largely determined
a

by

the

presence

of termites Alfred
six genera hard The wood
two

in sufficient
who
are

quantity
has made known

form

dependable
of which

food

supply.
writes

Professor
me

Emerson,

special study
China,

of this group,
one,

that in

of termites and

from

Kalotermes,

lives

is doubtless,

therefore,
to
are as

unavailable

to

the

pangolins
and eastern south-

for food. Termes

abundant

species seem
which north far

be

Coptotermes formosanus
over

{Cyclotermes) formosanus,
China,
the
former
as

widely distributed
Yangtze
from

the

Valley.
Suifu,
in the

One

species,
of the

he

writes, Reticulitermes
There
seems

chinensis,
to

is reported

southeastern range

Szechwan.
two

be

close

correlation

between

species first mentioned

Swinhoe

and that

that

of the
one

pangolin.
embryo
the
was

(1870c)
examined,

states

only

foimd nvmiber

in the

pregnant
He

females

he

and

this is

apparently

usual

of young.

518

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Fig.

20.

Distribution Manis

Map.

I.

M.

pentadactyla dalmanni

2.

M.

pentadactyla pusilla

adds
at
ran

that

in
but

June, 1867,
that these

he

purchased
stand

an

adult
were

female

and

three

little

ones

Amoy,
about
to

young

probably
on

from

different
The

parents.
names

They
are

actively and
be the fancied

would

their hind

legs.
and

Chinese

said

"chuen-shan-kia"

(or Hill-borer)
to
a

"ling-le" (or
the scales. larvae
are

Mountain

Carp)
that

from
p.

resemblance
that

carp

produced by
and
and

Sowerby
but also
carry
eaten.

(1925b,
Termites

151)

writes
eat

their ants;

food the

is termites
larvae

the

of ants,

they

will not
are

adult

of bees

wasps

abundant
up in

in the
trees.

country

it inhabits, and
a

they often
that

their

gallerieshigh
nests

There these

is also
the

species
reaches short

of ant

makes

huge
some

high

up

in trees, and its tail in from

a

pangolin
feet in

by climbing
as a

with

agility,using
live in burrows

prehensile fashion,
to

it is.

The

pangolins
at

eight
up the

twelve mouth

depth
hole
on

with

large chamber
to

the
are

end,
abroad
as

and

will block almost

as

of the and

returning
up.
on

it.
young

They
may

altogether by night,
but
are

sleep rolled they

are

The
the

be
back

many

two,

usually
bom from
the

one,

and

carried
year.

mother's

while

small. these

They

in the his

spring
and

of the
in

Mell

(1922)
where

ates corrobor-

observations
in

experience

Kwangtung,
are mm.

they

are

found
to

everywhere
Canton

hilly country,
He found
a

in winter
one

often

brought
in
an

alive adult

the

Market.

young

100

long

THE

PANGOLINS

519

taken

June
states

in

southern will

Kwangtung. disappear
readily
he but before
a

They
one's

are

excellent
in soft

burrowers,

and

Mell

that

they

eyes of

ground.

Captives
the mashed

that

he

had

would

climb One
raw

to

height
eat

eight meters,
boiled
sweet

chiefly by
potato,
The

help of the
and
esteem

tail.
with for

that
egg,

kept

would

mixed
them

it later
for up

died

of

threadworms.
are a

Chinese
in the

their
and

flesh, and
will pay
are

their
to

scales, which
dollars

much

used

native has
at

"medicines,"
that
a

eight
eaten

for

specimen.
the

Caldwell will in

mentioned times invade

pangolins
the
entrance

often
to to
secure

by tigers,and
scales.

natives
are

tiger'shaunts
at

the

They
states

also

taken

dead-fall
Mr.
are

traps

set

their burrows.

Clifford
be

H.

Pope,
in the

in

his

manuscript
to

notes,

that

pangolins
Chinese. climb
a

still to
are

found less
common

wilder, higher mountains

about

Futsing, Fukien,
the

but A

much

than he

formerly, owing
became
nest

their

by ptu-suit
and

captive specimen
tree

had
a

readily
claws
not
was common

fairly tame,
he had

would

small it open

with the

agility,for powerful
He did said it
be
a

termites' while find

very

suspended
was

there, ripping
the

with

the

tongue

busily licking up although Only

the

swarming
hunters

inmates.
knew
seems

it about
rare

Kuatun,

Chinese

it,and
to

there.
one

This
was

less

species in Yunnan.
Museum
to

individual son Ander-

secured

(at Talifu) by
that

the

American refers

Asiatic

Expeditions.
Manis
east to

(1879), however,
and and
states at

probably
common

this

species, under
the

aurita,
of Bhamo

it is

"very

in all the

hillycountry

the

still higher elevation

examined:
i;
"

of

Teng-yue-chow."
as

Specimens
Anhwei: Fukien:
Yunnan:

In

all,twenty-one,
i

follows:

Ningkwofu,
Futsing,
Talifu,
no

Wuhu,

(M.C.Z.).

12;
i.

Yenping,

5.

China,

definite

i locality,

226.

Manis

pentadactyla pusilla J. A. Allen

HAINAN PANGOLIN

Manis
Manis

pusilla J.
dalmanni

A.

Allen,

Bull. Proc. G.

Amer. Zool. M.

Mus. Soc.

Nat.

Hist., vol.
1870,

22, p.

465, pi. 69, figs.1-3, 1906.

(in part,
p.
as

Swinhoe,

London,
Mus.

pp.

236, 652
no.

to

Hainan).

Manis

pentadactyla pusilla

Allen,

Amer.

Novitates,

429,

7, 1930.

Type
definite
1902.

Specimen:

"

An

adult

skin

and Museum

skull

from of Natural

Hainan,

without

more

No. locality,

26635, American

History, September,

Description:
"

This

is

slightly differentiated
one

island
was

race,

characterized
It is obvious

on

the

basis the

of three

specimens, only
that the

of which
were

matvire.

from

description, also,
which will

specimens
the

compared
it is

with

Phatages small,"
an

crassicaudata,

account

for

belief

that

"very

520

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

excusable A

mistake

without

the

benefit

of Pocock's Clifford

later H.

review

of the

group.

comparison
shows

of the
that

series secured Hainan

by Mr.
is from

Pope with
except

his mainland
for
a

series
average

the

animal

quite
the

the

same,

slight bony

increase the

in size,as

will appear

measurements

following.

the jugal is either lacking altogether, or a minute it is present; at all events, the maxillary representing vestige probably

In

skull,

process

and

the

squamosal
them,
taken
"

process
or,

usually completely
if they the
do
not

bridge
a

the small

orbito-temporal bony element

fossa, their tips touching,

between
to

quite touch,

represent
none

jugal, completes the bridge.

of the

Measurements: the

Although
as

specimens taken
are

was

measured

in

field,the
The

skins,
ten

prepared, probably
average:

very
mm.

near

their

sions. original dimenwith The

on

largest
920

total

length, 820
and 290-350
on

tail,325,
the tail.

extremes average

between number with

18.6

755

and

for total median

length,

for and

of scales
at

in the

line is 16.4

head

body,

17.2

the

tail,

the

side of the tail.

MEASUREMENTS OP MANIS
Breadth of brain
case

CRANIAL

PENTADACTYLA

PUSILLA

Condylobasal

ZygoBasal
Palatal

matic
width

Length
of nasals

Breadth
of nasals

Length
of lower

No.

length

length

length 530 570 55-3 54-5 530 52.0

jaw 59.0

Sex

Locality
Hainan Hainan

60004 60017
60020 60006

84.0
94.0 90.0

81.4 87.0 85.0 84-5 83.0 83.0 84.0

80.2

34-5

37-5 42-5 39-5 37-5

29.0 34.0 30.5

33.0 29.0

14.0 14.3 14.2 14.3 13.5 15.4

12.2 1

36.5
350 370 35-5 350

65.0
62.0

cf 9 9 9 9 9

Hainan Hainan Hainan Hainan Hainan Hainan Hainan

895 89.0 89.0

91.0

62.5
60.0 61.0

60009
60010 60021

38.0
37-5 40.2 370 370

30.0 32.5 30.0 30.5

56.0 52.6

36.5
33-5

63.0
59.0

60015 26635

87.0

1.6

(type)
of

82.0

76.0

12.0

Average
firsts

89-1 Occurrence and

and

83.5 Habits:

54.1

35.4

38.7 H.

31.0

13.7

61.4

"

Mr.

Clifford
and

Pope
be in
in

found

pangolins
from

common as

about
many

Namfong
as

Nodoa,
for.

Hainan,
He

readily purchased
in

hunters

he

could

care

believes

it must

largely inactive
were

during the April

"In writes:

winter and
the

season,

for almost

all of those in December

brought
and
one

late He

March,

May,

but

only

one

January.
fresh

patches of jungle all

may

about

Nodoa,

numbers
a

of

perfectly circvilar clean-cut

earth
are

holes
up

be

found, generally going

These find holes
no are are

in at work

slant, with
of

often

piled
red
are

in front.
and

said to be the

pangolins.
hole into old

They
into

wonderful

diggers
soil. hunted taken.

in difficulty often found

making

deep
down

right

compact

Their with The

leading

graves.

They
it is

dogs which
Chinese
say

frighten the pangolin

that it waits for the

easily curling up beating of the heavy spring rains

into when

THE

PANGOLINS

521

before

coming

out

of its winter
and down. walks
on

retreat.

In
to

walking, the animal

speak.
The head

doubles low

the
with the

long claws
the
nose

under,
directed

its fist,so tail is held

is held

The
to

out

straight behind

parallel to

ground

and

is not

allowed
"

drag."
in

Specimens examined:
Hainan:

Twenty
i.

all,viz.:

Nodoa,

19;

Namfong,

Genus Phalages Sundevall, Kongl. Pocock,

Vet.-Acad.
Proc.

Phatages
for

Sundevall 258,
273,

Handlingar

1842, Stockholm,
1924,
p.

pp.

1843 (as subgenus,

"vel

Phatagenus").

Zool.

See. London,

723.

It for this

seems

very
as

doubtful
a

if

Sundevall, in writing "Phatages vel Phatagenus"

were

pangolin
as

subgenus of Manis,
supposed,
the latter
as

really proposing likely that

he
used

two

names

as
as

alternatives,
the

has

been

but
its and

more

the

former

native
name

name

and
a

Latinized
the second

equivalent.
is it is
so

However,

the used usage.

first
now

has the

Latin

appearance,

like

Phataginus,
to

for

African

species
out

P.

tricuspis,that
characters
a

better

follow

Pocock
and

has

pointed
to

the

chief external
as

distinguishing this species,

distinct
ear anus

proposes

regard it
greater
the

representing
of the

genus

from is

Manis,
a mere

acterized char-

by

the of

reduction

external above the

(which
in
at

fleshy
the

rim),
of the
on

the

lack

pit-like depression

the the

male,

lack tail

naked under

membranous

pad
instead
with
more

found

in
area

typical
is covered

Manis

tip

of the

the the

side, but
foot

this
more

by well-developed scales,
tail of from
are

and

hind
a

is covered and

scales.

The

Phatages
base.

is proportionally The the

little smaller
in the and

evenly tapering
the nasal

the of

skull
same

differs notably width

and

shape
truncate

of

bones, which
of
the

nearly
wider

throughout
beveled
to
a

posteriorly,instead
The relations
of in Manis with
a

being

posteriorly
foramen
canal for
are

median

point.

antorbital
very

also

slightlydifferent, for, whereas

of the
the branch

there the

is

short
over

the

passage

of the

fifth nerve, has

bony

bridge ridge

it smooth,

in Phatages forward The

across

maxillary
this and

process

raised

ventral

which

continues

bony bridge.
only species of the
genus

type

is Manis

laticauda

lUiger {=M.

crassicaudata

Geoff

roy).
227.

Phatages
INDIAN

crassicaudata
PANGOLIN

(Geoffrey)

Manis
Manis

crassicaudata

E.

Geoffroy, Cat.
Anat. Proc. and U.

Mamm. Zool. S. Nat.

Mus. Researches

d'Hist. Western vol. 75,

Nat., Paris, Yunnan,

i, p.

p. 213, p. 352,

1802.

javanica Anderson,
aurita A. B.

1879 (not

of

Desmarest).

Manis

Howell,

Mus.,

art.

81, 1929

(not of Hodgson).

Type

specimen:
at

"

The

type

is

presumably

mounted

in the

Museum

d'His-

toire Naturelle

Paris.

522

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Description:
already
from the the
common

Since
"

the

genus well of
to

is
the

now

regarded
It
may

as

monotypic, readily
be tail the

the

ters charac-

given

apply Pangolin
part;
of
a

as

species.
China

distinguished
with lower less

eastern

by
external

its

broader

taper

in the

terminal instead of
out.

by
naked
and

the

lack

of while

an

ear;

scaly

tip
in

of the

tail,

pad,
bony
color

the

skull the

differs infraorbital
brown.

conspicuously
canal,
as

characters

nasals The

bridge
is
a

across

already

pointed

general

similar

pale

Measurements:
"

This

species length (458

data

grows

to

larger body
of
a

size
26

than

Manis

penta-

dactyla. mm.),
to

Jerdon
and

gives
18

the

of

head

and

as

inches female

(about
he

669
found

tail,

inches
These

mm.).
were

The from

weight
Indian Calcutta

40-inch

be

21

pounds.
skull

specimens.
measures:

The

of basal

specimen
94.8; 46.5
;

from

near

greatest
across

length,

101.5 37

mm.;

length,
case,

palatal
of

length,
nasals,

60.5;
29.5
;

width combined

squamosals,
1 1
.

width

of

brain

length

width,

Occurrence and the Indian it

and

Habits:
"

This
eastward

is

chiefly
to

an

Indian
border Manis who

species,
of

from

Ceylon
where dalmanni

peninsula
very

the

western

China,

apparently
in with about
extreme

slightly
Yunnan.
wrote

overlaps

the

range

of

pentadactyla
confused
to

western

Anderson that it

(1879),
to

this the
low

species
coimtry
not
cending as-

Manis Bhamo
to

javanica,
and
to

"appears
spurs

be

restricted

the

outlying

of the

the

Kakhyen
One
rather in

mountains,
the
U.

any recorded

great

elevation"

like Howell

other. is and

S.

National

Museum,

by

A.

B.

(1929),
Tengyueh

more

definite

record,
from

having
either

been
the

purchased
Salween
or

between

Yunlung,

"undoubtedly

Mekong

river

valley."

Specimens

examined:
"

None.

CHAPTER

XI

ORDER

RODENTIA

GNAWING

MAMMALS

One

of the

most

abundant the and the of the

row

of

the

groups of

Hving to-day,
their

the
a

rodents

are

readily distinguished by
chisel-like
the The but

arrangement
another

teeth, with
a

large pair of
ating separ-

incisors incisors

above

pair below, then

be group
out.

long diastema
loss

from

of molariform
can

teeth, with
traced
seems

of the

canines.

geologicalhistory
even

rodents the

back
to

into the
have been

early Tertiary,
already
is
the

at

that

remote

period,
lines

well

marked
divided

off, and
into
two

its various

blocked

The the

order

Rodentia
in upper

usually

suborders,
of
a

Duplicidentata,
the first

second the

distinguished by presence pair of very small incisors in the

suborder,
the upper the
a

first, or

jaw behind

pair, while
but
a

second

the

Simplicidentata, is characterized
It
was

by having
in view
known

singlepair in

jaw.

proposed
and the

by Gidley that,
with the lack

of the

many

peculiaritiesof
be
the
two

Duplicidentata special order,

and

of
to

connecting links, they

the

made

Lagomorpha, Gregory,
in

include

mouse-hares,
out

and the

rabbits
suborders

their
so

kind.
many

1910,

however,

points
"a

that

have
a

points in
deciduate
sack

common,

including
a

typically complete
a

uterus

duplex, (D
in L

discoidal

placenta,
the
with

small

allanto-chorion, lies,nineteen

large cup-shaped
12,

invaginate yolk 7), and

four
combination

in which

embryo
five view

dorso-lumbars
"not found

endoturbinals

scrolls," characters
of these
and other

this

elsewhere,"
better
to to

that,

in
the

correspondences,
the
same

it

seems

emphasize
other them

essential

relationships of
them group. in the

duplicidentate
order,
rather

mammals than
to

the

rodents

by
as a

including
separate

sever

altogether

SUBORDER RABBITS, HARES,

DUPLICIDENTATA
AND

MOUSE-HARES

The

suborder
or

contains

but the

two

living families, comprising

and rabbit group. An

respectively analysis
mouse-

the mouse-hares of the

skeletal

pikas

and

hare groups

excellent

characters

of these

is
523

given by Lyon

(1904).

The

524

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

hares Asiatic the

have

become

adapted

to

somewhat of their
broken In
own

fossorial

type
but

of life,some

of the

species living in
under

burrows

making,
with
eyes

others, including all

at
a

American

species,live among alpine conditions.

ears,

slide rock,

usually
this that

considerable of life,they

altitude
have

accordance
no

type
are

small, rounded
to

short
to

limbs,
see

tail,and

partly rotated
loss

dorsally

enable

the

animal The

what and

is overhead,

resulting in the
other

of

postorbital
some

processes. make

hares

rabbits,
are

on

the

hand,

although
have

of them

shallow

burrows,

essentially surface-livers, and through

ears,

specialized their
limbs
eyes, for

structure

in accordance, the
a

the the

lengthening
lateral
half

of the

hind

leaping,
the

the

elongation of
to
see

and

position of the
on

enabling

animal

in

large part
be attributed obvious

of

circle

each

side.
an

The

great shortening of the

of semi-fossorial
as

tail may The

to

its reduction of the

through
two

ancestry
are

types.

characters

families

contrasted
Key

follows:
Families
not
of

to

the

Chinese

and

Mongolian skull with

Duplicidentata flattened
to
a mere

A.

Limbs
narrow

short,

ears

elongated, tail absent;

the

brain

case,

rostrum,

supra-orbitalprocess
behind

lacking or
root, front with
a

reduced

point,jugal
incisors
two

much
a

prolonged

squamosal

face of anterior

with
upper

wide

superficial groove,

their free with

a

edge

V-shaped notch, only

its hinder inner

molars, the posteriorone

B. Hind limbs

small

projection on
narrow,

side
case

Ochotonidas
not

elongated,

ears

long and

tail

short, tuft-like
incisors molars

; brain

flattened, supra-orbitalprocesses
behind the

well front

developed, jugal only slightlyextended

of
upper

squamosal
a

process,

furrowed,

but

their

edges forming

straight transverse

line

; upper

usually

three

LeporidiC

Family

OCHOTONID^

MOUSE-HARES

Asia

is the
if
so

home
may

and be

center

of

distribution
are

of

this in
a

group

of

primitive
others habit in-

rabbits,
Some

they
are

called.

They

found

variety
of

of country.

species
open

forest

dwellers, living
burrows

among and

thickets
runways among in

scrub;

flat
are

regions, making rock-living and

case

grass

patches,
and

while

others, again,
slide rock, in the
western
as

establish all the

colonies

boulders In

broken
occur

is the

with
as

open

Gobi,

as

well

at

species. alpine heights well above

the

American

Asia

they
levels

forest

in the

Chinese
range

highlands
wider in the Miocene
in

and
areas,

Himalayas.
their and remains

In

earlier

geologic times
to

their

covered
occur were

for

(referred
while Ice
the All

the

genus

Prolagus)
they
outposts
do
are

of France

Germany,
the
at

in the their

cene Pleistowestern

present
been

Great

Britain.

Since
so

Age
the

have extend

considerably withdrawn,
the Ural

that

present

time

they

not
now

beyond
in the

Mountains
Ochotona.

in

Europe.

living species

included

single genus

THE

LAGOMORPHS

525

Genus
Ocholona Pika

Ochotona

Link

Link, Beytrage
Tableau

z.

Naturgesch., MammifSrcs,
Anat. Nat.

vol.

i, pt. 2, p. 74, 1795. 1799. i, tabl. 20, p.

p.

Lac^pSde,
G.

des

p. 9, vol.

Lagomys Ogotoma
Conothoa

Cuvier, Legons
Ann.

Comp.,

i, 1800 220, 1904

(not Lagomys

Storr, 1780).

Gray, Lyon,

Mag.

Hist., -ser.

3, vol. 45,

1867. (subgenus).

Smithsonian

Misc.

Coll., vol.

438,

Externally these
limbs
rounded with the

animals

differ from

rabbits
than external the

in their

compact
hind

form, short feet, short

have

hind
and feet in

legs hardly
the

longer
of
an

fore,
tail.

short

ears,

absence

The claws

fore feet
for
one

five The

toes, the

hind

four, all armed

Mammas
are

with

curved
or

slender

digging. pair is

fur is fine and

and
one or

soft.
two

either four
skull

six, of which
and

inguinal,
arch

pectoral.
backward show
an

The

is flattened, of its in

the

zygomatic
as a

is
of

peculiar in
bone. reduced The

the

extension
advance

posterior angle,
the

long sliver
molar,

teeth

that

third

upper

already
the lower

in the
are

rabbits, is completely gone

reduced
=

in the The

mouse-hares,
dental formvda

while

premolars
incisors
the upper is

to

two

on

each
on

side.

is therefore:

i.f c.T pm.f m.f

a

30.

The

groove

the anterior
cement

face of the and filling,

than the

first the

pair of
inner
The

upper

simple depression
at
an

without

side

of

notch

it forms has
a

the

cutting edge
at

is shorter
on

outer.

first the has

premolar
third,
and

infolding of the
groove the

enamel
outer

its anterior
The
across a

face at about

inner
a

shallow

third.

second
to

premolar
inner side

long, nearly
tooth. the

transverse

fold, extending
other upper teeth

almost
have

the

of

the
across

The

three with

single fold, extending

thus
an

quite
the

tooth,

straight edges, forming

enamel
short and last will the
to two

excellent
In

triturating jaw,
next

surface first three

of alternate
has

hard
two

and

softer
and
one

dentine.

the

lower

premolar
teeth

outer,

inner,
of two
or

enamel

folds; the

(a premolar
each, and
the

molars)
is
a

consist

lozenge-shaped prisms
less

of enamel
The

tooth
serve

single,more identify subgenera

the the
at

pear-shaped prism.
and

following key
These may In the

to

Chinese

Mongolian
but
lationship. re-

species.
these

represent
prove

three

present
no

recognized,
very

groups

be

wholly
Ogotoma,
one

artificial, indicating
anterior

close

subgenus
in two of

boundary
that

of the
seem

palatal
to

vacuity
the each

terminates

notches,
what
were

in each

premaxilla,
distinct

mark
on

forward

extremity
median
with

originally two palate.

This
narrowness an

openings,
interorbital
in the

one

side of the
the

line
a

of the

subgenus

is also characterized
space.

by
The

large orbits,
Pika

corresponding
those

of the advance

subgenus

includes

species showing
they
are

condition

of the

palatal foramina,
form
a

in that

not

distinctlylimited
lateral boundaries
or are

anteriorly,but
converge

together
and
contact

pear-shaped opening,
meet
vomer,

whose

ward, for-

either
the

just behind
so

the the

incisive incisive

foramina,
foramina

practicallyin
distinct.
A

with

that

remain

526 step further

the of

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

is shown
and

by

the

members
are

of the

subgenus
to

Ochotona, for in these

a

incisive

palatal foramina
the

widely confluent, forming

forward the

singleopening
of the incisive

triangular shape, with

sides

tapering

front

vacuity.
Key A. Incisive
contact
vomer. a. to the

Chinese

and

Mongolian

Species

of

Ochotona

and with

palatal foramina
each other behind

distinct, the
the former,

premaxillae either
or

in the

in contact

with

Palatal of the width

foramina

ending anteriorlyin
width

distinct

notch

in each than the

premaxillas; interorbital
across

less distinctly

nasals

at

half their length and

summer,

Subgenus Ogotoma
terminal

colors pale in winter a'. Size large, of the

toes

pads
0, pallasii pallasii 0. pallasii pricei

evident

b.

Palatal

foramina

not

ending

anteriorly in
incisive nasals foramen
ears

notch
to the

in each tion constric-

premaxilla,but
width

the outline

tapering smoothly
at

separating the palatalfrom

greater than
without
a

openings ; interorbital
half their length in the anterior end
. . .

that small

of the oval

Subgenus

Pika

a'. Skull the a". b".

of

frontal; backs Smaller, hind

of the foot foot

not

red.

less than
more

30 30

(about 28)

mm mm

0.

hyperborea mantchurica
0. 0.

Larger,

hind

than

(about 37)

alpina alpina

alpina argentata

b'. Skull with

frontal a". h". B. Incisive and
;

small

oval

foramen

in the anterior
or

end

of each

backs

of the

ears

red,
ears ears

chestnut. 0. gloveri 0.
a

Smaller, backs

of the of the

dull chestnut

Larger, backs

bright ferruginous single

erythrotis

palatal foramina
or

widely confluent, forming

in

pear-shaped medially
a.

triangular opening; premaxillae not

the
vomer

contact

with

Subgenus
russet,
or

Ochotona

Smaller
gray.

species; pelage dark, bufly brown,

winter
30
mm.

dark

a'. In
foot

grayish brown,
or

in

summer

russet

above;

hind 0. thibetana and

races

less without
at

b'. In summer, b.

iron gray

reddish

tints,hind
gray to

foot, 32

0. roylei chinensis

Larger species ; pelage pale

a'. Muzzle b'. Muzzle and and

all seasons,
as

sandy.
0. dauurica 0. dauurica and
races

lipsof

same

color

rest

of head

lipsblack
228.

melanostoma

Ochotona Hist., ser. Mammalia, London,

(Gray) pallasii pallasii

3, vol. vol. for 20, p. 220, 2,

Ogotoma pallasii Gray,

Lagomys
Ochotona

Ann.

Mag.
Nat.

Nat.
Hist.

1867.
p. 17,

ogotona ogotona

Waterhouse, Bonhote,

Rodentia,
vol.

1848 (not of Cuvier).

1905.

Proc.

Zool.

See.

1904,

2, p. 210,

Ochotona

paltasi Thomas,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1908, p. no;

ibid.,for 1908, p. 982, 1909.

Type Specimen:
the

"

The

type
a

of

Gray's
and

genus

Ogotoma,

as

well

as

that

of

species Ogotoma

is pallasii,

skin

skull, No.

45.4.21.5,

in the

British

THE

LAGOMORPHS

527

Museum,
and

"bought from
to
come

the

dealer

Brandt
"

under

the
"

name

of Lagomys

ogotona,

said
same

from had

'Asiatic

Russia

Kirgisen'
for

(Thomas,

igoSe, p.

109). by
as a

The

specimen
ogotona, with

previously
he
not

served

Waterhouse's be

description of
as

Lagomys
Cuvier.
new

which
was

supposed
the
case,

it to
and

identical,
course

employed naming
of the

This, however,
was

Gray's
in

in

it

species
in

therefore

justified. Bonhote, by
the

his

review
on

genus

Ochotona 0. has

Asia, misled
synonymy these In

original determination ( =0.

dauurica),

the

label, placed

pallasiiin the
cleared
away

of 0. ogotona

but

Thomas

(1909)

misunderstandings.
winter

Description:
"

pelage

the

entire

upper

parts
blackish color
is

of

the brown

head and

and
the

body
with
a

are

pale
bases

gray,

the

hairs About forearms

ears

minutely
the

tipped with
quarters
the fore and

concealed
a

slaty. The buffy tint. bufifytinge.

The

hind
and

slightly brighter
are
a

the the

hind

feet
that

whitish
area

with

faint

are

like

back,
on

except
exterior

small

just
as

inside
a

the

posterior rim

and mark.

similar On

one

the

of the

pinna,

show

small

brownish-black

the

under short
a

side, the
whitish

slaty bases

of the
to

hairs

show

through
whitish

everywhere, surface,
down the little the

but

their
with

tips combine
wash
a across

give
below

general
and

marked

faint

buffy

the

throat,

continued
ear summer

median

line of the
of

body.

About

centimeter rufous

the In

is

curious

patch
is

appressed upwardly brighter,

the
a

directed

hairs. of

pelage,
on

color

uniformly
is

sandy

buff

instead
of
a

gray,

and

the of

lower
a

surface

there

only

faintest In both short

suggestion
summer

buffy
winter

wash,

instead
the

buffy

collar and
are

median

line.
with

and

pelages
terminal
means a

soles

of the

feet

thickly
are

clothed and

whitish

hair,

but
a

the

black

pads

of the
from 0.

toes

bare
to

show

plainly, forming
this

ready

of distinction

dauurica,

which, externally,

species bears

close resemblance Its skull is

in color.

noticed highly peculiar, a fact[

for
:

by Gray
used
as

as a

long

ago

as

1867,
The
;

when

he

erected

it the

genus

Ogotoma,

now

subgenus.

strikingpoints are
the

the

complete separation of profileof the slope

and

the

incisive and
the
a

palatal foramina
is
over

decidedly
with
a

arched

skull, in which

highest point slope behind;

diameter

the
paratively com-

orbit,

steep

anterior
of the the

hardly
the the

less of

the

large size
fossa
to

orbit, so
distance
on

that from

lengthwise
base of the

of the

temporal orbito-

equals

anteriormost

premolar
the

the

front usual
the

of the

groove

the

anterior

face of the

first upper

incisor, whereas
distance

in the from

condition

in other

species this diameter

to

about

equals

anteriormost

premolar
This is
a

the

back

of the

first upper Ten

as

incisor.

Measurements:

"

fairlylarge species.
were

of the follows:

largestmeasured

by

the

Central

Asiatic

Expeditions' collectors

528

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Occurrence Central from

Dr.

and

Habits:

"

This

coney

is abundant in Gun

in
an

the

Gobi,

and

the series

Asiatic

Expeditions
writes
two

succeeded

obtaining

interesting
and

various
R.

localities,particulariy at
that it is
a

Burte, Uskuk,

Artsa
Near young
were

Bogdo.
Tsetsen

C.
he

Andrews

true

rock-living species.
conies and The
drawn
two stones.

Wang
the

"caught the
of
a

specimens of
under
grass

adult

high
the

up

side

rock

peak

the and

loose flower

burrows

easily
holes

identified and found

and

by the piles of
characteristic
among

stalks At Gun

partly into
and

by

the

globular dung."
the

Burte
abundant

Uskuk,
remains

he

also

it

common

slide rock, and

had

found

of grass

flower
A

stalks

that

the

animals

dragged

into their holes.

specimen taken
the
stimmer

May

31, southwest appears and

21

of Tsetsen
as one

Wang, places
nose

is

just beginning
on

to

show
on

pelage, which
of the
taken

small
or

buffy

islands
in

the rostrum, middle of the

the

left side
In another
most

forehead

in

two

the

back. but
over

June
the

at

Gun

Burte,

the

and

face have

changed,
worn

of the

body

gray has

winter

fur still remains

though

and

ragged.
The

late

July specimen
eyes

completely changed.
in
a

unusually large

result

narrowing

of the

interorbital

region

THE

LAGOMORPHS

529

conspicuous in the skull,

Dr. Andrews
as

and the

probably indicate
two

more

or

less nocturnal
southwest
at

habits.

writes
as one

that
of the
are

adults
ones,
were

he

captured caught
A

of Tsetsen

Wang,

well that in

young

in traps
young

night, and
one,

he

concludes
was

they
the

largely
size Artsa

nocturnal. young

second

however,

taken

daytime.
the
1 same

These
were

were

taken

May
at

31

and

June

i,

and
at

others

of about and

obtained

June

21

Gun

Burte,

June 25

Uskiik,

July

1-24

at

Bogdo.
follows: as fifty-three,
22;

Specimens examined:
Mongolia:
Tsetsen Artsa

"

In all,some
Burte,
; Tuin

Bogdo,

13; Gun
11

Kholobolchi
i

Nor,

i;

forty miles southwest

of

Wang,

4; Uskuk,

Gol,

; Tatsin

Gol,

i.

229. Ochotona

Ochotona
Ann.

pallasiipricei Thomas
Nat.

(Ogotoma) pricei Thomas,

Mag.

Hist.,

ser.

8, vol. 8, p. 760, 191

1.

Type

specimen:

"

^An adult from

the

female, skin
mountains

and
west

skull, in the
of

British

Museum Kobdo

(originalnumber
basin of northwestern

208),

Achit

Nor,

in the

Mongolia.
The

Douglas
summer

Carruthers, collector.
no

Description:
"

type,

in
in

pelage, apparently differs in

size.
measurements

way

from

typical

0.

pallasiiexcept
"

slightlysmaller

Measurements: and its skull Skull:

:

Thomas of head and

gives the
body,
1

following
78
mm.

of
; ear,

the
20.

type

length

; hind

foot, 29.5

occipito-nasal length,
width,
24;

46.8

mm.;

condylo-incisive length,
width,
4.1;

43.6;

zygomatic
width,
cheek

length of nasals,

15.8; interorbital
of

parietal

19.6; palatilar length, 17.5;

length

palatal foramina,

8.6; upper

teeth, alveoli, 9.5.

Occurrence
and Habits:
"

This 0.

was

described

by

Thomas

as

distinct

species, distinguished from "humped"

It does
not

pallasii by
with

its smaller
the

size
in
are

and

slightly less
Museum.
more

skull
seem

profile,as
that Two
were

compared
characters

type

the
at

British best of

the

given, however,
from
northern

than and from

subspecific value.
Tatsin
the

specimens supposed
The second of the
to

Mongolia
are

(Tuin

Gol

Gol) which
Gobi

represent
was

this form, Achit

the When Nor

not

different Kobdo
an a

other Thomas

specimens.
mentions
a

type
from
eastern

from
to

in the
at

basin,
of

and

Suok,
Altai.

westward,

altitude
series

8,000

feet,

on

the

edge
type

eventually

of 0.
prove western northstand

pallasiifrom
that the

the

localitybecomes
claimed

available
are

for

comparison,
for would the

it may
of also

characters

by
case

Thomas the Gobi

valid
animal

animal

Mongolia,
as

but

in that

probably
0.

0.

p. pricei. Pending
in
a

further

study, however,
for

the

name

p. pricei may
from
extreme

be

retained

subspecific sense

the

Ochotona

of this type

northwestern

Mongolia.

530

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Thomas's

Ochotona

(Ogotoma) hamica, from

not

the

Hami
very

Mountains,
near

eastern north-

Turkestan,

although

Chinese,
to

comes as as

from
but the

the

edge of

MongoUan
from

territory,and

is also

be

regarded

distinct subspecifically Altai form.

which typical 0. pallasii,

Thomas

regards

Specimens examined:
230.
Ochoiona

"

None.

Ochotona

hyperborea
Ann.

mantchurica
Nat.

Thomas
ser.

(Pika) hyperborea mantchurica

Thomas,

Mag.

Hist.,

8, vol.

4, p. 504,

1909.

Type specimen:
British

"

The

type

is

skin

and

skull, original No.

Manchtiria.
russet

23,

in

the

Museum,
"

from
In

Khingan
summer

Mountains,

northern
are

Description:
on

pelage, adults
by
a

bright
hairs

above,

darkened
the

the

middle

of the
are

back

slight admixture
the

of black
on

hairs; below,
latter washed
at

sides

and

belly

paler, the light tips of

The
at

the

with
of

rusty

(ochraceous buff).
the

pelage throughout
this
season are

is

slaty
12 mm.

the

base

the of

hairs,
ear

longer
is doffed

of

which

about

long.
In

Inside

grayish buff, proectote

russet

black;
grayer
on

the

rim

narrowly white.
a

winter
ochraceous the

pelage,
and lower

the

for
gray

coat, head

being
and

mixture
and

of

pale

black back.

above,

clearer

the washed

fore back,

brighter on

Below,
In
the

dull whitish

with

clay
are

color

(Thomas).
a

skull, the
behind

incisive which the

foramina thin

distinct, together forming

single by the

oval

opening

edges of the
a

premaxillaries are
space,

practically

in contact, bone

being separated
them.
"

by only

minute is

which

is closed

overlying

The

palatal foramen
type
measured: the

large and
and

evenly pyriform. body,

the

Measurements:

The

head
taken

178

mm.;

foot,
Museum
mm.

28.5;
Asiatic

ear,

18.

The

largest of
northeast

series
was: a

by

American and

Expeditions
; ear,

of female

Urga
and 19,

length

of head

body, 185

foot, 25

19.

Another

male

measured

respectively:head

and

body, 172,

170;

foot,

25,

27; ear,
OF

19.
HYPERBOREA MANTCHURICA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OCHOTONA

THE

LAGOMORPHS

531

Occurrence southernmost
and

and

Habits:

"

This of
a

small
group The
race

dull-tawny
of lesser

mouse-hare

is perhaps
the been

the

representative
foramina

species retaining
in Amurland
has

incisive

palatal
names

distinct.
of

found

given
in
some a

several

by

Schrenck,
A in

which

the
from

first,cinereofusca,is retained
Amxirland is

subspecific sense.
of the

single specimen Mongolian

this
a

extremely

like

brightest according
as

the

series, but
difference
series
same

nevertheless
a

distinctly grayer,
one,
so

and,

to

Thomas,

is

uniform
near race

that the

he

tinguished dis-

0.

h. mantchurica range

from
name.

Khingan,
This miles

where

Siberian
extends golia, MonWest in the

Railway
westward

cuts to

the

of

the

apparently

the
Dr.

rocky Roy

regions
C. he
Andrews

some

forty-five
secured
a

northeast

of Urga,
1919.

where of this Gobi and of

fine series in July,

point, however,
other and

did

not

meet

with

it, but

its

place
to

is taken
eastern

by

species. The
grayer,

typical race
the
most

extends

eastward
0.

Siberia,

is smaller the

while

northerly is
richer-colored
O.

hyperborea kolymensis
Amurland and
race,

Kolyma
to

district, Siberia.
than

The

0.

h.

cinereofusca,is slightly larger

close
that

typical

hyperborea,

is

exceedingly

of Manchuria
young, of the be 145

and
mm.

northeastern in
were

Mongolia.
were

Well-grown by that
summer. one was

length,

taken
to

the

last of
russet

July,

and

time

most must

adults

changed
a

the

bright
for

pelage of
11,

This
taken and

carried
the
gray

for

very

brief

season,
was

by September
in
on

in fore

which back.

ftir of winter

coming

the

head,

shoulders

Specimens examined:
miles Mongolia: forty-five

"

northeast

of

Urga,

34;

fifteen

miles

northeast

of

Urga,

I.

231.

Ochotona
ALPINE

alpina alpina (Pallas)

MOUSE-HARE

Lepus
Ochotona Ochotona

alpinus Pallas, Nov. alpina Bonhote,

Spec. Quad,
Proc. Zool. Ann.

Glir. Ord., p. 52, pi. 2, 1778.

for 1904, p. 207, 1905.

Soc. London,

(Pika) alpina Thomas,

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

8, vol. 9, p. 408, 1912.

was

Type
Altai

Specimen:
of

"

Pallas's Siberia.

description
No

based

on

specimens
was

from

the but

Mountains
some

definite

type

specimen
the

indicated,
at

possibly
U.S.S.

of the

original material

is still in

Musevim

Leningrad,

R.

Description:
"

In
or

summer

pelage the
clothed with

entire
feet

dorsal
whitish hairs

surface
with within
at
a

is

uniform

ochraceous

orange
ears are

light ferruginous,
longer, paler buffy

the

strong
and

buffy

tint.
and

The there
ear.

thinly
of the
a

ochraceous and
are across

without,
base with

is

tuft

white

hairs

the

anterior
washed of

of the

Below,
there

tips of

the

hairs collar

everywhere
the lower

whitish throat

buffy,

and

is

well-marked

pale ferru-

532

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

ginous.
usual.

The

bases

of the

hairs

on

the

body

above

and

below

are

slaty

as

Specimens in winter
This

pelage
type
bent

are

gray

with

yellowish tinge.
the

species is the
is not

of the
or

subgenus
bowed,
and

Pika, in which
the

frontal

outline

of the skull
are

abruptly

incisive and

palatal foramina

separate.
Measurements:
"

well-made without the

skin

measvires

approximately

190

mm.

in

total

length;
Bonhote

hind

foot

claw, 37.

(1905) gives
interorbital
and

following cranial
width,
25; 6.

dimensions:

greatest

length,
upper

56

mm.;

basal

length, 46; zygomatic

width,
"

length of nasals, 18;

cheek

teeth,

10;

Occurrence mouse-hare
p.

Habits:

Very little is known

The

as

to

the

distribution of Thomas
at

of this

in

Mongolia.
five from
males

408), who
and

mentions

only specimens from

Kunderlun

definite

record Tannu

is that
Ola

(1912a,
8,000

the

from
at

6,000-8,000

feet,

three

Mountains,
These Katun be
are

Achit
to

Nor,

feet,
a a

in extreme

northwestern from
the
western

Mongolia.
Altai,
the

said

agree

very
as

well

with

specimen
topotype.

River,
found
to

regarded
occur

practically
suitable with

Probably
desert

species
to

will

in

places
the

along
race

the

ranges

the

southeast,
Kansu
as

intergrading
a.

somewhere

described

by Howell
seems

from
to

0.

argentata.

At

the

present

time,

however,

nothing

be known None.

of it in the

intermediate

localities.

Specimens examined:

"

232.

Ochotona
SILVERY

alpina argentata
ALPINE
Proc.

A.

B.

Howell

MOUSE-HARE Biol. Soc. Washington,

vol.

Ochotona

{Pika) alpina argentata

"

A. B. Howell,

41, p. 116, 1928.

Type Specimen:
National Collected

An
from

adult fifteen

female, skin
miles F. R.

and

skeleton. No.
of

240726,

U.

S.

Museimi,

north-northwest

Ningsia, China.

May

16, 1923,
"

by
this

Dr.
race

Wulsin.

Description: pelage, the

very much
coat

How

differs from
with the

typical 0. alpina is
a.

not

stated winter back

nouncedly pro-

by its describer, but, compared

is
a

closely allied 0.
the
as

nitida
over

in

paler silvery gray

Head Feet

"with

yellowish tinge
well
as

the
rump,

reduced.

paler, and
white
are

face,

the

hinder
and

yellowish.
nitida.
. .

above,
white

grayish below, tinged

with

longer
not

than

in

The
.

underparts

biiffy,and

strongly

ochraceous In the and the

as

in nitida." orbit is said to be foramina

skvdl the

markedly

larger than

in the latter race,

posterior palatine

longer.

THE

LAGOMORPHS

533

Measurements: measured 33-5. 33The 24; skull

"

The
as

type

specimen
head

and and

second
220,

from
208

the
mm.;

same

locality
hind

respectively

follows:

body,

foot,

of the

type
5.

measured:

total

length, 48

mm.;

zygomatic

width,

interorbital Ocairrence

width,
and

Habits:

"

The

record

of this
and

species from
is the
a

Ningsia
eastern

carries

the range
known.

across

from
are no

northwestern other records is

Mongolia,
for it.

most

extension
with

There would

While
that the

comparison
race

typical
is very

0.

alpina

be the

desirable, it

unlikely

0.

a.

nitida

different

from

latter.

Specimens examined:

"

None.

233. Ocholona
Ochotona

Ochotona Hist.,
ser.

gloveri Thomas
9, vol. 9, p. 190, 1922.

gloveriThomas, erythrotisG.
M.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat. Mus.

Allen, Mem.

Comp.
U.

Ocholona

(Ocholona) gloveriA. B. Howell, Proc.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 208, 1912 (not of Buechner). S. Nat. Mus., vol. 75, art. i, p. 69, 1929.

Type Museum, 1908, by

specimen:
from Walter R. A

"

An

adult

male,

skin

and

skull. No.
China.

13. 9. 13. 17,

British
10,

Nagchuka, Zappey.

western

Szechwan,

Collected

August

Description:
"

smaller, darker
In the
summer

edition

of

0.

erythrotis, to
is

which
a

it is

probably related.
gray
are

pelage, the general coloration

with
are

brownish
The
ears

above

("dark,
on

lined
the

grayish,
and the and At

black

tips
of

to

the

hairs").
short

dull chestnut
on

back,

sparsely clothed
base is
a

with
ear

ferruginous conspicuous
area

hairs tuft

the

inner

side.

anterior there the

the

is

of

longer, pale-buffy hairs,

the
ears.

poorly
hairs

defined gray
at

pale-buffy
the such

behind with
on

The

feet
gray,

are

gray,

separate
no

base, tipped
as

white.
the

Cheeks and 60 the

with

almost

admixtiu-e

of russet

prevails
dull The

muzzle
measure

forehead.
mm.

Vibrissas
the ventral

long,

some

white,
color and is their
rest

others

dark-based;

longest
whitish,

On the

side, the
or

nearly uniform
bases

with

tips of

hairs
from

white
the

buffy

slaty.

buffy
Soles

throat

is hardly

distinct
clothed The

color

of the

of the

imder

surface.
the
toes

of the obvious
The

feet densely
naked has

with
winter and 0.

short

brownish

hairs, the

tips of

with

pads.
the much the

pelage

is unknown.

skull

incisive
as

palatal foramina
there

separated
is
not
a

by

mere

constriction

only,
on are are

in

but erythrotis,

distinct

forwardly
latter. of the

projecting point
Small vacuities
but

front

side of the
at

palatal bar,
end of the

present
frontals

in the
in
one

present

the

anterior

the

specimens

lacking
than

in two

others, while

frontal

region itself is

paratively com-

wider

in the

larger species.

534

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Measurements:

"

The

collector's
in the

measurements
on

of

the

five

specimens (G.
M.

of

this
1

species were 2), namely:

published

report

Zappey's collection

Allen,

91

Occurrence the
appearance
summer

and
of

Habits:
0.

"

This

seems

to

be

distinct
a

species,with
instead

somewhat
of
are

but erythrotis,

darker,
size.

with The

brownish

bright
from the

reddish
western

pelage,
near

and
the

of smaller

originalspecimens
at

Szechwan,

Tibetan
R.

border,

where the

Nagchuka

and

Ramala

Pass, the
one

late Walter
was

Zappey
as

secured
the

five enumerated

above,

of which
and
a

(7589)
was

later described with

the

type

of the Museum.

species by Thomas,
The the

second
were

exchanged
from

U. S. National
10,000 to

Nagchuka
one

specimens
Ramala
same

altitudes
at
an

of from altitude

12,000

feet, but
Two

from
the

Pass

was

taken but

of

15,500

feet.
were

others
back

from

general region,
Dolan

slightly farther
in 1931, from

north,

brought
and

by the
and
are

Brooke

Expedition
of Natural

Romitchangu

Tapashan,

in the

Academy

Sciences, Philadelphia. Seven, including the type, viz.:

4; Ramala

Specimens examined:
Szechwan
I

"

(Hsikang): Nagchuka, (A.N.S.P.).

Pass,

i;

Romitchangu,

(A.N.S.P.); Tapashan,

234.

Ochotona
RED-EARED

er3rthrotis(Buechner)
MOUSE-HARE Przewalski

Lagomys

erythrotisBuechner,

Wiss.

Resultate

d.

v.

Reisen, vol. I, Saugethiere, p. 165, 1890

Soc. Washington,
vol.

(descr.);

pis. 21, 24, figs. 1-6, 1894. Ochotona {Ochotona) erythrotisvulpina A.

B.

Howell,

Proc.

Biol.

41,

p.

117,

1928.

Type Specimens:
listed
two

"

In

the
as

original description, no
the

one are

of the

seven

mens specinamely:
eastern

is mentioned

type,
three

so

that

all

seven

cotypes,
in

from
and

Burchan-Budda,
two

and

from

the
were

River

Dy-tschju,
by

Tibet,
the

from
his

Kansu,

China. into

They
eastern

collected In

Przewalski
the Kansu

in

course

of

expeditions

Asia.

describing

THE

LAGOMORPHS

535

animal

as

vulpina, A.
0.

B.

Howell

(1928b) likewise
that, in
as

fails to
to

mention
matters

any

type
clearer

locality for typical

for future Museum
eastern

erythrolis, so

order

make No. 1554

workers,
of the

hereby

designate
of

the

lectotype,

of the

ical Zoologin

Academy
most

Sciences, Leningrad, from

Burchan-Budda,

Tibet, since
is

of the

description

is based

on

this

specimen

and

its

skull

figured.
"

Description:
and the

In

winter
surface
or

pelage
of the
a

the

muzzle,
and

forehead,
limbs

sides
the

of

the

face,
are a

entire
gray
most

dorsal
more

body

(except
This

feet)

drabby
fact that

with

less

of

pale-buffy
of shorter
are

tint.

color
of which

is due the

to

the

of the

pelage consists
into here
a

slaty-based

hairs

exposed by
is

portion
a

is whitish, shading

much there

pale-buflf ring,
hairs
to

succeeded

brownish

tip. Scattered
but
to

and

whose

exposed portion
even

all brown,
gray
tone

they
the

are

not

numerous sufficiently

affect the
ears

brownishthe

upper
are

parts.

The

external

side
back
a

of the from

and

margin
the
rest

of the of the
a

inner inner
of

surface
side

bright ferruginous;
is nearly bare, with
at roots

the

margin,
hairs, and
The tint backs
on

of the

ear

few
of
a

whitish
ear.

there

is

tuft
are

long

white
to

hairs the

the

anterior

base

the

of the
the
toes.

feet The

pure

white surface

of the is wash
are

hairs, with

faint

buffy
a

ventral

of the
a

body
buffy
feet

uniformly
extends pure

whitish,
back
to

with the the The

slightly marked
in the hairs median

bvifTycollar from
area.

which
of the
are

belly
dense naked

The

soles hind

fore

white,
with

but

clothing
at

those

of the
the
summer

feet

slightlytinged

darker.

pads

the

tips of
In

digits are

visible. "the

pelage,
the

coloration dorsal
and surface
are

is

bright
the

and

uniform

reddish.
. .
.

This
ears.

color The but

covers

entire

of the

body, including
hairs

the

head

and
at

belly, chin, legs

the throat

feet

white,

being plumbeous 1928b,

p.
1

base,

is faintly
features the

tinged with reddish"

skull
are:

(A.

B. Howell,

17).

Characteristic of the incisive

and from

of the

the sides

almost

complete
latter

separation
the

palatal foramen,
in
contact

the

of the
the
one

tapering evenly
foramina;
anterior

forward,

practically
frontal.
diameter

just behind
two

incisive
in the and

long, parallel-sidednasals;
surface and the of each
The

and

the

vacuities,
skull is

dorsal

profileof the
the the base

evenly
fossa

slightlyarched,
very

longest
the the

of from

orbito-temporal
of the

is only
upper

slightly
to

less than
groove
on

distance

anterior

premolar

the

face of the
"

first incisor.

Measurements:
mm.,

Buechner hind
foot

gives
34-42 and

as mm.

measiu-ement

of total

length, 225-285
measured 215 "these 37.5 Museum

and

for

the and be

foot,
30

Howell's

specimens
the the foot

in

total

length,
to
as

34, in

according
the

to

collector, but
measures

figures seem
in both,"

inaccurate also
in
a

for

dried
from

skins

it does

specimen

Choni,

Kansu,

in

the

536
of

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Comparative
measures

Zoology.

In 35

three

specimens

from

northeastern

Tibet, the

foot

35.5, 38, and

CRANIAL

respectively.
OF OCHOTONA ERYTHROTIS

MEASUREMENTS

"

t5

-s

"

^aj

\S '5

5
-a

""

*s
J3

So
Jl

ij

f5

J3

"

19.8

23.5

5.3

18.0

14.8

10.5

9.1

9.0

Tibet

13.4 23.7

6.2

6.0 8.0 8.0

Kansu Tibet

5.8

Nomenclature:

"

With

the

receipt of additional
Tibet,
that the
named and

specimens
Choni,
is

collected

by

Joseph
B. Howell is

F.

Rock

in northeastern
not

from

Kansu,

by Robert
as

Ekvall,

it does

appear

Kansu it

animal

really different,
The states, and The with

supposed when, quite

the
same

in
as

1928, he
in the
show

subspecies vulpina.
as

ation color-

Tibetan that the

animal,
size

he

himself
the
same.

the chief

specimens

since

collected
was

is also Kansu

supposed palatal foramina,

were

difference

the

smaller
the

size of the

animal,
as

shorter series
at

but

probably
no as

specimens that sexually

served

the the

type

not

fully grown,

least, I would
Occurrence in the
border

though regard them all

and Habits:
"

doubt

mature.

For

present

constituting a singlespecies. large mouse-hare

thence

This

has
to

limited the

distribution
western

northeastern
of

part of Tibet, and

China.
gray

eastward
ears

extreme

Kansu,
otherwise from
an

Its

bright
The
and Kansu.

rufous

contrast

strongly

in winter

with ski and

area zone

the
were

pelage. localityin
and

originalspecimens collected
the River He almost
the
on

by PrzewalTibet

Burchan-Budda

Dy-tschju
that

in

eastern

from

unnamed
common,

writes

in the last-mentioned

it is rather

confined It

exclusively to the high alpine

most

from boulder

10,000

feet

upward.
it
runs

chooses about

desolate

rocky

places

and
very

fields where
and when

quickly

the

steep precipices. It is
with its

cautious

alarmed tell from

sits motionless,
a

body
out to

hunched
sun

together, and
on

is difficult to

small

stone.

It

comes

itself

bright
In

winter
so

days.
far
as

China,

known,
been taken

this
at

species is found Sining,

and
at

only

in

western

Kansu,
of Choni.
the
new

where The

specimens have example

from the

sixty li
20,

south has

latter

locality was

secured

July

and

THE

LAGOMORPHS

537

reddish

summer

coat

partly
visible the

grown. with
a

Many
lens. of well

of
Dr.

the

red
F.

hairs

are

minutely
secured
them the
on

tipped with specimens

rocky
Ho bluffs

dark very

brown,
near

Joseph
in grassy

Rock,

who

western

border

Kansu,
as on

Tibet, found

of sandstone
at

and

slate,

as

slopes of

Hwang

Gorges

about

10,500

feet elevation.

Specimens
north of

examined:
across

"

Foiir, including three

Chinese border

from

the
a

Hwang single one

Ho from

Gorges sixty

Radja,

the

in Tibet, and

li south

of Choni,

Kansu.

235.

Ochotona

thibetana
MUPING

thibetana
MOUSE-HARE

(Milne-Edwards)

Lagomys

thibelanus

Milne-Edwards,

in David,

Nouv.

Arch.

Mus.

d'Hist.

Nat.

Paris,

vol.

7,

Bull., p.

93,

note, foot-

1871. Lagomys
libetanus

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

pour

servir

I'Hist.

Nat.

des

Mammifferes,

p. 314,

pi. 48;

pi. 49, figs, i-ig,

Ochotona tibetana De

1868-74 (1874)Winton and Proc. 40,

Styan,
Zool. p. 207,

Proc.

Zool. Soc.

London,
vol.

1899,
2, p.

p. 577.

Ochotona Mus. Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona

hodgsoni Bonhote, Comp. Zool.,

vol.

Soc. 1912 Nat. II, p.

London, (not Hist., 663,

of
ser.

for 1904,

218, 1905

(in part). G.

M.

Allen, Mem,

Blyth).
9, vol. 9, p. 192, 1922.

zappeyi Thomas,
thibetana thibetana

Ann.

Mag.

Thomas,
sacraria

ibid.,vol. Thomas,

1923.

loc. cit.

Type
type
to

specimens:
but

"

Milne-Edwards his account of this

never

made

it

practice
from

to

indicate
sent

specimens,
Museum China.
of them

species
Pere

is taken

specimens
from
to

the

d'Histoire
In his

Naturelle fuller

by

Armand

David,

Muping,
be

Szechwan,
one

description, two
are

individuals

seem

cated, indi-

in alcohol, which
In

thus

both of

cotypes.
the

Description:
"

winter
a

the

general tips of

effect of

pelage
(about

above

is

buffy
nearly
of
an

brown,

produced

by
of

very

uniform
with

mixture
a

buffy-tipped
brown ochraceous brown
a

hairs
Mars

with

equal proportions

of those the
area

russet

brown and

Ridgway)
'

sides

head

of

slightly clearer
ear.

buff,
on

indefinite

small

buffy
and

behind
outer

each of

Ears

dark with

their

exposed
buffy
white.
collar the
area

portion (proectote
hairs Backs extends middle
at

edge

metentote),
with buff. A

tuft

of longer with

their anterior of
the

base, and

their edges very

narrowly

bordered

feet
the

whitish,
throat and

washed

well-marked
a

buffy
wash and band down the

across

continues
the dark

posteriorly as
sides
and of flanks

buffy

line of the
each

belly, while
the

chin, lower
of
area

the

limbs

along
are as

side
with

between the

the

the

median

of buff, with the buff

whitish,
well. The

last-named

sometimes
have

faintly overspread
concealed
clad when

hairs

of both The

surfaces

slaty bases,
feet
are

fur stiff

is not

disarranged.

soles

of

the

thickly

with

short

538

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

hairs, forming
toe,
be

pad

of dark and the

brownish;
well
dorsal

the
In

pad

of the

terminal

joint
which

of each
not

however,
attained
more

is naked till

visible.

summer

pelage,
darker,

may

June,
and and
more

coloring
over more

is much
the
russet

the

dark-tipped
the

hairs
tone

profuse,
the the neck
ears

predominating
shoulders obvious.
is
a

buff-tipped hairs;
brown,
and
the

general
collar

of

pale
the the

behind
under collar

The

chin
with

remains
ochraceous

whitish, but buff,

15
mm. mm.

entire
throat

surface is

of

the

body
The

is

tinged

and

nearly

russet.

winter

pelage
is much extended

is

long, about
about

in the

middle

of the

back, while

that In of of

of

summer

shorter,

1 1

Measurements: for the adds hind

29
mm.

"

his
a an

more

description, Milne-Edwards
150
mm.;
on a

gives
page
mm.;

total

length

specimen, barely
alcoholic
19;

succeeding length,
of the of the
so near

he

the

dimensions
31;
ear,

specimen, namely:
15. animal. The the

total

134

foot,

length,
Museum
taken
as

its width,

length
Dimensions from

hind

foot

is

in the
in may

natural-size the be

figure of
of

following Muping

specimens
that

Comparative
as

Zoology,

they

typical, are

follows:
Ear
"

Locality
Szechwan Szechwan Szechwan

"

"

The

cranial

measurements
or

in best

the

following
races

table of

are

those

of

various here
to
main re-

described combined
open

"species,"
for
most

at

geographical
In

this

mouse-hare,
seems

better

comparison.
animal's There is much

the

skiall the

basal may

suture

of the

life,so

that

growth

continue in the

long after
details
too

the

animal

is mature.

individual have
races

variation been

minute

of width

of nasals
in

and

size of bullae,that

used, apparently, with

great reliance

distinguishing some

of the

of this

species.

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OP

OCHOTONA

THIBETAN
Mas-

A Interorbital

AND

RACES
Lower cheek

ZygoGreatest No.
Basal

Width
across

Upper
cheek teeth

Palatal

matic width

toid
width

length

length

length

molars

width

teeth

Locality

7592 7593 7599 7594 7595

MCZ

MCZ

MCZ

MCZ

MCZ

7600
7129

MCZ

MCZ

38.5

31.6

14.5

18.6

17.6

ii.o

4.5

6.5

6.7

Hupeh

THE

LAGOMORPHS

539

0. thihetana

canstis

60405 60406 60407 60408 60410 6041

1

354

29.8 29.8
293 295 30-3

14
12

16.2 16.0

15.0

10.4
10.2

34-6
34-5
34-1

13 13 13 13

15-6
15-7 15-7
154 16.0

16.0 15.0 155

9.8
10.2 10.2 10.2

35-1

15-6
157

60412
144030
USNM USNM

35-5

31.0
303

14

10.8

36.6
34-3

144029

295

(type)
56854 56855 56856 56857 56858
of (t3T5e O.

40.6
40.0

4.0

37-6 38.6

37-6

morosa)

36.5

(type)

36.4

29.0

4.0

6.7

Shansi

(type)
27055
MCZ MCZ MCZ

350

36.0
350 29.5

27056
27057

Nomenclature:"
there Edwards may have in the
as

"Ihe been
a

type

specimen
one seems

of this with

species was
the The 0.

from

Muping,
by

and

second

sent to out

it, as

fuller account

Milnethe

"Recherches"
Thomas
to

indicate.

originalspelling of
thibetana, though
from the

specificname,
later work
seem

pointed
0. tibetana.

(1922), was
No but
as

in the

changed
to

other others

specimens
from

Muping
on

district west,

have
east

been may

collected,

nearby

localities
Thomas

the
a

south

and from
as

safely be
to

taken

representing it.
of which who
was

regards
with
for

specimen
the

Tatsienlu,

the

south,

the skull

compared
collected
a

type,

quite

the

same

(Osgood, 1932).
Zoology
in this

Zappey,
in

the

Museum

of
and

Comparative
north
seem on

region
and

1908,
in any
a

secured

small

series

just

west

of Tatsienlu, at Tachiao
to

Shuowlow,

which

after careful
way

comparison
others mountain size
are

be

identical, nor
massif

do of

they
Wa

differ

important
miles from

from sacred

taken Omei

the

isolated
to

Shan
There

few
very

the

Shan,

the

southeast.
or

are

slight differences
parts,
but

in

of very
as

bullae, width

of nasals,
and

in
can

measurements
see no course

of other but
Shuowlow
to

these

clearly individual

regard

all the

mens specisent to

representing 0. thibetana.

One

of the

specimens

540

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

the

British

Museum

was

subsequently
this
was a

described
adult

by

Thomas
so

as

distinct doubtless
others
to

species, Ochotona
the the describer series from and
was

zappeyi;
misled
same

large
it

specimen,

that

into

supposing
are

slightlydifferent,
I have,
as

for the
to

of the

the

place
be

similar obviously sufficiently

as

those

south 0.
a

southeast in the

to

regarded
of 0. Shan.

conspecific.
as

therefore, placed
on

zappeyi

synonymy from

thibetana,
This

well
was

0. sacraria, based
at

single specimen
by
of
Dr.

Omei H.

latter

examined
on

the

British

Museum

Wilfred

Osgood, who,
for the
a

in

commenting
To other
as

the

misleading
be added

practice
makes the
to
are

retaining
"if

binomials

slightlydifferingraces
this
doubt the sacred

of 0. thibetana,
may

this,
fact that

recognizable,"
from

subspecies.
Shan,
the
same

specimens
are

Wa

mountain
and

nearby
since there
gated safely rele-

the
no

southwest,

undoubtedly
barriers in
Dr.
to

0.

thibetana,
may forms

insuperable physical
to

between,

0. t. sacraria related
a

be
as

synonymy.

Osgood,
maintain

treating other
0.
cansus as

subspecies,
number of that

nevertheless that it is

continues

separate
of
a

species,believing large
indicates is
a

distinguishable by
most

smaller of the

size.

The

study
at

specimens representing
there marked is really but
race,
a one

supposed

forms, however,
best 0.

species,0. thibetana, of which

morosa

cansus

poorly
these

and

0.
more

another, hardly

more

distinct. the
many

By making
names

changes,

rather and

logical arrangement
cansus

of

proposed
out

is

brought about,
the
southwestern

Ochotona Chinese

stevensi of unless the in

Osgood
animal,

will

apparently represent
turn

form,
from

future

it may
to

that

the has

latter

is
the

indistinguishable
name

Sikkim

which

Thomas

given

0. sikimaria.
are

These

matters

discussed Habits:
"

further

under

the various in

subspecies.
the

Occurrence

and

Originally highlands
to

discovered

principality
the

of

Muping,

the

typical race
western

of Ochotona

thibetana
and

apparently occupies
from there
as a

higher
extends the
To

parts of the northward,

Chinese

center,

probably

nearly
0. t.
an

the

boundary
in the Min distance

of Szechwan, Shan

passing
Tibetan Shuowlow
arq
no

into

slightlypaler subspecies
the
as

cansus

of southern
the and

Kansu.

westward,

it extends

uncertain from

toward

border,

represented by specimens zappeyi).

the

Tachiao, Lianghokow,
of the
a

(type
records

localityof 0.
of

Eastward but

there originallocality, in the Museum

typical subspecies,
collected
to to

specimen
at

of

Comparative
R.

Zoology,
appears
seems

in mid-December the
same.

Fanghsien, Hupeh, completely

hitherto is foimd
grown
as

by
well Shan

W.

Zappey,
and
one

be

quite
most

It

is in

winter
as

pelage
the sole

be

the

eastern

specimen
that

taken,
on

for the

province. (1932,
both
p.

To

the

south, this form

Omei

and

Wa

Shan. labeled

Osgood
0.

326)

writes
from

specimens
refers

in the

British Divide from

the

Museum,
and the bend

thibetana, "are

mostly

the he

Mekong- Yangtze
a

Likiang
of the

Range,

in Yunnan,"

but

specimen

big

THE

LAGOMORPHS

541

Fig.

21.

Distribution Ochotona

Map.

1. 2.

O. thibelana O. thibelana O. thibetana

thibetana
census

4. 5.

O.

thibelana

sorella

0. thibetana

stevensi

3.

huangensis

Yangtze

and in

several

from
"a

Kulu,

Szechwan,
broader and

to

0.

zappeyi, assuming
a

that

it

is different interorbital
on

having
basis
to

somewhat

deeper braincase,
bullae."
For the

flat,smooth
ever, howrace

region

and

sUghtly larger

audital

present,
that
as as

the

of

specimens examined,
distinction.
Thomas

I cannot

feel certain

this

has O.

any thibetana

claims the

(1922b; 1923) regards

Forrest in

typical
follows:

specimens
10,000

collected

by George

Yunnan,
divide,

Sung-kwei

Range,

ft.,26" 24' N.; Kiukiang-Salween

11,000

ft.;

542

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Mekong12,000

Yangtze
ft.; and
show had

divide,

11,000-13,000

ft.; Mekong
ft.
in 0. t. sikimaria

valley, 28"
He

N.,

ir,ooo-

Likiang

Range,
toward

13,000-16,000

believes, however,
audital

that

they
He

intergradation
of Tatsienlu,

slightlysmaller
from from
recorded

bullae.

previously recorded
Szechwan,
ft. A.
B.

the

typical form
ft., and
one

twenty-three
the

miles

southeast of that

10,000

hood neighborspecimens
as

city, at
the
same

11,600

Howell

(1929)
in

has

referred
as

to

species, from
ten

Sungpan,
of Tatsienlu.

northern

Szechwan,

well

from

Ulongkong,

miles

south

This
a

species, as
like
where

might
our

perhaps
secured

be

suspected
but small

from

its

coloration,
and

is not
woods.

rock-dweller
Wa lower

American

forms,
a

frequents
series, as
of the

thickets
as on

On
the above

Shan,

Zappey
to

well

Omei
zone,

Shan,
but
to

levels, up
level E.
the

about

6,000

feet, are
a

warm-temperate type.

this botanist

vegetation is of (1913),
foothold,
of
to

cool-temperate
is

According
wherever

the
the

H.
can

Wilson
seciu-e

the
the

mountain various silver

vegetation
the from

densely species of Rhododendron

fir in

wooded

ing formzone,

abundant
10,000

type
feet

forest

with
at

the

cool-temperate
forms

while
per and

the

top

11,200

feet.

Rhododendron

ninety
8,200
means

cent

of the

growth.
on

Zappey

collected

11,000

feet
a

this

mountain,
so

this species at levels between indicating that it is not by any

that there 9,500

exclusively
the

high-alpine animal,
taken
at
an

is

no

reason on

to

suppose

that

specimen forty miles away,

type

altitude
an

of but
form.
saw

feet Pere

Omei
who

Shan,

hardly
the

represents
also

isolated
that he

David,

collected woods

of 0. thibetana,

states

this

animal
runs

in the

of the

high mountains, leaping like

a

where

it burrows

and

makes

among

the

shrubbery,

rabbit.

Specimens examined:
Hupeh:
Szechwan:
I I

"

^Fifteen,as

follows:

Fanghsien,

(M.C.Z.).
i ;

Lianghokow,

Tachiao,
Pass,
2

2;

Shuowlow,

3; Wa

Shan,

(M.C.Z.); Shagu (Muli),

i

(A.N.S.P.); Tapashan

(A.N.S.P.); Kalongto
i

Merge,

(A.N.S.P.); Datsung,

(A.N.S.P.); Huanglungkwan,

(A.N.S.P.).

236.
Ochotona Ochotona
cansus

Ochotona

thibetana
50,

cansus

Lyon

Lyon,

Smithsonian
Wiss. of

Misc.

Coll., vol.
d.
v.

pt. 2, p. 136, 1907.

roylei Buechner,
2,

Resultate

Przewalski

Reisen,

vol.

I,

Saugethiere,

p.

156,

890; pi. 23,

figs. I,
Ochotona

1894 (not
Thomas,

Ogilby).
Zool. Soc.

causa

Proc.

London,

191 1, p.

180.

Type Specimen:
Museum,
from W.

"

An

adult

male, skin and

Kansu,

skull. No.
China.

144030,

U.

S. National

Taocheo

(Taochow),

Collected

June 8, 1906,

by

W.

Simpson.
"

Description:
ochraceous of the

Like

typical 0. thibetana
and

in all respects in
the

but

paler, the pale

of 0. thibetana

forehead

muzzle

winter

coat

THE

LAGOMORPHS

543

replaced by
black hairs. and

buffy
The

gray,

and

the
buff

pinkish
in

brown

of

the
a

back
very

and
even

sides

nearly similar
chin,
median flanks.

tint, in which
lower

predominates,
both,
which
a

with

by a lining of
whitish
narrow

surface

in

winter
extends

pelage,
backward
area

has
as

the
a

ochraceous the

throat-band,

stripe along
In with of

belly
summer over

with

nearly
this

white
race

between

this
0.

and

the

fully acquired
less black
hairs

coat, the dorsal base of

is

paler
is
a

than

thibetana brown.

thibetana,
The

area,

which
ears an

more

buffy

tuft

longer
except

at

the
same

the

is also
even

paler, nearly white.

wash

The

ventral surface

side differs in the

the

way,

being
in the

of buff
a

over

the

entire

chin,

whereas the

typical race

it is

much

deeper

tint with The

less white skull

does

in the
not

tips of

hairs. that and

a

differ

essentially from zygomatic

the the that

of the
mastoid

typical subspecies,
width
as

except
out for
at

in its

slightlynarrower
in his

width

pointed
races

by Lyon
first

description of
the total In

form. cranial

With

good

series of both
are

comparison,

it is obvious

differences
the
a same

really
in

less and

than the

supposed,

length

being

about

both,

width

only minutely
and for the

less. may

bodily
very

size there

is

certain

amount

of individual the skulls life of

variation, individual,

growth
basal he that

likely continue solidlyfused

"the total

throughout
in the oldest

the

suture
see

is not

available. is only

Lyon
134

writes
mm.,

that

fails to
of 0.

why
us

length
and
mm.

of

0.

tibetamis He
was

while

cans s

is between
of

150 134

160."

misled,

however,
of
a

by Milne-Edwards'
the

measurement
on

for
of

an

alcoholic latter'
s

men speci-

typical

race,
mm.

for is

the

preceding

page

the

account,

measurement

of 150
"

given.
539.
race

Measurements:

See

table, page
"

Occurrence
Shan
range

and

Habits:

This

of 0.

thibetana
to

is fovmd
reach about

along
the and
to

the

Min

of southern
of its

Kansu,

where The others

it appears

northern
Thomas

boundary "(191 id;

miles
to

distribution. has recorded

at

type
from
to

locality
the
10,000

is Taochow,

19

2d)

mountains feet.
are

forty
Others
from in the A

forty-six
tion collec-

the the

southeast

from

9,500 of and

the

of
ten

American
southwest Museum in the

Museum of of

Natural southwest

History
of Two

mountains

miles

Choni

Archuen.

series
from

from

Choni
to
on

is in the northwest

Comparative
institution the
,000

Zoology.
were

specimens by
be Dr. in

farther F.

the

latter
of
1 1

collected

Joseph
western
more

Rock

grassy
at
an

slopes south
elevation
than

Hwang
feet the
and
to

Ho,

opposite Radja,
must
are

Kansu.
open

Here
less

of

conditions the

much

and
than

saturate

farther
may

south,
be
same

specimens
since secured

distinctlygrayer May
Choni
in
at

typical cansus,
the

yet this

due

fading,

in late
a

they still retain

fine

winter

pelage.

The

collector the Tao

specimen
near

winter
feet

pelage in February,

1926, in

River

valley

8,200

544

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

elevation, indicating winter

imder

activity. It
of four
B. Ekvall adult

was

taken
some

on

"grassy embankment
mm. on

spruces."
by
Mr. winter

brood

small
60

young,

80 Choni

in

length,
17,

was

collected The Choni recorded

Robert held

li south until

of

July

1926.
28
at

pelage is

in the the

fairly late, one

It is

taken

June

having only just begun by Jacobi (1922) and belong

tend
to to

change.
Howell
all events

by
At

probable that the specimens (1929), from Sungpan, northern

the
to
as

Szechwan,
the

this
where
a

race.

outposts
grass

along the edge of

and

Tibetan

plateau,
from

forest

gives
out
more

way

slopes

moisture
and
so

is

less, would
them Szechwan.
two

cause

paling
of
the the

in

color,
saturate

in 0. t. census, wooded

entiate differcentral

those

country
has

of

Evidently, from
his 0.

measurements

given, Jacobi
has
the

confused what

species under
I have

hodgsoni.
Kansu,
the

Buechner
under

figured

and

described

is

obviously this animal, from

continued
to
a use noun

name

Lagomys
as seems

roylei. Lyon's original

have intended.

masculine
common

form

cansus,
as

in
to

accovmt,

regarding it as

of
In

gender,
as

he

Specimens examined:
Kansu:

"

all, twenty-five,
i

follows: valley, near Choni,

i ; 2

forty miles

southeast and

of Taochow,

; Tao

River

Choni

and

16; Archuen vicinity,

vicinity, 5; south
thibetana
SHAN d. Exped.

of

Hwang

Ho, opposite Radja,

(M.C.Z.).

237.

Ochotona
TAIPAI

huangensis (Matschie)
MOUSE-HARE Filchner nach China Tibet vol. 10, pt. I,

Conothoa

huangensis Matschie,
1908. Matschie, huanghoensis
cansus

Wiss.

Ergebn.

u.

1903-05,

p. 214,

Conothoa Ochotona Ochotona

p.

ibid.,p.
Amer. Proc.

243

(lapsus calami).
Nat.

J. A. Allen,

Bull.

Mus.

Hist.,

vol.

26,

p. 427,

1909. p. 27; Proc.

syrinx Thomas, 692.

cansa

Abstract

Zool. Soc. London,

May

2, 1911,

Zool. Soc. London,

19H,

Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona

morosa

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,
Nat.

ser.

8, vol.

10, p. 403, ser., vol.

1912.

thibetana thibetana

syrinx Osgood,
morosa

Publ.

Field

Mus.

Hist.,

zool.

18, p. 328, 1932.

Osgood,

loc. cit.

Type specimen:
that
not
was

"

The
to

type
the
an

is said

to

be

the

one

of the

two

originalspecimens
its number from is

given
It
was

Zoological Museum
unrecorded

at
on

Berlin, but
the
route

stated.

from

spot
Kansu.

Singanfu,
the be

in southern
best
to

Shensi, China,
fits the
race

to

Lanchow,
former

Since, however,

tion descripassumed

from

the

region, the

specimen

may

have

come

from

the A

Tsingling in the vicinity of Sianfu.

of the the
thibetana group,

Description:
"

member

distinguished by
with
as

its

very

slightly larger size, and

on

grayish tone,
collar very
rest

evenly lined
surface

blackish
a

hairs

the

dorsal

surface

; throat

pale buffy, extending

whitish, in
in the winter

short winter

buify median pelage.

has well The

line to the

lower

chest;
is
a

of under
gray the

the
as

general

effect In

distinct coat,

pelage,
nape

Thomas

described.

stimmer

forehead,

cheeks,

and

back

THE

LAGOMORPHS

545 the lower surface of the

are

darker, chestnut
washed skull

lined
dark
a

with

black,

and

body
shown

is

broadly
The

with
attains the

buflfy.
than
across

minutely larger size

of 40

in the

other

races,

as

particularly in length
the

breadth reach

zygomata
mm.

and

the

auditory region.

In

skull may
"

but

is usually less.

Measurements:

The

dimensions

externally
may

are

about

the

same

as

in the attain

typical
dimensions

race,

but much
to

occasional
in be
excess

individuals of the
average. the

by
The

continued
total

growth
of the Two

length
149.
measure

type

of

syrinx is said
collected
total

142

mm.;

of

type

of

morosa,

specimens, respectively:

by

the
175,

American

Museum foot
are

Asiatic
with

Expeditions,
table
under
name

length,
Cranial

164

mm.;

claw, 32, 30.

the

measurements

given in
of

0. thibetana. Conothoa
to
one

Nomenclature: has been

the poor
source

"

The

allocation

Matschie's
It
was

huangensis

of of the

some

confusion.

given
back

of two

specimens Expedition
a name

in rather of for
1903-05. the

state

preservation, brought
fact
the
one

by

the in

Filchner

From

that

Matschie
and that

places it
incisive
it must be

"Conothoa,"
united
to

subgenus

having
the

palatal
infers

foramina
a

form
of

large triangular opening,

0. thibetana
or

member

either

the

0.

dauurica

group. in

Matschie his

states

definitely that
as

it is

like the but

the shown

animal

figured by Buechner
cansus as a

plate

23,

fig. i,

Lagomys
does has

roylei,
further
than

this is really 0. thibetana

in winter colored

coat,

and

actually
Thomas

resemble

Tsingling animal
that the bullae

as

closely
in

figure could.
are

their

long

dimension
p.

"markedly
The

smaller"

in

0.

dauurica
as

bedfordi (Thomas,
agree and

1909,

981).
those that

measurements

of the

skull,
the

given by Matschie,
0.

closely with

of other
that
were

specimens from
his
name

Tsingling evidently
about

Taipai Shan syrinx

same

regions, so
and

it

seems

must

supersede Thomas's
but

0.

c.

morosa,

which

published later,
was morosa

refer to

the

animal.

The

type
that the
are

of

0.

syrinx
cansa

from

the
came

Shangchow
from
was as

district
one

of southern miles
in
summer

Shensi, while
farther
west
on

of 0.
same so

hundred the
to

range.

The

former

in winter,

latter have

coat,
the

which

different
seems

in appearance be
no

undoubtedly
that

misled

describer.
race,

There

to

doubt,

however,
and and
grayer the

both

represent
is

the

same

which,

in its of the

slightlylarger size
Tsingling Range

coloring,

prestmaably
Shan. In

characteristic

neighboring Taipai
and Habits:

Occurrence

"

addition
the adult for

to

the from

type
the

of
same

this

mouse-hare

described mentions

from
a

Taipai Shan,
one,

and

female
exact

place, Thomas
taken
on

young

too

youthful
the from

determination,

the

Tsingling Range
The

just north, in
described

Shangchow
near

district of southeastern carries

the range
a

Shensi. little to

single female

Fengsiang

546
the had

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

westward

along this mountain

recorded
ten

system.

Dr.

J.

A.

Allen

(1909a,
for lack

p.

427)
parative com-

previously
taken
or

specimens from
them
to

Taipai Shan, but

cansiis.

of

material, had
one summer

referred

0.

Of

these, he

writes
moult

that
to

June
several

17,

and

another

July
In of

i, had

nearly completed
the

the

post-breeding pelage.
more

1921,
10,000

Central
on

secured

at

an

altitude

feet
the

Asiatic Expeditions of One Taipai Shan.

to

these,

on

September

30

had

practicallycompleted
Fifteen, all from

moult

winter

coat.

Specimens examined:

"

Taipai Shan, Shensi.

238.

Ochotona
SHANSI

thibetana
MOUSE-HARE

sorella

Thomas

Ochotona
for Ochotona Ochotona

sorella

Thomas,

Abstract

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

December

15,

1908, p. 45; Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1908, p. 982, 1909. (Pika) sorella A. B. Howell, Proc.

cansa

U.

S. Nat. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75, Hist., zool.

ser.,

art.

1, p. 70,

1929. 1932.

sorella

Osgood,

Publ.

Field

Mus.

vol.

18, p. 329,

Type specimen:
from

"

female, skin and

of

No. sktill,

9.1. 1. 279,

British

Museum,
6,600
feet.

twenty

miles
10,
"

south

Ningwufu,

Shansi,

China,

altitude

Collected

June

1908.
In
summer

Description:
darker Under
area

pelage,
soiled

of

general brown
a

color

above,
the

"rather nape.

than

Ridgway's
rather
centre
more

'broccoli -brown,'

lighter patch
a more

across

siirface
down

lighter,
of the

cream-buff,
to

ochraceous-buffy showing through edges. palms

but
and
;

the
neck

belly,the slaty bases

Ears blackish their
grey

the

hairs

sides surface

of

tawny.
and

with

white

Upper
soles

of

hands

feet

cream-buff,

thickly furred
that

slaty brownish."
"Skull outline
are

Winter

pelage pale, resembling

of

of 0. dauurica.

most
more more

like
convex,

that the open,

0.

cansa,
are

as

figiuredby
and

Lyon,

the

upper

is

nasals
and

longer
bullae
are

narrower,

the

mina palatal fora-

widely

the

markedly

smaller"

(Thomas,

1909,

p.

983).
"

Measurements:
140
mm.,

Thomas

says

that
ear,

the 18. does

head

and

body of
he
to

the

type measured
that

the
in size

hind than

foot, 27,
0. and

the

Although
not
a seem

states

it is
out

even

smaller

t. cansus,

this

be

borne

by

the the

dimensions foot
more

of body
to

skull
25
mm.

as

given.
The

In

second

specimen, however,
appears
to

is said
so

be

but

winter
group. but

pelage

be

very

pale,

than

in other and
at
some

members
Habits:
"

of the
At

Occurrence

present
south

two

specimens
words,
at

are

known,
and
a

the

type
from

collected

twenty
of

miles

of

Ningwufu,

Shansi,

second

"fifty miles place.

north

Taiyuanfu,"
in taken Thomas's

or,

in other

practically the following

upon
an

identical "The

Anderson,
was

paper,

supplies
in
a

the

note:

single specimen

by Mr.

Sowerby

wood

abrupt

THE

LAGOMORPHS

547

hillside, where
which
were

this, and
and

probably
were

another,

had

its burrow.

The without

burrows,
another

long

intricate,
This still in

subsequently
taken

dug
10,

up

specimen being
to

found."
and
was

specimen,
nursing.

June

had

just given birth

her

young p. p.

The

second the
one

specimen
mentioned
the
most

(A.

B.

Howell,

1929,

70)
of

was

taken

winter

(doubtless
These

by Sowerby
northeastern The but slight,

(1918,

52) from
the in size and
to

Wuchiaku).
species,
and
as are

records

form
for that

extension differences be

interesting
with which

reason. axe

actual
may

color,

compared
the
race,

0. t. cansiis, from

sufficient
a

characterize
one.

its

outlying position is

doubtless

valid

Specimens examined:

"

None.

239.

Ochotona
STEVENS'S

thibetana

stevensi

Osgood

MOUSE-HARE
Nat.

Ochotona

cansa

stevensi

Osgood,

Publ.

Field

Mus.

Hist., 200I.

ser.,

vol.

18, p. 328, 1932.

Type specimen:
from

"

An

adult

male,

skin and

skull, No.
China;

33098, Field
collected

Museum,
14, 1929,

Wushi,

southwest Stevens.
"

of Tatsienlu, Szechwan,

May

by Herbert

Description: representing
are

In the but

color

there

is

no

difference
Of three

between

topotypes
two

and

mens speci18

typical
worn

race.

examined,
a

taken

May
27

in

nearly

full

winter
coat. to

pelage, while Osgood,

is

third

taken

May

is in

nearly complete
The and

summer

skull, according
small

Dr.

distinguishable by being
it is true

narrow

elongate, with
I have than other
cansus

audital both
are

bullae, and
narrower as

that, of

two

comparable
interorbital

skulls

examined,

in

zygomatic width
0. and does the others

and

width

specimens
are some

regarded
of similar vary in

typical

thihetana.

Among
with
an

the mediate inter-

series of 0. t.

appearance

condition.

The age. The

bullae

size,

as

skull, in its general

proportions

with

Measurements:"

total

length
1932, p.

averages

146.3
in other three

mm.;

hind

foot
as

without in the with

claws, 26;

ear,

18.5 (Osgood,
The
races

328);
of

words,

quite
are

typical
those

race.

skull under

measurements

specimens

given

of other Occurrence

0. t. thibetana.
"

and

Habits:
but
out

The

recognition
to

of

this

race

seems

to

me

very stand

doubtful
for the

procedure,
present
a race

of deference

Dr.

Osgood's
it
or

opinion
The

it may

until

additional
south

study
of been

shall

confirm

not. to

type locality,
whence the Dr. from

Wushi,

short of

distance 0.

Tatsienlu,

is close others and

localities
are

typical Osgood

thibetana

has

recorded;
Wushi

mentioned and

by

from

"Chaulu,

which

is between

Tatsienlu,"

548

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Kwanchai,
0. thibetana

some as a

distance distinct
be the

northwest

of the 0.
the I had

same

city.
so

Dr.

Osgood
an

regards

species from
for
on

cansa,

that

such
ranges

anomalous

distribution From that The

two to
me a

would

accounted

basis

of their the
not

overlapping.
different

study of
a

material

available,

reached several
to

opposite conclusion,
very
races.

but

single species is represented

in size of from bullae

with
seem

slight differences
supposed
more

be

all that

distinguishes the
genus,

species,but probable
that
are

analogy
are

of other
or

species of the

it

seems

these found.

age

individual

differences, since

all

intermediate

gradations

Specimens examined:

"

Three, from

Wushi,

Szechwan,

topotypes

(M.C.Z.)

240.

Ochotona
FORREST'S

forresti
MOUSE-HARE
9, vol.

Thomas

Ochotona

Thomas, forresti

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

11, p.

662, 1923.

Type
Museum,
at

specimen:
from the

"

An

adult

male,
flank of

skin

and

skull. No.

23.4.1. 91,

British

northwest

the

Likiang Range,
1922,

Yimnan,

China,

13,000

feet altitude. This

Collected is described

August,
as

by George Forrest.
0.

Description:
"

allied to

thibetana Hair

but of the

considerably
back about
as

larger than
15
mm.

in any

described General surface

at

species of that
color dark above soiled
dark of the

group.
same

in

length.
Under
or on

heavily lined brown

at

in

0. thibetana.
and
more

grayish, the hairs slaty hoary

is brown.
very

the

base,

whitish
or

buffy
to

the

tip. Nape
the fore

grayish, this color

Arms Feet

extending
or

less

the

face, but

forehead claws

buffy

tawny

brown. metatarsals
The

Hands

buffy whitish;
of the be is said
not
so

long.

dvill whitish,

buffy, brushes
skull
to

soles blackish.
same

of the

general shape

as

that

of 0. thibetana,

but

larger and

flattened. The hind

Measurements:
and

"

following dimensions
foot,
39 27;
ear,

are

given by

Thomas:

head

body, 185

mm.;

19.

Skull, greatest width,

19.4. and I had
to

length,

mm.;

condylo-incisive length,

37;

zygomatic

Occurrence

Habits:

"

This, judging from

the

description, is
thibetana, but
A

large

animal, which

supposed
believe

might
it is
12,000

be
a

local form

of 0.

Osgood
almost thibetana

(1932) inclines
exactly
group, the
same

that
at

distinct

species.
one

skin of the
0.

from
0.

locahty
but
to

feet, is evidently
and

though
similar

150

mm.

long,

if not

identical

with

forrestimust

be very

it. A skin

Specimens examined:

"

supposed

to

be

this from

the

type locality.

THE

LAGOMORPHS

549

241.

Ochotona
GRAY

roylei chinensis
MOUSE-HARE

Thomas

Ochotona
1922.

roylei chinensis

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

8, vol. 8, p. 728, 191

1 ;

ibid.,sen

9, vol. lo, p.

406,

Ochotoma Ochotona Ochotona Ochotona

(sic) roylei chinensis roylei sinensis huangensis

G.

Thomas,
Zool.

ibid.,ser. Record,
Mus.

8, vol. 9, p. 519,
for 1911,

1912. p.

Lydekkcr,
M.

Mammalia,

46, 1912.
1912
art.

Allen, Mem.
A. B.

Comp.
Proc. U.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 208,

S. Nat.

(not
I, p.

of Matschie).

{Ochotona) chinensis

Howell,

Mus.,

vol.

75,

69, 1929.

Type Museum,
16, 191
1,

Specimen:
from

"

An

adult
near

male,

skin

and

skull, No.
China.

11.10.3.7,

British

Yaratsaga,
F. M.

Tatsienlu, Szechwan,

Collected

May

by Captain
"

Bailey. pelage,
gray the and color

Description:
similar the
a

In

winter

is described
any

by
mfous

Thomas

as on

to

0. and

roylei but
flanks.
Ears

clearer
The
not

paler, lacking
hairs
are

tinge
without

head

tips

of the

belly
above.

grayish white,

buffy suffusion.

especially large, their

metentote

grayish with

pale-brown edge.
A
summer

Feet

grayish white (14 July)

the
a

specimen
gray
over

seems

nearly similar, being of

to
a

an

almost hairs

uniform
with

iron

back,

due

mixture

of blackish-brown
and
a

others

that

have and the

meet

subterminal
the

white
are

ring

blackish-brown
with

tip.
but
ear,

The

top

of

the
are

nose

forehead There
the

very
a

slightly tinged

buff,
each

otherwise
and these

like

back.
across a

is nape.

pale-biaffy area
The back of the

behind
ear

almost and there

(proectote)
the

is black,

is

prominent
edged
with

tvift of
with

long buffy
short The gray, The

hairs

at

anterior

base;
with faint

the

inner
and wash.

surface

is lined

sparsely

buffy hairs,
feet
the
are

then

margined
with hairs
no a

black, buffy

narrowly
The and

white.
is dark

gray bases

above

lower

surface
with

slaty

of the shows

showing through,
trace

tipped
or

whitish.
area.

specimen

examined

of The

btiffycollar
skull

median

is characterized

by
obvious

its

rather

prominent,
of the

bowed

summit and

as

seen

in

profile,and
There
sides
to

by
is
no

the

confluence
of
converge

incisive
between

palatal
the two,

foramina. but
the

constriction

the

bony
forward

edges
in The
a

of the

palatal foramina
end
of the

lengthened pyriform palatal bridge

has There
a

outline distinct is
a

the

anterior

incisive

portion.
end

forwardly
of frontal
center

projecting bony
vacuities,
of the
one

spine
in the

on

its anterior

edge, medially.
of each

pair

anterior

frontal, slightly

ahead

of the

orbit.

Measurements:

"

The
30. about A

type

specimen

measured:

head

and

body,

180

mm.;

hind

foot,

32;

ear,

specimen
the
same,

collected

in western head and

Szechwan,

by
mm.;

W.

R.

Zappey,
foot,
33.

measured

namely,

body,

180

hind

550

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

OF

OCHOTONA
Mastoid

ROYLEI

CHINENSIS
Lower

ZygoGreatest No.
Basal Palatal matic width

Width
outside molars

Upper
cheek teeth

Interorbital width

cheek
teeth

length

length

length

width

LocaUty Szechwan Szechwan

(type)
7602
Mcz

46.5
40.0 32.5

23

8.6 19.2 11.9

5.5 7.4 5.5

14.8
"

21

7.4

Occurrence
any the
seems

and

Habits: tints
of

This head

is
or

very

dark, iron-gray mouse-hare,

the

lacking
with It

decided

rufous tuft

on

body, while
at

black
base of

-backed

ears

contrasting
to

bufify hair
in

the

anterior

are

distinctive.
Szechwan the

be and

widely
Yunnan,

distributed

the

higher parts
states to

western

Province

although Thomas
seems

that
some

series from of from

a

western south-

part of the latter province

and

show First
at

trace

rufous
near

mantle,
Tatsienlu

thus central
R.

may

be

nearer

typical 0. roylei.
this
to

described

in
W.

Szechwan,

species
the
it to

was

taken

Yachiakun,
area,

12,500

feet, by
In 1912,

Zappey, sUghtly
the
a

westward the
at

of the

same

in

1908.

Thomas

(1912a) recorded
near

southwest,
16,000
skins

from

Atuntze,
more

northwestern

Ytmnan,

Tibetan

border,
summer

feet, and

recently (Thomas,
south in
at at western

1922b)
Yunnan,
of from
12,000 at

he

notes

series of
six from

from

still farther

namely:
feet; and
feet.

the

Mekong- Yangtze
from
the

divide, 28" 28' N.,

altitudes
11,000-

12,000-14,000
one

feet;
from
the
as

two

Mekong
ween

valley, 28"
divide
is in

N.,
same

the

Mekong-Sal
from

in the winter

latitude,

14,000

Since

type

Tatsienlu

pelage, Thomas
is the
to
same

regards the

identification he

provisional. Probably
1914a, p.
at

one

of these

specimen, which roylei;it

Ward. identified above
tree
was

previously (Thomas,
at
an

475) referred
Dokerla,

Ochotona

taken

altitude
p.

of

12,000

feet
that

by

F.

Kingdon
which he

Buechner
as

(1892,

160)

records taken

several
on

specimens
the

Lagoniys royleiwere
these

by

Potanin

Nan

Shan
but

Range,
it
seems

line in Bardun

valley, between
some

Ssolomo

and

Rdosskuj,
0.

likely that Except

northern
for

represent
the
most

other

species, probably
record

thibetana

cansiis.

this,

northern the
as

for

0.

r.

chijiensis
has
a

is

Sungpan,
in the

Szechwan,
1929, p.

whence
as

U.

S. National

Museum

specimen (A. B.

Howell,
Tatsienlu

69)

well

others

from

Ulongkong

and

Nganyangba,

region.
"

Specimens examined:

One, from

Yachiakun,

western

Szechwan.

242. Lepus Lepus

dauuricus ogolona

Ochotona
versch.
e

dauurica

dauurica

(Pallas)

Pallas, Reise Pallas, Nov. Buechner,

durch

Provinzen Glir. Ord.,

d.
v.

d. Russ.
p.

Reichs, vol. 3, appendix, p. 692, 1776.

Spec. Quad,
Wiss.

59, pi. 3; pi. 4A, fig. 16, 1778.

Lagomys

dauricus

Resultate

Przewalski

Reisen, vol. I, Saugethiere, p. 172,

1890; pi. 22,

fig. l; pi. 25, figs. 1-5, 1894.

Ochotona daurica

Bonhote, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

for

1904,

vol.

2, p.

216,

1905.

THE

LAGOMORPHS

551

Ochotona Ocholona

dauurica

Thomas,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

A. B.

for

1908, p. 981, 1909.

U. S. Nat.

{Ochotona) dauurica

dauurica

Howell, Proc.

Mus., vol. 75,

art.

I, p. 68, 1929.

Type

specimen:
to

"

None

is

specified,although
in the

some

of

Pallas's

original

specimens, said
at

be

still extant

Museum the

of the animal
on

Academy
which

of Sciences
is

Leningrad,
He

U.

S. S. R., may
that

include in
so

his accoimt

based.

states totum

"viuit

campis, montiumque
that of

decliuibus

arenosis,

apricis,per
as

Dauuriam,"
that

Dauuria

may
on

obviously
the

be

regarded
of Siberia.
to

the

type locahty,
"

is,north

Urga, Mongolia,
the

border from
ear

Description:
root

In

winter

pelage,

entire

dorsal that

surface each

nose

of tail is
area

uniform
a

pale sandy pale

the buff.

buff, except
Elsewhere

behind

is

an

ill-

defined of hue the

very

of

clear

the

minute

brownish-black darken with the

a

tips
general

hairs

succeeding
The

buflfy sub terminal

of the
ears are

portion,

slightly.
tuft
at

backs

blackish

brown,

prominent pale like

whitish
the back.

the
outer

anterior

border,
of their

while inner

posteriorly they become

side is lined with imder like
soles
a

The the

portion
itself is
a

with

short

pale-buft'y
of

hairs, and
feet
are

rim

minutely pale

edged
The

whitish.

The

backs

the

white, with
a

wash

of

buff.

side of the

body

and

limbs

is white, with
on

buflfyarea
in the

across

the line.

throat

collar, continued
feet less
are

posteriorly
set

to

the

chest

median
on

The

of the
or

thickly
on

with hind

stififshort feet.
In
to

hairs, whitish

the

fore feet but

more

drabby

the

summer

pelage,
that the

the

general

color

is much of the

more

yellowish brown,
are

due

the

fact

light subterminal
there
seem

rings
be
more

hairs

pale ochraceous
hairs
a

instead
among

of buff, and
them.

to

slender
the

all-black
same,

sprinkled light buffy

metectote

Otherwise
the
ears,

the

type

of

coloring is

with

patch behind

the

proectote
side

of which

is blackish with
a

brown,

the

paler buffy, while edged

median
A with line

the The the

inner under

is buffy, bordered with

are

blackish
collar and the
are

brown
and

and

white.

side is whitish

buff

pale-buff
black.

nearly

whole

length.

The

claws
at
once

long
from
toes

brownish rather concealed

peculiarity distinguishing this species

0. hair
In th6

similarly
in the

colored
dense

pallasiiis
of the
skull
a

that

the do

pads
not

at

the
as

ends

of the

sole and
the

show

they do

in 0.
are

pallasii. widely confluent

the and
are

incisive

and

palatal foramina

together

form

slightlyelongate pear-shaped opening,

at

sides

of which

only

very

slightlyconcave
"

the

upper

part.
an

Measurements:
mm.,

The

average

length of

adult

is between
one

170

and

180

and

of

about

fiftyspecimens

examined,

only

exceeded

190.

The

552

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

following

are

the

ten

largest of the

series

measured

by the

Central

Asiatic

Expeditions' collectors:

Occurrence differs from of the

and

Habits:

"

This

is

characteristic

species of
in the
eastern

the

Gobi

and

other
that

Mongolian
occur

species in selecting as its habitat

and

the

patches
of the

long

stififgrass
the

here

there,

or,

as

part

Gobi,
chosen the rock
same on

form

"grass lands."
that while

These the 0.

animals
two

avoid

the be

rocky
found
among

situations

by

0.

so pallasii,

often

species may

together in
the

general region ; but

the sides of hills
and
a or

pallasiimakes
0. dauurica bottoms. from

its home is found

The

slide in the
peditions Ex-

canyons, in

burrowing
Central

patches
from

of grass
seciu-ed

weeds

the

valley
the

Asiatic

large series
Shansi,
to

of 0. dauurica
on

various

places in the Gobi,

of the

Kweihwacheng,
grass

southeastern

edge
and

Mongolian
The writes rather conies
the

plateau in
animals
that

country,
shallow

the

region

of Tsetsen

Wang
the

Artsa

Bogdo.

make

it is

through the grass. runways distinctly a grass-living species. "On

of

Dr.

R.

C. Andrews there
are

desert

extensive have their

patches

long stiff grass

which

as

hard

as

wire.

In these

spots

the
near

burrows,

usually

have

fairly well-marked

runways

THE

LAGOMORPHS

553

Fig.

22.

Distribution
Ocholona

Map.
0. 0.

1. 2.

0. dauurica
O. dauurica

dauurica
annectens

3. 4.

dauurica dauurica

bedfordi
altaina

hole.
some

There grass

were

many

flowers

and in to shot and

grass

tops
burrows.

at

the The

burrow

entrance

and

stems

dragged
the

partly

the
"

characteristic
about the holes. make

ical spherThe

dung
animals
of cut

"

about
to

size of BB diurnal

is everywhere
These in the
wrote sun,

seem

be

both

nocturnal."
cure

"conies"
later

piles
of

grass,

often

of considerable

size,to
Przewalski

storing this hay

grazing
herds

in their burrows

for winter
devoiur these

use.

that
to

often

antelope will
food,
and
so

piles,putting
an

the

coney

considerable
with
at

straits for Such

a

perhaps becoming
in the taken in the
cut not

important competitor
from but
a

it.

hay

pile
The

is shown

(Plate VII) only

at

photograph
at

Artsa
to

Bogdo.
the
ward, west-

species was excepting

Tuerin,
as

various

points
of Gim and

sandy desert,
and

twenty

miles

southwest

Urga, Artsa Bvirte,

at

Bogdo,- Sainnoin
altitudes Four up
to

Khan, 8,000
have

Tsetsen

Wang,

Loh,

Uskuk,

feet. been described in addition

to

races

the

typical form,

and

the

554

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

descriptions
these
are

are

reproduced they

below,

but
to

it appears merit

rather

doubtful

whether

well characterized sufficiently may stand

recognition.
present.
but
and about

Pending further

investigation,however,
The

for the into

in
on

winter
the

pelage is carried
new

well

May,
head

the

twentieth
and

of mid-

that

month
or

coat

is
well

seen

coming
small 19 and
a

shoulders,

by

Jvme

slightlylater is
0.

developed.
young

This

species possibly breeds

mm.

slightly
west south-

earlier than
of

for very pallasii,

on

(105
near

long)
first

were

taken
on

Urga
animal

May
taken

18
at

and

others

Tsetsen

Wang

May

21.

young

Loh

had

well-developed

digit on

the

right hind

foot.

Specimens exarmned:
Mongolia: Wang
south Koko China
:

"

In

from all,fifty, Burte, 5; Loh,

miles southwest
i ;

the

following localities:
Khan,
1 1 ;

Artsa and

Bogdo,

7; Gun

Sainnoin of Urga,
or

13;

Tuerin,
2 i

2; Tsetsen Ba

6; twenty vicinity,

Usloik,

on

the

plain,
; north

of Jugar Nor

Range,
i

10,500

feet, eastern

Tibet

western

Kansu,

(M.C.Z.)

Range,
:

(M.C.Z.).
i
.

Shansi

Kweihwacheng,

243.
Ochotona dauurica altaina

Ochotona
Ann.

dauurica
Nat.

altaina
ser.

Thomas
1.

Thomas,

Mag.

Hist.,

8, vol. 8, p. 761, 191

12.

Type specimen:
from Achit

"

male, skin

and

skull. No.

4.1. 149,

British
27, 19

Museiun,
10.

Nor, northwestern
"

Mongolia.
this
race

Collected of
in
extreme

August

Description:
differs from

Apparently
Gobi
Thomas that the

northwestern

Mongolia
on an

the central

animal

only

having the hind quite similar

foot
to
a

average

slightlylonger.
with the

writes: feet
are

"Apparently
whiter, the

true

dauurica,

exception
Under

larger. Colour
hairs

averaging
with
a

little paler and

greyer.

surface

rather

longer slaty basis.

Skull

slightlylarger."
Measurements:
"

The

type specimen measured claws, 37; without

measured

as

follows:
32.5; 29,

head

and

body,
In six

182

mm.;

hind the

foot, with
hind

claws,

ear,

22.5. 30.5, 31,

specimens
These The

foot
are

respectively, 29,
with
those

30,

32.5.

measurements

practically identical
measured:

of Gobi

animals.
mm.;

skull

of the
44.2;

type

occipito-nasallength, 46
width,
23;

condylo-

incisive

length,
18.

zygomatic

interorbital

width,

4.8; parietal

width,

Occurrence border
race,

and of be

Habits:

"

Thomas
as

regards animals
same as

from Nor

Suok

on

the

western northThis
the

Mongolia recognized

the

his
a

Achit little hind

specimens.
than
are

if it is to

at

all, is possibly
of the

larger of foot

typical form,
than

but

Thomas's

measurements

foot of the

latter

less

those

of Gobi

specimens

taken

by the Central

Asiatic

Expeditions

; more-

THE

LAGOMORPHS

555

over,

the
that

hind
of 0.

foot
d.

measurement

of 0. d. "altaina" It
seems

is not

essentiallydifferent
race

from

"bedfordi."
None.

very

doubtful

if the

is

worthy

of

recognition.

Specimens examined:
244.
Ocholona

"

Ochotona
Proc. Zool.

dauurica
Soc.

bedfordi
December

Thomas
15,

bedfordi Thomas,
for

Abstract

London,

1908,

p. 45;

Proc.

Zool.

See.

don, Lon-

1908, p. 981, 1909.

Ocholona

(Ochotona) dauurica

bedfordiA.
"

B.

Howell,

Proc.

U.

S. Nat.

Mus.,

vol.

75,

art.

i, p.

68,

1929.

Type Specimen:
Museum,
from

An

adult

female,

skin

and

skull, No.

9.1. 1.278, 23,

British

Ningwufu,
"

Shansi, China. by
Thomas
to

Collected

June

1908.
"but

Description:

This

is said rather

be like the

typical race
rather

with
and

larger bullag" greyer."

the
the Gobi. These

and

"size

larger,"

"winter

specimens region

paler

differences, though
of this

exceedingly slight, may

from the
desert

suffice to of Shansi
does
are

terize characsouth

mouse-hare
A

type

of

specimen examined
from

from

Kweihwacheng,
for the
of

Shansi,

not

seem

distinguishable
same. more or

typical
not

0.

dauurica,

measurements
as

quite

the

The

size

of the it does

bullae, which
appear of

is regarded that the

diagnostic value, varies given by

the type
Thomas

less, and
be
matched

measurements
near

cannot

by
"

those

specimens from

locality.

Measurements: head and

Thomas
mm.;

gives the
hind

following
ear, mm.;

dimensions: Two females 31,

largest male,
measure spectively: re-

body,
head skull

192 and

foot,

31;

19. hind

body, 185
type
21 measures:

(type), 175

foot,

32;

ear,

22,

21.

The

of the

greatest

length, 44.2
3.5; breadth of

mm.;

basilar
case,

length,
17.4;
basiin

36.6; zygomatic

width,

interorbital
12.3;
row,

width,

of brain in

length

of

palatal foramina,
upper
near

oblique diameter
8.5.
so

bullae

plane of
of the

occipital, 13.5; specimens

much the from
same

tooth

The

oblique

diameter of

bulla

Urga,
two

and fotir

practically topotypes
examined

dauurica,
it 13
mm.

is of
as

size,

of

specimens

having

against

13.5

in

bedfordi.
ajid

Occurrence

Habits:

"

Thomas the

regards

as

of this race, miles

Shansi.

specimens from
of Kolan-

Yenanfu, chow,
that

Shensi,
and

others the

from

mountains

twelve

northwest

Shansi,
these

type

series from

Ningwufu,
of 0.

While

it is

possible slightly
doubt-

southernmost

outpost
are

colonies

dauurica, living under

seems

different

conditions,
an

racially different,this
of the few Shansi

nevertheless

rather A. B.

ivl, from

examination
that the it is

specimens available.
than the

Howell
it
seems as

(1929)
basis be
more

states

paler

in winter of the

pelage

typical race,
by
Until the

but

unlikely

that

character

larger
of
the

bullae

mentioned
value. may

Thomas
matter

the
can

for its

separation,

will prove

diagnostic

fully investigated, however,

subspecies

be

allowed

provision-

556

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

ally
and

to

stand.

Howell

has

recorded and

as

of

this

race

specimens from
of

Wutsai,
twelve the

from
south

localities

thirty

fiftymiles
He

northwest that

Taiyuanfu
who scrub

and

miles

of Yenanfu, found

Shensi.

states

Sowerby,
dense

collected the

specimens,
thomed

their burrows afforded

I
"

"usually
unable
to

in very

where

sharpfrom

wild

jujube

protection from

enemies."

Specimens

Kweihwacheng,

Shansi,

am

distinguish from

typical 0. dauurica.

Specimens examined:
245.
Ochotona Ochotona
annectens

None.
Ochotona dauurica
annectens
vol.

Miller
54, 191
1.

Miller, Proc.

Biol. Soc.
A.

Washington,
B. Howell,

24,

p.

(Ochotona) dauurica

annectens

Proc.

U. S. Nat.

Mus.,

vol.

75,

art.

I, p. 68, 1929.

Type specimen:
U. S. National Collected

"

The

type
from

is

an

adult

male, skin

and

sktill.No.

155164,
China.

Museum,
1909,

Sining (or Chingning-chow),

de

Kansu,

July 27,
"

by
race

Arthur

C.

Sowerby. typical 0. dauurica

audital bullae in

Description:
the dorsal from
convex

This of the

is said to differ from less

convex

having

outline
0. d.

skull

and

the

while
more

bedfordiit differs
cranial of these The

in smaller and much

size

slightlylarger, (particularlyof the skull),the

audital bullae. It
seems

upper
none

outline,

smaller

likely that

supposed
type

characters head

is of great and

importance.
181
mm.;

Measurements:
29;
ear,
20.

"

measured:

body,

hind

foot,

The

condylobasal
and

length of the skull is

"

40 A.

mm.

Occurrence National northeast Museum of

Habits: has six and

According
from
that

to

B. the

Howell

(1929), the
from fifteen miles

U.

S.

specimens, including
one one

type,

miles of

Sining,
He
too

himdred

and

sixteen
as

east

Lanchow,

Kansu. "are

mentions

the

cranial

differences
in

compared
the

with feet
not

0. d. bedfordi
are

slightto
the this

be

of great value "a faint

diagnosis," though
darker." be

slightlysmaller surprising
to

and

coloration

shade

It would
as

be

find that the

in

from

supposed race typical 0. dauurica. Sowerby, who

ravines,
where

is really to

regarded
collected

tinguishable indisabove
and

the

series, found
difficult to

them
secure.

deep loess gulliesand

they

were

shy

Specimens examined:
246.

"

None.
dauurica melanostoma
MOUSE-HARE

Ochotona

(Buechner)

BLACK-NOSED

Lagomys
Ochotona

melanostomus

Buechner, Bonhote,
"

Wiss.

Resultate

d.

v.

Przewalski

Reisen,
vol.

vol.

i,

Saugethiere,

p.

176, 1890;

pi. 22, 1894.

melanostoma Proc. Zool.

Soc.

London,

for

1904,

2, p. 215,

1905.

Type
from

specimens:
Kansu

The

original description was

selection of

based
a

on

series of

mens speci-

and

Tibet, without

definite

type

specimen.

THE

LAGOMORPHS

557

While
two

it
lots the

seems

best
three

to

regard Kansu
from

as

the
a

type

there locality,
number

are

mentioned
each

of

each

there, with
number

single
is

covering

lot, so
to

that

selection

of

lectotype by

impracticable without

access

the

original series. Description:

"

Externally
extends is uniform with
to

the

coloration that
a

as

described is
a

by Buechner ring.
The In

is very

much
and

like that
the
same

of 0. color

daniirica, except
the

there

blackish marked

tip to the snout,

addition
above

lips,as
or

sharply

the

lower

surface
brown

yellowish
or a

brownish black.

yellow.
There the

color
a

is sandy behind

lined
ear,

blackish flanks
are

brownish

is

buffy patch

each

and
"

the

paler tint than

of measurements
ear,

back.
a

Measurements: 200-242
mm. are

Buechner's

table

shows
20-23.5.
are

range

of from

for total
said
to

length; hind
resemble
a

foot, 33-37;
of

Skulls and
more

those

0.

but daiiiirica,

slightly larger gives the

21. 1-22.

massive, with

lower

profilein the hinder

length,
The 40-43
mm.;

part.

Buechner

following dimensions:
Occurrence his
and into
to

greatest
Habits:
eastern
"

zygomatic
back and where

width,

7.
on

specimens brought
(Koko
from Nor this

by
the the

Przewalski

expedition
seem

Tibet
first known

region)
region,
in open
to

western

borders

of Kansu,
to

be

the

species appears
in the desert. and
a cur-

be

common

locally, making

its burrows
were

situations
shelter in the who

Three
even

species of ground-living finches

to nest

found

burrows

in

them

in

lack

of better

protection. Bonhote,
it
as

examined
with
seems

cotype
zonice of

of

0.

melanostotna,

regarded all,in
except
the

practically

identical

0.

Sikkim,

if at differing,
in every mammals and
are

slightlylarger size.
the

It also

very
,

close to 0. dauurica in
the

way from

black

nose

and

lips. Jacobi (1 922)

says,
a

reporting
combined

on

the

Weigold
foramina

Expedition,
do
not

however,

that

incisive
that the

palatal

form
toward

straight-sided
anterior apex

triangle,but
more can as

sides
than

slightlybowed
0. dauurica.

inward Until
more

the

in 0. koslovi

in

extensive

comparison
found
where it it mouths
a

be

made,

its true

relationships must
of
the
eastern

remain
Tibetan

obscure.

Weigold plains,

characteristic
abundant and

species
and
and
are

Artemisia These
animals

is

its burrows

riddle into

the

ground.
as

sit at the

of their burrows
but hawk

drop
The

them

the

rider
the

approaches.
desert in
are

They
a

are

silent

watchful,

chieflypreyed
same

upon

by
adds

fox

and

large

buzzardand
as

{Buteo ferox). they

at

collector

that
so

August,
difficult

September,
to

October

become
that

unbelievably

fat,

and

prepare

specimens

time.
"

Specimens examined:

None.

Family
HARES

LEPORID^
AND RABBITS

At

least two

genera

of hares

occur

in China,

one

of which

is

typical Lepus,

558

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

represented by
to

the

widespread
Hare,
genus the

Field
the

Hare,
a

apparently subspecificallyrelated
harsh-haired
but which

the

European
referred
may
to

Field

other

species, which Ognev

based

I had p.

earlier

Caprolagus,
of his
new

(1929a,
on

71)
the
a

suggests
churian

be

member

genus

AUolagus,

the

Man-

Hare.

Having
Hare
as

examined better

both in

species, I should Caprolagus.

the It would genus
as

prefer
Rabbit,
a

to

regard
to

Harsh-furred

retained

In

addition

these,

species of Oryctolagus,hardly differingfrom

been described
a

European
be
in

if at

all,has

from

Yenchowfu,

Chekiang.
described

remarkable
and
one

thing
cannot

to

discover

second

species of this Mediterranean

that

China,

help believing
of Chinese and the

this of the

animal,
common

0.

kreyenbergi, was
or are was a a

either

an

escaped individual
Hare. lower

European
their inner

Rabbit,

young

specimen
of

Its chief

distinguishing characters margins

be
and

double

interparietal
imating. approx-

incisors

with

parallel instead

The

two

genera
Key
to

of Chinese
the

hares
of

may

distinguished
Mongolian

as

follows

Genera the upper

Chinese

Leporid^
ear

A.

Fur than

rather hind

harsh, tail with

side colored
not

much

like the back; the

shorter

foot; supraorbital

process

marked

off from

frontal

by

an

anterior B. Fur black the

notch with
many

Caprolagus
longer, stiffer hairs
the

soft, in winter above,

projecting along the

process

sides; tail
off from

contrasting with
an

back; supraorbital

marked

frontal

by

anterior

notch

Lepus
Genus

Caprolagus Blyth
vol. 14, p. 247,

Caprolagus Blyth, Joum.

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal,

1845.

The

type

of this genus

is the

Harsh-furred

Hare

of the

Assam short

Hills, India,
ears,

Lepus hispidus Pearson. considerably less than the hind

in which orbital off
processes
a

It is characterized

by

its rather

which

are

foot, the
the

harsh

texture

of the

tion, pelage, the coloraskull

are a

the
are

tail is much
at

nearly like
less anterior

back
than

dorsally; in the
in

the

post-

developed
base,

Lepus,
instead
in

and

not

marked

by

deep

notch The

the

but

consist
are

of

posterior prolongation
The teeth coastal of the

only.
are area

interparietaloutlines
of Lepus.
be

lost the

the

adult.
hare

essentiallylike those
of South
that the

Apparently
to

hispid
and

China
range
not

should
extends

referred the

this genus, south from

it may

eventually
so

prove
two

across

extreme

of China, each other.

that

the

species are

really geographically isolated

247.

Caprolagus

sinensis HARE;

sinensis
CHINESE

(Gray)
RABBIT

HARSH-FURRED

Lepus sinensis Gray, Illustrations of Caprolagus

sinensis

Indian f.

Zool., vol. 2, pi. 20, 1833-34.

vol.

Oryctolagus afif.kreyenbergi Mell, Arch.

sinensis G. M.

Naturgesch.,
Mus.

88,

sect.
no.

A,

no.

10, p. 28, 1922.

Allen, Amer.

Novitates,

284, p. 4, 1927.

THE

LAGOMORPHS

559

[AUolagus]
Lepus

sinensis

Ognev, Shih,

Zool. Bull.

Anzciger, Dept.

vol.

84,

p. 71,

1929.

yuenshanensis

Biol., Sun
name

Yatsen

Univ., Canton,
on

no.

9, p. 3, 1930.

Type
in the
was

specimen:
volume have it
to
was

"

The of

is based

the

plate
by

inscribed

Lepus
from the

sinensis
This but

second
to

J.

E.

Gray's
from
a

"Illustrations

of Indian
Reeves

Zoology."
China,

said

been
not

drawn

specimen
noted from

sent

apparently
sent

preserved. by
Reeves which

As
came

by

Oldfield

Thomas, China,
as

mammals
or

back

London

southeastern be taken
ear

"more

less

in the

region

of Canton,"
"

may harsh

therefore
to

the very

type

locality.
about foot.

Description: equaling
General black the color of

Fur of

rather the

the less

touch;
than the

not

long,
the hind the

length
the

skull, and
and in back the the
a

length of
lined

head

warm

russet,
area

with

black,

long
nape eyes,

hairs clear

predominating
ochraceous

medial

along
limbs,
a

the

spine.
around

The
the
as area

patch
and

rufous,
ears,

fore and
Tail

hind

ring
same

the

edging
and the

of the
a

the

same.

above,

of the

russet

the

back,
the

mixed

with

few

blackish

hairs.

Ventrally, only
with

the

central
the the

of
and

breast and

abdomen
under

is white, side of the

faintly tinged
tail
are

pale buffy;
buff;

chin
throat

flanks
dull

light ochraceous
in the
a

is

buffy
The

brown.
is different
are

skull which and

from
marked

that

of Lepus

shape

of

the

postorbital
from the

processes,

not
a

off anteriorly by

slit-like notch

frontal,
is the

taper

to

sharp point posteriorly.

than

The

postorbital constriction
on

considerably deeper
upper

in Lepus,
shallow into

and

the

groove
not

the

anterior with tooth.

measured 440
mm.;

face

of
nor

incisors
as

is

simple

depression
the from substance

filled of the

cement

continued

lateral
"

outpocketings
An the adult

Measurements: the
35;

female

Tunglu,
total

Chekiang,
length,

by tail,

collector, showed
hind

following

dimensions:

foot,

105;

ear,

80.
MEASUREMENTS OF CAPROLAGUS
Post-

CRANIAL

SINENSIS

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

The

Harsh-furred

Hare

is the

only

native

species

56o
of southern
of Canton

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

China

hitherto
but

discovered.
does
not
seem

It
to

was

originallysent
been

from from

the
the

vicinity region
the

by Reeves,
Mell's
almost

have
to

reported
aff.
the
on a

since, unless
same,
as seems a

(1922, p. 28)
certain
hairs.

reference the

Orydolagus

kreyenbergi is
dark moimtain

from

brief

description of only
In

cinnamon
east

tail with of

few

black
where

He

says

that
not

it is taken
common.

"Sin-dsau,"
the

it is
Museum about

apparently Futsing.

the

covmtry
Mr.

about Clifford

Yenping
H.

American it
rare

expeditions
the

secured north

several,
it
seems

but
to

Pope
the

found
coast

Farther

extend

only (1912)
king, Nanwrote

along
records

at

least
an

to

Shanghai
and of and
others

region,
from

whence

Hollister Museiom

it. from

There

is

adult

female

also in the

American

of Natural
and

History
that the

Tunglu,
in the

Chekiang, University
smaller

Tekan,

Anhwei,

Kiangsu,
about

Michigan.
to
was

Swinhoe

(1870b,
the

p.

449)

Peiping
Hare,
and
so

this this

harsher-haired
seem

species is
been since does
not to

commoner

than of later other it from of its of the

Field

but it is
far

does

not

have

experience
there

collectors,
record farther habits.

possible

that and

he

mistaken,

is

no

of it
north

northward,
the

Sowerby
it is

(1914)

mention be
recorded

than

Shanghai region.
says that
common

Nothing

seems

Wilson

(1913)

in the

reed-bed

section

Yangtze.
In
what
a

recent

paper,

Shih
same

(1930)
animal,

has taken

described
at

as

Lepus

yuenshanensis
in
to
as

is

apparently
Hunan. it
make

this

Yuen

Shan,
not

Wukanghsien,
seem same

southwestern
to

The

characters

claimed

for it do

be the

cient suffimore

separable.
C.
s.

Possibly, however,
treated.
as

it is the

yellow-belliedrace, Specimens
Fiikien
:

next flaviventris,
"

examined:
4.
i.

In

all,eleven,

follows:

Yenping,
Tunglu,
i

Chekiang:
Anhwei:

Tekan,

(Univ. Mich.).
4

Kiangsu:

Nanking,

(Univ. Mich.); Shanghai,

(Univ. Mich.).
G.
no.

248.

Caprolagus
M.

sinensis
Mus. 1898,
Yatsen

flaviventris Novitates,
p. 775.

M.

Allen
p. 5, 1927.

Caprolagus sinensis flamventris G.

Lepus
sinensis

Allen,

Amer.

284,

Thomas,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

}Lepus yuenshanensis

Shih,
"

Bull.

Dept.

Biol., Sun

Univ., Canton,

no.

9, p. 3,

1930.

Type Specimen:
Museum of Natural
I,

subadult
from

female, skin and

skull. No. Fukien,

84500, American
China. Collected

History,

Chunganhsien,

August

1926, by CHfford
"

H.

Pope.
form but

Description: deeper
ventral and

Like

the

typical
above

darker,
instead mixture
back

the

ochraceous in the

tints midbuff with broad

and

the

entire

under

parts ochraceous
color
a

buff

of white
of

region.
coat

General

uniform
over a

ochraceous

black.

All-black

hairs

predominate
hairs
with

the dark

and

rump,

mixed

the

general

consisting of

base, succeeded

by

THE

LAGOMORPHS

561

ochraceous-buff
ears,

band
tail

and

short

black

tip. Head,
black and

anterior

outer

part
the

of

and of the

the

above,

dark

mixed
the

ochraceous

like

back. with

Sides

head,
an

especiallybelow
of and the

eyes,

blackish,
Neck
metentote

only slightlymixed patch

and above.

ochraceous;
nifous. ochraceous. entire
of the under

ill-defined,pale-buffy eye-ring.

clear

ochraceous
more

Outer

margin
Fore

ears

buff, their
ochraceous side

metectcte

feet
from

limbs
to

rufous

Hind

feet
the the

and

parts
on

chin

lower
A few

of tail, clear hairs

are

ochraceous, present
on

bases lower

hairs

the

belly
not
"

gray.

black

throat. The
skull does
seem

to

differ from
the
ear

that
measures

of the
62
mm.,

typical race.
mm.,

Measurements: the tail 55. Cranial

race.

In

the

type,

the
ear

hind

foot
60.

88,

In

larger male, the hind

of these
two

foot is 98
are

the

about imder

measurements

given in the table

the

typical

Occurrence

and

Habits: H.

"

In

the found the

mountainous
this "shan
young
a common or ones

region
Mountain taken

of

northwestern
Kuatun. The and five

Fukien,
It

Mr.

Clifford
to

Pope
as

species, about
Hare.

is known

the

natives include

t'u"

specimens
19,

secured

two

rather
more

June

15

August
of the
them
not

respectively.
than local those
race,
as

All

agree

in the
and

uniformly yellow lower

therefore, ventured
prove
seems

surface
to

body
as as a

from

Yenping,
it may

I have,

regard
are

although
the

eventually
now

that
to to

the

differences
As

striking
may

available
that

material
race

indicate. southwestern

previously
Hunan,
and

noted, it
that
of

be

this

extends from

inland

Shih's

Lepus
than

yuenshanensis
of
in
one

Wukanghsien,
He
states

Hunan,

is

synonym that and three

this,

rather

C.

s.

sinensis. the

(Shih, 1930b)
between

fetuses

were

found
small

of

specimens

taken

April

June,

indicating

litters.
"

Specimens examined:
Fvikien.
249.
Cuniculus

In

all, five,

from

Chunganhsien,

northwestern

?OryctoIagus
Sitzungsb. Ges.

cuniculus
Naturf.

(Linnaeus)
Berlin, 1913,
p.

kreyenbergi Honigmann,

Freunde,
on

296.

Without

having

seen

the is not
to

specimen possible
the
to

which certain

Honigmann
as

based

his

Cuniculus

kreyenbergi, it
it
as a

be

to

its

identity. He
that
a

regards
skull

closely similar
double
or

European

Rabbit,

and

mentions

the

shows

which interparietal, it be genus the

precludes it from
to

being

member in

of either this

Lepus

Caprolagus, unless
type
prove
was

happens

be

an

unusual

specimen

respect.
the been from

The

said be

to

fully adult

and
one

contained
must

embryos.
that
one

Should it had described

animal

to

of the

Oryctolagus, only

suppose is the

introduced.

Apparently
"sehr

specimen
Fukien.

known

Yenchow^u,

wahrscheinlich,"

562

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Genus

Lepus
HARES

Linnaeus

Lepus Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. The

lo, vol.

I, p. 57,

1758.

hares
New

included

within
the

this

genus

are

of boreal white

distribution
as

in both
also those

Old

and

Worlds;

Arctic
as

species turn
the L.

in winter

do

of sub-boreal external form

distribution, such
the
ears are

timidus
; the

of northern tail is

Europe.
and

In with

the its

moderately

long

fairlylong

Fig.

23.

Distribution

Map.

Lepus
1.
2.

L. europaus L. europtBus

tolai swinhoei

3. 4.

L. L.

europceus europceus

filchneri
aurigineus

THE

LAGOMORPHS

563
The

terminal
soles the

hairs

about with

equals

the

hind
hairs

foot.
that

latter the claws.

is

heavily haired,
Miller summarizes

the

covered cranial

stiffer denser
as

hide with

characters

follows:
more

"Skull
two

bony

palate
times
of

short, its
that
. .

length

at

narrowest

region
width

never

than

and

one-half

of first upper
.

molar;

of choanae

greater
in adult;
and
on

than

least

length

palate
broad

; sutures

of

interparietalobliterated
with median of
distinct anterior
re-entrant

postorbital processes
first upper
a

and

triangular,
with

posterior limbs;
each side of

premolar
with
on

deep angle

angle,
anterior
on

which

is lower

smaller

re-entrant
a

varying depth;
angle
second face
to

portion
face

of anterior
and
a

premolar
re-entrant

narrow

re-entrant

its front
upper

broad

re-entrant

angle

external

aspect;
from

fifth about

cheek-teeth of

alike, the
distance
and

angle extending
the
. . .

inner of the
a

three-quarters

across

crown,

adjacent
last
upper

edges
molar

fold

closely approximated

finely crenulate
from China
and

small the

elliptic cylinder. ..." species of

races

Of
are

many

hares

described
or

Mongolia,
and

most

merely

local

of

the

black-tailed
than has
two
or

the

gray-tailed types,
three of
to

really
In and the
a

represent
recent

probably

not

more

perhaps
the has

specificgroups.
northern

paper,

Ognev
large
tolai

(1929a)

reviewed
and

hares
come

Europe
that North

Asia

with

amount

of material
so

the

conclusion and

so-called is

L.

group,

well

represented subspecies surprising in

of mammals
as

in

Mongolia
the of their

China,
Hares of

connected
a

by

intermediate
that is not

with

typical

Field

Europe,
and
across

conclusion
many

view
are

general similarity
distributed

the

fact that

other

groups

continuously
include Field do

Europe Varying (type,

than L.

and

northern in
a

Asia

well.

He

would the

Lepus timidus,
Hares
in

the

Hare,

genus

by

itself,and
The

place

Eulagos
to

Gray
more

mediterraneus

Wagner).
however.
and

differences

not

seem

be

of

subgeneric importance,
Key
to the

Chinese the

Mongolian and
lower
sur-

Species

of

Lepus

A.

Upper
face
a.

surface
to
area

of the the
roots

tail black, of the

sides

white Black total

hairs. one-half
or more

of the
ears 120

tail broad,

of the foot.

width,

shorter,
mm.

not

exceeding

hind

a'. Foot
1
.

about Colors Colors

rump

pale,
less

rump

gray

in winter

L. europtBus
gray L.

tolai

(Gobi)

2.

pale,

without

contrasting

in winter

europcBus
em

swinhoei

(northeast-

China, Shantung,

Hopei)

3.

Rump
tint

not

gray,

sides and

back

pinkish buff

in L. enropcBus

(Shansi and filchneri Shensi)

aurigineus (Yangtze
of eastern

4.

Rump
ous

not

gray,

sides

and

feet

bright ochraceL. europceus

basin

China)

564
b'. Foot b. Black width B.

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

about
area

96

mm

L. hainanus
narrow,

(Hainan) (Kansu)

of

tail

one-third foot

of

the

total L. oiostolus

; ears

longer, exceeding hind

of tail blackish with the hairs
or

Upper
lower
a.

surface surface

grizzled, its sides and

gray-based.
often
mm

Darker,
width

ears

and

forehead
20

blackish, combined
L. oiostolus

of nasals

about

grahami

(Szechwan

highlands)
b.

Browner,

combined

width

of nasals

about

24

mm.
.
.

L. oiostolus

comus

(western

Yunnan)
250.

Lepus
GOBI

europaeus
FIELD

tolai Pallas
HARE

Lepus Lepus Lepus Lepus

tolai Pallas, Nov.

Spec. Quad,

Glir. Ord., p. 17, 1778.

Zool. Acad.

gansuicus Satunin, Annuaire gobicus Satunin, ibid.,p. 162.

sunnhoei
subluleus for

Mus.

Imp.

Sci. St.

Petersbourg, for 1906, vol. II, p. 160, 1907.

December

Thomas,

Abstract

Proc. Zool.

Soc.

London,

15, 1908, p. 45;

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London, Lepus Lepus

1908, p. 979, 1909. tolai tolai G. M. Allen, Amer.

tolai Ognev,

Mus.

Novitates,

no.

284, p. 6, 1927.

europccus

Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 84, p. 78, 1929.

"

Type
this

specimen: usque."
the
at

Pallas the

names

no as

individual deserto

specimen

as

the

type

of
ad

species, but
regarded

gives

range the

"in

Tybetum
has

Hence

Gobi

is the

ubique magno typical habitat, although Satunin

whence the

Gobeensi

Selenga River, in Transbaikalia,

had

Academy

of

Sciences

Leningrad
"

specimens,

as

the

type
eastern

locality.
races

Description:
and the in winter head
and the

This
has

is the
a

palest of the
gray gray of

of the color

Field of the

Hare, top of
middle
dorsal

pelage
back back
are a

markedly

rump. and buff

General

mixture

buffy
clearer
basal
a

black,
on

darkest flanks.

in the In the
and
a

region of region by
a

and

becoming
in the

pale
fourth,

the

the

hairs
black

gray

shading
others black and
at

into

buff,
band
are

followed minute The other

broad

band,

then

by

slightlybrighter
hairs
are

buff that

and

black latter hairs becomes white

throat
to

tip. Scattered
are are

amongst
on

these

all black.

nearly

absent

the

sides, and
On the rump

the

band
across

and the

tip

on

the

also much

reduced. the

hips, the
Numerous

coloring long,
the

grayish white,
hairs
to

hairs
the

slaty

gray

their

bases.
the

project beyond hips.

A of the and

general pelage along

area

sides
the eye

from

lower back

the

pale, grayish white

forward
clear the

around

extends
to

the

base

ear,

above
ochraceous

the

vibrissse
a narrow

nearly

the

muzzle.

Outer

side of the
the

fore limbs

buff;

pinkish-buff band
mixed
feet

along
the

sides
lower

delimiting
part
with

white
tibia

of the
and the

belly from
backs

the

buffy
black.

gray

of

flanks;

of the

of the of the

hind tail

ceous buffy ochraBack mixed

slightlymixed
of

white.

Dorsal

surface

deep

the

neck gray

pinkish buff, tipped with

and black

white.

Ears with

with

the

proectote

buffy
extreme

like the

back,
white

edged

clear

ochraceous

buff,,their
of the external

tips black

; metectote

; metentote

along the middle

THE

LAGOMORPHS

565
at

border

mixed into

buffy
white

gray in the

and

black, white
area.

the

base pure

and white

buffy
to

at

the bases

tip,
of

shading
the

internal

Below,
across

the

hairs, except
In
summer

for the

dull

buffy
the with
very

band

the

throat. there

pelage, the
of the

gray but

rump

is

lacking, and
dorsal

is much
back

less black is
an even

in the

pelage

back,

entire

surface

of the
sides

buffy, only slightlydarkened Nape pinkish ochraceous, with

hind feet
whitish

black-tipped
little white
a

hairs, the

slightlyclearer.
feet and The winter
and

tipping.
inner the

Fore

forearm

dull ochraceous, bristle-like

paler, with
that

whitish

border.

prominent
coat
are

hairs
and

project along
is less contrast
of the

sides

in the
the back but

lacking
The

in summer, skull
as are

there that also

between Hare size.

sides. smaller
and golian Mon-

resembles

European

is much Chinese
that the

throughout,
races

is true
all
are

of the marked

general bodily
and below

The

poorly

differ little in size, so for

more

measiu-e-

ments

available
Measurements:

grouped
"

together

ready

comparison.

See

table
OF

following:
LEPUS EUROPMUS TOLAI

EXTERNAL

MEASUREMENTS

AND

RELATED

RACES

566

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Nomenclature: and

"

Ognev
be

(1929a)
as

has

shown

that

the

Field
races

Hares
of the

of China

Mongolia
which

are

to

regarded
buff and

smaller

geographic general type pelage.

L.

European
their Gobi
nor

Hare,

they externally
tails,and tolai,so
from
can case

resemble
gray L.

in

of

coloring, with
named be the the
same

black-topped
animal
does

mixed

Pallas
seem

the
same,

Lepus
it appear

that the be

Satunin's

gobicus would
his for

to

description
different Thomas's in the

that

gansuicus

from The

desert

of

Kansu

Province the

enough
L.

recognition.
He

is also is the

apparently
from the

with

swinhoei Desert.

subluteus, the type of which

southern

Gobi,

Ordos

compared

this

with

THE

LAGOMORPHS

567
its
the

Chefoo

Hare

of

Shantung,
be

pointing
doubt

out

paler coloration
Gobi Hare
L.
s.

and

the the

gray

rump-patch,
race,
so

characters there
can

which
no

distinguish
of the

from

Chefoo
L.
e.

that

identity of

subluleus

with

tolai. Occurrence
over

and of

Habits:

"

Apparently
from the
the southern
a

this

pallid
of

race

is

distributed east,

all

the

Gobi the

Mongolia
to

Khingan
borders

region in the
the

westward,
Central

and

from

northern

desert.
on

The
the

Asiatic

Expeditions brought
all Dr. the way from

back the

fairly good
of

series, secured
to

different
Artsa

journeys Bogdo.
that
at

vicinity
in the

Urga
that

Tsagan
was

Nor

and
rare,

Walter it
from
was

Granger writes, however,

abundant middle fur and
of

it

usually
and

except

Uskuk

"bad-land"
the the latter
summer

ravines

gullies. Specimens
are

taken

the

May

to

part
coat.

of

June

in process

of

moulting
In

the

winter

acquiring
and and have Total

the

Ordos of

Desert, Anderson

Sowerby
mountains recorded
as

found
near

it

"exceedingly
in the

ant" abund-

northwest

Chingpien
seems

in the been

Kolanchow.

Nothing
desert.

of

especial interest Specimens

Mongolia:

to

to their habits
as

examined:

"

number,
(
=

twenty-three,
Dabasu),
or

follows: Nor,
4. 2;

Artsa

Bogdo,

i; Erhlien

Iren

2;

Tsagan

Ula

Usu,

11;

vicinityof Urga

(thirtymiles

southeast

southwest), 3; Uskuk,

251.

Lepus

europaeus
FIELD

swinhoei
HARE

Thomas

CHEFOO

Lepus Lepus

swinhoei

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., ser.
d.

6, vol. Filchner

13, p. nach

364, 1894.
China
u.

stegmanni

Matschie,

Wiss.

Ergebn.

Exped.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10, pt. I, p. 214,

1908. Lepus
tolai swinhoei G.
M.

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

no.

284, p. 7, 1927.

Type
from

Specimen:

"

^A

skin China. is
a

and

skull,

No.

70.7.18.16,
Robert
Swinhoe

British
in than

Museum,

Chefoo,

Shantung,
"

Collected

by

1870.
the

Description:
L. The
e.

This Gobi.

brighter-colored,more
winter
black

bxiffyrace
rump with

typical
of

tolai of the

In

pelage
and the

the

gray

is much
a on

less marked.

general coloring
hairs

is mixed

buffy above,
rest

nimiber the

long,
The

white-tipped
summer

projecting beyond
and lacks these
not

of the

pelage

sides.

coat

is shorter
does

longer hairs.
of L.
e.

The average

skull

differ from
mm.

that

tolai, except
for ten of the

that latter

the
and

nasals nine

slightlylonger, 37.8
e.

instead

of 35.5,

of L.

swinhoei.
"

Measurements:

See
Habits:

tables

imder

L.

e.

tolai. of the
and extends

Occurrence
the

and
of

"

This

paler

race

Field

Hare

is

common

from

vicinity
much

Peiping, Hopei,
southward

southward

eastward

into

Shantung.
but

How

farther

this

form

is not

wholly certain,

568

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

probably
from It is

to

the

Yangtze

basin, intergrading with

seem

other
same.

races,

for

two

skins

Wuhu,

Anhwei
common

(Univ. Mich.),
near

to

be

the

Peiping,
it is but
common

and

is often
in the

brought
country

to

market.

Thomas

(iQoSd,

p.

lo) records
and
to
now

that

about where them

occur

Chefoo, Shantung
there
are

Province,

Weihaiwei,

is

rare

near

Aisan,
himt

wolves.

According
although
cover.

Weigold, greatly

the

natives
in
an

about

Peiping
of

with

hawks,

but,
is in
and

reduced

numbers,
account

they
The
go
to

still

where
on a

there

Sowerby
China,
heads
as

(1914) gives
an a

hunting
hare

hares

horseback
runner

North

exciting
graveyard

form

of

sport.

is in

fine

usually
or

for

where

"it may

earth

some

badger hole,
He
adds
are

elude
are

its pursuers
not

by doubling amongst
as numerous as

the
and

hummocks." those
that much

that both it
campments. en-

hares fast
was.

nearly
so

formerly,
with

remain
lower round that

and

cunning,
Some

that

the

percentage
swarms

of kills is very

than the

"South

Mongolia
wolves
cover

simply
and

them,
to

chiefly
the that fact

travellers

have foxes.
...

put this
It
form of
so

down

the

camp

dogs keep
the is my

away

happens
of this

these

spots

afford It
tection pro-

only really good

in the
seek

tall

thickly growing sedgegrass.

cover

opinion
of the
and

that
camp

the

hares
...

the hare

shelter
uses

rather

than
a a

the

dogs.
put
up

A will
in

the

same

'form'

for

considerable

time,
Some

when

invariably

return

to

it, making
mentions
move

long
two

circuit.

will lie very

a

close

these

'forms'."

Sowerby
did
two
as

instances touched bom that

in which the foot.

hare

was

discovered

in its form, and

not to

until
are

by
in
more a

He
as

states

(1914,
appear

p.

64)
a

that
as

from well

five young

litter,and
than
one

they

very in the

early
cool

very

late, it

may

be
warm

litter is
in
summer

produced
seek may

season.

In

winter, they love

thorn

sunny

banks

but

of the be

densest found

scrub, while

"in

vated culti-

country
that
are

they

nearly always
the

in the

family

grave

patches

scattered

amongst
"

ploughed

fields."

Specimens
Anhwei:

examined:
10;
2 one

Fifteen, namely:
miles northeast of

Hopei: Peiping,
WtJiu,

hundred

Peiping, i; Tungchow,

2.

(Univ. Mich.). Lepus

filchneri Matschie

252.

europaeus

FILCHNER'S

FIELD

HARE

Lepus filchneri Matschie, 1908. Lepus Lepus Lepus

swinhoei swinhoei tolai

Wiss.

Ergebn.

d. Exped.

Filchner

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10,

pt.

i, p. 217,

brevinasus

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Proc. Biol. Mus. Soc.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist.,

vol.

26, p. 427,
p.

1909.

soiverbym HoIIister,
M.

Washington,
no.

vol. 25,

182, 1912.

filchneri G.

Allen,

Amer.

Novitates,

284,

p. 8, 1927.

Type Specimen: The type is Hinganfu, southern Shensi, China.

"

skin

and

skull in the

Berlin

Museum,

from

THE

LAGOMORPHS

569
marked

Description:
"

This Hare

hare

is

very

sHghtly
latter

race,

distinguishable
tint of the sides
the

from and
ear,

the

Chefoo
and

by

the

decidedly pinker,
tint of the
at

less yellowish
and the

back,

by
its

the

buffier

exposed
There

portion of

including
mixture

fringe of longer
hairs See The
with

hairs

the outer
of the
e.

edge.
tail.

is less tendency

to

of

buffy
"

the under
name

black
L.

Measurements:

table first
in

tolai.
to

Nomenclature:

"

applied

the

Field

Hare year

of
the

Shensi
late

is Dr.

Lepus

filchneriof Matschie,
Allen
that
to

1908, while
name

in the

following
swinhoei
e.

J.

A.

proposed
the nasal
case,

as

provisional
are

Lepus
in L.

brevinasiis, in the
This
does
not

belief
seem

bones

shorter

than

swinhoei. measured. this

no race

be

the

however,
Habits:
to
"

in the The

series that

I have

Occurrence least southern from from

and Shensi Shan

area

occupied by
I
can see on

extends
in

from

at

northern

Shansi.
southern

difference
one

specimens
a

Taipai

and

Sianfu,
northern

Shensi,
on

the

hand,

and

series

Kweihwacheng,
HoUister's
northern L.

Shansi,
as a

the

other,
since it

and
was

have,
based added

therefore,
on a

regarded
from

s.

sowerbyce
west

synonym,

men speciinterof

Shansi

of

Ningwufu.
makes
are

It may difficult

be the

that

gradation
many

with

the

surrounding

races

discrimination

specimens Specimens
Shansi: Shensi:

of this hare, for they examined:

"

but

slightlymarked.

^Twenty-two,
Maitaichao,
of
i;

namely:
Yirgo,
I ;

Kweihwacheng, forty-five miles

southwest

11;

(M.C.Z.).
west

south

Fengsiangfu,
2; base

fiftymiles
i.

of

Sianfu,

; one

hiindred

miles

of Sianfu,

of

Taipai Shan,

253.

Lepus

europaeus

aurigineus HolHster
FIELD HARE

HOLLISTER'S

Lepus Lepus

aurigineus Hollister,
tolai

Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington,

Amer. Mus.

vol.
no.

25,

p.

i8i, 1912.
p.

aurigineus G.

M.

Allen,

Novitates,

284,

9,

1927.

Type
U.

Specimen:
1880.

"

female, skin
from

and

skull, subadult.
northern

No. China.

13761/38173.
Collected

S. National
27,

Museum,

Kiukiang,

Eaangsi,

December

Description:
"

In

winter

pelage
clearer

the

entire

upper
over

parts
the

are

bright
inside
-band

ochraceous of gray
ears

much
as

mixed
e.

with
tolai.

black, and
The
are

ochraceous the eye, the the

rump

instead

in L. their
the

spot before
rich

eye-ring, the
chest

of the

and

borders sides

ochraceous,

fore legs and

pale

mon, cinna-

clear
as

buff. in the other

races.

The

skull is

Measurements: Occurrence and

"

See

table
"

under

L. is the

e.

tolai.
most

Habits:

This

southern

of the

races

of

Field

570

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Hare

in China,
L.

and
e.

is

distinguished merely by its sHghtly richer

and
was

and

brighter

coloring from
which in its in poor
A

swinhoei

L.

e.

to the north. filchneri

The

type specimen,

I have

examined,
is

compared
one

by Hollister
the

with group, of
an

Caprolagus sinensis though

immature
the

coloring, but

obviously
the from

of

present
skull

skin animal.

is

condition, lacking
skins

and tail,

the in the

is that of
to

series of winter

Hupeh
R.
on

Museum

Comparative
while
taken

Zoology,
two

collected

by

the

late Walter Wanhsien

Zappey,
the
eastern

is referred border

this race,

other

specimens
Central the
warmer

from

of Szechwan,

by
to

the than

Asiatic
No

Expeditions,
doubt the climate
that

other.
and

is less ochraceous similar, though one are brighter tints of this hare are in response of this southern
around
out.

the

moister

part of its range

these
hares
to
are

in China.

E. H.

Wilson

(1913) writes
they
with
are one

Ichang They
the

fairly plentiful,
cultivation,
of western
and

"though
never

getting shot
in the As of the of the

keep close
mountains
at

met

sparsely populated nearly

as

Hupeh
race

above is the least

5000
one

feet altitude." characteristic middle for

at

data from

hand
eastern

indicate, this
Szechwan the
a

Yangtze
It

basin

to

at

the

part

valley.

possibly just reaches brought

back
to

borders

of skin

Yunnan,
obtained
exact

the

Central

Asiatic which

Expeditions
seems

himter's

Wutinghsien,
not

represent

this

race,

although the

localitymay

be
"

assignable.
In all,twelve,
the
2

Specimens examined:
Hupeh
:

as

follows:

Kiangsi: Kixikiang, i (U.S.N.M.), Changyang,

Wanhsien,
i

type.

Changkow,

Fong Shan,

Hocha,

Ichanghsien,

2 ;

Nantu,

(allin M.C.Z.).
Szechwan: ?Yunnan:
2. i

Wutinghsien,

(hunter's skin).

254. Lepus
centrasiaticus
1907.

Lepus
Mus.

centrasiaticus
Acad.

Satunin
for

Satunin, Annuaire

Zool.

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

1906,

vol.

11, p.

158,

Type Specimen:
mammals

"

The

description is based by Buechner,

a

on

specimen
and

h of Przewalski's
from

reported
western

upon

female

skin
the

skull

Satschou of the

(Sachow), Academy

Kansu,
at

China, June, 1879, in

Zoological Museum

of Sciences
"

Leningrad.
very

Description: This is said to be by the gray-based wool hairs. The

white
the

like L. of with

but kashgariciis

distinguished
with

inside washed
feet

the

ears

is clothed

long
of

hairs. extremities
Tail

The and
a

rtmip

is gray
and

or

dark

yellow.
washed

Outer

side

fore

hind
dorsal

white, sometimes

with

pale

buff.

with

broad
"

black hind

stripe.
without claw is said
to
measure

Measurements:
mm.; ear,
100.

The

foot

120-123

THE

LAGOMORPHS

571

Occurrence in extreme
western

and

Habits:

"

This

hare,
to

described
me.

from
be

the
at

Satschou
a

oasis

Kansu,

is unknown
to

It must

most

subspecies

of L. europceus,
with

closelyallied
the

L.

e.

tolai,if indeed
is mentioned

it is not in

practicallyidentical
without
tempting at-

it.

For
to

present,
the

therefore, it

this form

decide

question.
"

Specimens examined:

None.

255.

Lepus
HAINAN

hainanus
HARE

Swinhoe

Lepus

hainanus

Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

1870,

pp.

233,

639, pi. 18, text-figs. 1-4.

Type Specimen:
received

"

Swinhoe
from
now a

says

that

the
son.

description was
The

based
near

on

men specicapital

by him

mandarin's

localitywas
Museum.
rather

the

city of Hainan. Description:

"

It is This of
a

presumably
is
a

in the

British is
which In

small

hare,

and

perhaps

closely related
differs

to

the

Field

Hares

North

China,
color

from

it outwardly

chiefly
sides

in size, of the
ous.

preserving
as

similar
as

pattern.
are an seen even

winter

pelage,
of black

the and

top

and

head,
On

well

the

back,
there

mixture
be
a

pale ochraceunder fur of

a

parting

the

hair,
at

is

to

shorter,
the

denser

woolly texture,
longer
band
outer

whitish

its base
of

and

buffy
with

at

tips;overlying this is
then
a a

the

pelage, consisting by
of the
areas a

hairs
of

pale bases,
buff the and

broad
black

black

succeeded the

shorter the

band upper

ochraceous
arms

short black the

tip.
are

On

sides
and the

body,
and

fewer the

clearer, passing into

hind

thighs, bright ochraceous

and

the
on

tips
hind
the

forearms,

backs

of the this

fore

feet, and

along
the

the

inner

side of the
band
across

legs.
lower

Anteriorly
throat. backward cheeks A

coloring deepens
whitish base
area

slightly in ring
ear

broad
eye

well-defined toward the the

encircles and

the

and

extends the

indistinctly
muzzle;
buff. lower

of the above

anteriorly toward Nape-patch

Ears
at

paler
of the
and

than

them. with
metectote

ochraceous with the

Upper
mixed ternal Exback

part
black

tail buff and

black,
like
the the

bordered

white.

proectote
at

back,
half

whitish
inner into the

base,
whitish.

black

tip.

edge
from
upper the the

basal

of

the

edge

Metentote

white

edge buffy brown,

the

shading
side

buffy white
tail ptire

apically. Chin
white
to

and of

throat,
hairs.
The
summer

belly

and

under

of

the

roots

pelage
the

is not

greatly
hairs

different

from

that

of winter,
the

and

the

latter
L.

lacks

prominent

white

that

project along

sides

in

the

europceus
The

group. differs from that The of the North

on

skull

China

Field bone

Hares is deeper

chiefly in
and
nms

size, for it is much

smaller.

groove

the

jugal

572

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

along
groove

the
on a

whole the

length of the bone

front face of the than
seen

instead

of

chieflythe middle
is
more or

section.

The

upper

incisors Field Hares

at

less filled with

cement,
groove

and

to

greater

extent
as

in the

of North

China,
the

and

the

itself is

Y-shaped

in the

section

the

tip of

incisors, instead

of

simply V-shaped.
Measurements: in two adult
"

The

foot

in

dried
The
ear

skins in
one

measures

92
was

and

96
mm.

mm.

tively respec-

specimens.

of these

78

Occurrence

and

Habits: it is

"

The

relationships of
not

the

Hainan
to

Hare
the

are

not

altogether clear, but

of similar Bonhote.
the

apparently
in Siam

distantly allied
eastern

small

species

.coloring found
The Hare
grooves of

and

India,

L.

peguensis siamensis
size, that separate
in

chief differences, apart from

on

from of

slightlysmaller
North

Hainan of the

the
the

Field front

Hares face

China,
and

are

the

tion conformafilled with

and

of the
in

incisors color
are

their

being

cement two
are

instead rather hare

open;

the
summer

differences
coat.

of

degree only,

the

similar
was

in

This is Mr.

not

seen

in life in

by Swinhoe,

who
on

first described the island of

it, but
Hainan.

it

apparently fairly common

Clifford
who

suitable

localities

Natural of dense in and

seen

H. series for American of secured Museum a Pope, be concealed the amount History, writes that its "abundance by may
the
cover

in the form
most

of bush, grass,
were

and

jungle.
The Chinese
market

Few

hares

were

brought
with
nets
never

to

us,

and

of those
as

small.
a

trap
value.

them

sell them
an

for food in the size.

they have
No doubt hare is to

regular
its looked hitherto

I have
are

adult

open."
This

jungle-livinghabits
for
on

correlated

with Hainan

reduced

be
but

the is

mainland
no

opposite
record

in extreme

southern

China,

there

apparently

of its presence.

Specimens
one

examined:
one

"

In

all, twenty, Hoihow,

most

of them others

immature,
from Nodoa.

of which

is from

Namfong,

from

and

the

THE

LAGOMORPHS

573

256.

Lepus

oiostolus

oiostolus
HARE

Hodgson

GRAY-TAILED

Lepus oiostolus Hodgson,

Przewalski

Lepus

Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 9, p. u86, Joum. Buechner, Wiss. 1840. Reisen, vol. i, Saugethicrc, p. 204, pi. 25, 1894. De sechuenensis Winton and Styan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 576, pi. 32.

Resultate

d.

v.

Type

specimen:
and

"

According probably
It

to

Blanford
one

(1898), the
from unknown
as

type

was

very

mature im-

animal,

the
came some

received
some

the

Hodgson locality in

Collection
southern

by
and

the

British
There

Museum.

from
doubt
a

Tibet.

is still apparently has

to the

characters secured

of this

species,
these

Buechner
eastern
are

identified
and
not western

with

it

number

of hares

by

Przewalski
that

in

Tibet

Kansu. but

Blanford
until
more

(1898) suggests proof

to

latter

probably

the

same,

the

contrary

is available,

the

identification
"

of Buechner

may

be

tentatively accepted.
appears

Description:
L.
ears

In

winter

coat

this hare
is at the
once

externally

very

similar

to

europcBus
and

tolai of the hind

Gobi,

but

distinguished by
median
coat
area

its much dorsal and

longer
surface

longer

foot, while
In

black

of the

of the

tail is much
the and

narrower.

general the
median
of the

is fuller.

Top
a

sides of the of

head,
buff

proectote black,
of

of the ears,
on

the sides

area

of the back,
to

mixture with

pinkish
no

paling

the but

body

pinkish

buff

almost white
and

admixture from
gray, the due

black

hairs,
to

showing hip.
The

numerous

long, projecting
area across

hairs

fore quarters
to

the of

entire

the the
to

rump

hips

is

the

presence

black-tipped
whitish have

hairs
hairs gray

among
are

generally grayishthe

white
the

hairs

of this

region.
they

These

pale

base, except

in

median

line, where
for
a narrow an

extensive
the

bases.

Tail There
area

full-furred, ptare
is
a

white, except
around and the the eye

stripe on
muzzle. The beneath
on

dorsal
gray

surface.

whitish the
a

ring
eye

and

ill-defined mixed

and

blackish

between with

vibrissa
to

of the
shorter

nape the

is clear bases

pinkish buff,
ears.

tipping
have
a treme ex-

of white

the

hairs

of the
third

The

latter

fringe of longer pale-buffy tip

the basal

hairs

the The

middle
middle the

of the

inner
outer

edge

their

is

edged
is mixed

with

black. and their

third

of the

exposed edge
for The short throat

(metentote)
distance,
from
but

blackish
At

buff, but

terminal the
ears

third
are

is clear buff, and black

a

third
the

white. basal
the The

tip, exteriorly
backs

portion
chin
backs
to

of the

of the
the

ears

is whitish. is
a

just
their
Summer

below
btiff.

and of the
buff.

including
feet
are

forearms,
tinted

uniform

pale

ochraceous but

whitish,

with

pinkish buff,
with

soles

are

ochraceous
are

skins

less

buffy, a
the

dark

mixture

of gray

and

brown,

the

gray

rump

evident,
skull

but
once

lacking

long projecting whitish

from
that of L.
e.

hairs.

The
same

is at
its

distinguished
with
more

tolai, found
and

in the tooth
that

area,

by

larger size,
the

elongated

muzzle

longer
processes

rows,

but

particularly by

broad,

triangular supraorbital

574 stand from

at

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

up

an

angle with
of
an

the

general surface
on

of the

nasal
as

region
the

as

viewed
of

behind,
This

instead

being
outward

nearly
flare to

the the

same

level

middle
seen as

the the

frontals.

gives
with

supraorbitals, as
orbit,
somewhat
suture

from

side, correlated
hares. audital

the
or

increased

size of the the

than

in the

arctic

They
bullae
ears.

nearly
are

quite
little
on

touch

parietal
in L. of
e.

posteriorly. The
the

very groove and

larger
the

tolai, notwithstanding
upper

larger
and

The

front

face

the

incisors

is

simple,

deep, V-shaped,
Measurements:
"

filled with

cement.

In from

dry
the

skin,

the

length of

the

hind
115;

foot from

is Ii8
the

mm.

(with claw) ; the

about
130.
CRANIAL

ear

notch

of the

opening, about

crown,

MEASUREMENTS

OP

LEPUS

OIOSTOLUS Combined

OIOSTOLUS

Greatest

ZygoBasal

Mas-

Palatal

matic
width

toid Width
across

width of
nasals

Upper
cheek

Lower cheek
teeth

No.

length
MCZ USNM

length

length 43.0

width

molars

teeth

Locality
Kansu Szechwan Szechwan

25348 240376
240379

96.0
92.4 94-9

78.0
75.1

46.0 42.6
423

36.3

25-5 23.0

19.6
20.2

17.0
15.0

38.9
39-5

16.5 16.5 forth

USNM

76.7
The

34-8 of this

26.0

21.5

15-6
are

Nomenclature: detail

"

characters

large hare
and
to

set

in

some

by Buechner
which found obtained

in his account it
common

of the
eastern

mammals Tibet

of the
on

Przewalski borders

tion, Expediof Kansu.

another

in
a

the

specimen
Russian
a

by

later

expedition
as

the

latter

region by
Dr.

Russian of the from hare in the Museum

explorer,Kozlov, Academy, by De
corner near

and
has

identified
served
as

of this
the

speciesby
for

B.

Vinogradov
It
seems

basis the

comparison.
from
,

study of the
northwest from B.

available Winton

material
and

that
as

species is identical
sechuenensis in the

with

the

described

Styan
altitude

Lepus

Dunpi,

of Szechwan.
at
an

Similar

specimens
12,000

U.

S. National mentioned

Sungpan,
in his account

of about

feet,were

by A.

Howell

of L.

grahami,

of which

they

were

regarded

as

non-typical

individuals.
and

Occurrence

Habits:
to

"

At
L.

first
e.

sight this hare

but black is

in winter

coat

bears

siderable con-

resemblance

the

tolai hare

readily distinguished by its

on

larger size, longer

skull
one

ears,

pale feet, narrower

and

area

the

tail,and
It is

by the

with of the

the

more

erect

flaringsupraorbital
the
to

processes.

evidently
ski Przewalwhich

Tibetan
and

western

China,

steppe fauna, just reaching probably extending southward

Nan
known Shan about
occurrence

high country
the

of extreme

Himalayas.

found
seems

it in the be its

Sachow,

in

the

far west

of Kansu,

to

only

in China. feet in the

Here, in July, he observed

it at

altitudes

of from

10,000-12,000

alpine

zone

as

well

as

in the

THE

LAGOMORPHS

575

valleys
or

at

8,000

feet.

It takes

shelter
is much

among shier is still in

a

rocks than

along
the L.

the
e.

river

valleys
its

in deserted and

marmot

holes, and
away

tolai, leaving
way off.
seem

form skins

rushing
about
the

while

danger
12,000
are

considerable

Four
to

from

Sungpan,
same. as

feet,
the L.

northern in the U. "not

Szechwan,
S. National

be

undoubtedly
considered
It
same as seems

These

skins

Museum

by Howell
very

related
that

to

grahami,
kozlovi

but

typical."
Kam, Tibet, is the
If Blan-

Hkely
here the very
at

Lepus
or

Satunin,
very

from

the

animal
that then

described,
latter

at

least
from
name

closely related.
L.

ford's Tibet

surmise be true,

is different

the
may

oiostolus At

of

southern
ever, how-

likely Satunin's
hand
for the

apply.
of this

present,

material

is not

determination

point.

Specimens
Kansu
: near

examined:
the

"

The Nor,

following five:
i
.

lake, Koko

Szechwan:

near

Sungpan,

alt. 12,000

ft.,4 (U.S.N. M.).

257.

Lepus
LOWLAND

oiostolus

comus

G.

M.

Allen

GRAY-TAILED

HARE

Lepus

comus

G.

M.

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

no.

284, p. 9, September

13, 1927.

Type
Museum altitude.

Specimen:
of

"

An

adult

female,

skin

and

skull. No. Yunnan,

and

43174,

American
5,500 feet

Natural

History, from April

19, 191 7,

Tengyueh, by
Dr. much R.

China,
Edmund

Collected
In

C. Andrews
like the L. hind

Heller.
the nrmp

Description:
"

general
above,

coloring
gray

oiostolus, but
feet An the

less pale, the

tail brown

elsewhere,
with
ear,

slenderer. indistinct

Head,
whitish

above,
band

dull

ochraceous
the muzzle gray,

buff, slightlymixed
to

black.

from

the

base

of the

including
small,
and dull black

eye-ring; cheeks
with many the
outer

grizzled buffy, pale-tipped

edge
part
clearer of the

and

black.
ears

Nape
mixed
on

patch buffy
the

russet,

hairs.

The

dark,

on

anterior

side, fringed with

white
outer

longer
; at

gray extreme

hairs

basal the

three-fourths;
of the
ears ear

the the

posterior
terminal with
about

the
are

tip both
brown. dark

edge

and

side
The

blackish is
a

Inside

of

scantily clothed
blackish
mm.

pale-gray
equal
at

hairs.

back The with the

mixture

of buffy and
are

in

proportions.
then black

individual

hairs
then hairs

about with

32

long, grayish buflfy,with

of
a

base,

ringed tip.
The

ochraceous,
rump

black,

then

minute

On

the

are

shorter,
and of

the

subterminal
side

pale
legs,
tail

rings whitish.
clear ochraceous
a

flanks, fore legs from

on

elbow backs

outer

hind
The

buff, slightlypaler
brown hairs
a

the

the

hind
;

feet.
drab
gray

is of
with

blackish

above

with
a

scattering of white
hairs.

hairs

below,
is clear

longer pale
with

having

faintly buffy tip.

The

throat-band and the

ochraceous,

few

longer white-tipped

Chin,

inner

sides

576
of the
the

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

legs to

the

wrists

and

heels, the chest

gray from bases. that

and

belly pure

white, the hairs

on

posterior abdomen
The skull

with

chiefly differs
and

of L. oiostolus

in its slender, flat frontal

depressed
different,

supraorbital processes, relativelyshort nasals.

its anterior
the and

especially in the
arch, instead
the

broad,

region, with
also

The
an

shape of the interpterygoid fossa is

even

outline
marked broad

being
notch

of

having wing
is
some

median
the

point.
to

In

poorly
in the

separating
of the

anterior
there
on

of

supraorbital,
the incisors
but in

basal

part

rostrum,
groove

resemblance face
of the

Black-necked
at
some

Hare
of

of India.
wear,

The

the

front

is,
the

stages
it is

simply V-shaped
the lateral
arms

and

filled with

cement,
and

type,
into

Y-shaped
the

with

filled with

cement

extending

the

body of

tooth The
97.

in section.

Measurements:

"

type
A

measured:
second

length, 480 specimen,

ear,
a a

mm.;

tail,95; hind
measures:

foot

with

claws,

130;
mm.;

ear,

nursing female,

length, 465
The

tail, no;

hind

foot, 128;

103.

skull measurements

of the
; basal

type and
"

second

imperfect specimen
39.5, 37;

are

greatest

length,
mastoid

95, 41,

"

length, 76,
breadth
;

palatal length,
24, 23.5;

nasals, width,
cheek

greatest length,
42.5,
"

41;

greatest
30,
"

at

base,

zygomatic
upper

width,

width

outside

molars, 26, 26.5;

teeth, 17.6, 17.4; lower

Occurrence Museum
at

cheek

teeth, 18.2, 17.5.

"

and

Habits:

Several
about

specimens,
on

secured

by
be

the borders

American
of Yunnan

Asiatic altitudes

Expeditions
of about

Tengyueh
to

the the

western

5,500

feet, seem

be

first to

obtained
p.

there,

although Wroughton
mentions
were

(Jotun. Bombay Harrington

and L.
so

Nat.

Hist.
some

Soc,

vol.

23,

477,

1915)
that

that

Major

secured

hares the

"beyond

Bhamo"

not

L.

peguensis
to

may

have

been

present

species. Apparently
in

this hare and and

the

is related

oiostolus, which
the

it rather rostrum,

closely resembles
however,
is very

color,

in cranial
the

characters;

broad, short
are more

different

postorbital

processes frontals.
an

slender

behind,

scarcely rising above

general line of the

This is

presumably
The
a

inhabitant
secured

of

lower,
the
at

warmer

country
Museum
on

than

its

highland
the

relative. includes

series

by
taken

American

Asiatic
21, two

Expeditions
type

nursing

female
to

Tengyueh
note,

April
has

while

specimen,
A small

according
one was

the taken

collector's

contained

large Zumpa,

embryos.
additional
near

young

May

10.

Osgood
Yunnan,

(1932)
and

recorded

specimens
Szechwan.

of this hare

from

Nguluko,

from

Kulu,

Specimens examined:
Yunnan:

"

-Foxir,namely:
i,
a

Tengyueh,

3,

including the type; Likiang,

hunter's

skin.

THE

LAGOMORPHS

577

258.

Lepus
HIGHLAND

oiostolus

grahami

A.

B.

Howell

GRAY-TAILED

HARE

Lepus Lepus Lepus

grahami

A.

B.

Howell,
M.

Proc.
Mem.

Biol.

Soc. Washington,

vol.

41,

p.

143,

1928.
1912

sechuenensis
comus

G.

Allen,

Mus.

Comp.
Mus.
Nat.

Zool.,

vol. 40, zool.

p. 207,
ser.,

(not

of De

Winton

and

Styan).

grahami

Osgood,

Publ.

Field

Hist.,

vol.

18, p. 326, 1932.

Type
National Szechwan
or

specimen:
Museum,

"

An from

adult

female,

skin about

and
ten

skull, No.
miles
10,000

239875,
of

U.

S.

Ulongkong,
C. Graham.

south feet.

Tatsienlu,

(now Hsikang), China,

1923,

altitude

about

Collected

July

August,

by David
"

Description:
face the The
and dorsum lower
gray

"A

large, long-eared,
grayer
more

boreal

hare

allied
areas areas

to

L.

comus,

but
of

especially ears
are

and

blacker. and
gray

The
the

black

of the
less

hairs

much is

extensive
dark and nape steel dark

light
the The

ochraceous.

rump and

markedly
or

and

tail is variable cheeks

less
are

being either
and in the L. than gray;

pale

black,

white
The

gray."

grayer

frontal
comus.

region
Tail

blacker.

is darker

and

ochraceous
or

narrowly
white. is "more

dark

mid-dorsally, either
than

black

dark

below,

pale

gray

or

The

skull

massive
width and

those
rostrum

of

the
and

tolai group, braincase.

more

this
The

being
orbital supraThe

especially noticeable
processes
are

in the

of the their

larger
the

anterior

fissures

extensive. It is

postero-inferiorpart of
from
that of L.

audital

bullae is also

smaller."

able indistinguish-

oiostolus

oiostolus.

Measurements:
ear

"

In
1

the
to

series
mm.,

from the

which hind
LEPUS

this

hare the

was same.

described,

the

measured

from
CRANIAL

15

125

foot about
OIOSTOLUS

MEASUREMENTS

OF

GRAHAMI

Occurrence

and

Habits:
eastern

"

While

the
and

typical race
reaches in the

of L.

oiostolus
western

inhabits Kansu

the
and

steppe

country

of

Tibet,
its place
darker and the

extreme

northwestern
Szechwan

Szechwan,

is taken

highlands by
has and

of

west-central

by
with of pure

this L.

much
0.

form,

characterized tail which

the the

its heavier
the other under

coat, hairs

as

compared
instead

comus,

by

the In

gray from

white miles

to

roots.

type
ears

specimens
and

Ulongkong,

ten

south

of

Tatsienlu,

(proectote)

forehead

578

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

are

nearly
Other

black,

in

striking
from blacker

contrast

to

the

usual

mixed Tatsienlu

brownish
normal

black
in

and this

buff.

specimens
that will Ramala the be

few

miles

outside
be hare

are

respect,
L.
0.

so

specimens
to

may

slightly
of
and
western

melanotic.

No

doubt ing, reachcolors

grahami
as

found

be

the

upland
of
15,000

Szechwan,
its
darker

at

Pass,
to

an

altitude
the

feet of

more,

indicating Jacobi
of
and

response

moister

conditions

this
what

mountainous
doubtless

region. mens speciSungpan,

but at

(1922)
this

has

recorded hare from

as

Lepus Tatsienlu,
and

sechuenensis,
as

are

same

well

as

from

Seurong, (Hsikang),

near

Batang, Sungpan
these,

in

western

northwestern

Szechwan
to

least who

the collected

specimens
states

are

referable

typical
in

L.

oiostolus.

Weigold,

that

they

are

common

wooded

valleys.

Specimens
Szechwan

examined:
"

In

all,

five,
i

including
(U.S.N.M.)

the

type,

namely:
ten

(Hsikang) Tatsienlu,
3

near

Tatsienlu,

Ulongkong, Pass,
i

miles

south

of

(U.S.N.M.,

including

the

type);

Ramala

(M.C.Z.).

SECTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SECTION m

Page

CHAPTER XII"

BIBLIOGRAPHY, complete

581

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams,

Arthur Notes Proc.

on

1859

the scaly ant-eater See.

{Manis 1859,
pp.

javanica), taken
133-135.

during

life and

after death.

Zool.

London,

Adlerberg,
1930

George

[P.]
of Russian
pp.

Preliminary synopsis
Acad. Sci. URSS, Les Rend.

and

Mongolian figs.
et

wild

boars.

Compt.

Rend.

1930A,
Tibdte

91-96,

3 text

1931

antilopes
Acad.

du

septentrional 1931A,
pp.

des

regions limitrophes. Compt.

Sci. URSS,

321-330.

Allen,
1912

Glover

M. Some 201-247. Chinese vertebrates. Mammalia. Mem. Mus.

Comp.

Zool., 40,

pp.

1912a

Mammals

from

Yunnan

and

Tonkin.

Proc.

Biol.

Soc.

Washington,

25,

pp.

177-180 (Dec. 24).

1913 1923 A
new

bat black

from Unless

Tonkin.

Proc.

Biol. Soc.

Washington, Comp.

26, pp.

213-214.

The

porpoise, Meomeris.

Bull. Mus.

Zool., 65, pp.

231-256,

pis. 1-3.
1923a New New Chinese Chinese bats. Amer. Mus. Amer. Asiatic

Novitates, No.
Mus.

85,

8 pp.

1923b
1924

insectivores. collected

Novitates,

No. Amer.

100,

11

pp.

Microtines 133.
13 PP-

by the

expeditions.

Mus.

Novitates, No.

1925 1925a

Jerboas from

Mongolia.
163,
16

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,
Museum

No.

161, 6 pp., 3 text

figs.
Mus.

Squirrels collected Novitates, No.

by the American
pp.

Asiatic

expeditions.

Amer.

1925b

Hamsters

collected
179,

by the American
7 pp. the Asiatic

Museiun

Asiatic

expeditions.
Amer. Mus.

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates, No. 1926

Rats 217, 1927 Murid
12

(Genus
16 pp.

Raitus) from

expeditions.
Amer.

Novitates, No.

rodents

from

the

Asiatic

expeditions.

Mus.

Novitates, No.

270,

pp.

1927a

Lagomorphs 284,
II

collected

by the Asiatic
Amer. Mus.

expeditions.

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

No.

pp.

1927b
1927c

Porcupines
An pp.

from

China.

No\'itates, No.
Szechwan.

290,

4 pp.

deer interesting

from [Cerinisalbirostris]

Joum.

Mammalogy,

8,

62-63.
new

1928

cricetine

genus

from

China.' 581

Joum.

Mammalogy,

9, pp.

244-246.

582
1928a
1929 1929a New

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Asiatic

mammals.

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates, No.
Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Mus. Mus. Mus. Mus.

317,

pp.

1-5.

Mustelids Viverrids Camivora Bovidag Primates No. 429, and

from from from from and 7 pp. deer

the Asiatic the Asiatic

expeditions.

Novitates, No. Novitates, No. Novitates, No. Novitates, No.

Amer. Mus.

358,
359,

12

pp.

expeditions.
expeditions. expeditions.
the

9 pp.
pp. pp.

1929b
1930 1930a

the Asiatic
the

360, 14
410,
11

Asiatic

pangolins from

Asiatic

expeditions.

Novitates,

1930b

Pigs
19

from

the

Asiatic

expeditions. dugong
Peters. in

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

No.

430,

pp.

1935

The
pp.

former

occurrence

of

the

Chinese

waters.

China

Joum.,

22,

79-82, fig.
status

1936 Allen,
1903

The

of

pilosus Vespertilio

Joum.

Mammalogy,

17, pp.

168-169.

Joel A. Report
on

mammals

collected field notes

in northeastern N. G. Buxton.

Siberia

by

the

Jesup
Mus.

North

Pacific

expedition, with
pp.

by

Bull. Amer.

Nat.

Hist.,

19

101-184.
from the island of Hainan, China. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

1906

Mammals
pp.

Hist.,

22

463-490, pl. 69.

notes
on

1909

Further

mammals 239-242.

from

the island

of Hainan,

China.

Bull. Amer.

Mus

Nat. 1909a

Hist., 26, pp.

from

Mammals 425-430.

Shen-si

province,
of the

China.

Bull.

Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist., 26,

pp

1919

Severtzow's 335-340.

classification

Felidas.

Bull.

Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist.,

41,

pp

Andersen,
1905

Knud On the bats Ann. of the

Rhinolophns philippinensis
Nat.

group,

with

descriptions of

new

species.
1905a On Ann. the

Mag.

Hist., (7) 15,

pp.

70-76.
with

bats

of the Nat.

Rhinoloplius arcuatus
pp. 281-288.

group,

descriptionsof descriptionsof Mag.

Nat.

new

species.
forms.

Mag.
the bats

Hist., (7) 15, Hist., (7)

diadema

1905b

On Ann.

of the Nat.

Rhinoloplius macrotis
15, pp.

group,

with

new

Mag.

289-292.
allies. Ann.

1905c

On
pp.

Hipposiderus
497-507. list of the

and

its closest

Hist., (7) 16,

I905d

speciesand
of the

subspecies of the
Ann.

genus

Rhinoloplius,with
Hist., (7) 16,
on

some

notes

on

their geographical 19056 On and

PPsome

distribution.
genus

Mag.

Nat.

pp.

648-662. affinities,
1905,
2,

bats

Rhinoloplius,with
new

remarks Proc.

their mutual Soc.

descriptions of twenty-six
75-145. the bats

forms.

Zool.

London,

pis. 3"

4-

1906

On Nat.

of the

Hipposiderus armiger
pp.

and

conimersoni

types.

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (7) 17,

of
new

35-48.
of the
pp.

1918

Diagnoses
Ann.

bats

families

Rhinolophidse

and

Megadermatids.

Mag.
and the

Nat.

Hist., (9) 2,
R. C.

374-384.

Andersen,
1907

Knud,
On

Wroughton,
of the

bats

family Megadermatidas.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7)

19,

pp.

129-145.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

583

Anderson, 1869

John [Letter
pp.
on

his

western

Yunnan

expedition.)
Burma.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1869,

277-278.
new

1871

[A

macaque

from

Bhamo,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1871,

pp

628-629. 1872
Further Proc. remarks Zool. Soc.
on

the

external

characters
pp. 203-212,

and

anatomy
12.

of Macacus

brunneus

London,
and

1872,

pi.

1874

On

the

osteology
of

dentition

of

Hylcmiys.
mammals

Trans.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

8, pp

453-467. pl- 64. 1875

Description
Anatomical
results

some

new

Asiatic

and

Chelonia.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat,

Hist., (4) 16, 1879

pp.

282-285. zoological researches: expeditions

cetacean pp., to western

and
two two

comprising
Yunnan and

an

account and

of the

zoological
a graph mono-

of the of the

in 1868

1875;

and

genera,

Platanista

Orcella.

[1878] 4to, London,

vols.,xxv-l-985
Chapman

xi PP.-I-84

pis.

Andrews,
1

Roy
1

92

Description

of

new

species of

serow

from

Yunnan

province.

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates, No.
1921a Across

6, 3 pp.

MongoHan
New

plains, a naturalist's
xxiv-f 276 pp.,
of the Gobi
man,

account

of China's

"Great

Northwest."

8vo,
1924

York,

illus. Nat.

Living
On the

animals

desert.
a

History (Amer. Mus.),

of the field work
pp.,

24,

pp.

150-159. Asiatic

1926

trail of ancient New of

narrative and

of the illus.

Central

expeditions. 8vo,
1932 The
new

York central

London,
A

xxiv-h375
narrative and of

conquest
Asiatic central

Asia. in

the

explorations of the
1921-1930.
maps.

central

expeditions
Asia, vol.
B.
i.

MongoHa
4to, New

China,

Natural

history of
Andrews, 1918
Roy C. and

York, l-f-678 pp., illus., 3

Yvette

Camps

and

trails in China. China.

narrative York and

of

exploration, adventure,
xxv+334
pp.,

and

sport
maps.

in little-known

8vo, New

London,

illus., 2

Anonymous

1890 Argyropulo,
1929

Chinese

accounts

of the

mammoth.

Amer.

Nat., 24,

pp.

847-850.

a. A

I.
new

subspecies
Acad. und

of

Micromys 1929A,

minutus
pp.

Pall,

from

central

China.

Compt.

Rend. 1933 Die

Sci. URSS, Arten

253-255,

4 text

figs. 1866) der Palaarktik,

Gattungen
f.

der Hamster 129-149,

(CricetinaeMurray,
27
text

Zeitschr. 1933a Ueber

Saugetierk., 8, pp.
neue

figs.
Zeitschr. f. Saugetierk., 8, pp.

zwei

palaarktische figs.
B.

Wuhlmause.

180-183, Argyropulo,
See A.

3 text

I., and
B.

Vinogradov, S., and

S. A. I.

Vinogradov,
M.

Argyropulo,

Auerbach,
1912

Bemerkungen
Kabinetts
zu

uber

einigeSaugetiere aus
Zool.

der
39,

Sammlung
pp.

des

Grosh.

Naturalien-

Karlsruhe.

Anzeiger,

306-312.

584
A[ylmer],
1932 1932a E. a.

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Felts

pardus,

the

leopard.
the

Hong barking

Kong
deer

Naturalist, 3,
or

pp.

68-69, pl- "" Kong Naturalist, 3,

Muntiacus
pp.

lacrymans,

muntjac.

Hong

69-71, pl. 12.

Bailey,
1912

F. M. Note
on

takin

{Budorcas

taxicolor). Joum.
and birds in south

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc.,

21,

pp.

1069-1071, pis.A, B.
1913 Some Hist. F. M. A live takin.
notes
on

mammals
pp.

eastern

Tibet.

Joum.

Bombay

Nat

Soc.,

22,

366-369.

Baker,
1907

Joum.

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc., 17, pp. 842-843.

Barclay,
1933

Edgar Notes

N.
on

the

roe-deer.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (10)

12,

pp.

66-80,

Bardenfleth,
1

K. On

S. the

914

systematic position of Aeluropus Kjobenhavn,

G. E. H.
art.

melanoleucus.
text

Mindeskrift

f
.

J. Steen-

stmp,

17, 15 pp.,

pl.,3

figs.

Barrett-Hamilton, 1899
Note
pp.
on

the harvest-mice

of the Palaearctic region.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7) 3,

341-346.
on

1900

Note
or

the

common

local variations.
note
on

Ann. the

hedgehog {Erinaceus europasus, Linnasus) and Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) 5, pp. 360-368.
harvest Nat.
mouse

its subspecies,

1900a

Further

{Mus

minutus.
pp.

Pall.) and

its

geographical
Turkestan

variations.

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (7) 5,
Nat.

527-530. in south
pp.

1900b

On and

small

collection Tibet.

obtained
Ann.

by Captain Deasy
Hist., (7) 6,
in Mus variation

Chinese

western

Mag.

196-197.
its allies. Ann.

1900c

On

geographical and
Nat. and Nat. E.
upon

individual
pp.

and sylvaticus

Mag.
1904 Notes

Hist., (7) 6,

387-428, pl. 25.

new

descriptionsof
Hist., (7) 13,

some

speciesand

subspecies of

Mustelidas.

Ann.

Mag.
Beddard,
1902 Frank

pp.

388-395-

Observations
1902,
I, pp.
on

the

carpal
of the

vibrissae

of mammals.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

127-136.
anatomy
2, pp.

1905

Notes

the 1905,

Helictis personata. ferret-badger,

text

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London, Bell,
F.

21-29,

figs.

Jeffrey
Notes
on

1876

the

myology
pp.

of the

limbs

of Moschus

moschiferus.

Proc.

Zool. Soc.

London, Bentham, 1908

T. An

1876,

182-188.

illustrated Museum. difference

catalogue
between
notes

of the

Asiatic

horns

and

antlers

in the

collection

of the

Indian

8vo, Calcutta, 96 pp.,

the
on

illus. from the the Mishmi hills and Records that

1908a

The from

taldn

(Budorcas)

Tibet, with
2, pp.

variation

displayed by

former.

Indian

Mus.,

249-254,

pl. 23.

BIBLIOGRAPHY BlANCHI,
1

585

V. Notes

91 7

pr^liminaires
Zool. Acad.

sur

les chauve-souries

ou

chiropt^res de
21, pp.

la Russie.

Annu-

aire Mus.

Sci., Petrograd, for 1916,

Ixxiii-lxxxii.

Birch,

Samuel On the

1839

monkeys
pp.

known

to the

Chinese, from
pp.

the native

authorities.

Mag.

Nat

Hist., (2) 3, BiRULA,

191 7

587-592; 1840, (2) 4,

35-38.

A. Contributions VI. Sur

et

k la classification

et k la distribution manul

K^ographique
dans

des mammif^res. de la fam.

la position de
sur ses rasses.

VOtocolobus Annuaire
8 text

(Pallas)
Zool. Acad.

le syst^me

Felidae
21, pp.

Mus.

Sci.,Petrograd, for 1916,

130-163, pis. 7-9,

asiaticis duabus
21, pp.

figs.
Annuaire Mus. Zool. Acad.

1917a

De for

felibus

novis.

Sci., Petrograd,

1916,

i-ii.

Bishop,
1933

Carl

W. Rhinoceros and wild

ox

in ancient

China.

China

Joum., 18,

pp.

322-330,

pis.

Blackwelder,
1907

Eliot Research Publ. 54 in China. Petrography and (vol. I, pt. 2), pp. 506-507.

zoology.

Carnegie

Inst.

Washington,

Blanford, 1896

W.

T.

[On
pp.

heads

of Ovis

ammon

from

northwest

Altai.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

1896,

787-788, fig.
on

1898

Notes Proc.

Lepus
Soc.

oiostolus

and

L. pallipes from
pp.

Tibet, and

on

Kashmir

macaque.

Zool.

London,
of

1898,

357-362.
in

1 901

The Trans.

distribution

vertebrate

animals
pp.

India, Ceylon,
map.

and

Burma.

Phil.

Roy.

Soc.

London,

(B) 194,

335-436,

Blyth,
1

Edward
1

85

Notice station Soc.

of

collection

of Mammalia, in the

birds, and

reptiles,procured
of

at

or

near

the

of Ch^rra
20,

Punji
pp.

Khasia

hills,north

Sylhet.

Joum.

Asiatic

Bengal,

517-524.

1859

Report Joum.

of Curator, Asiatic Soc.

Zoological Department, Bengal, 28,

pp.

for February

to

May

meetings, 1859. cetals,and

pp.

271-298. Ocean, with Joum.

notices Soc. of other of the Asiatic

1859a

On

the great rorqual of the Indian

or

Syrenia
i860

marine

pachyderms.

Bengal, 28, Joum.

481-498.
Soc.

Report Bengal,

of Curator,
29, pp.

Zoological Department.

Mammalia.

Asiatic

87-94.

861

Report Joum.

of

Curator,
Soc.

Zoological Department,
30, pp.

May

and

June.

Mammalia.

Asiatic

Bengal,

90-98.

BOBRINSKI, 1926

N. Note

pr^liminaire sur
1926A,
pp.

les

chiropt^res de
Mus.

I'Asie

centrale.

Compt.

Rend.

Acad,

Sci. URSS, 1929 Bats

95-98.
Annuaire Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS, 30, pp. 217-249.

of central

Asia.

586
BoBRiNSKi,
1934

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

N., and

Flerov,
for

Constantin

Materials Univ.

systematics
i, pp.

of deer 19 text

of the

subgenus

Cenms.

Arch.

Mus.

Zool.

Moscou,

15-41,

figs,(in Russian).

BoNHOTE,

J. Lewis
On On
PP-

1898
1900

the

speciesof

the genus the Scinrns

Fjj;^rncM/a. macclellandi

Ann.

Mag.

Nat. Ann.

Hist., (7) i,pp. Mag.

Nat.

119-122.

squirrelsof
50-54the

group.

Hist., (7) 5,

1901

On
pp.

squirrelsof

the

Scinrns

erythrwus

group.

Ann.

Mag. Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7) 7,

160-167.
the
martens

1901a

On
pp.

of the

Mustela

flavigulagroup.
Ann.

Ann.

Nat.

Hist., (7) 7,

342-349a new on new

1903 1903a

On

speciesof
the

cat

from

China. Fasciculi

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7) 11,

i, pp.

pp.

374-376.

Report
On
two

mammals.
cat

Malayenses, Zool.,
Ann.

1-45, pis. 1-4.

11, pp.

1903b

species of

from

China.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7)

474-

476.
1905 On the mouse-hares 205-219. mammalian
2, pp.

of the

genus

Ochotona.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

for 1904,

2, pp.

1906

The

fauna

of China:

part

i.

Murinae.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

for 1905,

384-397.

Bradley,
1907

C.

C. Craniometrical Proc. observations Soc.

on

the

skull

of

and Equus przevalskii

other

horses.

Roy.

Edinburgh,

27, pp.

46-50.

Brandt, 1855

J. F.
Mittheilungen
chinesischen iiber den

Biber, wohl
nach

rich tiger die

FischM^m.

und

Meerotter,
Acad.

aus

Schriftstellem

Stanislas

Julien.

Imp.

Sci.

St. P6tersbourg

(6,sci. math., phys. et

uber die Ein

nat., 9) 7, pt. 2, sci. naturelles, pp. des

359-360.
BezieHirni-

1856

Untersuchungen hungen
boldt.
et nat.,
zur

Verbreitung
Sci. St.

Tigers {Felis tigris)und

an

seine A.
v.

Menschheit. Acad.

Sendschreiben

den

Herm

Baron

M^m.

Imp.

P^tersbourg,
145-239.

[1859] (6,

sci. math.,

phys.

10) 8, pt.

2, sci.

naturelles, pp.

Brass,

"

1904

Nutzbare Not

Tiere
seen

Ostasiens.

Neudamm.

by the author.

Brooke, 1872

Victor On

Hydropotes
Sclater's

inermis

and Proc.

its cranial Zool. Soc.

characters,
London,
the

as

compared
pp.

with

those

of

Moschus

moschiferus. muntjac
pp.

1872,

522-525, Proc.

3 text Zool.

figs.
Soc.

1874

On

and

other

species of
9, text

genus

Cervulus.

London, 1876
On
2

1874,

33-42,

pis. 8,

figs.1-5.
Zool. Soc.

Cervus
text

schomburgki (Blyth).
of the

Proc.

London,

1876,

pp.

304-307,

figs.
classification Soc.

1878

On

the

Cervidas, with
pp.

synopsis

of

the

existing species.

Proc.

Zool.

London,

1878,

883-928,

pi. 55, text

figs.1-19.

BIBLIOGRAPHY BUECHNER, 1888-94

EUGEN

587

Wissenschaftliche
untemommenen

Resultate

der

von

N. einer

M.
von

Przewalski seiner

nach

Ccntral-Asien Hoheit Summe dem

Reisen, auf

Kosten

Kaiserlichen

Grossfursten

Thronfolger
der
i.

Nikolai

Alexandrowitsch
Akademie
i.

gespendeten
Wissenschaften.

heraus-

gegeben
Theil.
232 pp., 1888

von

Kaiserlichen Ft.

der

Zoologischer

Vol. 25

Saugethiere.

Rodentia,

Camivora.

410, St. Petersburg,

pis. 1-48, pis. 1-5. 49-88, pis.6, 7, 8, 10, 11. 89-136, pis. 9, 12, 13, 14, 15. 137-184, pis. 16-20. 185-232, pis. 21-25.

(Sept.), pp.

1889 (Jan.), pp. 1889 (June), pp. 1890 (Sept.), pp. 1894 (April), pp. 1892
Die

Saugethiere

der

Ganssu-Expedition (1884-1887).
Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg,
aus

Melanges Biol., 13,

(new
ser.,

pp. 18.

143-164, from 1892a

Ueber Bull. eine Acad. eine
neue

Bull. Acad. Sminthus-Art

34

2), pp. 97-1

,

China.

Melanges Biol., 13, pp. 267-271

ser.,

from

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, 35 (new

neue

3), pp.
aus

107-1

11.

1892b

Ueber 13. PPPP-

Katzen-Art from Bull.

(Felts pallida
Acad.

n.

sp.)

China.

Mdlanges (new

Biol.,

34i-343i

Imp.

Sci. St.

P^tersbourg, 35

ser.,

3),

433-435-

BUSHELL,
1880

S. W.

[Letter regarding
Zool. Soc.
on

two

Tcheli

monkeys 537-538.
Zool. Soc.

sent

to

the

Zoological Society.] Proc.

London,
David's

1880, pp.
deer.

1898 Busk,
George

Letter

Proc.

London,

1898,

pp.

588-589.

1874

Note and Zool.

on

the

cranial of

and
as

dental

characters marks

of the of

northern

and

southern

tigers
Proc.

leopards
Soc.

China

affording
pp.

their

distinction. specific

London,

1874,

146-150, pis. 24, 25.

Cabrera,
1922

Angel Sobre

algunos mamiferos
22, pp.

de
2

la China
text

oriental.

Bol.

Real

Soc.

Esp.

Hist.

Nat.,

Madrid, Caldwell,
1924 Harry Blue L. Ricerche
e

162-170,

figs.

R.

tiger. 8vo,

New

York

and

Cincinnati, (4)-|-26i pp., illus.

Camerano,
191 7

intomo

alle
32:

sottospeciedella Capra
No. 722,
41 pp.;

sibirica
19 pp.,

Meyer.
2

Boll.

Mus.

Zool.

Anat.,

Torino,

No.

723,

pis.

Cantor, 1841

Theodore

Conspectus employment Joum.

Nat.

of collections with H. M.

made 26th

by Regt.

Dr.
on

Cantor,

assistant
to

surgeon,

during

his

expedition

China,

1840.

Calcutta

Hist., 2, pp.

lOi-ioS.

1842

General Ann.

features Nat.

of Chusan,

with

remarks

on

the

flora and

fauna

of that

island.

Mag.

Hist., (i) 9, pp.

265-278, 361-370, 481-493.

Carruthers,
1914

Douglas Unknown
maps.

Mongolia.

8vo,

London,

vols., xviii-l-318 pp.,

x4-659

pp.,

illus.,

588
Chang,
H. T. On

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1926

the

question
times.

of the

existence Geol.

of Soc.

elephants
China, 5,

and
pp.

rhinoceros

in

North

China

in historical

Bull.

99-106.

Chaworth-Musters,
1933

J. L.
note 12,
on

the synonymy
pp. 221-223.

of Cricetulus

barabensis

Pallas.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

(10)
1934 On Ann. 1937 On
19,

the

nomenclature Nat.

of certain
14,

species of
pp.

the

genera

Allactaga and
Ann.

Alactagtdus.
Hist., (10)
correction.

Mag.
the
pp.

Hist., (10)
of the

556-560.

nomenclature

palaearctic chipmunk.
five-toed
p.

Mag.

Nat.

158-159nomenclature Nat. of the

1937a

On Ann.

the

jerboa

of eastern

Siberia:

Mag.

Hist., (10) 20, Sowerby,

The

96.
de

Clark,
1

Robert
2

Sterling,

and

Arthur
account pp.,

Carle the Clark

91

Through 1908-9.

Shen-kan.

of

expedition

in

North

China,

8vo, London,

8-I-247

illus., maps.

Cornely, 1877

J. M. [Birth of
P- 533-

three

young

Hydropotes

in

captivity.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1877,

COURTOIS, 1906

F. Le P. Heude
et le Mus^e 2,

de

Zi-ka-wei.

M^m.

concern.

I'Hist. Nat.

de

I'Emp.

Chin., 5, pt. David,

Armand

38

pp.,

pis. 12-14,

16-19.

1867-71

Journal
Nouv.
pp.

d'un Arch.

voyage

[g^ologique] en
d'Hist. Nat.

Mongolie
3,

et

en

Chine

fait

en

1866-68.

Mus.

Paris, 1867,

(Bull.) pp.
Proc. Zool.

18-96; 1868, 4, (Bull.)

Soc.

3-83; 1869, 5, (Bull.) pp.

from
a

3-13;
on

1871, 7, (Bull.)pp.

75-100.

1868

[Brief extract
p.
210.

letter

Elaphurus.]
la

London,

1868,

1872

Observations lettre adress^e

zoologiques
k M.

faites dans

province

de

Tche-kiang.
Acad.

Extrait

d'une

Milne-Edwards.

Compt.
naturelle

Rend.

Sci., Paris, 75, pp.

64-651872a Quelques
occidentale.

renseignements
Shanghai
voyage

sur

I'histoire 7, pp.

de

la Chine

septentrionale et
oriental.
9,

Joum.,

205-234.
et dans pp.

1872-73

Journal d'un
Arch. Mus.

dans Nat.

le centre

de la Chine

le Thibet

Nouv.

d'Hist.

Paris, 1872, 8, (Bull.)

written from

3-128; 1873,
Zool.

(Bull.)pp.
London,

15-48. 1873

[Letter
1873. [Letter
Mus.

to

Robert

Swinhoe,

Shensi.]

Proc.

Soc.

PPon

555-556the extinction of Elaphurus and

on

1898

specimens

of

Atluropus.]
1871.

Bull.

d'Hist. On

Nat., Paris, 4, pp. travels,

see

316-317. Blanchard,
Rev. des Deux

David's

E.

Mondes,

Delacour, 1928

Jean
Notes d 'Extreme-Orient.
2

L'Oiseau,

Revue

d'Hist.

Nat.

Appliqu^e,
at

9,

pp.

116-128,
On

pis.
museum

the fate of David's

at

Peiping

and

Licent's

Tientsin.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

589

Demidoff,
1900

E. After
map.

wild

sheep in

the

Altai

and

Mongolia.

8vo, London,

xii+324

pp.,

illus.,

Dennys, 1906

F. O.

B.

How

tigers kill
Nat.

their

prey,

with
pp.

supplemental
245-247.

note

by

F.

C.

Selour..

Joum.

Bombay
De

Hist.

Soc, 17,

Winton, 1898

W.

E. chaus and
pp.

Felis

its

with allies,

descriptionsof

new

subspecies.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7) 2,
De

291-294.

Winton, 1899

W. On

E., and
Chinese

Styan,

F. W.

mammals,
Proc.

principally from
Zool. Soc.

western

Sechuen.
pp.

With

notes

on

Chinese

squirrels.

London,

1899,

572-578, pis. 31, 32.

DoBSON, 1875

George On

E. the
genus

Scotophilus,with
Zool. Soc.
In

description of 1875,
pp.

new

genus

and

species allied

thereto.

Proc.

London,

368-373.
and of the 95-102.

1879

Chiroptera.
an

Anderson,
of the and

John, "Anatomical zoological results

. . .

zoological researches:
two

prising com-

account

expeditions to

western

Yunnan

in 1868

1875

," 1879,

i, pp.

DoLLMAN,
1912

Guy A A
new

snub-nosed Chinese

monkey. tiger.
Nat.

Proc. Hist.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1912,

pp.

503-504.

1929

young

Mag.

(Brit. Mus.),

2, pp.

81-82, fig.

DOROGOSTAJOKI,
1

B. T.
cl

91 8

Contributions des ch^vres

la distribution dans
pp.

g6ographique Mongolie.
6 text

et

au

genre

de

vie des Zool.

moutons

et

sauvages

la

Annuaire

Mus.

Acad.

Sci.

de

Russie, for 1918-22, 23,

Du

32-42,

(in Russian). figs,

Halde, 1738

J.
A

B.

description of
well

the

empire
and Tibet

of China
:

and

Chinese-Tartary,
and

together with

the

kingdoms
as as

of Korea,

containing the geography

Enrich of cuts. 'd with

history (natural particular

maps,

civil)of those
with
a

countries.

general and
2

and
pp.,

adorned

great number

4to, London,

vols., xiv-f 678-f (4)

388

pp.,

illus., maps.

Edgar,

J. H.

1926

Muping,
map.

the land

of the

giant panda.
of the

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, 5,

pp.

183-184,

1929 1930

Visiting Muping,
The haunts

the land

giant panda. Joum.

West

China China

Joum.,
Border

1 1
,

pp.

256-257. Soc., 3,

of the

giant panda.

Research

p. 29.

Elliot,
1909

Daniel

G.

Descriptions of apparently
Callicebus,

new

speciesand
Pithecus,
pp.

subspecies of monkeys

of the genera Pres-

Lagothrix, Papio, Mag.

Nat.

Cercopithecus,Erythrocebus, and
244-274.

bytis.

Ann.

Hist., (8) 4,

590

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Evans,

G.

H. Notes 3II-3I4on

1906

the

goral found

in Burma.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

for 1905,

2, pp.

EWART,
1903

J.

C. The
pp.

wild

horse

(Equus prjevalskii,Poliakoff).Proc.
its

Roy.

Soc.

Edinburgh,
Proc.

24,

460-468, figs.
tarpan
and

1906

The Soc.

relationshipswith
pp.

wild

and

domestic

horses.

Roy.

Edinburgh, 26,

7-21.

Eyton,
1862

T.

C.

[On

the

number

of vertebras

in skeletons

of

Sus.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1862, p. 23.

Fergusson,
191
1

W.

N.

Adventure, illus., 2
maps.

sport and

travel

on

the Tibetan

steppes.

8vo, London,

xvi+343

pp.,

FiNSCH, 1876

Otto

[Letter on
central

the

supposed
Proc. Zool.

existence
Soc

of

the

wild
pp.

camel,

Camelus

bactrianus,in

Asia.]

London,

1876,

696-698.

Flerov, 1928

Constantin Sur les caract^res Rend. Acad.

note
on

diagnostiques
Sci. URSS, the

du

genre pp.

Capreolus
479-484.
of the

Frisch

(Fam.
Moschus
pp.

Cervidae).
Linn^ 515-519.

Compt.
1928a

1928A,

Preliminary (Mammalia, Quelques

tale. On the

diagnostic
Rend.

characters Acad.

genus

Cervidae). Compt.
donn^es Acad. and
sur

Sci. URSS,

1928A,

1929

nouvelles Rend.

les chevreuils

(Capreolus Frisch)
pp. 429-432, map.

de I'Asie orien-

Compt.

Sci. URSS, the

1929A,

1930

classification

geographical
Mus.

distribution Acad.

of Sci.

the

genus

Moschus
pp. 1-20,

(Mammalia,
pis. 1-7.
1930a The
genus text

Cervidae).
muzzle deer

Annuaire

Zool.

URSS,

31,

white

(Cervus albirostris Przew.) Compt.

Rend. Acad. Sci.

as

the

representative of 1930A,
World.
pp.
1

new

Przewalskium.

URSS,

15-120,

fig.
of the elks
or moose

1931

review

{Alces Gray) of the

71-74, and 1934,
text

Old

Compt.

Rend.

Acad. 1934 On the

Sci. URSS,

1931A,

pp.

fig.
elks
or moose

geographical distribution
Rend. Acad. Sci. URSS,

systematics of
2, pp.

{AlcesGray). English).

Compt.
Flerov,
See

137-143

(Russian

and

Constantin,

and

Bobrinski,

N.

Bobrinski, N., and

William H. Chinese R.

Flerov, Constantin.

Flower,
1869

[The

white

dolphin, Delphinus sinensis, Osbeck,

Proc. Zool. of the Soc.

captured

near

Amoy

by Mr. 1870

Swinhoe.]
of the Trans. Zool. and

London,
white

1869,

p. 430.

Description

skeleton Soc.

Chinese 7, pp.

dolphin

{Delphinus sinensis,
18.

Osbeck). 1875
On the Proc. Zool.

London,

151-160, pis. 17, {Moschus

structure

affinities of the

musk-deer 14 text

moschiferus,Linn.).

Soc.

London,

1875,

pp.

159-190,

figs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
W. A.

591

Forbes,
1882

Supplementary
inermis).
Proc.

notes

on

the

anatomy

of

the

Chinese

water-deer
2

(Hydropotes
(brain).

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1882, pp.

636-638, figs.I,

FoRMOSOV,
1929

A.

N. Mammals of northern

Mongolia

from
pp.,

Sboram
5

expedition of 1926.
Folia Zool.

grad 8vo, Lenin-

(Academy
1931

of Sciences), 144

pis.
et

Ueber 3, pp.

die

Saugetiere der nordlichen

Mongolei.

Hydrobiologica,

41-78.

Fortune, 1853

Robert Two visits to the

a

tea

countries

of China

and

the
a

British

tea

plantations in the
culture

Himalaya;
of the
tea

with

narrative

of adventures,

and

full description of the and

plant, the

agriculture, horticulture,

botany

of

China.

8vo,

London,

3rd edition, 2 vols., xii-f-315 pp.,

viii-l-298pp., illus., map.

FoRTUYN,
1912

A.

B.

Droogleever den
nov. on

Ueber
rotans

systematischen var.).
the Zool.

Wert

der

japanischen
39,
pp.

Tanzmaus

{Mus

wagneri

var.

Anzeiger,

177-190. China Medical

1927

Notes

striped hamster

{Cricetulus griseus, Thomas).

Joum., 1928
Further

41,

5 pp.
on

notes 42, pp.

the

striped
and

hamster

{Cricetulus griseus). China

varieties. A

Medical

Joum.,
1929 The Mus
1

524-525. its tame Soc. Nat.

Chinese musculus. musculus

house-mouse Bull. and

pp.

comparative
59-64.

study
of

with

Peking
Mus

Hist., 3, pp.
I.

93

Mus

wagneri

compared.

The

number

tailrings.

Genetics, 16,
1931a Mus musculus

160-167.
Mus

and

wagneri compared.

IL

The

body

weight.

Genetics,

16, pp.

168-174.

Friedmann,
1930

Herbert

Explorations
and Field-work

of the

Rev.

David

C. Graham

in Szechuan,
1930, pp.

China.

Explorations
8 text

of the

Smithsonian

Inst, in 1929,

85-92,

figs.

Garrod, 1876

a.

H. On the Chinese deer named

pp.

Lophotragus

michianus
3 text

by
figs.

Mr.

Swinhoe.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.
on

London,
the

1876,

757-765- pl- 76,

Chinese

1877

Notes Zool.

anatomy

of the
pp.

water-deer
2

{Hydropotes inermis).
of

Proc.

Soc.
on

London,
the

1877,

789-792,

text

figs.

1878

Notes Proc.

visceral

anatomy

of Lycaon
pp.

pictus, and

Nyctereutesprocyonides.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1878,

373-377-

Gee,

N. 1930

Gist

Contributions

towards 49-91-

list of

Chinese

mammals.

Bull.

Peking

Soc.

Nat.

Hist., Gerbe,
1880

4, pp.

Z.

[On

new

bat

from

China,

Vesperugo 15).

(Noctula) platuyi.] he

Naturaliste, 2"

ann",

No.

24, p.

187 (March

592

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

i88oa

Note

sur

la Noctula

plancyi.

Le

Naturaliste, 2"* ann^e, No.

26, pp.

203-204

(April 15).
1

880b

Note 2""

au

sujet de

la noctule
p. 234

envoy^e

de Chine

par

M.

de

Plancy.

Le

Naturaliste,

annfe, No. Miller, S., Jr., and

30,

(June 15).

GiDLEY,
See

J. W.,

and

G.

S., Jr.

Miller, G.
Walter The

Gidley, J. W.

Granger,
1927

Chinese

palm

civet.

China

Joum.,

7, p. 260,

pi.

"

Gray,

John

Edward Illustrations General

2

1830-34

of Indian

zoology; chiefly selected

from

the

collection

of

Major-

Hardwicke,

F.R.S., L.S., M.R.A.S.,

M.R.I.A.,

"c., "c.

Folio, London,

vols, of plates. Volume dated I is dated

1830-32; Volume

II, 1833-34.

Some

of

the

plates are
the British

1829.
of
some new or

1837

Description
Museum Notice of

little known Nat.

Mammalia,
i, pp.

principallyin
Swinhoe the

collection.
a

Mag.
Soc.

Hist., (2)
China

577-587.
to

861

stag from
Zool.

northern

sent

by Mr.

Zoological

Society.
1862 On
pp.

Proc.

London,

1861, pp.

236-238, pi. 27
Proc. Zool.

(colored).
Soc.

the skull of the 13-17,

6 text

Japanese pig {Sus pliciceps).

golden wolf
p. 94.
or

London,

1862,

figs.
or

1863

Notice Zool.

of the chanco Soc.

on

(jCanis chanco)
of

from

Chinese

Tartary.
Proc. Zool.

Proc.

London,
the

1863,

1867

Note

"hwang-yang,"
pp.

yellow sheep figs.

from

Mongolia.
China.

Soc.

London, 1867a
Note
on

1867,
Ursus

244-246,

text

lasiotus,a hairy-eared bear

p. 301.

North

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (3) 20,

1867b

Notice

of Lutronectes
pp.
on

whiteleyi, an

otter

from

Japan.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1867, 1867c
Notes

180-182,
the

text

fig.
cats

skulls

of the

(Felidas). Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1867,

pp.

258-277.
1868 Notice of the 1868a Notice Consul of Macacus

lasiotus,a
Proc. Zool.

new

species of
London,

ape

from

China, in the collection

Society.
of
at
a

Soc.

1868, pp.

60-61, pi. 6.
sent

badger

from Dr.

China

(Meles chinensis),
from

by Mr.
Proc.

Swinhoe,
Soc.

H.M.

Amoy, 206-209,

and
2

Hartland

Hongkong.
Ann.

Zool.

London,

1868, pp.
1868b Macacus The

(skull). figs,
new

lasiotus,a

ape

from

China.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (4)
Ann.

i, p.

154. Nat.

1871

Chinese

long-tailedgoat antelope {Urotragus caudaius).

pp.

Mag.
Ann.

Hist., (4) 8, 1874

On Nat. the

371-372.

Felis

euptilura from
p. 472.

Shanghai,

in

the

British

Museum.

Mag.

Hist., (4) 13,

Green,
1932

C. V.

Breeding
13. PP-

habits

in

captivity

of Mus

bactrianus

Blyth.

Joum.

Mammalogy,

45-47-

BIBLIOGRAPHY Gregory,
1910

593

William The

K. orders of mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., 27,

pp.

1-524,

32

text

figs. 1936
On the

phylogenetic
Camivora.
8.

relationshipsof
Amer. Mus.

the

giant panda
No.

(Ailuropoda)
29 pp.,
22

to

other

arctoid

Novitates,

878,

text

figs.,

August
Grev6,
1900 C. Die

geographische Riga,
43,

Verteilung
pp.

der

Wildschafe.

Korrespondenzbl.

d.

Naturf.-

Vereins 1901

131-145. im Pferd Moskauer

Equus

przewalskyi
uber

Poljakow,
das wilde

Zoologischen
Zool.

Garten
43,

und pp.

einige 275-282,

Bemerkungen

uberhaupt.

Garten,

fig.
1903 Die friihere und Zool.

gegenwartige Garten,
44, pp.

Verbreitung
73-82,

des Bibers

{Castor fiber)im

Russischen

Reiche.

105-114.

Grum-Grzimailo,
1907

G.

E. einer Reise nach dem westlichen

pp.,

[Beschreibung
Russ.

China.

Band

III.] Konigl.

Geogr. Ges.,

St.

Petersburg, vi+531

25 pis.

Hamilton,

E.

1871
1871a 1873 Harlan,
1826

[On
[On

the
a

fecundity of Hydropotes.]
of Hydropotes of

Proc.

Zool. Proc.

Soc. Zool.

London,
Soc.

1871,

p.

258.
p.

CTSLnium

inermis.]
Proc.

London,

1871,
p. 473.

702.

[On fecundity
Richard

Hydropotes.]

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1873,

Description

of

an

hermaphrodite
Acad. Nat.

orang-outang

[Simia concolor], lately living in 229-236, pis. 9,

10.

Philadelphia. 1834 Description

of British of
a

Joum.

Sci. Philadelphia, (i) 5, pp.

species of orang India, lately the

52-59,
1

[Simia hoolock],from kingdom

of Assam.

the north-eastern Trans. Amer.

province
Phil. Soc.,

East
pp.

(new ser.),4,
Harris,
1931 William A
2 new

pi.

P., Jr.

squirrelfrom

China.

Occ.

Papers Mus.

Zool., Univ.

Michigan,

No.

228,

pp.

Henry,

Augustine Notes
on

1890

two

mountain-antelopes

of central

China.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1890, Heptner,
1933 W. G. Notizen
neuen

pp.

93-94.

uber

die und

Gerbillinas
neun 2 neuen

(Mammalia,
Unterarten

Muridie).
aus

V.

Diagnosen
Zeitschr.

von

einer

Gattung
pp.

Turkestan.

f. Sauge-

tierk.,8,

150-155,

text

figs.

H[erklots],
1934

G. The

a.

C. South-China
text

fox, Vulpes

v.

hoole

Swinhoe.

Hong

Kong

Naturalist, 5, pp.

71-73,

fig.

594

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Heude,
1

Pierre

Marie

885

Catalogue
i la

des cerfs tachet^s de

1-12. ce

(sikas)du Mus^e
M^m.
concern.

de Zi-ka-wei,

ou

notes

pr^paratoires
i,

monographie

groupe.

I'Hist. Nat.

de

I'Emp. Chin.,

pt. 3, art. 2, pp.

1888

fitudes
M^m.

sur

les suilliens

de

I'Asie de

orientale,

notes 2,

prdparatoires. Chapitre
52-64, pi. 17.
I'Hist. Nat. de

I.

concern.
sur

I'Hist. Nat.

I'Emp. Chin.,
II. M6m.

pt. i, pp.
concern.

1892

fitude Chin.,

les suilliens.

Chapitre

I'Emp.

2,

pt. 2, pp.
revise de

85-115, pis. 20, 20A, 20B,

cerfs tachet^s
2,

27-29,

29A, 29B, 29C.

centrale. M6m.
concern.

1894

Catalogue
I'Hist. Nat.
25,

des

(Sika) de la Chine

I'Emp. Chin.,

pt. 3, pp.

146-163, pis. 20C, 21-23,

23A,

24,

24A,
Nat.

25A, 25B, 26, 26A.

sur

1894a

Notes de

le genre
2,

Capricornis (Ogilby. 1836).

pt. 4, pp.
222-234. M^m.

M^m.

concern.

I'Hist.

I'Emp. Chin.,
sur

1894b

Note

le genre

Kemas

(Ogilby. 1836).
Mongolie.

concern.

I'Hist. Nat.

de I'Emp.

Chin., 1894c
Note

2,
sur

pt. 4, pp.
deux

234-245,

pis. 34, 35, 38, 39.

Mem.
concern.

gazelles de

I'Hist.
2,

Nat.

de

I'Emp.

Chin., 1897 [Un

concern.

2,

pt. 4, pp.

245-246, pi. 36, figs.1-8; pi. 37, figs. I,

meridional.
8.

4-8.
H. M^m.

Capricornis de] Chen-si

I'Hist. Nat.
sur

Capricornis vidianus,
pp.

de I'Emp.

Chin., 3, pt. 3,
IV.

154-155,

pi. 28.
M6m.
concern.

1897a

fitude
I'Hist.

les de du

suilliens.

Chapitre
M6m.

Sangliers
I'Hist.

chinois.

Nat.

I'Emp. Chin.,
Se-tchouan.

3, pt. 4, pp.
concern.

189-194, pis. 30-33.

Nat. de

1897b

Capricornis
pt. 4, pp.

I'Emp. Chin.,

3,

195-198. pis- 34-39de

1898

Capricomes
pp. 1-14,

Moupin.
T. de

Mdm.

concern.

I'Hist.

Nat.

de

I'Emp. Chin.,
H.

4,

pt.

i,

pis.

1-6. et

1898a

Talpid^s.
concern.

Moogura
Nat.

S., Scaptochirus M.

Edw.,

Chiroscaptor
9,

M^m.

I'Hist.

I'Emp. Chin., Chapitre

4,

4, pt. i, pp.

36-42, 43, pi.

chinois.

figs,i-ic,

2-2C,

3-3b.
sur

1899

fitude

les

suilliens.

IV.

Sangliers
113-133,

M^m.

concern.

I'Hist. Nat.

de I'Emp. de la

Chin.,

pt. 3, pp.

pis. 30, 33-37.

I'Hist. Nat. de

1899a

Capricome

Chine

m^ridionale.

M^m.

concern.

I'Emp.

Chin., 4, pt. 4, 1899b Ailuropus

pp. et

p. 211,

pi. 42, figs.5-8.

M^m.
concern.

Ursus.

I'Hist.

Nat.

de

I'Emp. Chin.,

4,

pt. 3,

143-153sur

1901

Notes de

quelques

ursid^s
i, pp.

peu

ou

point
pis. i,
2.

connus.

M^m.

concern.

I'Hist.

Nat.

I'Emp.
sur

Chin., 5, pt.
les bovid^s de I'Emp.

1-2,

1901a

Essai

sauvages

de

I'lndo

Chine

Frangaise.

M6m.

concern.

I'Hist. Nat.

Chin., 5, pt.

i, pp.

2-11,

pis. 3-9.

Hilzheimer,
1905

Max Ueber

einige Tigerschadel
pp. 594-599,

aus

der

Strassburger zoologischen Sammlung. Anzeiger,

Zool.

Anzeiger, 28,
1905a Neue Eine

figs.
Zool.
29, pp.

chinesische kleine

Saugetiere.

297-299.
u.

1906

Sendung

chinesischer
i, pp.

Saugetiere.
(Mitteilung
Zool.

Abh.

Ber.

Mus.

f. Natur-

u.

Heimatk.,
1910 Neue Tibet

Magdeburg,

165-184, pis. 2-4.

iiber die 35,
von

tibetanische

Saugetiere.

Herm 309-311.

Dr.

Tafel

in

gesammelten

Saugetiere.)

Anzeiger,

pp.

BIBLIOGRAPHY HiNTON,
1923 Martin On

595

A. the

C. voles collected and

by Mr.
Neodon

G. and

Forrest
upon

in Yunnan; their allies.

with Ann.

remarks

upon

the

genera

Eothenomys
pp.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

(9) 1926

II,

145-162, 14 figs.
of the voles and vol.

Monograph
London,

lemmings
i,

(Microtina?) living and

pp.,

extinct.

8vo,

British

Museum,
W. the P.

xvi+488

15 pis., no

text

figs.

HiNTON,
1922

M.

A.

C,

and

Pycrapt,
note
on

Preliminary
(9)
10, pp.

affinities of the

genus

Lipotes.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

232-234.

HiNTON,
1921

M.

A.

C,

and

Wroughton,

R.

C. and distribution in of the

macaques

The the Nat.

sjTionymies, characters
names

included

under

rhesus

and
pp.

assamensis

Blanford's

Mammals.

Joum.

Bombay

Hist.

Soc, 27,

665-672.

Ho,

Hsi 1934

J. Study
Soc. of the mammals of Nanking Zool. and its

vicinity.

Contrib.
14

Biol. Lab.
text

Science

China, Nanking,

Ser., 10, No.

4, pp.

245-287,
Contrib.
i

figs., pi. i, figs.

Science Soc.

3-7, pis. 2-4. 1934a A

new

subspecies of Cricetida; Nanking,

from of
some

from

Shensi.
5, pp. 23,

Biol.

Lab.

China,
1935 1935^ A
serow

Zool.

Ser., 10, No.

China

288-291,
pp.

text

fig., pi. i, figs.1-2.

Lab. Science Soc.

Wu-hu. mammals Zool.

Joum.,

175-176.
Contrib. Biol.
text

Study

from

Szechuan.
5, pp.

China, Nanking, HoLLiSTER,

1912
1

Ser., 11, No.

123-164,

22

figs.

Ned Five Two

new new

mammals

from

Asia.
to

Proc. Mustela

Biol. Soc. larvata.

Washington,
Proc.

25, pp. Soc.

181-184.

91 3

polecats related
1-4.

Biol.

Washington,
26, pp.

26, pp.
1913a Two
new

bats

of the

genus

Taphozous.

Proc.

Biol.

Soc.

Washington,
Smithsonian

157-158. 1913b

Description
Coll., 60, No.
Mammals
1912.

of

new 2

gazelle from
pp.

northwestern

Mongolia.
expedition

Misc.

19,

1913c

collected Proc. and

by the Smithsonian-Harvard
U. S. Nat. of

to

the

Altai

tains, Moun-

Mus.,
raccoons

45,

pp.

507-532,

pis. 37-42.
Proc. U. S. Nat.

1915

The

genera

subgenera pis. 38,

wild
39-

and

their allies.

Mus.,

49. PP1919 A
new

143-150.
name

for the
p.

sheep of northeastern

China.

Proc.

Biol.

Soc.

ington, Wash-

32,

46.

Honigmann,
1

Hans

L.
zur

91 3

Bemerkungen
eines 1913,
neuen

Sjmonomie

und

Systematik

der

Leporiden
Naturf

und
.

Beschreibung Berlin,

chinesischen 293-297.

Kaninchens.

Sitzungsb. Ges.

Freunde,

pp.

HORSFIELD,

T. Brief
notes

1855

of

new

or

little-known Brian

species of MammaUa, Hodgson, Esq.

lately discovered
Ann.

and

collected

in Nepal,
pp. 101-114.

by

Houghton

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

(2) 16,

596
Howell, 1926 1926a
A.

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Brazier Three A
new new name

mammals for Felis

from

China.

Proc. melli

Biol. Soc.

Washington,
note
on

39,

pp.

137-139.

(Catopuma)
Proc.

Matschie, and
Biol. Soc.

the nomenclature
39, p. 143.

of Felis 1927 1927a Two Five

new new

pardus centralis Lonnberg.

Chinese Chinese
to rats.

Proc. Soc.

Washington,
40, pp.

Biol.

Washington,
Acad. finless
pp.,
i

43-46.
pp.

squirrels. Joum.
the anatomy of the
art.

Washington
Chinese
13, 43

Sci., 17,

80-83. phocoBnoi-

1927b

Contribution des. Proc. Chinese U.

porpoise, Neomeris
text

S. Nat. mammals.

Mus., 70,
Proc. shrew from

pi.,43 Joum.
Proc.

figs.
pp.

1928 1928a 1928b

New A
new

Biol.

Soc.

Washington,

41,

41-44.
9, p. 60.

white-toothed Asiatic
1

Fukien, China.

Mammalogy,
Biol. Soc.

New

mammals

collected

by

F.

R.

Wulsin.

Washington,

41, pp.

15-120. from the mountains of China. Proc. Biol. Soc.

1928c

A
pp.

new

hare

Washington,

41,

143-144from U. S. Nat. China in the

art.

1929

Mammals Proc.

collections
i, 82 pp.,

of the
10

United

States

National

Musetmi.

Mus., 75,

pis.

Hoy,

Charles 1923

M. The

"white-flag" dolphin
154-157.
I

of the

Tung

Ting

Lake.

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts,

I, pp.

Pl-

Hume,

Allan

O. Remarks
on or

1887

certain takin.

Asiatic Proc.

ruminants. Soc.

"

I. Budorcas

taxicolor,Hodgson.
pp.

The

gnu-goat

Zool.

London,

1887,

483-486,

3 text

figs.

Ingram,
1925

J. H.
The civilization and
text

of religion

the

Shang dynasty.

China

Jotim.

Sci. and

Arts,

3. PP-

473-483. 5

figs.

Jacobi,
1922

Arnold

Saugetiere [aus
Tier-u. See also

der

Stotznerschen

China-Expedition].
i, pp.
1-22.

Abh.

u.

Ber.

Mus.

f.

Volkerk., Dresden,

16, No.

Weigold,

1923.

Jakovlev,
1932

B.

p. Collection Felidas. des Publ. des Publ. mammiferes Mus. du Musde

Hoangho
Tsin, No.

Paiho
9, pp.

Tien
1-19,
2

Tsin.

Fam.

Hoangho
du

Paiho, Tien
Mus^e

pis.
Tsin.
i

1932a

Collection

mammiferes Mus.

Hoangho Hoangho

Paiho

Tien
i-io,

Fam.

Equidse.
1933 Collections Canidas 3 1934

Hoangho
du Publ.

Paiho, Tien
Mus6e

Tsin, No.
Paiho

10, pp.
a

pl.
ii.Famille

mammiferes des]

Tien

Tsin.

et Viverridas.

Mus.

Hoangho

Paiho, Tien

Tsin, No.

26, pp.

1-24,

pis.
des mammiferes Publ. du Musee

Collections

Hoangho

Paiho

k Tien

Tsin.

iii. Fam.

Ursidc-e et Mustelidas. 4

Mus.

Hoangho

Paiho, Tien

Tsin, No.

28, pp.

1-30,

pis.

Jentink,
1883

F. a. List of the 5, pp.

specimens

of

in squirrels

the

Leyden

MuSfeum.

Notes

Leyden Mus.,

91-144-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

597

1905

SM5-studies
2-14.

in the

Leyden

Museum.

Notes

Leyden

Mus., 26,

pp.

155-195,

pis.

Jordan, Karl,
191
1

and

Rothschild,
new 21

N.

Charles
from China. Proc. Zool. Soc.

Some 393,

Siphonaptera
text

London,

191 1, pp.

365-

figs.

Kastschenko,
1

N. Outline of the fauna

map

898

of Siberia

and

of the Tomsk

district in

particular. Tomsk,
Univ., 158

46 1898a

pp.,

(in Russian). zoological expedition

to

Results
4

of the

the

Altai, 1898.
district.

Tomsk

pp.,

pis. (in Russian).

of the mammals of the Tomsk Tomsk

1900

Synopsis Russian).

Univ., 47
de

pp.

(in

1901

Stenocranius Annuaire

et

Platycranius, deux
Zool. Acad.

nouveaux

sousgenres

d'arvicolides

Sib^rie.
text

Mus.

Imp.

Sci. St.

P^tersbourg,

6, pp.

165-207, 3

figs,(in Russian).
1901a

Sur Mus.

le Meles Zool.
sur

arenarius Acad.

Sat.

et

sur

les

races

sib^riennes
pp.

du

taisson.

Annuaire

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, 6,

n.

609-614 (in Russian).

sib^riennes. Annuaire

1901b

Note Mus.

VArctomys bungei
Acad.

sp. et les autres

marmottes

Zool.

Imp.
nov.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

6, pp.

1907

Chodsigoa
Acad.

subgen.

(gen. Soriculus, fam.

for 1905,
10,

615-620 (in Russian). Mus. Soricidae). Annuaire

pp. 251-254

Zool.

Imp.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

(in Russian).
Acad.

1907a

Sur

I'Equus przewalskii,
12, pp.

Poliakoff.

Annuaire

Mus.

Zool.

Imp.

Sci.

St. P^tersbourg, 1910

177-194. de

Description
Annuaire

d'une

collection Acad.

mammif^res,

provenant

de

la Transbaikalie.

Mus.

Zool.

Imp.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

15, pp.

267-298

sian). (in Rus-

Kazanski,
1930

K.

a. The Soviet and

expedition for controllingpests injuriousto agriculturein Mongolia.

experiments grasshoppers
of and

Biology

struggle with

voles forests.

(Microtus (Report
Sta.

brandti

Radde). People's

Struggle with
Commissariat

inspection of
(in Russian

1929.)

of Agric. of the
pp.,

Buriat-Mongol
map

Republic,
with

of Plant

Protection,

Verknejdiusk, 8vo, 47-I-4

Kellogg,
1927 C. R.

English siunmary).

Leopard
China

hunting

on

the

campus
i

of the

Fukien

Christian

University, Foochow.

Joum.,

6, pp.

209-210,

pi.

KiDD,

Walter 1904

[On the arrangement

Soc.

of the

hair

on

the

nasal

region of Aeluropus].

Proc.

Zool.

London,

1904,

i, p. 373.

Kloss,

Cecil

Boden Notes Indian

on

191 7

the

type

specimens
5-10.

of

some

Burmese

and

Himalayan

rats.

Records

Mus.,
mole

13, pp.

1923

new

from

Hainan.

Joum.

Nat.

Hist.

Soc.

Siam, Bangkok,

6, p. 213.

598
Kloss,
See Cecil

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Boden,

and

Robinson,

Herbert

C. Boden.

Robinson,
E. M. Wolfe Der

Herbert

C,

and

Kloss,

Cecil

KOHLER,

1896
1902

in der

Mongolei.
78-86.
E.

Zool. Hirsch

Garten, 37, {Cervus

pp.

129-133. in seiner Heimath. Zool.

mandschurische
pp.

dybowskit)

Garten, 43,
KoLLMANN,
See

Max,

and

Trouessart,

L. Max.

Trouessart, E. L., and

H.
2

Kollmann,

Kraemer,
1

91

Die

mongolischen

und

die
pp.

sogennanten
33-37.

assyrischen Wildpferde.

Mitth.

d.

Landw.

Ges., Berlin, 27,

Kreyenberg,
1907

M. Das chinesische

Schuppentier.

Zool.

Beobachter,

Frankfurt

a.

M.,

48, pp.

182-185. Lankester,
1901

E. On

Ray the affinities of

Aeluropus
pp.

melanoleucus

A.

M. -Edwards.

Trans.

Linn.

See.

London,
Lanning,
191
1

zool., (2) 8,

163-173, pis. 18-20.

George Wild
pp.

life in China

or

chats

on

Chinese

birds

and

beasts.

8vo, Shanghai, xvi-f 255

Leisewitz, 1906 LicENT,

1924

W. Ein Steinbock
aus

dem

zentralen

Thian

Shan.

Zool.

Anzeiger, 29,

pp.

654-656.

Emile

Hoang-ho
du Golfe

"

Pai

Ho.

Comptes
le bassin du

rendus Fleuve

de

dix du

ann6es Pai Ho

(1914-1923)
et des autres

de

s^jour

et

d'explorationdans
du Pei

Jaune,

tributaires

Tcheu

Ly.

4to, Tientsin, 4 vols., iii-hi692 pp.,

illus.

LiCHTENSTEIN,
1828

M. Ueber

H.

C.

die

Springmause

oder

die samtlichen
pp.,

bis

jetztbekannten

Arten

der

Gat-

tung

Dipus.

4to, BerHn, 29

pis.

LiTTLEDALE, 1894

St. GeORGE Field-notes

pp.
on

the

wild

camel

of

Lob-Nor.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1894,

446-448.

LONNBERG,
1907

EiNAR Pandan
pp.

eller

Kattbjomen

{Ailurus fulgens). Mongoliets hedgehogs.

Fauna

och

Flora, Uppsala,

2,

164-166. Bidrag till Kannedomen 66-74, figs.

remarks about
eastern
om

1920

Ett

Fauna.

Fauna

och

Flora, Uppsala,

15, pp. 1922 Some

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (9)

9,

pp.

620-629.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

599

1923

On

the

Chinese

porcupine, Hystrix subcristata

Arkiv Ann. f. Zool Nat.
,

Swinhoe,

with

remarks
pp., text pp.
i

on

other

members 1923a Notes Remarks

on

of the genus.

Arctonyx.
on some

Mag.

vStockholm, 15, No. 18, 10 Hist., (9) 11, pp. 322-326, 4

Proc. Zool. Soc.

text

fig.

figs.
85-95,
2

1923b

Palearctic

bears.

London,

1923,

pis.
1925 Notes Arkiv
on some

cats

from

eastern

Asia
2,
22

with
pp.,

description of
i

new

ijubgenus.

f. Zool., Stockholm, remarks

on

i8A, No.

pi., 5

text

figs.
Arkiv f Zool.,
.

1926

Some

mole-rats No.
21,
11

of the genus
pp.,

Myospalax

from

China.

Stockholm,
LORENZ 1907

18A,

5 figs.

VON

LiBURNAU,
Zur

LuDWIG der
2

R. Steinbocke Innerasiens. Denkschr. Akad.

Kenntnis

Wiss., Wien,

80, pp.

83-105,

pis.

Lydekker, 1896

Richard On of
an

apparently
at

new

deer

from

North Proc.

China, in the
Zool. Soc.

menagerie
1896,

of the
pp.

Duke

Bedford
49.

Wobum

Abbey.
to

London,

930-934,

pis. 48, 1897

On
2

the
text

deer

allied

Ceruus

sica.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1897,
Zool.

pp.

37-46,

figs.
with C.

1897a

[Cervus bedfordianusis identical 1897,

p.

xanthopygus.]
and Tibet.

Proc.

Soc.

London,

815.
small game

1900

The
pp.,

great and
illus.

of India, Burma,

4to, London,

xviii -1-416

1901

Przewalski's also The

an

horse

at

Wobum
100,

Abbey.
p. 680.

Natiu-e

(London),

65,

pp.

103-104.

See

Field elk from

(London), Siberia.]

1902

[On
fig-

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1902,

i, pp.

107-109,

text

1902a

[Antler renewal
London,
The
1902,

in P^re

David's

deer, Elaphurus davidianus.] Proc.

Hi and Yana

Zool.

Soc.

for 1901,

2, p. 472.

1902b

wild

sheep of the

Upper
8.

valleys.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

2, pp.

80-85, pls- 7,
of the

1903

The

wild

sheep
text the

Kopet-Dagh.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1903,

i,

pp.

102-103,

fig.
wild
ass

1904

Note

on

of

Mongolia.
Proc.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

1904,

i
,

pp.

431-432,

pis. 27,
1904a The

28.

Ichang

tufted

deer.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1904,

2, pp.

167-170,

text

figs. 1904b [Note

pp.
on a

sketch

of

deer

from

Hainan.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1904,

2,

178-179live takin. white-maned The Field

serow.

1906 1906a

(London), 108,
Proc.

p.

651. London,
for 1905,
2, pp.

The

Zool.

Soc.

329-331,

pi. 8.
1907
On the
occurrence

of

the

bruang
i

in
text Proc.

the

Tibetan

province.
London,
in, p.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

for 1906, pp.

cat

997-999,

fig.(skull).
Zool. Soc.

1908 1908a 1908b

[On
The The

wild

from

Sze-chuen.]
Asia. Thian The Shan.

1908,

pp.

433-434.

deer

of central
game

Field The

(London),
Field

70.
in, p.

big

of the

(London),

151.

6oo

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1908c iQoSd igoSe

1909

Bears

of the
as

Thian
a

Shan.
game

The

Field The

(London),
Field

11

1, p. 626. 112, p. 993.

Sze-chuen A
grey

big
The and
text

country.

(London),

takin.

Field Bhutan

(London),
takins.

iii,

p. 790.

The

Sze-chuen

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

for

1908, pp.

795-802, pi. 43,

1909a On
a new race

figs.
from Sze-chuen. Proc. Zool. Soc.

of deer

London,

1909,

pp.

508-590, pi. 69.

1909b

On

the

skull Proc.

of

black Soc.

bear

from

eastern

Tibet, with 607-610,

Soc.
2

note

on

the

Formosan

bear. 1909c On On
two
an

Zool.

London,
skulls. and

1909, Proc.

pp.

text

figs.
940-944.

Chinese Indian

serow

Zool.

London,
Zool. Soc.

for 1908, pp.

I909d

dolphin
and

porpoise.

Proc.

London,

for

1908,

pp.

802-808,
191
1

pis. 44, 45.

a

On
pp.

wapiti

muntjac

[from China].
in the

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

for

1910,

987-991, figs.143, 144.

of the

1913

Catalogue
Vol. I.

ungulate mammals

British

Museum Bovinas
to

(Natural
Ovibovinae London

History).
(cattle,

Artiodactyla,family
serows,

Bovidae, subfamilies takin, musk-oxen,

sheep, goats, chamois, Mus.), xvii-l-249 pp.,

1914

etc.). 8vo,

(Brit. History).
Giraf-

illus. in the British

. . .

Catalogue
Vol. fidae
...

of the

ungulate mammals
families

Museimi

(Natural
....

III.

Artiodactyla, (Assisted by
of the

Bovidae,

Antilocapridas
London

and

Gilbert

Blaine). 8vo,
in the Cervidse

(Brit. Mus.),

xv-l-283

pp.,

illus.

191 5

Catalogue
Vol. IV. Camelidffl

ungulate

mammals families
,

British

Museimi

(Natural History). Hippopotamidae

Artiodactyla,
(camels and

(deer), Tragulidae (chevrotains),

llamas)

Suids

(pigs and
in the

peccaries) and
,

(hippopotamuses).
1916

8vo, London
mammals

(Brit. Mus.), xxi+438

British
. . .

pp.,

illus.

Catalogue
Vol. V.
to

of the

ungulate

Museum

(Natural History).
With
. . .

Perissodactyla
the earlier volumes.

Hyracoidea.
8vo, London

Proboscidea.
,

denda ad-

(Brit.Mus.), xlv-|-207

pp.,

illus.

Lyon,

Marcus

W., Jr.
Notes
on a

1907

collection

of mammals
pp.

from

the

province
16.

of Kan-su,

China.

sonian Smith-

Misc. 1913 Treeshrews: Nat.

Coll., 50,
an

133-138, pis. 15,

of the mammalian

account pp.

family Tupaiidas.

Proc.

U.

S.

Mus., 45,

1-188, pis. i-ii.

Matschie,
1901

Paul

Zoogeographische
Arch. f.
es

Betrachtungen

uber
pp.

die

Saugetiere der
echten

nordlichen

Alten

Welt.

Naturgesch., 67, Beiheft,

in Mittelasien mehrere

307-328, pi. 10.

von

1903

Gibt

Arten
text

Wildpferden?
Altai-Hirsche.

Naturwiss.

Wochenschr.,
1907 Die Ges.

(2) 2,

pp.

581-583,

fig.
der

wissenschaftliche Naturf.

Bezeichnung
Berlin, 1907,
chinesische

sogennanten
221-228.

Sitzungsb. Sammlungen

Freimde,
Ueber

pp.

1908

4.

Mammalia. Herm Wilhelm nach

Saugetiere, besonders 1903-1905."

8vo,

aus

den

des

Filchner. und
2

In "Wissenschaftliche Tibet

Ergebnisse
Berlin, vol.

der
10,

Expedition
pt. i, pp.

Filchner 134-244,

China

pis. 14-24,

text

figs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ueber melte V. 1912 Zur

6oi

191

einige von
Saugetiere.

Herm In

Dr.

Holderer

in der

sudlichen Asien

Gobi ..."

und

in Tibet

gesam-

Futterer, K., "Durch

pp. 1-29.

8vo,

Berlin, vol. 3,
Ges.

Zoologie (Nachtrag),
Kenntnis der

sudchinesischen
1912, pp.

Kurzschwanz-Makaken. 305-310. In

Sitzungsb.
q.v., Arch.

Naturf. 1922

Freundc,
forms

Berlin,

[New

of Chinese No.
10, pp.

mammals.]
34-37.

Mell, R.

1922,

f.

Xaturgesch.,

88, sect.

A,

MaTSUMOTO, 1926

H1KOSHICHIR6 On
a new

fossil

race

of
10,

bighorn sheep
No. from
4 2, pp.

from
2

Shantung, pis.
Sci.

China.

Sci.

Rept.

Tohoku

Imp. Univ., Geol., 1926a

On
some

39-42,

fossil cervids
10, No. 2, pp.

Shantung, pis.

China.

Rept.

Tohoku

Imp. Univ.,

Geol., McNeill,
1909 Malcolm

27-38,

[Big game
Fauna,

of] western London,

5, pp.

China

and

eastern

Tibet.

Joum.

Soc.

Preservation

Wild

106-109.

Mell,

R.

1922

Beitrage
Feldnoten
sect.

zur

Fauna

Sinica.

I.

Die

Vertebraten

Sudchinas;
Arch. f.

Feldlisten

und

der

Sauger, Vogel, Reptilien, Batrachier.

1-134, 4

Naturgesch.,

88,

A, No.

10, pp.

pis.,I

text

fig., map.

Menegaux,
1905

a. Sur I'aire de

dispersion de
72-73.

Felts

temmincki

Vig.

et

Horsf.

Bull.

Mus.

d'Hist.

Nat., Paris, 11, pp.

1905a Sur Mus. la

presence de Paradoxiirus
d'Hist. des Bull.

larvatus
p.

et de

Felis temmincki

au

Tonkin.

Bull.

Nat., Paris,
mammif^res Mus.

11,

384.
en

1906

Catalogue
Boutan.

envoyfe

1906 du
12, pp.

Tonkin

et

de

I'Annam

par

M.

d'Hist.

Nat., Paris,

454-460.

Meyer, 1892

A.

B.

[Letter recording Semnopithecus

1892,
p.

nemmus

from

Hainan.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

don, Lon-

665.

Meyer,
1794

F. A.

A. Ueber de la Metheries schwarzen Panther. Zool.

Annalen,

for

1793,

i,

pp.

394-396.
1794a

Bestimmung 396-399-

der

Arten

des

Ziegengeschlechts.

Zool.

Annalen,

for 1793,

i,

pp.

Miller, 1896

Gerrit

S., Jr.
and
3

Genera

subgenera
text

of voles

and

lemmings.
China. Proc.

North

Amer.

Fauna,

No.

12,

84 1898
A

pp.,
new

pis.,40

figs.
northeastern Acad. Nat. Sci.

chipmunk
pp.

from

Philadelphia,

1898,
1901 The
P- 23.

348-350Rhinosciurus of Trouessart. Proc. Biol. Soc.

subgenus

Washington, Washington,

14,

1901a

Descriptions
PP-

of

three

new

Asiatic

shrews.

Proc.

Biol.

Soc.

14,

157-159-

602

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1906

Some

voles

from

the

Tian

Shan

region.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7) 17, pp.

57, xvii+282

371-3741907 The
14

families

and

genera

of bats.

Bvill. U.

S. Nat.

Mus., No.

pp.,

pis.
new

1910

Two
2

genera

of murine

rodents.

Smithsonian

Misc.

Coll., 52,

pp.

497-498,

text
new

figs.
carnivore
new

1910a 191
1

from

China.

Proc. Proc. Proc. of

U.

S. Nat. Soc.

Mus., 38,

pp.

385-386, pi. 17.

24, pp.

Four A
new

Chinese

mammals. China.

Biol.

Washington,
(Europe

53-55.

1911a 1912

roe-deer of

from the

Biol. Soc.

Washington,

24,

pp.

231-232.

Catalogue
in the

mammals of the British

western

Europe

exclusive

of
pp.,

Russia)
213
text

collection

Museum.

8vo, London,

xv-l-1019

figs.
1913 A
new

vole

from

eastern

Mongolia.
from
eastern

Smithsonian

Misc.

Coll., 60, No.

28,

pp.,

ipl1914 Two
pp.
new

murine

rodents

Asia.

Proc.

Biol.

Soc.

Washington,

27,

89-92.
new

1915

squirrelfrom

northeastern

China.

Proc.

Biol. Soc.

Washington,

28, pp.

115-116. 1918
A
new

river-dolphin from
I

China.

Smithsonian

Misc.

Coll., 68, No.

9,

12

pp.,

13 pis.,

text

fig. Caelops.
Proc. Biol. Soc.

1928 Miller,
191 8 G.

new

bat

of the genus

Washington,

41

pp.

85-86.

S., Jr., and

Gidley,
of the

J. W.
of rodents.

Synopsis
8, pp.

supergeneric groups

Joum.

Washington

Acad.

Sci.,

431-448.
Alphonse

Milne-Edwards, 1864

Recherches rotains.

anatomiques, zoologiques et palfontologiques sur

Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
ou

la famille

des

chev-

1 866

Note de

sur

le mi-lou,

Zool., (5) 2, pp. 49-167, pis. 2-12. sseu-pou-siang [Elaphurus davidianns] mammif
,

dre du Ann.
pp.

nord des

la Chine,

qui

constitue

une

section

nouvelle

de la famille Nat.

des

cerfs.

Sci.

Nat.,

Zool., (5) 5, pp.

Acad.

380-382; Ann.
pp.

Mag.

Hist., (3) 18,

Nouv. Arch.

71-72; d'Hist.

Compt.
Nat.

Rend.
2,

Sci., Paris, 62,

27-40,

1090-1092;

Mus.

Paris,

(Bull.) pp.
sur

pis. 4-6.
du nord de la Chine.

1867

Observations des Sci. Nat.,

quelques mammif^res
375-377;

(Extrait.)
I'ancien

Ann.

Zool., (5) 7, pp.

8, pp.

374-376.
de continent.

1867a

Description
Rev.
et

de de
sur

quelques

esp^ces nouvelles
pp.

d'ecureuils 225-232,

Mag.

Zool., (2) 19,

le groupe des

193-197,

pl. 19.
Rend.
pp.

1868

Observations

rats-taupes.
Nat.

Compt.

Acad.

Sci., Paris,

67, 1868-74

pp.

438-441;
pour
sur sur

1869, Ann.
servir

Mag.

Hist., (4) 3,
des animaux
et des

157-159.

Recherches considerations observations

et

k I'histoire de

naturelle
ces

mammifdres,
par

comprenant

des des

la classification

M.

H.
sur

Milne-Edwards,
la faune de

I'hippopotame
(With

de

Liberia

Etudes

la Chine
pp.,

du

Tibet

oriental.

Henri

Milne-Edwards.)

4to, Paris, 394

atlas

of 105

pis.
sur

1870

Note

quelques
pp.

mammif^res

du

Thibet des Nat.

oriental. Sci. Nat.,

Compt.

Rend.
13,

Acad.
art. 10,

Sci.,
i

Paris, 70,

341-342

(Feb.); Ann.

Zool., (5)
pp.

p.

(March);

also in

English, Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (4) 5,

306-307

(April).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

603
David, Armand, 1867-71,

1871

[Descriptions
Nouv. Arch. Sur

of

new

species: footnotes.) In
Nat.

q.v.,

Mus.

d'Hist. des

Paris, 7, (Bull.) pp.

de I'ancien continent.

91-93.

1884

la classification
pp.

taupes

Compt.
G^n.

Rend.

Acad.

Sci.,

Paris, 99,

1141-1143.
sur

1892

Observations

les mammifdres

du

Thibet.

Rev.

des

Sci.

Pures

et

Appliqufe,
1897
Note valine
sur

30,

pp.

670-672

(Oct. 15).
jjenre

une

nouvclle

esp^ce du
Mus.

Rhinopith^que
Nat., Paris,
de

provenant

de

la haute

du

Mekong.
and de

Bull.

d'Hist.

3, pp.

156-160, fig.

Milne-Edwards, 1898
Le

Alphonse,

Pousargues,
la valine Nat. du

Eugene
haut

RhinopithSque
Arch. Mus.

Mekong
10, pp.

{Rhinopithecus bieti,A. M-E.).

121-142,

Nouv.

d'Hist.

Paris, (3)

pis. 9-12.

Milne-Edwards, 1865

Henri

Rapport
missionaire

sur

diverses 4
....

collections P^kin. Nouv.

envoy^es
Arch.

au

Museum

par

le P. Armand Nat.

David,
i,

Mus.

d'Hist.

Paris,

(Bull.)

pp.

1-30,

pis. I,
and

2.

Milne-Edwards,
See

Henri

Alphonse

Milne-Edwards,
P. Chalmers

Alphonse,

1868-74.

Mitchell,
1907

[On
468.

frontlet

and

horns

of the

takin.]

Proc.

Zool.

See.

London,

1907,

pp.

467-

MOLLENDORFF, 1876

OtTO

F.

VON

Contributions Naturu.

to the

natural

historyof
"Gemse"

North

China.
i, No.

Mitth. 7-19. A. M.

d. Deutsch.

Ges.

f.

Volkerk.

Ostasiens,

Yokohama,

9, pp.

1876a

Ueber Deutsch.

die nordchinesische Ges. f. Naturta of the

u.

{Antilope caudata
notes

Edw.)

Mitth.

d.

Volkerk.

Ostasiens, Yokohama,
on

i, No.

10, pp.

19-20.

1877

The

Vertebra

province of Chihli, with

China Branch

Chinese

zoological nomenclature. (2)

11, pp.

Joum.
41-111.

North

Roy.

Asiatic

Soc., Shanghai,

MOTOHASHI,
1930

HEIICHIRO Craniometrical Tottori studies

on

skulls

of

wild
i, pp.

asses

from

west

Mongolia.
8-16.

Mem.

Agric. College, Tottori, i, No.

1-62, pis. 1-5, tables

Nasonov,
1913

N.

V.

[On
Imp.

new

speciesof

wild

sheep from

the southern
i, pp.

Gobi, Ovis kozlovi.] Bull. Acad. (in Russian).

monde ancien.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

(6) 7, pt.
des moutons

621-626

1923

Distribution

g^ographique

sauvages pp.,
20

du

Svo, Petro-

grad (Russian Academy

See

of Sciences), 255

pis. (in Russian).

Sushkin, 1925a.

Nehring,
1900

a. Ueber
er, 23,

Alactaga suschkini
pp. 201-205,
zu 2

Sat. und

Alactaga annulata
Milne Edw.
aus

Milne

Edw.

Zool.

AnzeigZool.

text

figs.
dem

1900a

Nachtrag

Alactaga
pp.

annulata
text

Kentei-Gebirge.

Anzeiger, 23,

263-264,

fig.

6o4
1900b
Die
23,
1

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Zahl
pp.

der

Mammas

bei Cricetus, Cricetulus

und

Mesocricetus.

Zool.

Anzeiger,

572-573-

900c

Ueber Zool.

Schadel-, Gebiss-

und

Schwanzbildung
2

von

Platycercomys plaiyurus Licht.

und Cricetus. Zool.

Anzeiger,
Zahl der

23, pp. und

361-366,
der

text

figs.
bei Mesocricetus

901

Die

Zitzen
p.

Embryonen

Anzeiger, 24, NOACK,

1902
1902a

130.

T.

Equus przewahkii.
Ein Die
neuer

Zool. der

Anzeiger, 25, Dsungarei.

vom

pp.

135-145.

Hirsch

aus

Zool.

Anzeiger,

25, pp. Zool.

145-147.

1902b

Entwicklung

des

Schadels

Equus przewalskii. Anzeiger,

Zool.

Anzeiger,

25, pp.

164-172.
1902c 1903 1903a Centralasiatische Asiatische Zur Baren Steinbocke. der
von

Zool. und

25, pp. Zool.

622-626.

arctos-

tibetanus-'R.QihQ.

Anzeiger, 27,
pp.

pp.

87-96.

Entwicklung
des
var.,

Equus przewalskii.
Zool. sibirica hagenbecki. Zool.

Anzeiger, 26,
pp.

370-373.

1903b

Steinbocke New

Altaigebietes.
Capra

Anzeiger, 26,
748.
pp.

381-390.

1905
1912

Baren

aus

Mongolei.
Haustiere.

Anzeiger, 28,

p.

Chinesische

Zool.

Anzeiger, 41,

118-140.

Obolenski,
1927

S. A

preliminary
Rend.
pour ot

review Acad. la

of the

sousliks palasarctic

{Citellus and

Spermophilopsis).
Zachita

Compt.
1927a Tableaux Rastenie

Sci. URSS, determination

1927A,
des
1-8

pp.

188-193.

spermophiles (in Russian).

pal6arctiques.

Breditelei, 4, No.
B. S.

2, pp.

Obolenski,
See

S., and

Vinogradov,
B. S., and

Vinogradov,
William

Obolenski, S.

Ogilby, 1838

[On

new

species of muntjac
1838,
p.

from

China,

Cervus

reevesii.]Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London, Ognev,
1923 S. I.

105.

[New
A

and

little-known

speciesof
sect,

Russian

rodents.]
text

Bull.

Soc.

des

Naturalistes

Moscou,

(new ser.) 31,

review Nat.

biol.,pp.
mammals

67-98, 30
of Russia. 23, pp.

figs,(in Russian).
On foxes

1926

systematic
Mus.

of the

I. 202-240,

livingin

Russia.

Ann. 1927 A

Hungarici, Budapest,
Russian bats. and

pis.5-9.
8, pp.
140-157. of
some

synopsis
data

of the
on

Joum.
the

Mammalogy,
Zool., Amis
with

1928

[New
of the

the

systematics

geographical distribution
des

species
et

family Mustelidae.]

Mim. 1-30

Sect.

Sci. Nat.,

Anthrop.

1929 1929a

No. Ethnogr., Moscow, Ueber einige Nagetiere Zur

2, pp.

(in Russian,
Zool. Zool.

English summary).
pp. pp.

Ostsibiriens. Hasen.

Anzeiger, 83,

71-89. 69-83.

Systematik

der

russischen

Anzeiger, 84,

OsBECK,
1

Peter
1

77

A R.
2

voyage

to

China To

and

the
are

East added

Indies.
a

Translated and

from

the

German

by John

Forster.

which

Faunula illus.

Flora

Sinensis.

8vo, London,

vols.,XX -1-396 PP-, 367+[32]

pp.,

BIBLIOGRAPHY Osgood,
1

605

Wilfred
1

H.

93

Roosevelts'

giant panda
I, p. I, text

group

installed in William

V.

Kelley

Hall.

Field

Mus.

News,
1932 Mammals Field 1937

2, No.

fig.
and Delacour 193-339, Zool. Asiatic

of Mus.

the

Kelley-Roosevelts
Hist, zool.
in
a

expeditions.
1-

Publ.

Nat.

ser.,

18, pp.

pls- 9-1
Ser.

Variable
20, pp.

dentition

Chinese

insectivore.

Field

Mus.

Nat.

Hist.,

365-368.

Pai, Tuan
1933 A

tigerin
S.

west

Shansi.

China

Joum.,

19, p. 43.

Pallas,
1779

Peter

Moschi obscurae

historia animalium Sm.

naturalis.

In

"Spicilegia Zoologica quibus

1-45, pis. 4-6.

nova:

imprimis

et

species iconibus, descriptionibus atque

commentariis

illus-

.trantur."

4to, Beriin, pt. 13, pp.

Patte,

firiENNE Comparaison
Bull. Soc. des faunes de de mammifdres
pp.

1928

de Lang

Son

(Tonkin)
figs.

et du

Se Tchouen.

G60I.

France, (4) 28,

55-63,

3 text

Peters, 1870

Wilhelm

[Ueber

neue

Arten

von

Spitzmausen
China,

des Luzon

Konigl. Zoologischen
und

Museums

aus

Ceylon,
Preuss.

Malacca,
Akad. ein
neues

Borneo,

Ostafrika.]

Monatsb.

Kon.

Wiss.

1876

[Ueber
1876,

Berlin, 1870, pp. 584-596. Argali-Schaf, Ovis jubata, aus

von

dem

ostlichen Preuss.

Theile

der

Mon-

golei,im
pp. 1880

Norden

Peking.]
pis., I
text

Monatsb.

Kon.

Akad.

Wiss.

Berlin,

177-189,

fig.

[Ueber
Akad.

neue

Flederthiere

{Vesperus,
pp.

Vampyrops).]
text

Monatsb.

Kon.

Preuss.

Wiss.

Berlin, 1880,

258-259, 3

figs.

Phillips, John
1925 The

C. P^re David deer herd.

Joum.

Mammalogy,

6, pp.

283-284.

Ping, Chi
1

924

zoological collecting tripto the 342-348.

of Felts
i, pp.

coast

of Chekiang.

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts,

2, pp.

1926

On

the skeleton

tigris. Contrib.
1-6, 5 text
hard
"

Biol. Lab.

Science

Soc. China,

Nanking,
London,

Zool.

Ser., 2, No.
structures

figs.
of Felis

1927

On

the

of the

palate

tigris. Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

1927, 1927a On On

pp.

135-139.

3 figs. of Felis

the the

skeleton

tigris. China
white

Joum.,

6, pp.

255-257,

pis.
Biol. Lab.

1927b

tongue
Soc.

of

the

dolphin
Zool.

{Solalia sinensis).
3, pp.

Contrib.

Science

China,

Nanking,

Ser., 3, No.

1-9, 5 text

figs.

PococK,
1902

R.

I. A
new new

arrangement

of the "zebra."
a

existingspecies of Equidae, with

Ann.

the

description of
304-308,

subspecies of
upon

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7) 10, pp.

1905

Observations
now

female

specimen

of the Hainan Proc. Zool.

gibbon (Hylobates hainanus),

Soc.

living in the

Society's Gardens.

London,

1905,

2,

pp.

169-180, pi. 5.

6o6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1908

Notes

upon

some

species and
based Soc.

geographical
upon

races

of

serows

(Capricorms)
the

and dens. Gar-

gorals (NcBmorhedus),
Proc. Zool.
names

specimens
1908,
pp.

exhibited 9 text known

in

Society's
and

London,

173-202,

figs.
as serows

1908a

On Ann.

the

generic
Nat.

of the

rupicaprine ruminants
i, pp.

gorals.

Mag.
the

Hist., (8)
cutaneous 60

183-188.
Proc. Zool. Soc.

191

On

specialized
pp.

glands of ruminants. figs. larvatus) from

London,

for 1910, 191 la

840-986,

text

[On
Soc. On

young

of the palm 1911,

pp.

civet

(Paradoxurus

Szechwan.]

Proc.

Zool.

London,
a rare

621-622.

1 91 2

stag {Cervus wallichii) from

His

Nepal

recently presented
Zool. Soc.

to

the

Zoological
pp.

Society by
575, 1912a On
6 text

Majesty King George.

in the
.

Proc.

London,

1912,

558-

figs. Cervidae, with

Proc. Zool.

antler-growth

special reference
Soc.

to

Elaphurus
pp.

and 5

Odocoileus
text

(Dorcelaphus) gorals
Nat. of and

London,

1912,

773-783,

figs.
serows,

1913

The

takins

of
22,

British
pp.

India

and

the

Straits

Settlements.

Joum.
191 7 The On

Bombay
external

Hist.

Soc,

296-319, 3 col. and Mag.

Nat.

4 uncol.

pis.
pp.

classification
some

existingFelidas. Caprinae, with

Mag.
Nat. bushbuck

Ann.

Hist., (8) 20,

"

329-350. Antilo-

1918

characters

of nmiinant
a

Artiodactyla.
note
on

Part

II.

The

pinae,Rupicaprinse, and
and

the
pp.

penis of the Cephalophinae

4 text in P^re

Neotraginse.
horns Zool. of
a

Ann.

Hist., (9) 2,
and the

125-144,

figs.
David's deer.

1918a

The Proc.

castrated

antler-growth

Soc.

London,
value

for 191 7, p. 337.

1921

The

systematic
pp.

of the
2

glans penis in
text

macaque

monkeys. Procyonidas.
Mustelidse.

Ann.

Mag.
Zool.

Nat.

Hist., (9) 7,
1921a The external

224-229,

figs.
of the Proc. Soc.

characters
pp.

and

classification
13 text

London,

1921,

389-422,

figs.
of the Proc. Zool. Soc.

1921b

On

the external
192

characters

and

classification
text

London,
1923 1923a

1, pp.

803-837, 13
Sciuridse. of
1923,

figs.
Zool. Soc.

Classification On the

of the

Proc.

London,

1923, and

pp.

209-246.
Cervidffi.

external Soc.

characters

Elaphurus, Hydropotes, Pudu,

pp.

other

Proc. 1924 The 1924,

Zool. external
pp.

London,

181-207,

16

text

figs.
Proc. Zool. Soc.

characters 7 text

of the

pangolins (Manidse).
female Proc. Chinese Zool.

London,

707-723,

figs.
of
an

1926

The

external

characters

adult

pangolin {Manis
Soc.

pentadactyla)
pp.

exhibited 7 text 1927 The

in the

Society'sGardens. Hylobates.
Nat. Hist.

London,

1926,

213-220,

figs.
of the genus Proc. Zool. Soc.

gibbons
figs.

London,

1927,

pp. 719-741,

5 text 1929

Tigers. Joum.
A-I

Bombay
characters

Soc,

33,

pp.

505-541,

pis. 1-4

(colored),
Proc.
.

(uncolored).
external Soc. of the

1929a

Some Zool.

giant panda
975-981, Joum.
3 text

(Ailuropoda tnelanoleuca)
figs.
Nat. Hist.

London,

for 1928, pp.

ounces

1930

The

panthers and
pp.

of Asia.

Bombay Joum.

Soc,

34, pp.

64-82,

pis. 1-6;
1932 The
PP-

307-336, pis. 7-13.

macaques
I

rhesus 530-551.

{Macaca mulatto).
text

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc, 35,

pl-.2

figs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The
35.

607
and Asia.
2

1932a

black
PP-

and

brown
II

bears
text

of

Europe
pp.

Joum. pis.,12

Bombay
text

Nat.

Hist.

See.,

771-823,

figs.; 36, Joum.

101-138,
Nat.

figs.
423-449,
4 text

1933

The

civet-cats

of Asia.

Bombay (Cuon

Hist.

Soc., 36, pp.

figs. 1936
The Asiatic wild

dog

or

dhole

javanictcs). Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1936, pp.

33-55-

1936a

The

oriental

yellow-throated
2

marten

(Lamprogale).

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1936. PP-

531-553.

text

figs.

POLIAKOV,
1881

M.

Supposed
Soc,

new

species of horse
1-20,

from

central

Asia.

Proc.

Imp. Russian Mag.

Nat.

Geogr.
Hist.,

1881, pp.
pp.

pis. I,

2.

(Translation into English: Ann.

(5) 8,
Pope,
Clifford H.

16-26.)

1924

Hainan, ground.

an

island

of

forbidding reputation
24,

that

proved
9

an

excellent

collecting

Nat.

History (Amer. Mus.),

pp.

215-223,

figs.

PousARGUES, 1896

Eugene Sur

de

la faune Bull.

mammalogique
Mus. de Mus. d'Hist.

de

Setchuan

et 2, pp.

sur

une

espSce asiatique du
le

genre

Zapus. 1896a
Sur

Nat., Paris,

ii-i6, 3 figs.
Yun-nan par

la collection Bull.

mammif^res d'Hist.

rapport^s du
Nat., Paris, 2, pp.
albirostris

prince
pp.

Henri

d'Orl"ns.

179-182 (separate,
et du

1-4).
thoroldi

1897

Sur

I'identit^

spdcifiquedu
Bull.
sur

Cervus
d'Hist.

(Prz. 1884)
pp.

Cervus

(Blanf. 1893). 1898

Note

Mus.
un

Nat., Paris, 3, semnopith^que

284-287.
fronti^res du Tonkin
et de

preliminaire
Bull.

nouveau

des

la Chine.

Mus.

d'Hist.

Nat., Paris, 4, pp.

319-321.
et du

1898a 1898b

Sur

I'identit^ Mus.
sur

du sp^cifique

Felis bieti

(A. M.-Edw.)
357-359. M6m.

Felis

pallida(Buchn.).
de

Bull.

d'Hist.

Nat., Paris, 4, pp.

de I'Asie

fitude
pp.

les ruminants

centrale.

Soc.

Zool.

France,

11,

126-224.
de,

Pousargues,
See

Eugene

and

Milne-Edwards,
and

Alphonse de.

Milne-Edwards,
Paul The
PP-

Alphonse,

Pousargues, Eugene

Preble,
1913

tarbagan
31-39M. in Tibet

{Arctomys bobac)

and

plague.

U.

S. Public

Health

Service, 27,

Przewalski,

Nikolai

1884

Reisen

am

oberen

Lauf

des

Gelben

Flusses

in den

Jahren

1879 bis 1880.

8vo, Jena, xiv-l-281 pp.,

Translated from

illus.,map.
Russian

the

by

Stein-Nordheim.
2

See

also

an

English

translation Pycraft,
See "R" W.

by E. D. Turner,
M.
A.

1876, London,

vols.

p., and
M.

Hinton,
A.

C. P.

Hinton,

C,

and

Pycraft, W.

[?R. Lydekker]
1910 Habits from
of the

takin.

Joum.

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc., 19, pp.

981-982 (reprinted

The

Field, London,

July 31, 1909).

6o8

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Radde,
1862

Gustav Reisen im Suden

von

Ost-Sibirien

in den

Jahren

1855-1859 incl. im Auftrage der

I. Die

Kaiserlichen

Geographischen

Gesellschaft. 14

Band
maps.

Saugethierfauna.

4to, St.

Petersburg, lv+328

pp.,

pis., 4

Raven,

H.

C. Notes Amer.
on

1936

the anatomy

of the viscera

of the
pp.,

giant panda {Ailuropoda melanoleuca).

15 text

Mus.

Novitates, No.

877, 23

figs.

Reymond,
1932

a. Note
sur

les gazelles rencontr^es Bull. Mus. d'Hist.

en

Asie

centrale

par la Mission
pp.

Haardt-Audouin-

Dubreuil.

Nat., Paris, (2) 4,

955-957.

Rhoads,

Samuel A

N. small collection of mammals

pp.

1898

from

northeastern

China.

Proc.

Acad.

Nat.

Sd.

Philadelphia, 1898, Robinson,

1

120-125. Cecil B. of the oriental of

Herbert A the
pp.

C., and

Kloss,

91 8

nominal

list of the of the

Sciuridte

region with
India.

list of

specimens
Mus.,

in 15,

collection 171-254-

Zoological Survey

Records

Indian

Robinson,
191
1

Herbert On five

C, and
new

Wroughton,

R.

C.

sub-species of oriental
233-235.

squirrels. Joum.

Federated

Malay

States

Mus., 4, Rock,

pp.

Joseph

F.

1930

Seeking the mountains

Kermit The search for the

of mystery.

Nat.

Geogr. Mag.,

57, pp.

131-185.

Roosevelt,
1930

giant panda.

Nat.

History (Amer. Mus.),

30, pp.

3-16.

Roosevelt,
1929

Theodore

and

Kermit

Trailing the giant panda.

N.

8vo, New
Karl

York

and

London,

xii-l-278 map. pp., illus.,

Rothschild,
See

Charles, Karl, and

and

Jordan,

Jordan,

Rothschild, N. Charles.

Rothschild,
1900

Walter On
pp.
a new race

of ibex,

Capra
Ann.

sibirica

lydekkerisubsp.
Nat.

nov.

Novitates

Zool., 7,

277-278, pi. 2.
a new race

1922

On

of bharal.

Mag.

Hist., (9) 10,

p. 231.

RoxBY,
1925

Percy

M. The distribution of

population
1-24,
21

in
text

China,

economic

and

significance. political

Geogr. Review,
Salensky,
See W. W.

15, pp.

figs.

Zalensky,
Colin Bats
PP-

Sanborn,
1933

C. from Szechwan and

Kweichow,

China.

Proc.

Biol.

Soc.

Washington, 46,

55-56.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

609

Satunin,
1

Constantin
1

a.
new

90

On
genus

hedgehog

from

Transcaucasia; empire.

with Proc.

revision Soc.

of the

species of
1901,

the

Erinacens

of the

Russian

Zool.

London,

2, pp.

284-291.
1902 Neue

Nagetiere

aus

Centralasien.

Annuaire

Mus.

Zool.

Acad.

Imp.

.Sci. St.

1905

P^tersbourg, 7, pp. 547-589, 2 text figs. TrichcBlums, eine neue Feliden-Gattung,

Mus. Zool. Acad.

und

die

Arten

derselben.

Annuaire

Imp. Sci.
aus

St.

P^tersbourg, for
Asien. 524-537. Zool. Annuaire

1904,

9, pp.

495-506.
Acad.

1905a

Neue St.

Katzenarten

Central9, pp.

Mus.

Zool.

Imp.

Sci.

P6tersbourg, for 1904,

neues

1906 1906a
1907

Ein

Reh

vom

Tjan-schan.

Anzeiger,

30,

pp.

527-528. (in Russian). Imp.

Sci. St. Acad.

[Der Altai-Luchs.]
Ueber die Hasen

Prir. i Ochotn., Centralasiens.

11, pp.

Moscou,
Annuaire

1906,
Mus.

pp.

2-3

Zool.

P^tersbourg, for 1906,

1907a Ueber Akademie
neue

155-166. Igel des Zoologischen Museums

zu

und der

wenig bekannte
Wissenschaften

des Kaiserlichen Mus. Zool. Acad.

St.

Petersburg.
pp.

Annuaire

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, for 1906, 1908

11,

167-190.
Ochotn.

[Bemerkungen
pp.
lo-ii

uber

Gazella

subgutturosa Guld.]

Vest., Moscou,

8,

(in Russian).

SCHROCKIUS,
1682

LUCA Historia

Moschi, ad

normam

academiae illus.

naturae

curiosorum.

Sm.

4to, Augustas

Vindelicorum, ScHWARZ,
191
1

12+224

-f 6 pp.,

Ernst Seven
new

Asiatic

mammals,

with

notes

on

the

Viverrafasciata of Gmelin.
Zool.

Ann.

Mag.
1929 Ein
pp.

Nat.

Hist., (8) 7, pp.

Wildesel

634-640.
ira Berliner

sudpersischen
85-94,
L. mammals
sent

Zoologischen

Garten.

Garten,

2,

5 text

figs.

ScLATER,
1861

Philip

[On
Notes Notes

from

China

by Swinhoe.]
Zool.
now

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1861,

P- 390. 1862
1 on on

the deer
rare or

of Formosa. little-known

Proc. animals
Proc.

Soc.
or

London,

1862, pp.

150-152.

871

dens. lately living in the Society's Gar-

Part

I."

Mammalia.

Zool.
a

Soc. London,

1871,
R.

pp.

221-240,

pis. 14-17.
Proc. Zool.

1874

[On the sika of North

Soc.

China,
pp.

and

letter thereon

from

Swinhoe.]

London,
of

1874,

151-152reevesi in London

1875

[Breeding 1875,

Cervulus

Gardens.]
Ningpo, 1876,

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

p. 422.

1876

[On [The

living Lophotragus Gardens.]

Proc.

michianns Zool. Soc.

from

received
pp.

at

the
text

London

logical Zoo-

London,

273-274, Proc.

fig.
Soc.

1876a

proper
pp.

name

for the

stump-tailed macaques.]
Proc. with Zool. C. Soc.

Zool.

London,

1876,

332-333from

1876b
1876c

[Tiger cubs
696.
a new

Amoy.]
identical

London,

1876,
Zool.

p.

694.
London,

[Cervulus micrurus
p.

reevesi.] Proc.

Soc.

1876,

885

[On
pp.

Chinese

muntjac, Cervulus
text

crinifrons.] Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

885,

1-2,

pi. I,

fig.

6io

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1898

[On

new

cat,

Felis

dominicanorum, pi.
i.

from

Kuatun,

China.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,
1901 Remarks the

1898, pp.
on a

1-2,

mounted d'Histoire

specimen
Naturelle,

of Prejevalsky's horse Paris. Proc. Zool.

in {Equus prejevalskii) Soc.

Museum

London,

1901,

i,

P-35;2, 1902

p. 505on

[Note

the 1902,

capture
i, pp.

of Przewalski's

wild

horse

in

Mongolia.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,
Serebrennikov,
M.

137-138,

pi.

(August

i.)

1928

Synopsis
URSS,
Review Acad.

of Russian
pp.

squirrels(Sciurus, Rodentia).
421-426.
of the

Compt.

Rend.

Acad.

Sci.

1928A,

929

of the beavers Sci. URSS,

Rodentia) palearcticregion (Castor, 271-276,

2

Compt.

Rend.

1929A,

pp.

text

figs.

Sheldon,
1937

W.

G. Notes
on

the giant panda.

Joum.

Mammalogy,

18, pp.

13-19,

August.

Shih, Chausu
1930

McAmicus

Preliminary report
Yaoshan

on

the of Sun

mammals Yatsen No.

from

Yaoshan,

Kwangsi,

collected
Bull.

by the Dept.

expedition
Yatsen
a

University, Canton,
4,
10

China.

Biol., Sun
1930a A
note
on

Univ., Canton,
collection

pp.

small

of mammals
Yatsen

from

Yaoshan,
No.

North

River, Kwang-

tung.

Bull.
on

Dept. Biol., Sun

mammals from No.

Univ., Canton,
Hunan.

8, 4 pp.
Bull.

1930b

Note Yatsen

the

south-western

Dept.

Biol., Sun

Univ., Canton,
note
on

9, 4 pp.

1931

Further

mammals

of Yaoshan, No.

North
12, 8 pp.

River, Kwangtung.

Bull.

Dept.

Biol., Sun SjOLANDER,

1922 David The

Yatsen

Univ., Canton,

distribution

and

habits

of the

Argali sheep
53, pp.

of central
4

Asia.

Joum.
No.

China

Branch also
as

Roy.
Contrib.

Asiatic

Soc,

Shanghai,

131-157,

figs., map.

Published 3.

Nystrom

Inst, for Sci. Research

in Shansi, Publ.

Smith,

Floyd

T. The Fukien scientific

1926

expedition.

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, 5,

pp.

128-131,

5 pis.

Smith,

Malcolm

A. Narrative of
a

1923

journey

to

the

interior

of Hainan.

Joum.

Nat.

Hist.

Soc.

Siam,

Bangkok,
Smith,
P. A. Travers

6, pp.

185-194, pis. 13, 14.

1924

Hunting
443-448,

the
2

bighorn sheep

of

Mongolia.

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts,

2,

pp.

pis.

Smith,

William The in
a

Lord
cave

1928

tiger of Amoy.
den back of

The

story of
Nat.

hunt

for

man-eating tigerthat Mus.), 28,

pp.

lived

rocky

Amoy.

History (Amer.

430-438,

8 figs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

6ii

SOKOLOWSKY,
1919

A.
Zur

Biologic und

Stammesgeschichte
pp.

des

Katzenbaren

{Ailurus fulgens F. Cuv.).

Zool.

Anzeiger, 50,
de

238-245.

SowERBY,
1912

Arthur

Carle

(or implied authorship). (Chapter

In

Biological work (Appendix

PP-

X).
and

Mammals

collected
1912,

in Shansi,

Shensi

and

Kansu
. .

II).

Clark

Sowerby,

q.v.,

"Through

ShSn-Kan

.",

79-95. and

171-185.
in North-China.
upon

1914

Fur Recent

feather research

8vo, Tientsin,
of North

IO^- 190 China.

pp.,

illus. North China

1916

the

Mammaha

Joum.

Branch 1917 On

Roy. Asiatic
collection
Proc.

Soc,

Heude's

Shanghai, 47, pp. 53-82. of pigs, sika, serows, and gorals in the Sikawei
Soc.

Museum,

Shanghai. 1918 Sport and

illus.

Zool.
on

London,

1917,

pp.

7-26.
8vo, London,

science

the

Sino-Mongolian

frontier.

xvi-l-295

pp.,

1918a

Notes
119-122.

upon

the

sika-deer

of North

China.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (9) 2, pp.

1920

new

three-toed
on

jerboa from
bears in the

China. Sikawei

Ann.

Mag.

Nat. and
on

Hist., (9) 5,
the bears

pp.

279-281.

1920a

Notes
eastern

Heude's Asia.

Museimi,
213-233.

of

palaearctic

Joum.
east

Mammalogy,
members

i, pp.

1921

Notes

on

the

Asiatic
new

of the Ann.

species Sciurus
Mag.
Nat. China Branch

vulgaris, Linn., with

249-254. Asiatic

descriptions of two
1922

subspecies. Joum.

Hist., (9) 7, pp.

The

natural

history of China.
53, pp.
1-20.

North

Roy.

Soc.,

Shanghai,
1923
1923a

Asiatic The

big-horn sheep. sheep of Kansu.

notes.

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, i, p. 79. Arts, i, pp.

blue

China

Joum.
wolves.

Sci. and China

158-160,

text

fig.

1923b
1923c

Shooting

Pigs, deer and

China

Joum.
Arts,

Sci. and

Arts, i, p. 184.

Big
The The

game

in Shansi.

Joum.
China Anhui.

Sci. and

Arts, i, pp.
i
,

269-271.
pp.

1923d
I923e

blue

sheep in Shansi.
in northern Fukien. China

Joum.
China

Sci. and

608-609, pl-

river deer boar

in

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, i, p. 609.

I923f
I923g

Wild
The

Joum.
With and

Sci. and

Arts, i, p. 609.
and sketches

naturalist
2

in Manchuria. The mammals

photographs
birds

by the author.
xxvii-f-

Vols.

and

3.

of Manchuria.

8vo, Tientsin,

358
1924

pp.,
near

illus.,map.

Otter Wild 73-

1924a

cat

Quinsan [Kiangsu]. China Joum. [Felischinensis] in Shanghai district.

Sci. and China

Arts, 2, p. 161.

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, 2, p.

1924b
1924c

Deer
Ibex

[in Yangtze
in the

valley].
region.

China

Joum. Joum.
Tibetan

Sci. and Sci. and

Arts, 2, p. 78. Arts, 2, p. 78, pi. Arts, 2, pp.

China

Altai

China

I924d
I924e

Shooting
Giant
2, pp.

and

fishing notes.
and wild

China
on

Joum.

Sci. and border.

162-165.
Sci. and

panda
270-271.
cat

dogs

the

Joum.

Arts,

19241
I924g

A
The

new

from deer wild

west

China.

China China

Joum.
China

Sci. and

Arts, 2, pp.

352-353-

musk

in China.

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, 2, p. 457.
Sci. and

I924h

Reported
Whale

sheep in south
at

Shansi.

Joum.

Arts, 2, p. 461.
2

1924!
1925

caught
game

Amoy.

China in

Joum.
China.

Sci. and China

Arts, 2, p. 573,

pis.
Arts,
3, pi.

Big

and
p. 51.

other

hunting

Joum.

Sci.

and

opposite

6i 2

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1925a

Shanghai
The

game

market. China

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, 3,
pp.

p.

117.
2

1925b
1925c

pangolin.

Joiim. Sci. and leopards.

China

Arts, 3, Joum.

151-153,

pis.
p. 182.

Man-eating
Erroneous Serow 572-573-

tigers and

Sci. and

Arts, 3,
Sci. and

I925d
19256

report of seals in the Huangpu.

on

China China

Joum. Joum.

hunting
wild

the

Tibetan

border.

Arts, 3, p. 521. Sci. and Arts, 3, pp.

1925!
I925g

To The

shoot

sheep in Shansi.
in the

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, 3,
China

p. 573.

Chinese

pangolin
and

London

Zoological Gardens.

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, 3, I925h I925i 1925J

Wild The

p. 618.

boar

river deer. in China. and

game

China China birds

Joum.

Sci. and Sci. and

Arts, Arts,
China

3, p. 621. 3, pp.

musk-deer

Joum.
and

651-653, pi.
Sci. and

Shooting grounds
pp.

animals.

Joum.

Arts, 3,

672-673, pi.

1926

Serow

hunting
2

accessible

from

Shanghai.
Joum.
tufted

China

Joum.
Arts, 4,

Sci. and

Arts, 4,

pp.

48-49, 1926a 1926b

The

pis.
river deer. of China Michie's Sci. and deer.
pp.

Yangtze

97-98, pi.
Sci. and

Extension
p.

of range

China

Joum.

Arts, 4,
Sd.

138.
finless Indian

1926c

A and

porpoise
138-139,

from
2

the

Whangpoo
Sci. and

at

Shanghai.

China

Joum.

Arts, 4, pp.
at

pis. Joum.
China

I926d 19266

Wolves Wild Goral

Chinkiang.

China

Arts, 4,
Sci. and

p.

200.

boar

shooting
deer.
at

in Shansi. China

Joum.

Arts, 4,

pp.

248-249,

pis.

I926f
I926g I926h

hunting

in China. China the

Joum.
Sci. and mouth. China.

Sci. and

Arts, 5,
p.

p. 93.

Thorold's Pilot The 205,

Joum.

Arts, 5,
China China

155, fig. Sci. and Sci. and

whales

Whangpoo
of North

Joum.

Arts, 5,

p. 200.

I926i

big-horn sheep pi.

whales boars Chinese mice the and
at

Joum.

Arts, 5, pp.

204-

1927 1927a

Pilot Wild The The

abele

trees.

China

Joum., 6,
6, p. 105.
China

p.

loi.

Sashu.

China
as a

Joum.,
pet.

1927b
1927c
1929 1929a

palm-civet
of the

Joum.,

7, p. 46,

fig.

of China.

China Min.

Joum.,
China China

7, p. 261.

By
The The The The

waters

Joum.,

10, pp.

21-28, 6 pis.

Chinese sika
or

porcupine. spotted deer

Joum.,
Asia.

10, p.

147.

1929b
1929c

of eastern China China

China
11, 11, p.

Joum.,
105,
text

11,

pp.

192-195,

pis.

long-eared hedgehog.
fretful

Joum., Joum.,

fig.
i

I929d

porcupine.

pp.

249-252,

pi. {Atherurus

ma-

crourus

stevensi

Thomas).
and
conservancy

19296

Famine, 306, pi.

afforestation

in

China.

China

Joum.,

11,

pp.

303-

1930

The The A

Yunnan wild

serow.

China
coat.

Joum.,
China China
area.

13, p. 43.

1930a

pig's summer
in of the
or

Joum.,
12,

12,

pp.

45-46,

pis.

1930b
1932 1932a

tigershot
fauna

Chekiang. Shanghai
China China cat-bears.

Joum.,
China

p. 225.

The The The The The

pp.

Joum.,
17, pp.

16, pp.

275-287, figs.

pandas
bats

China

Joum.,
17, pp.

296-299, 4 pis.

1932b
1933

of China. China.

Joum., Joum.,
geese

299-305. 94-101, in

tigerin
Shansi
166-168.

18, pp.
and

pi.
Shansi. China

1933a

tiger, grey-lag

shooting

Joum.,

18,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

613

1933b
1933c

Wolves Horns China

in of

Chinldang.
a new

China and

Journ., 18,

p. 213.

deer
19, pp.

other
i

relics from

the

Waste

of Yin,

Honan,

China.

Joum.,
rats

141-144,

pi.
China

1933d
1933^

Plague of
The The

[at Wuhu,
and

Anhwei].
waters.

Joum.,
China

19, pp.

93-94.
pp.

rodents

lagomorphs

of China. China

Joum.,
25, pp.

19,

189-207, figs.

1936 1936a

dugong
game
II

in Chinese animals

Joum.,

41-42. China

Big

of the

Chinese-Tibetan

borderland.

Joum.,

25,

pp.

285-296, SowERBY,
See Arthur
de

pis.
and

Carle,

Clark,

Robert Arthur

Sterling de Carle.

Clark,

Robert

Sterling, and

Sowerby,

Steward,
1925

Albert A
PP-

N.

trip

to

Hwang

Shan

[south-centralAnhwei].

China

Joum.

Sci. and

Arts, 3,

77-83. 3 pis.

Stewart,
1903

C.

E. On the home original of the

tiger.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1903,

i
,

pp.

109-1

10.

Styan,
1886

F. W.

[Letter relating to
267-268.

some

Chinese

animals.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1886, pp.

Styan,
See

F. W., De

and

De W.

Winton, E., and

W.

E.

Winton,
Carl

Styan, F. W.

Sundevall, 1842

J.
^

Ofversigt af slagtet Erinaceus.

pp. 215-239.

Kongl.

Vet.-Acad.

Handl.

for

At

holm, 1841, Stock-

1843

Ofversigtaf slagtet Manis.

pp.

Kongl. Vet.-Acad.
1.

Handl.

for Ar

1842, Stockholm,

245-281, pi. 4, figs.2-1

P. of the

SusHKiN,
1925

Peter

Outlines Acad.

history of the Recent

pp. 299-302.

fauna

of Palasarctic

Asia.

Proc.

National

Sci., 11,
wild Prof.

1925a

The and

sheep of the Old World

N.

and

their distribution.

[After Dr. N. Severtzov

145-157-

Nasonov.]

Joum.

Mammalogy,

6, pp.

Swinhoe, 1858
1861

Robert A few remarks

on

the fauna Chinese

of Amoy.

Zoologist,16,
Proc. Zool.

pp.

6222-6231.
London, 1861,
pp.

[Letter transmitting
134-135-

mammals.]

Soc.

1864

[Letter with 1864,

pp.
on

observations

upon

some

Chinese

deer.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

168-169.
mammals of Foochow and

864a

[Letters
pp.

Formosa.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

864,

378-383- figon

1865

[Note
p.

the

Chinese

river

deer

at

Chinkiang.]

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1865,

510.
a

1866

[On
near

monkey,

Inuus

sancti-johannis, sp.
Zool. Soc.

nov.,

from

the

island

of North

Lena,

Hongkong.]

Proc.

London,

1866, p. 556.

6l4
1869
On

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

the

cervine
pp.

animals

of the
5

island

of Hainan

(China).

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

don, Lon-

1869,

652-660,
from

figs.

1870
1870a 1870b

On
pp.

new

deer

China

[Hydropotes inermis].
Proc. from Zool. Canton Soc.
to

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1870,

89-92, pis.6, 7.
the mammals of Hainan. of
a

On

London, Peking

1870,
and

pp.

224-239, Proc.

pi. 18.
Zool.

Zoological notes
Soc.

journey

Kalgan.

London,

1870,

pp.

427-451. of China Zool. Soc. and

870c

Catalogue
island

of the

mammals Proc.

(south
London,
a

of the

River
pp.

Yangtze)

and

of the

of Formosa.

1870,

615-653.
Proc. Zool.

i87od 1872 1873

1874

[On
Soc. Notes

tiger skin from 1870,

pp.

Manchuria
3-4.

leopard from

Kwangtung.]
Proc. Zool.

London,
on

Chinese

Mammalia

observed

near

Ningpo.

Soc.

London,

1872,
On

pp.

813-818.
deer, with
Proc. Zool. the Soc.

Chinese

description of
London,
deer from

an

apparently
572-576.
near

new

species [Cenms
Proc. Zool.

kopschi].
On Soc.
a

1873,
the

pp.

small, tufted, hornless London, 1874,

pp.

mountaitis

Ningpo.
1874,

452-454.

pl- 59Proc.
near

1874a

[On the sika of North

China.]
from

Zool.

Soc.

London,
Proc.

pp.

151-152.

1874b

[Letter on
pp.

Rhinolophus

Ningpo.]

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1874,

500-501.
DE

TCHIHATCHEV, 1845

P.

Voyage
de Chine.

dans scientifique

1'Altai oriental

et les

partiesadjacentes

de la fronti^re

4to and

folio,Paris, xiv-t-466pp., illus., maps.

Thomas,
1881

Oldfield

Description
pp.

of

new

species of speciesof
the

mole

from

China.

Ann.

Mag.
Zool.

Nat.

Hist., (5) 7,
1882,

469-471.
a new

1882

Description of
PP-

rat

from

China.

Proc.

Soc.

London,

587-588. pl- 44notes

on

1889

Preliminary
otter.

characters

and
pp.

sjmonymy 190-200. Museum

of the

different

species of
Ann.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.
new

London,
bats

1889,
in the

1891

Descriptions
Nat.

of three
pp.
new

British

collection.

Mag.

Hist., (6) 7,
of
a

527-530. vole from China. Ann.

1891a

Description
119.

Mag.
Fea
pp.

Nat.

Hist., (6) 8,

pp.

117-

figthe mammals Civ. the collected Storia

1891b
1892

On Ann. Note

by Signor
island

Leonardo

in Burma

and
11.

Tenasserim.

Mus.
on

Nat., Genova,

(2)

10,

912-949,

pis. 10,

gibbon
Chinese
a new

of the
9, pp.

of Hainan

(Hylobates hainanus,

sp.

n.).

Ann.

Mag. 1894 1894a

On
two

Nat.
new

Hist., (6)

145-146.
Ann.

rodents.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (6) 13,

China. Ann.

pp.

363-365.
Nat.

Description of (6)
14, pp.

from species of Vespertilio

Mag.

Hist.,

300-301. collected Soc.

1898

On

mammals Zool.
new

by Mr.

J. D. La Touche
pp.

at

Kuatun,

N.

W.

Fokien, China.

Proc. 1902 1902a On A

pp. two
new

London,

1898,
from lower

769-775.
Ann.

mammals from
the

China.

Mag.

Nat. Ann.

Hist., (7)

10, pp.

163-166.
10,

vole

Yang-tse-kiang.
Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7)

166-169.
the

1902b

On

panda

of Sze-chuen.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7)

10,

pp.

251-252.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

615
Proc. Zool. Soc.

1903

[Description of Rhinopithecus brelichi,sp. n.) pi. 21. I, pp. 224-225,

(On
a

London,

1903,

1904

supposed
2, p.

sketch

of David's

deer

from

Hainan.]
Nat.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1904, 1905 A
new

83.
from

Cricetulus Asiatic

Mongolia.
of the genera

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (7) 15,

pp.

322-323. Ann.

1906

New
Nat.

mammals
pp.

Kerivoula, Eliomys, and

Lepus.
Second

Mag.

Hist., (7) 17,

Duke from Korea. and

423-426. zoological exploration of Asia.

Zool. Soc.
"

1907

The

of Bedford's

V.

list of

mals mam-

Proc.

London,

1907,

pp.

462-466.
with

1908

The
new

genera

subgenera Mag.

of the Nat.

Sciuropterusgroup,
i, pp. 1-8.

descriptionsof
Nat.

three

species.
Asiatic 447-450.
new

Ann.

Hist., (8)
and

1908a

New
PP-

Apodemus,
from China.

Evotomys,
Ann.

Leptts.

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (8)

i,

1908b
1908c

A On and

jerboa

Mag.
of

the

generic position
Nat. of from Hist.

of the groups

Hist., (8) 2, pp. 307-308. berdmorei squirrels typified by "Sciurus"

Nat.
some new

with pernyi respectively,

descriptions of
244-249.

oriental

species.

Joum.

Bombay I908d
The Duke

Soc,

18, pp.

Bedford's the

zoological exploration in

eastern

Asia: Zool.

VI. Soc.

List

of

mammals

Shantung

peninsula,North

China.

Proc.

London,
List

1908, 19080
The

pp.

5-10. of from Bedford's the

Duke

zoological exploration in plateau.

Proc.

eastern

Asia:

IX.

of
pp.

mammals 104-110.

Mongolian

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1908,
X.

I908f

The

Duke

of from

Bedford's the
pp.

zoological exploration
and

in

eastern

Asia.

"

List Zool.

of

mammals

provinces of Chih-li 635-646, pi. 32.

Shan-si, N. China.

Proc.

Soc.

London, I908g
1909 Note The
on

1908,
the

squirrel-genus"Zetis."
provinces of Shan-si
for

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.
eastern

Hist., (8)
Asia.
"

2, p.

136.
On Proc.
mals mam-

Duke from

of Bedford's the

zoologicalexploration in
and

XI.

Shen-si, northern

China.

Zool.

Soc. 1909a On Nat. 1910 A

PPnew

London,
mammals

1908,

pp.

963-983. by Mr.

collected
pp.

in Turkestan

Douglas
Ann.

Carruthers.

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (8) 3,
Chinese

257-266.
of the
genus

mole

Scapiochirus.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (8) 5,

350-351new

1910a

Three A
PP-

Asiatic

mammals. mammals

Ann. from

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (8) 5,
Proc. Zool.

pp. Soc.

534-536London,
1910,

1910b

collection

of small

China.

635-638.
Asiatic
new

191

New A

Muridae. from rodents from

pp. eastern

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (8) 7, Mag.

Nat. Nat.

pp.

205-209.

1911a

vole
new

Asia. Kan-su.

Ann.

Hist., (8) 7, pp.

383-384.
720-723.

1911b
191
ic

Three New

from

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (8) 8, pp.

rodents

Sze-chwan 727-729-

collected

by Capt.

F. W.

Bailey.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (8) 8,
191 id The Duke

of from

Bedford's the

zoological exploration
of Kan-su and

of

eastern

Asia."

XIII.

On Proc.

mammals Zool.
191
le

provinces
1911,
pp.

Szechwan,

western

China.

Soc. Duke from

London,

158-180.
eastern

The

of Bedford's southern

zoological exploration of Shen-si, central

China.

Asia.

"

XIV.

On

mals mam-

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

191 1,

pp.

687-695, pi. 29.

6l6

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

191 if 191 ig

Two New

new

eastern

bats. from

Ann.

Mag.
and

Nat.

mammals

central

western

Hist., (8) 8, pp. 378-380. Asia, mostly collected by Mr.

pp.

Douglas Mag.
Ann.

Carruthers. 1912 Revised Nat.

1912a

Ann.

Mag.

Nat. of two

Hist., (8) 8,
far-eastern

758-762.
Ann.

determinations
9, pp.

species of Myospalax.
by Mr. Douglas
Ward

Hist., (8)
mammals Nat.

93-95.

On

from

central
9, pp.

Asia, collected 391-408.

collected
9, pp.

Carruthers.

Mag. 1912b
On Ann. 1912c New

Hist., (8)
and

insectivores

rodents

by Mr.

F.

Kingdon
Yunnan.

in N. W.

Yunnan.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (8)

513-519. from Ann.

species of Crocidura
9, pp.
a

and

Petanrista

Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

(8) I9i2d
On

686-688.

collection

of small G.

mammals Owen

from
to

the the

Tsin-ling Mountains,
National Museum.

central Ann.

China,
Nat.

presented by
Hist., (8)
I9i2e The Duke from Soc. 1914 The
10,

Mr.
pp.

Fenwick

Mag.
On Proc.

395-403-

of Bedford's the

zoological exploration of
of Sze-chwan and

eastern

Asia.

"

^^XV.

mals mam-

provinces
1912,
pp.

Yunnan,

western

China.

Zool.

I^ondon,
tree-shrews
pp.

127-141.

of the

Tupaia belangeri-chinensis group.

bats and bandicoot.

Ann.

Mag. Mag.
Mr.

Nat.

Hist.,

(8) 13,
1914a New

243-245. and Australasian

a new

Asiatic
13, pp.

Ann.

Nat.

Hist.,

(8)

439-444mammals Nat. from

western

1914b

Second Ward.

list of small Ann. of the

Yunnan 472-475.

collected

by

F.

Kingdon
Nat.

Mag.
genera

Hist., (8) 14, pp.

1915

On

bats

Nyctaltis, Tylonycteris, and

Pipistrellus. Ann.
of certain

Mag.

Hist., (8) 15, pp.

1915a The Ann.

225-232.
as a

penis-bone,or "baculimi,"
Mag.
on

guide

to the

classification

squirrels.
Hist., (8)

Nat. the

Hist., (8) 15,

bamboo-rats

pp.

383-387. (Rhizotnys, etc.). Ann.

1915b

Notes

Asiatic

Mag.

Nat.

16, pp.
1915c Further 313-317-

56-61.
notes
on

Asiatic

bamboo-rats.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (8) 16,

pp.

I9i5d
1916

new

shrew
pp.

of the genus

Blarinella

from

Upper

Burma.

Ann.

Mag.
Nat.

Nat.

Hist.,

(8) 15,
On the 17, pp.

335-336.
names

generic

of certain

Old-World

monkeys.

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (8)

179-181.
of

1916a
1917

The On Ann.

races

Dremomys
hamsters

pernyi.
that have

Ann. been

Mag.
referred

Nat.

Hist., (8) 17,

pp.

391-394. and

the small

to Cricctttlus

phaus

campbelli.

Mag.
new

Nat.
rats

Hist., (8) 19, pp.

Ratlus

452-457.
group.

1917a

Two
pp.

of the

confucianus hedgehogs.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (8)

20,

198-200.

1918 1918a

The The and

generic division
nomenclature its relatives.

of the of the

Ann.

Mag.
of the

Nat.

Hist., (9) i, 362-367.

pp.

193-196.

geographical forms Bombay

Indian Nat.
survey.

panolia deer {Rucervus eldi)

25, pp. A

Joum.
within

Hist. No.

Soc,
XIX.

1919

Scientific of true

results from found

the mammal the

synopsis of
Nat.

the groups Hist.

mice

empire.
and

Joum.

Bombay

Soc,

26, pp.
1920 Two
new

417-421. Asiatic
pp.

bats

of the genera

Tadarida

Dyacopterus.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (9) 5,

283-285.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

617 Tamiops.
Ann.

1920a

Four

new

squirrels of the

genus

Mag.
Ann.

Nat.

Hist., (9)

5,

pp.

304-308.
1921 The
pp. 1921a

masked

civets

(Paguma)
from

of western

China.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (9) 8,

617-618.
small mammals the Kachin
499-505. .survey.

On Nat.

province, northern

Burma.

Joum.

Bombay
of

Hist.

Soc., 27, pp.

results from
ornatus.

1921b

Scientific Scotomanes

the mammal

XXVII. Hist. Nat. Nat.

The

geographical
772-773.

races

Joum.

Bombay
Ann. Ann.

Nat.

Soc., 27, pp.

1922 1922a

On Some On

some

new

forms
on

of Ochotona.

Mag. Mag.

Hist., (9) 9, pp. Hist., (9) 9, pp.

187-193. 193-196.
Forrest D.S.O. and Ann.

notes

ferret-badgers.
from the Yunnan Museum British

1922b

mammals
to

highlands collected

by Mr.
R.

George

presented Mag.
1923 On Nat.

the

by Col. Stephenson

Clarke,

Hist., (9)
from

10, pp.

391-406. Range,
Ann.

mammals

the

Li-Kiang
Forrest.

Yunnan,
Nat. Ann.

being

further

collection

tained ob-

by Mr.
1923a

George
races

Mag.

Hist., (9) 11, pp.

655-663.

Geographical
171-172.

of Petaurista

alborujus.

Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (9) 12, pp.

1924 1924a

new

pika

from

the from
a

Altai.

Ann.

Mag.
survey.

Nat.

Hist., (9) 13, pp.

No. XLIV.
genus

163-164.
new

Scientific from

results

the mammal
note
on

On

field-mouse

Nepal, with
Nat.

the

classification

of the

Apodemus. Mag.
Nat.

Joum.

Bombay 1926
Two
new

Hist.

Soc., 29, pp.

888-889 (May

15).
Ann.

subspecies of Callosciurns 639-641-

quinquestriatus.

Hist.,

(9)
Thunberg, 1823
Carl

17. PP-

Pehr

Fauna

chinensis.

8vo, Upsala, ii+8 pp.

TlCHOMIROV,
1902

A. Zur
2

naheren

Kenntnis

des

Eqiius przewalskii.

Zool.

Anzeiger, 25,

pp.

344-349,

text

figs.

Tomes,

Robert

F.

1857

Descriptions of four undescribed

PP-

speciesof
bats

bats.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

857,
the

50-54the characters
a new

1858

On

of four

species of

inhabiting Europe

and

Asia, and
Proc.

description of
Soc.

species of Vespertilio inhabiting Madagascar.

pp.

Zool.

London,

1858,

78-90, pi. 60

(Mammalia).

Trouessart,
1880

E. Note

L.
au

sujet de
Le

la distinction 2"^

sp"ifique du
No.

plancyi, Vesperugo [Nociula (sic)]

202-203

Gerbe.
1

NaturaHste,

annee.

26, pp.
auriveiUer

(April 15).
du sud de la Chine.

895

Sur

les variations Mus.

sur

de pelage du

Putorius

(Hodgson)

Bull.

d'Hist. le cheval Mus.

Nat., Paris, i, pp.

sauvage

235-236.
vivant k la menagerie.

1906

Note

{Equns

prjevahkii)actuellement
359-360.
of the

Bull.
1909

d'Hist.
a new

Nat., Paris, 12, pp.

insectivore

Neotetracns Nat.

sinensis,
pp.

family Erinaceidae.

Ann.

Mag.

Hist., (8) 4,

389-391-

6i8

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1912

Description des
du Museum

mammif^res

nouveaux

ou

imparfaitement
Ordre Nat. des

connus

de la collection famille des

National Nouv.

d'Histoire Arch. Mus.

Naturelle. d'Hist.

Primates,

Cercopith"ides. pis. 1-5.

1922 Le

Paris, (5) 4, pt.

2^ s^m., pp.

2, pp.

267-284,

panda

k fourrure

dclatante.

La

Nature,

1922,

209-210,

fig.

Trouessart,
1

E. L., and Liste

Kollmann,
des

Max mammif^res d'Hist. du sud-ouest de la Chine,

914

raisonnfe

envoy^s

par

le P^re

Cavalerie.

Bull.

Mus.

Nat., Paris, 19,

pp.

416-420.

True,

Frederick

W.
to

1889

Contributions

the U.

natural S. Nat.

history
Mus.,

of the No.

cetaceans,
pp.,

review

of the

family

Delphinidae.
Venning,
1909 F. E. W. Habitat of the
pp.

Bull.

36, 191

47

pis.

Chinese

pangolin (Manis aurita). Joum.

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc,

19,

254-256.

Vinogradov,
1922

B. S. On
a new

peculiar genus

and
gen.

species of jumping-mice
et spec.

from

Khara-khoto,
P. K., "Mongolia

golia Monand

(Salpingotus kozlovi
Amdo." 1923 A second

nov.).

In Kozlov,

Svo, St. Petersburg, pp.

539-545.

figs. gerboa
Zool. of the
genus pp.

interesting species of

Mongolian
sp.

Salpingotus
150-152, 5

Vinogr.
text

{Salpingotus crassicauda
of the external

n.).

Anzeiger, 61,
and 1925, Rend.

figs.
the
structure

1925

On
as a

in Dipodidae genitalia Zool. Soc. London,

Zapodidse (Rodentia)
pp.

character. classificatory
on some

Proc. from

577-584, pis. 1-5.

Sci.

1926

Notes

gerboas
of

Mongolia.

Compt.

Acad.

URSS,

1926A,
1930 On

pp.

232-234.

the classification

Dipodidas (Rodentia).
pp.

Bull. Acad.

Sci. URSS,

Classe

Sci.

Phys.-Math., (7)
Vinogradov,
1

1930,

453-466, pis.7-10.
I. des
rongeurs

B. S., and Mat^riaux

Argyropulo,
pour

A.

93

servir

k la connaissance
sur

de

I'Asie centrale. Annuaire

I. Observations Mus.

biologiques
Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS,

les

gerboises (Dipodidae, Mammalia).

135-156,
9 text

32, pp.

figs,(in Russian).

Vinogradov,
1927

B. Some

S., and

Obolenski,
from

S.

rodents

Transbaicalia,

east

Siberia.

Joum.

Mammalogy,

8, pp.

233-239-

Wade,

Henling With

T. boat and
gun

1910

in the

Yangtze

valley (with specialchapters by

ed. 2,

valued

tributors). con-

Large 8vo, Shanghai, Wall,

F.

vi-l-284pp.,

illus.

1908

Habitat

of the

Chinese

pangolin (Mam's OMn/a)

Joum.

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc,

18, pp.

678-679.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

619

Wallace,
1913

H.

F. The

big

game to

of central London

and

western
across

China,
the Gobi

being

an

account

of

journey

from

Shanghai
pp.,

overland

desert.

8vo, London,

'cviii+318

illus.

Ward,
1

F. Kingdon
91 9

Distribution

of

the

different

races

and

species
of

of

takin

{Budorcas). Journ.
Journ. Bombay

Bombay
1921

Nat.

Hist.

Soc,
on

26, pp.
birds

838-840.
and mammals Imaw
Bum.

Some Nat.

observations Hist.

the

Soc, 27,

pp.

754-758.

Ward,

Rowland Rowland Ward's records of horn

1922

big

game

with

their

distribution,
Edited

characteristics, by J. G.
ed. Doll-

dimensions,
man,

weights, and

and

tusk

measurements.

B.A., and
illus.

J. B. Burlace,

F.R.G.S.,

F.Z.S.

8vo,

London,

8, xiii-F527

pp.,

Watase,
1913

S. On the fossil remains of Elaphurus davidianus in Japan. Zool.

Mag.,

Tokyo,

25, pp.

487-493. pl-

Weigold,
1923

Hugo Weitere
Ber.

Bemerkungen
f. TierRind"
p.
u.

Dr.

Weigolds
Chinesen

zu

den

gesammelten
2, pp.

Saugetieren.
71-76.

Abh.

u.

Mus. "Wilde

Volkerk.,
der

Dresden,

16, No.

1923a

Das No.

[Budorcas].

Naturwiss.

Korrespondenz,

i,

4/5, I

Welch,
191

F. D.
1

Observations in the in the

on

different

gibbons of the
and
on

genus

Hylohates

now

or

recently living
notes
on

Society's Gardens,
Natural
pp.

Symphalangns
S.

with syndactylus,
Proc.

skins

History

Museum,

Kensington.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1911,

353-358-

Wilder,
1925

G.

D. Wild life today in the Eastern Tombs forest. China

Journ. Sci. and

Arts, 3, pp.

276-282,2
WiLLISTON,
W.
B.

pis.

1926

Game

and
4, p.

other
199.

animals

of

the

Sino-Tibetan

border.

China

Journ.

Sci.

and

Arts,
Wilson,
1913 Edward A

H.
.

naturalist

in

western

China

with

vasculum,

camera,

and

gun,

bemg
more

some

account

of eleven of the
pp.,

years' travel, exploration,and Kingdom.

8vo, New

observation York,
2

in the

remote pp.,

parts

Flowery
illus.

vols., xxxvii + 251

xi+229
Wroughton,
1910

R. On

C.
a

local form Burma

of the

Chinese

toddy-cat

taken

in north

Burma

by Capt.
Soc.,

/-.

a A.

tit

W.

Kemmis,
793-794-

Military

Police.

Journ.

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

19,

PP-

620

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

1915

The
pp.

Indian

rib-faced

deer

or

muntjac.

Joum.

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc.,

24,

42-46.
results from A the mammal
survey.

91

Scientific States

No. Nat. No.

XVII. Hist.

(A). Soc.,
On 25,

"

The
p.

Shan

langur.

"

correction. from the

Joum.
mammal

Bombay
survey.

361. erythrcBiis

192

Scientific
group

results of

XXVIII.

the

squirrels.

Joum.

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

Soc,

27,

pp.

773-777.

Wroughton,
See

R.

C,

and

Andersen,
and

Knud R. C.

Andersen,

Knud,

Wroughton,

Wroughton,
See

R.

C,
M.

and A.

Hinton,

M.

A.

C. R. C.

Hinton,

C,

and

Wroughton,

Wroughton,
See

R.

C,

and Herbert

Robinson, C,
and

Herbert

C.
R.

Robinson,

Wroughton,

C.

Wu,

Lien-teh 1923 The

tarbagan
in
man.

or

Siberian China

marmot.

Researches Sci. and

into
i, pp.

their 39-50,

relation
2

with

bubonic

plague
1930

Joum.
and

Arts,
and
i, pp.

pis.
in disease. Bull.

Rodents

of

Manchuria

Mongolia
Peking,

their 95-101,

significance
i

Dept. Zalensky,
1902

Biol.,

Yenching

Univ.,

pi.

W.

Equus
ski nach

przewalskii
Central-Asien Pt. eine Sci.
neue

Pol.

In

"Wissenschaftliche Reisen

Resultate

der

von

N.

M.

PrzewalVol. table. Acad.

i.

luitemommenen
i.

Zoologischer
. . .

Theil. 4

Mammalia.
1903

Ungulata."
aus

4to,
dem 17-21.

St.

Petersburg,

76
Annuaire

pp.,

pis.,

Ueber

Sminthusart

Tianschan.

Mus.

Zool.

Imp.
1907

St.

P^tersbourg,
horse

8,

pp.

Prjevalsky's
5

(Equus

przewalskii

Pol.).

Svo,

London,

xvi-l-65

pp.,

pis.,

text

illus. into

Translation

English

of

1902

above,

by

M.

H.

Hayes

and

O.

C.

Bradley.

ZUKOWSKY,
1910

LUDWIG

[Description
Ueber Alces

of

Alces

pfizenmayeri.]
und zwei
9, pp.

Wild anscheinend 33-45,

und

Hund,
neue

16,
Rassen

p.

807.
des Elches. Arch,

1914

pfizenmayeri
80,
iiber
sect.

f. Naturgesch.,
1922

A,

pt.

pi.
iiber den 7,
pp.

Bemerkungen
und die

Elaphurus
Arch. f.

davidianus

insbesondere

Geweihwechsel 121-128.

Kinnspalte.

Naturgesch.,

88,

sect.

A,

pt.