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INTRODUCTION
UNIT 1.2
Gravity and Biology
Dr. Emily R. Morey-Holton
NASAS VISION To improve life here. To extend life there. To find life beyond.
NASAS MISSION To understand and protect our home planet. To explore the Universe and search for life. To inspire the next generation of explorers. .as only NASA can!
Outline:
1. What is gravity? 2. What happens to life when gravity changes? a. Cells i. E. Coli ii. Renal Cells iii. Avian Muscle b. Plants i. Above the Ground ii. Below the Ground c. Vertebrate Development i. Amphibians ii. Quail iii. Rodents d. Adult Humans i. Fluid / Cardiovascular ii. Vestibular iii. Musculoskeletal 3. Is gravity necessary for life as we know it? 4. Does gravity play a role in evolution?
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What is Gravity?
Fg = Gu
M1m2 d2
GRAVITY IS A CONTINUUM
0G
10-5 G
1 5G G
MultiG Mentality
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http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/
Ichthyostega 350 MY
Moschops 150 MY
Bush Baby 70 MY
Gorilla 30 MY
Human 1.6 MY
Gravity is a far ranging force with intensity and direction and is the most constant environmental factor through evolution. Gravity on Earth = 1G throughout evolution Weight = Mass x G level
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RENAL CELLS
Microvilli
Static 1G
MIR
Static 1G
RWV 1 G
Static 1G
Hammond, T.G., F.C. Lewis, T.J. Goodwin, et al. Gene expression in space. Nature Medicine 5:359, 1999
3G
http://www.tmc.tulane.edu/astrobiology/microarray
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Avian muscle fibers decrease their rate of protein synthesis and lose fiber mass
Vandenburgh H, Chromiak J, Shansky J, Del Tatto M, Lemaire J. Space travel directly induces skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB J. 13:1031-1038, 1999. Ingber, D. How cells (might) sense microgravity. FASEB J. 13 (Suppl.), S3-S15, 1999.
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Local microenvironment altered Steady state gene expression may change Cellular force coupling systems need further study Mechanosensitive channels need further study Cellular signaling mechanisms may be altered
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Water droplet (with air bubble) sticks to leaf and doesnt bend stem on ISS (Budarin photo, 4/9/03)
Lessons Learned: Stems branch at 90 in space vs 45 on Earth; main stem follows light similar to Earth Manual pollination is required With appropriate airflow and environmental control, plants (Brassica) can go through all stages of development Decreased height and seed weight and quality in F2 and uneven ripening of silique(starts at tip and moves to stem rather than uniform)(Musgrave, 2000)
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Lessons Learned Little distances have big effects on water movement Capillary forces become dominant as gravitational forces decrease Properly managed porous substrate root zones can deliver hydroponic class results in g. Increasing light levels will increase the strain on the root zone water delivery systems Root growth media (wetting characteristics, particle size, and pore size) must optimize availability of water, dissolved nutrients, and gases
Bingham, G.E., S.B. Jones, D. Or, Utah State University; I. Podolsky, V. Sytchev, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow. Water Management Lessons from Plant Full Life Cycle Experiments on Mir, Grav. Space Biol. Bull. 12: 56, 1998. Jones, S.B. and D. Or. Microgravity effects on water flow and distribution in unsaturated porous media: analysis of flight experiments. Water Resources Research 35: 929-942, 1999.
Plants Summary:
Plants must adapt to two environments- Above AND Below the ground. They have a short lifespan, low light requirements, and small size complicating understanding of spaceflight adaptation.
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INTRODUCTION
Species doubling times vary greatly between species. Invertebrates (bacteria through insects) can go through multiple generations during the 90-day crew rotation planned for ISS, while vertebrates have a minimal doubling time of 84 days. Humans have only spent ~1% of life span in space. Most data pre/post flight, not in flight.
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0g
Major Findings:
A vertebrate can ovulate in the virtual absence of gravity Rotation of egg in space not essential for development Thicker blastocoel roof without obvious tadpole defects Eggs can develop to a free-living system in space Lungs of flight tadpoles did not inflate
Souza, K.A., S.D. Black, and R. J. Wassersug. Amphibian development in the virtual absence of gravity. PNAS 92:1975-1978, 1995.
0g
Inflight 1g
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INTRODUCTION
MIR downlink video from Dr. T. Jones, U.Missouri-Columbia/Dr. K. Boda, Slovak Academy of Science
RATS
Movie clips from Dr. Kerry Walton/Dr. Rodolfo Llinas, NYU Medical Center Walton, K. Postnatal development under conditions of simulated weightlessness and space flight. Brain Res. Reviews 28:25-34, 1998.
Development transitions may be lethal to tadpole. Biomechanical loading may be required for Earth-like development of some structures/innervation. Habitats for multiple generations in space - may require different caging for different stages of development.
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ABOUT LOAD
Spaceflight Changes
Fluid / Cardiovascular Neurovestibular
Musculoskeletal
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Major Findings: Fluid shifts toward the head Reduced plasma volume Decreased red blood cell number Decreased central venous pressure challenges traditional concepts Difficulty standing postflight
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NEUROVESTIBULAR
Major Findings: Space adaptation syndrome Increased reliance on touch and sight for vertical alignment of the body early in flight Later in flight, down is where the feet are (internal alignment) Postflight: postural instability--reinterpret cues Postflight: slowed reflexes associated with posture and gait
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Major Findings : Increased calcium in urine with loss of bone mineral in the weight-bearing bones Minimal loss in total body mineral Loss of bone may be associated with muscle loss, both are site-specific Loss of lean body mass in lower extremities and trunk>bone loss Functional/phenotype change in postural (antigravity) muscles Postflight: reduced muscle strength and power
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Adapting to spaceflight is not an issue -- returning to Earth is! FUNCTIONAL USE HYPOTHESIS Use it or Lose it!
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Does Gravity play a role in evolution? Response to Hypergravity Tree Snake>Land Snake>Aquatic Snake
Lillywhite, H.B. Snakes, blood circulation and gravity. Scientific American. 256:92-98, 1988. Lillywhite, H.B., R.E. Ballard, A.R. Hargens, and H.I. Rosenberg. Cardiovascular responses of snakes to hypergravity. Gravitational Space Bio. Bull. 10 (2):145-152, 1997.
Tree Land
Sea
We can venture into space -- but could we come home after multiple generations?
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Notes:
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