Brige Design

Jordan University of Science and Technology

Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
CE 536 Bridge Engineering
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Policy and Outline
Policy and Outline
Course Outline Course Outline
Page 01 Page 01
9. Bridge inspection 9. Bridge inspection
Second Exam Second Exam
First Exam First Exam
8. Bridge management systems 8. Bridge management systems
Final Exam Final Exam
7. Substructures 7. Substructures
6. Bearing 6. Bearing
5. Design of reinforced concrete bridge girder. 5. Design of reinforced concrete bridge girder.
4. Design of reinforced concrete bridge deck 4. Design of reinforced concrete bridge deck
3. Bridge loads and load distribution. 3. Bridge loads and load distribution.
2. Theory of analysis of modern highway bridges. 2. Theory of analysis of modern highway bridges.
1. 1. Materials used for bridge construction Materials used for bridge construction
Topic Topic
Connections with Other Classes Connections with Other Classes
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Grading Policy Grading Policy
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Final Final
2 2
st st
Exam Exam
1 1
st st
Exam Exam
HW HW
10% 10%
25% 25%
25% 25%
40% 40%
References References Design Code Design Code
Page 04 Page 04
References References - - Textbooks Textbooks
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Chapter 01
Chapter 01
Types of Bridges
Types of Bridges
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Components of Bridge Components of Bridge
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Types of Bridge by Traffic Types of Bridge by Traffic
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Types: Highway Bridge Types: Highway Bridge
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Types: Pedestrian Bridge Types: Pedestrian Bridge
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Types: Railway Bridge Types: Railway Bridge
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Types: Transit Types: Transit Guideway Guideway
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Types: Others Types: Others
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Types of Bridge by Traffic Position Types of Bridge by Traffic Position
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Types: Deck Type Types: Deck Type
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Types: Through Type Types: Through Type
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Types: Through Type Types: Through Type
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Types: Half Types: Half- -Through Through
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Types by Material & Fabrications Types by Material & Fabrications
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Types of Bridge by Structure Types of Bridge by Structure
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Types: Arch Bridge Types: Arch Bridge
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Types: Arch Bridge Types: Arch Bridge
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Types: Concrete Arch Bridge Types: Concrete Arch Bridge
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Types: Prestressed Concrete Arch Types: Prestressed Concrete Arch
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Types: Steel Arch Bridge Types: Steel Arch Bridge
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Types: Beam/Girder Bridges Types: Beam/Girder Bridges
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Types: Cantilever Bridges Types: Cantilever Bridges
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Types: Cable Types: Cable- -Stayed Bridge Stayed Bridge
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Types: Suspension Bridge Types: Suspension Bridge
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Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Chapter 02
Chapter 02
Preliminary Design
Preliminary Design
Types of concrete bridges Types of concrete bridges
Page 001 Page 001
Which type should I use? Which type should I use?
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Span Length Span Length
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Cost vs. Span Length Cost vs. Span Length
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Cost vs. Span Length Cost vs. Span Length
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Access for Maintenance Access for Maintenance
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Beam Spacing Beam Spacing
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Materials Materials
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Speed of construction Speed of construction
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Site Requirement Site Requirement
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Aesthetics Aesthetics
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Preliminary Design Preliminary Design
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Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Chapter 03
Chapter 03
AASHTO LRFD Designs
AASHTO LRFD Designs
AASHTO LRFD Designs AASHTO LRFD Designs
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Design Criteria Design Criteria
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Load Multiplier Load Multiplier
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Load Factor & Load Combinations Load Factor & Load Combinations
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Limit States Limit States
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Permanent Loads Permanent Loads
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Transient Loads Transient Loads
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Load Combinations Load Combinations
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Load Factors for DC, DW Load Factors for DC, DW
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Notes on Load Combinations Notes on Load Combinations
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Resistance Factors Resistance Factors
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LRFD Design Procedure LRFD Design Procedure
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Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Chapter 04
Chapter 04
Loads on Bridge
Loads on Bridge
Outline Outline
Page 001 Page 001
Loads on Bridge Loads on Bridge
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Typical Loads Typical Loads
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Dead Load: DC Dead Load: DC
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Dead Load of Wearing Surface: DW Dead Load of Wearing Surface: DW
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Tributary Area for Dead Loads Tributary Area for Dead Loads
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Live Loads of Vehicles: LL Live Loads of Vehicles: LL
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Bridge LL vs. Building LL Bridge LL vs. Building LL
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Analysis Strategy for LL Analysis Strategy for LL
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Design Lane Design Lane
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Design Lane Design Lane
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1. Design Truck 1. Design Truck
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-44
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14 Varies
(14-30)
8
k
3
2
k
3
2
k
(HS 20 (HS 20- -44) 44)
AASHTO HS 20 AASHTO HS 20- -44 Truck 44 Truck
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14 Varies
(14-30)
1
0
k
4
0
k
4
0
k
(HS 25 (HS 25- -44) 44)
AASHTO HS 25 AASHTO HS 25- -44 Truck 44 Truck
2. Design Tandem 2. Design Tandem
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3. Uniform Lane Loading 3. Uniform Lane Loading
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Live Load Combinations Live Load Combinations
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Live Load Placement Live Load Placement
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Live Load Placement Live Load Placement - -Transverse Transverse
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Live Load Placement Live Load Placement - -Longitudinal Longitudinal
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Influence Lines and Application of Live Loads Influence Lines and Application of Live Loads Page 025 Page 025 Page 026 Page 026
Influence Lines and Application of Live Loads Influence Lines and Application of Live Loads
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Influence Lines and Application of Live Loads Influence Lines and Application of Live Loads Page 028 Page 028
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Example 05 : Example 05 :- -
Calculate the maximum reaction R100, shear V100, and moment M105 Calculate the maximum reaction R100, shear V100, and moment M105for the AASHTO for the AASHTO
vehicle loads (AASHTO). Use a simply supported beam of 35 vehicle loads (AASHTO). Use a simply supported beam of 35- -ft span. ft span.
The influence lines for the actions required are shown in Figure The influence lines for the actions required are shown in Figures below. The critical s below. The critical
actions for the design truck, design tandem, and the design lane actions for the design truck, design tandem, and the design lane loads are determined loads are determined
independently and are later superimposed as necessary. The desig independently and are later superimposed as necessary. The design truck is used first, n truck is used first,
followed by the design tandem, and finally, the design lane load followed by the design tandem, and finally, the design lane load. .
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Example 05 Example 05- -Solution : Solution :- -
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Live Load Placement Live Load Placement Design Equation Design Equation Page 056 Page 056
Live Load Placement Live Load Placement - - Longitudinal Longitudinal
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Live Load Placement Live Load Placement Design Chart Design Chart Page 058 Page 058
Live Load Placement Live Load Placement Design Chart Design Chart
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Live Load Placement Live Load Placement Design Chart Design Chart Page 060 Page 060
Pedestrian Live Load: PL Pedestrian Live Load: PL
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Dynamic Load Allowance: IM Dynamic Load Allowance: IM
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Dynamic Load Allowance: IM Dynamic Load Allowance: IM
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Multiple Presence of LL Multiple Presence of LL
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Multiple Presence of LL Multiple Presence of LL
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Distribution of LL to Girders Distribution of LL to Girders
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AASHTO Girder Distribution Factor (DF) AASHTO Girder Distribution Factor (DF)
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DF DF
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Example 06 : Example 06 :- -
Determine the AASHTO Determine the AASHTO
distribution factors for distribution factors for
bridge shown in Figure bridge shown in Figure
below below. .A girder section is A girder section is
illustrated in Figure illustrated in Figure
below below. .
The system dimensions The system dimensions
and properties are as and properties are as
follows follows: :
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Example 06 Example 06 - -Solution : Solution :- -
a. a. Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] One design lane loaded: One design lane loaded: (Moment) (Moment)
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Example 06 Example 06 - - Solution : Solution :- -
a. a. Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] Two or more design lanes loaded: Two or more design lanes loaded: (Moment) (Moment)
b. b. Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2d] Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2d] One design lane loaded One design lane loaded lever rule: lever rule: (Moment) (Moment)
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b. b. Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2d] Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2d] Two or more design lanes loaded: Two or more design lanes loaded: (Moment) (Moment)
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Live Live- -Load Moments Load Moments
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Example 06 Example 06 - -Solution : Solution :- -
a. a. Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2a] Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2a] One design lane loaded: One design lane loaded: (Shear) (Shear)
a. a. Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2a] Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2a] Two design lanes loaded: Two design lanes loaded: (Shear) (Shear)
b. b. Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] One design lane loaded: One design lane loaded: (Shear) (Shear)
b. b. Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] Two design lanes loaded: Two design lanes loaded: (Shear) (Shear)
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Live Live- -Load Shears Load Shears
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Chapter 05
Chapter 05
Other Loads on Bridge
Other Loads on Bridge
Other Loads Other Loads
Page 01 Page 01
Fatigue Fatigue
Wind Wind
Earthquake Earthquake
Vehicle/ Vessel Collision Vehicle/ Vessel Collision
Centrifugal Forces Centrifugal Forces
Braking Force Braking Force
Fatigue Load Fatigue Load
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Fatigue Load Fatigue Load
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Water Loads: WA Water Loads: WA- -AASHTO 3.7 AASHTO 3.7
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3.7.3 3.7.3 Stream Pressure Stream Pressure
3.7.3.1 3.7.3.1 Longitudinal Longitudinal
The pressure of flowing water acting in the longitudinal directi The pressure of flowing water acting in the longitudinal direction of substructures on of substructures
shall be taken as: shall be taken as:
where: where:
p p = pressure of flowing water ( = pressure of flowing water (ksf ksf) )
C C
D D
= drag coefficient for piers as specified in Table 3.7.3.1 = drag coefficient for piers as specified in Table 3.7.3.1- -1 1
V V = design velocity of water for the design flood in strength and = design velocity of water for the design flood in strength and service limit states service limit states
and for the check flood in the extreme event limit state (ft/s) and for the check flood in the extreme event limit state (ft/s)
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3.7.3 3.7.3 Stream Pressure Stream Pressure
3.7.3.2 3.7.3.2 Lateral Lateral
The lateral, uniformly distributed pressure on a substructure du The lateral, uniformly distributed pressure on a substructure due to water flowing at e to water flowing at
an angle, an angle, , to the longitudinal axis of the pier shall be taken as: , to the longitudinal axis of the pier shall be taken as:
where: where:
p = lateral pressure ( p = lateral pressure (ksf ksf) )
CL = lateral drag coefficient specified in Table 3.7.3.2 CL = lateral drag coefficient specified in Table 3.7.3.2- -1 1
Wind Load Wind Load- -AASHTO 3.8 AASHTO 3.8
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3.8.1.2 3.8.1.2 Wind Pressure on Structures: WS Wind Pressure on Structures: WS
may be determined as: may be determined as:
where: where:
P P
B B
= base wind pressure specified in Table 3.8.1.2.1 = base wind pressure specified in Table 3.8.1.2.1- -1(ksf) 1(ksf)
V V
DZ DZ
= design wind velocity at design elevation, Z (mph) = design wind velocity at design elevation, Z (mph)
Note: Note:
The total wind loading shall not be taken less than 0.30 The total wind loading shall not be taken less than 0.30 klf klf in the plane of a windward in the plane of a windward
chord and 0.15 chord and 0.15 klf klf in the plane of a leeward chord on truss and arch components, a in the plane of a leeward chord on truss and arch components, and nd
not less than 0.30 not less than 0.30 klf klf on beam or girder spans. on beam or girder spans.
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Except where specified herein, where the wind is not taken as no Except where specified herein, where the wind is not taken as normal to the rmal to the
structure, the base wind pressures, PB, for structure, the base wind pressures, PB, for various angles various angles of wind direction may of wind direction may
be taken as specified in Table 3.8.1.2.2 be taken as specified in Table 3.8.1.2.2- -1 and shall be applied to the centroid of a 1 and shall be applied to the centroid of a
single plane of exposed area. single plane of exposed area.
Note: Note: For the usual girder and slab bridges having an individual span For the usual girder and slab bridges having an individual span length of length of not not
more than 125 ft more than 125 ft and a and a maximum height of 30.0 ft maximum height of 30.0 ft above low ground or water above low ground or water
level the following wind loading may be used: level the following wind loading may be used:
0.05 0.05 ksf ksf, transverse , transverse
0.012 0.012 ksf ksf, longitudinal , longitudinal
Both forces shall be applied simultaneously. Both forces shall be applied simultaneously.
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For bridges or parts of bridges For bridges or parts of bridges more than 30.0 ft more than 30.0 ft above low ground or water level, above low ground or water level,
the design wind velocity, the design wind velocity, V V
DZ DZ
, should be adjusted according to: , should be adjusted according to:
where: where:
V V
DZ DZ
= design wind velocity at design elevation, Z (mph) = design wind velocity at design elevation, Z (mph)
V V
30 30
= wind velocity at 30.0 ft above low ground or above design wat = wind velocity at 30.0 ft above low ground or above design water level (mph) er level (mph)
V V
B B
= base wind velocity of 100 mph at 30.0 ft height, yielding des = base wind velocity of 100 mph at 30.0 ft height, yielding design pressures ign pressures
specified in Articles 3.8.1.2 and 3.8.2 specified in Articles 3.8.1.2 and 3.8.2
Z = height of structure at which wind loads are being calculated Z = height of structure at which wind loads are being calculated as measured from as measured from
low ground, or from water level, > 30.0 ft low ground, or from water level, > 30.0 ft
V V
0 0
= friction velocity, a meteorological wind characteristic taken = friction velocity, a meteorological wind characteristic taken, as specified in , as specified in
Table 3.8.1.1 Table 3.8.1.1- -1, for various upwind surface characteristics (mph) 1, for various upwind surface characteristics (mph)
Z Z
0 0
= friction length of upstream fetch, a meteorological wind char = friction length of upstream fetch, a meteorological wind characteristic taken as acteristic taken as
specified in Table 3.8.1.1 specified in Table 3.8.1.1- -1 (ft) 1 (ft)
Table 3.8.1.1 Table 3.8.1.1- -1 1 Values of Values of V0 V0 and and Z0 Z0 for Various Upstream Surface Conditions for Various Upstream Surface Conditions
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3.8.1.3 3.8.1.3 Wind Pressure on Vehicles: WL Wind Pressure on Vehicles: WL
Wind pressure on vehicles shall be represented by an interruptib Wind pressure on vehicles shall be represented by an interruptible, moving force of le, moving force of
0.10 0.10 klf klf acting normal to, and 6.0 ft above acting normal to, and 6.0 ft above, the roadway and shall be transmitted to , the roadway and shall be transmitted to
the structure. the structure.
Note: Note: For the usual girder and slab bridges having an individual span For the usual girder and slab bridges having an individual span length of length of not not
more than 125 ft more than 125 ft and a and a maximum height of 30.0 ft maximum height of 30.0 ft above low ground or water above low ground or water
level the following wind loading may be used: level the following wind loading may be used:
0.1 0.1 ksf ksf, transverse , transverse
0.04 0.04 ksf ksf, longitudinal , longitudinal
Both forces shall be applied simultaneously. Both forces shall be applied simultaneously.
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Earthquake Load: EQ Earthquake Load: EQ
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Vehicular Collision Force: CT Vehicular Collision Force: CT
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Vehicular Collision Force: CT Vehicular Collision Force: CT
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Centrifugal Forces: CE Centrifugal Forces: CE
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3.6.3 3.6.3 Centrifugal Forces: CE Centrifugal Forces: CE
Centrifugal forces shall be applied horizontally at a distance 6 Centrifugal forces shall be applied horizontally at a distance 6.0 ft above the .0 ft above the
roadway surface, C taken as: roadway surface, C taken as:
where: where:
v = highway design speed (ft/s) v = highway design speed (ft/s)
f = 4/3 for load combinations other than fatigue and 1.0 for fat f = 4/3 for load combinations other than fatigue and 1.0 for fatigue igue
g = gravitational acceleration: 32.2 (ft/s2) g = gravitational acceleration: 32.2 (ft/s2)
R = radius of curvature of traffic lane (ft) R = radius of curvature of traffic lane (ft)
Note: Note: The multiple presence factors specified in Article 3.6.1.1.2 sha The multiple presence factors specified in Article 3.6.1.1.2 shall apply. ll apply.
Braking Force: BR Braking Force: BR
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3.6.4 3.6.4 Braking Force: BR Braking Force: BR
The braking force shall be taken as the greater of: The braking force shall be taken as the greater of:
25 % 25 % of the axle weights of the design truck or design tandem or, of the axle weights of the design truck or design tandem or,
5% 5% of the design truck plus lane load of the design truck plus lane load
5% 5% of the design tandem plus lane load of the design tandem plus lane load
Note: Note:
The multiple presence factors specified in Article 3.6.1.1.2 sha The multiple presence factors specified in Article 3.6.1.1.2 shall apply. ll apply.
These forces shall be assumed to act horizontally at a distance These forces shall be assumed to act horizontally at a distance of 6.0 ft above the of 6.0 ft above the
roadway surface in either longitudinal direction to cause extrem roadway surface in either longitudinal direction to cause extreme force effects. e force effects.
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Chapter 06
Chapter 06
Design of Slab for Bridge Deck
Design of Slab for Bridge Deck
Outline Outline
Page 01 Page 01
Bridge Superstructure Bridge Superstructure
Page 02 Page 02
Bridge Superstructure Bridge Superstructure Girder Bridge Girder Bridge
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Bridge Superstructure Bridge Superstructure Girder Bridge Girder Bridge
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Outline Outline
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Table 4.6.2.2.1 Table 4.6.2.2.1- -1 1 Common Deck Superstructures Common Deck Superstructures
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Types of Deck Types of Deck
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Types of Slab Reinforcement Types of Slab Reinforcement
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Materials: Concrete Materials: Concrete
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In the absence of measured data, the modulus of elasticity, E
c
, for
concretes with unit weights between 0.090 and 0.155 kcf and specified
compressive strengths up to 15.0 ksi may be taken as:
5.4.2.4 5.4.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Elasticity
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5.4.2.4 5.4.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Elasticity
Where: Where:
K1 = correction factor for source of aggregate to be taken as 1. K1 = correction factor for source of aggregate to be taken as 1.0 unless determined 0 unless determined
by physical test, and as approved by the authority of jurisdicti by physical test, and as approved by the authority of jurisdiction on
w w
c c
= unit weight of concrete ( = unit weight of concrete (kcf kcf); refer to Table 3.5.1 ); refer to Table 3.5.1- -1 or Article C5.4.2.4 1 or Article C5.4.2.4
f f c = specified compressive strength of concrete ( c = specified compressive strength of concrete (ksi ksi) )
Note: Note:
For normal weight concrete with For normal weight concrete with wc wc = 0.145 = 0.145 kcf kcf, , E E
c c
may be taken as: may be taken as:
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5.4.2.6 5.4.2.6 Modulus of Rupture Modulus of Rupture
Unless determined by physical tests, the modulus of rupture, Unless determined by physical tests, the modulus of rupture, f f
r r
in in ksi ksi, for specified , for specified
concrete strengths up to 15.0 concrete strengths up to 15.0 ksi ksi, may be taken as: , may be taken as:
Materials: Reinforcing Steel Materials: Reinforcing Steel
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100 100 80 80 G80 (Table 2.3) G80 (Table 2.3)
90 90 60 60 G60 (Table 2.3) G60 (Table 2.3)
70 70 40 40
29,000 29,000
G40 (Table 2.3) G40 (Table 2.3)
F F
u u
( (ksi ksi) ) F F
y y
( (ksi ksi) ) E E
s s
( (ksi ksi) ) Steel grade Steel grade
Materials: Reinforcing Steel Materials: Reinforcing Steel
Components of Bridge Components of Bridge Page 16 Page 16
Outline Outline
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Minimum Slab Thickness Minimum Slab Thickness
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Minimum Slab Thickness Minimum Slab Thickness
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Slab Span Slab Span S S
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Minimum Cover of Reinforcement Minimum Cover of Reinforcement
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Minimum Cover Minimum Cover
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Analysis and Design Methods Analysis and Design Methods
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Empirical Method Empirical Method
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Outline Outline
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Strip Method Strip Method
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Outline Outline
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Strip Method Strip Method Design Aid Design Aid
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Strip Method Strip Method Design Aid Design Aid
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Slab Design Slab Design
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5.10.8 5.10.8 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
where: where:
A A
s s
= area of reinforcement in each direction and each face (in. = area of reinforcement in each direction and each face (in.
2 2
/ft) /ft)
b = least width of component section (in.) b = least width of component section (in.)
h = least thickness of component section (in.) h = least thickness of component section (in.)
f f
y y
= specified yield strength of reinforcing bars = specified yield strength of reinforcing bars 75 75 ksi ksi
Spacing shall not exceed: Spacing shall not exceed:
3.0 times the component thickness, or 18.0 in. 3.0 times the component thickness, or 18.0 in.
12.0 in. for walls and footings greater than 18.0 in. thick 12.0 in. for walls and footings greater than 18.0 in. thick
12.0 in. for other components greater than 36.0 in. thick 12.0 in. for other components greater than 36.0 in. thick
For components 6.0 in. or less in thickness the minimum steel sp For components 6.0 in. or less in thickness the minimum steel specified may be ecified may be
placed in a single layer. Shrinkage and temperature steel shall placed in a single layer. Shrinkage and temperature steel shall not be required not be required
for: for:
End face of walls 18 in. or less in thickness End face of walls 18 in. or less in thickness
Side faces of buried footings 36 in. or less in thickness Side faces of buried footings 36 in. or less in thickness
Faces of all other components, with smaller dimension less tha Faces of all other components, with smaller dimension less than or equal to 18.0 in. n or equal to 18.0 in.
Example: Concrete Deck Design Example: Concrete Deck Design
Page 39 Page 39
Use the Use the strip method strip method of analysis to design the deck of the reinforced of analysis to design the deck of the reinforced
concrete T concrete T- -beam bridge section of Figure below for an HL beam bridge section of Figure below for an HL- -93 live load. 93 live load.
The T The T- -beams supporting the deck are 8 ft on centers and have a stem beams supporting the deck are 8 ft on centers and have a stem
width of 14 in. The deck overhangs the exterior T width of 14 in. The deck overhangs the exterior T- -beam approximately 0.4 beam approximately 0.4
of the distance between T of the distance between T- -beams. Allow for sacrificial wear of 0.5 in. of beams. Allow for sacrificial wear of 0.5 in. of
concrete surface and for a future wearing surface of 3.0 concrete surface and for a future wearing surface of 3.0- -in. in.- -thick thick
bituminous overlay. Use bituminous overlay. Use f f c c= 4 = 4. .5 5 ksi ksi, , fy fy = 60 = 60 ksi ksi, and compare the selected , and compare the selected
reinforcement with that obtained by the reinforcement with that obtained by the empirical method empirical method [A9.7.2]. [A9.7.2].
Page 40 Page 40
Solution: Solution: - -
Step 01: Step 01: Deck Thickness Deck Thickness
Step 02: Step 02: Weights of Components Weights of Components
Step 03: Step 03: Bending Moment Force Effects Bending Moment Force Effects General General
Step 04: Step 04: Vehicular Live Load Vehicular Live Load General General
Step 05: Step 05: Strength Limit State Strength Limit State
Step 06: Step 06: Selection of Reinforcement Selection of Reinforcement General General
Step 07: Step 07: Distribution Reinforcement Distribution Reinforcement
Step 08: Step 08: Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
Step 09: Step 09: Control of Cracking Control of Cracking General General
Step 10: Step 10: Fatigue Limit State Fatigue Limit State
Step 11: Step 11: The design sketch The design sketch
Page 41 Page 41
Step 01: Step 01: Deck Thickness Deck Thickness
The minimum thickness for concrete deck slabs is 7 in. [A9.7.1.1 The minimum thickness for concrete deck slabs is 7 in. [A9.7.1.1]. Traditional ]. Traditional
minimum depths of slabs are based on the deck span length S (ft) minimum depths of slabs are based on the deck span length S (ft) to control to control
deflection to give for continuous deck slabs with main reinforce deflection to give for continuous deck slabs with main reinforcement parallel to ment parallel to
traffic [Table A2.5.2.6.3 traffic [Table A2.5.2.6.3- -1]: 1]:
Use Use h h
s s
= 7.5 in. for the structural thickness of the deck. By adding t = 7.5 in. for the structural thickness of the deck. By adding the 0.5 he 0.5- -in. in.
allowance for the sacrificial surface, the dead weight of the de allowance for the sacrificial surface, the dead weight of the deck slab is based on h ck slab is based on h
= 8.0 in. Because the portion of the deck that overhangs the ext = 8.0 in. Because the portion of the deck that overhangs the exterior girder must erior girder must
be designed for a collision load on the barrier, its thickness h be designed for a collision load on the barrier, its thickness has been increased to as been increased to
h h
o o
= 9.0 in. = 9.0 in.
. 7 . 2 . 7 6 . 0
30
10 8
30
10
min
in in ft
s
h > = =
+
=
+
=
Page 42 Page 42
Step 02: Step 02: Weights of Components Weights of Components
[Table A3.5.1 [Table A3.5.1- -1]. Unit weight of reinforced concrete is taken as 0.150 1]. Unit weight of reinforced concrete is taken as 0.150 kcf kcf [C3.5.1]. [C3.5.1].
For a 1.0 For a 1.0- -ft width of a transverse strip ft width of a transverse strip
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ft/ft - kip 0.224
10
0 . 8 035 . 0
10
ft/ft - kip 0.685
10
0 . 8 107 . 0
10
2 2
2 2
=
= =
=
= =
l w
M
l w
M
DW
DW
DL
DL
Barrier Barrier
P P
b b
= 0 = 0. .150 150 kcf kcf 307 in 307 in. .
2 2
/ /144 = 0 144 = 0. .320 kips 320 kips/ /ft ft
w w
b b
= 0.320 kips/ft / 46.5 = 0.007 = 0.320 kips/ft / 46.5 = 0.007 ksf ksf
Slab 8.0 in. thick Slab 8.0 in. thick
w w
s s
= 0 = 0. .150 150 kcf kcf 8 8. .0 in 0 in./ ./12 = 0 12 = 0. .100 100 ksf ksf
w w
DL DL
= = w w
b b
+ + w w
s s
=0.007+0.100=0.107 =0.007+0.100=0.107 ksf ksf
Future wearing surface Future wearing surface
w w
DW DW
= 0 = 0. .140 140 kcf kcf 3 3. .0 in 0 in./ ./12 = 0 12 = 0. .035 035 ksf ksf
Step 03: Step 03: Bending Moment Force Effects Bending Moment Force Effects General General
Page 43 Page 43
Step 04: Step 04: Vehicular Live Load Vehicular Live Load General General
[Table A4.1]. Maximum live load moment per unit width [Table A4.1]. Maximum live load moment per unit width
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = +
= +
53 . 4
81 . 4 98 . 3
81 . 4
6 - 9
6 - 7
ft/ft - kip 4.53 IM) (LL Moment Negative
ft/ft - kip 69 . 5 IM) (LL Moment Positive
x
x
Each component and connection of the deck shall satisfy the basi Each component and connection of the deck shall satisfy the basic design c design
equation [A1.3.2.1] equation [A1.3.2.1]
in which: in which:
For loads for which a maximum value of For loads for which a maximum value of
i i
is appropriate is appropriate
For loads for which a minimum value of For loads for which a minimum value of
i i
is appropriate is appropriate
Page 44 Page 44
For the strength limit state For the strength limit state

D D
= 1.00 for conventional design and details complying with AASHT = 1.00 for conventional design and details complying with AASHTO [A1.3.3] O [A1.3.3]

R R
= 1.00 for conventional levels of redundancy [A1.3.4] = 1.00 for conventional levels of redundancy [A1.3.4]

I I
= 1.00 for typical bridges [A1.3.5] = 1.00 for typical bridges [A1.3.5]
Strength I limit state can be written as [Tables 3.4.1 Strength I limit state can be written as [Tables 3.4.1- -1] 1]
ft/ft - kip 9.12 ] 1.75(4.53) ) 1.50(0.224 0.685) 1.00[1.25( Moment Negative
ft/ft - kip 11.15 ] 1.75(5.69) ) 1.50(0.224 0.685) 1.00[1.25( Moment Positive
= + + =
= + + =
Page 45 Page 45
The material strengths are The material strengths are f f c c = 4 = 4. .5 5 ksi ksi and and fy fy = 60 = 60 ksi ksi. Use epoxy . Use epoxy- -coated coated
reinforcement in the deck and barrier. reinforcement in the deck and barrier.
The effective concrete depths for positive and negative bending The effective concrete depths for positive and negative bending is different is different
because of different cover requirements (see Fig. below). because of different cover requirements (see Fig. below).
Concrete Cover [Table A5.12.3 Concrete Cover [Table A5.12.3- -1] 1]
Deck surfaces subject to wear = 2.5 in. Deck surfaces subject to wear = 2.5 in.
Bottom of CIP slabs = 1.0 in. Bottom of CIP slabs = 1.0 in.
Assuming a No. 5 bar, d Assuming a No. 5 bar, d
b b
= 0.625 in., = 0.625 in., A A
b b
= 0.31 in. = 0.31 in.
2 2
d d
pos pos
= 8.0 = 8.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.625/2 = 6.19 in. 0.625/2 = 6.19 in.
d d
neg neg
= 8.0 = 8.0 2.5 2.5 0.625/2 = 5.19 in. 0.625/2 = 5.19 in.
Page 46 Page 46
Step 06 (a): Step 06 (a): Positive Moment Reinforcement Positive Moment Reinforcement
Pos M Pos M
u u
= 11.15 kip = 11.15 kip- -ft/ft ft/ft M M
min min
( )
( )
ft/ft - kip 05 . 10
83 . 14
10.05
15 . 11 33 . 1
5 . 4 37 . 0 8 12
6
1
2 . 1
33 . 1
37 . 0
6
1
2 . 1
33 . 1
2 . 1
33 . 1
2 . 1
3
/ 3
min
=
(
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|

=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
=
(
=
lesser lesser
M
f bh
lesser
M
f S
lesser
M
M
lesser M
u
c
u
r nc
u
cr
Therefore, Pos M Therefore, Pos M
u u
min min
= 10.05 kip = 10.05 kip- -ft/ft and d ft/ft and d
pos pos
= 6.19 in. = 6.19 in.
in. 0.601
12 5 . 4 85 . 0
60 46 . 0
85 . 0
: /ft in. 0.46 A provided in., 8 at 5 No. try , B.4 Table B, Appendix From
/ft in. 45 . 0
19 . 6 4
15 . 11
4
/
2
s
2
=

= =
=
=
= ~
b f
f A
a
d
M
A trial
c
y s
u
s
Page 47 Page 47
Page 48 Page 48
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| |
| |
/ft in. 0.46 As in. 8 at 5 No. Use
bars, bottom erse For transv
OK ft/ft - kip 11.15 M Pos ft/ft - 12.20kip
12 /
2
601 . 0
19 . 6 60 46 . 0 9 . 0
2
strength moment Check
OK 60 2 496 . 0
19 6 42 0 65 0 825 0 0 4 5 4 05 0 85 0 601 . 0
42 0 65 . 0 0 . 4 05 0 85 0
1]) [A5.7.3.3. ent reinforcem (Maximum ductility Check
2
u
/
1
=
= > =
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=
s =
s > = =
s > = =
a
d f A M
in. . in.
. . . . . . . . c
d . f . . a a c
y s u
c
|
Page 49 Page 49
Step 06 (b): Step 06 (b): Negative Moment Reinforcement Negative Moment Reinforcement
Neg Neg M M
u u
min min
( )
( )
ft/ft - kip 05 . 10
83 . 14
10.05
15 . 11 33 . 1
5 . 4 37 . 0 8 12
6
1
2 . 1
33 . 1
37 . 0
6
1
2 . 1
33 . 1
2 . 1
33 . 1
2 . 1
3
/ 3
min
=
(
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|

=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
=
(
=
lesser lesser
M
f bh
lesser
M
f S
lesser
M
M
lesser M
u
c
u
r nc
u
cr
Therefore, Therefore, Neg Neg M M
u u
= 9.12 kip = 9.12 kip- -ft/ft < ft/ft < M M
min min
neg neg
= 5.19 in. = 5.19 in.
in. 0.640
12 5 . 4 85 . 0
60 49 . 0
85 . 0
: /ft in. 0.49 A provided in., 7.5 at 5 No. try , B.4 Table B, Appendix From
/ft in. 48 . 0
19 . 5 4
05 . 10
4
/
2
s
2
=

= =
=
=
= ~
b f
f A
a
d
M
A trial
c
y s
u
s
Page 50 Page 50
Page 51 Page 51
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| |
| |
/ft in. 0.49 As in. 7.5 at 5 No. Use
bars, top erse For transv
OK ft/ft - kip 10.05 M ft/ft - kip 74 . 0 1
12 /
2
640 . 0
19 . 5 60 49 . 0 9 . 0
2
OK 18 2 528 . 0
19 5 42 0 65 0 825 0 0 4 5 4 05 0 85 0 640 . 0
42 0 65 . 0 0 . 4 05 0 85 0
2
min
/
1
=
= > =
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=
s =
s > = =
s > = =
a
d f A M
in. . in.
. . . . . . . . c
d . f . . a a c
y s u
c
|
Page 52 Page 52
% 67
220
s =
e
S
Percentage
Secondary reinforcement is placed in the bottom of the slab to d Secondary reinforcement is placed in the bottom of the slab to distribute wheel loads in istribute wheel loads in
the longitudinal direction of the bridge to the primary reinforc the longitudinal direction of the bridge to the primary reinforcement in the transverse ement in the transverse
direction. The required area is a percentage of the primary posi direction. The required area is a percentage of the primary positive moment tive moment
reinforcement. reinforcement. For primary reinforcement perpendicular to traffic [A9.7.3.2] For primary reinforcement perpendicular to traffic [A9.7.3.2]
where S where S
e e
is the effective span length (ft) [A9.7.2.3]. For monolithic T is the effective span length (ft) [A9.7.2.3]. For monolithic T- -beams, Se is the beams, Se is the
distance face to face of stems, that is, distance face to face of stems, that is, S S
e e
= 8.0 = 8.0 14/12 = 6.83 ft 14/12 = 6.83 ft, and , and
( )

/ft in . . . pos A .
S
Percentage
s
e
/ft in. 0.31 A in., 7.5 at 4 No. Use
bars, bottom al longitudin For
3082 0 46 0 67 0 67 0 ent Reinforcem on Distributi
% 67 use % 67 % 84
83 . 6
220 220
2
s
2
=
= = =
s = = =
Page 53 Page 53
Page 54 Page 54
Step 08: Step 08: Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
y
g
s
f
A
temp A 11 . 0 >
The minimum amount of reinforcement in each direction shall be [ The minimum amount of reinforcement in each direction shall be [A5.10.8.2] A5.10.8.2]
where A where A
g g
is the gross area of the section. For the full 8.0 in. thicknes is the gross area of the section. For the full 8.0 in. thickness, s,
/ft in
f
A
temp A
y
g
s
2
18 . 0
60
12 8
11 . 0 11 . 0 =
= >
The primary and secondary reinforcement already selected provide The primary and secondary reinforcement already selected provide more than this more than this
amount, however, for members greater than 6.0 in. in thickness t amount, however, for members greater than 6.0 in. in thickness the shrinkage and he shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement is to be distributed equally on both f temperature reinforcement is to be distributed equally on both faces. The maximum aces. The maximum
spacing of this reinforcement is 3.0 times the slab thickness or spacing of this reinforcement is 3.0 times the slab thickness or 18.0 in. For the top face 18.0 in. For the top face
longitudinal bars, longitudinal bars,
/ft in. 0.13 A provided in., 18 at 4 No. Use
09 . 0
2
1
2
s
2
=
= /ft in temp A
s
Page 55 Page 55
( )
(in.) component the of depth or thickness overall h
(ksi) state limit service at the ent reinforcem in stress tensile f
(in.) ent reinforcem flexural closest of
center fiber to tension extreme from cover concrete of depth d
condition exposure 2 class for 0.75
factor exposure
7 . 0
1 where
2
700
s
c

d h
d
d
f
s
e
c
c
s
c
s s
e
=
=
=
=
=
=

+ =
s
|

Cracking is controlled by limiting the spacing in the reinforcem Cracking is controlled by limiting the spacing in the reinforcement under service loads ent under service loads
[A5.7.3.4] [A5.7.3.4]
Page 56 Page 56
LL DW DC
M M M M 33 . 1 + + =
Service I limit state applies to the investigation of cracking Service I limit state applies to the investigation of cracking in reinforced concrete in reinforced concrete
structures [A3.4.1]. In the service I limit state, the load modi structures [A3.4.1]. In the service I limit state, the load modifier fier
i i
is 1.0 and the load is 1.0 and the load
factors for dead and live load are 1.0. Recall IM = 1.33. Theref factors for dead and live load are 1.0. Recall IM = 1.33. Therefore, the moment used to ore, the moment used to
calculate the tensile stress in the reinforcement is calculate the tensile stress in the reinforcement is
5 . 7
860 , 3
000 , 29
and
ksi 860 , 3 5 . 4 1820 1820 000 , 33
/ / 5 . 1
1
= = =
= = = =
c
s
c c c c
E
E
n
f f w K E
The calculation of service load tensile stress in the reinforcem The calculation of service load tensile stress in the reinforcement is based on ent is based on
transformed elastic, cracked section properties [A5.7.1]. transformed elastic, cracked section properties [A5.7.1]. The modular ratio The modular ratio n = E n = E
s s
/ /E E
c c
transforms the steel reinforcement into equivalent concrete. The transforms the steel reinforcement into equivalent concrete. The modulus of elasticity modulus of elasticity
E E
s s
of steel bars is 29,000 of steel bars is 29,000 ksi ksi [A5.4.3.2]. [A5.4.3.2]. The modulus of elasticity The modulus of elasticity E E
c c
of concrete is of concrete is
given by [A5.4.2.4] given by [A5.4.2.4]
Page 57 Page 57
ft/ft - kip 60 . 6 69 . 5 224 . 0 685 . 0 33 . 1 = + + = + + =
LL DW DC
M M M M
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
. 1.72
2
4
29.85
6.19 0.46 2.31 0.49 7.5 c
7.125 46 . 0 49 . 0 5 . 7
6 12 5 0 5 0
0 . 0
19 . 6 46 . 0 5 . 7 31 . 2 49 . 0 5 . 7 12 5 . 0
5 . 0
2
/
/
2
2
/ 2
in
a
ac b b
x
d A d A n
A A n b
. b . a
where
c bx ax
x x x
x d nA x d nA bx
s s
s s
s s
=

=
=
+ = + ' =
= + = + =
= = =
= + +
+ =
+ ' =
The calculation of the transformed section properties is based o The calculation of the transformed section properties is based on a 1.0 n a 1.0- -ft ft- -wide doubly wide doubly
reinforced section as shown in Figure below reinforced section as shown in Figure below
Page 58 Page 58
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )( ) /ft in .
x d nA x d nA
bx
I
s s cr
4 2
2
3
2 2 /
3
60 90 72 . 1 19 . 6 46 . 0 5 . 7
72 . 1 31 . 2 49 . 0 5 . 7
3
72 . 1 12
3
= +
+
=
+ ' + =
and the tensile stress in the bottom steel becomes
( )( )
ksi 29.31
60 90
72 . 1 19 . 6 12 60 . 6
5 . 7
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
. I
My
n f
cr
s
2
700
c
s s
e
d
f
s s
|

x x
Page 59 Page 59
( ) ( )
28 . 1
31 . 1 0 . 8 7 . 0
31 . 1
1
7 . 0
1 =
+ =
+ =
c
c
s
d h
d
For class 2 exposure conditions,

e
= 0.75 so that
( )
( )( )
( )
| |
in. 9 at 5 No. Use
OK 40 11
31 1 2
31 29 28 1
75 0 700
2
700
0 8
max
in. .
.
. .
.
d
f

s in. . s
c
s s
e
=
=
= s =
2
700
c
s s
e
d
f
s s
|

x x x x
x x
Page 60 Page 60
ft/ft - kip 5.439 53 . 4 224 . 0 685 . 0 33 . 1 = + + = + + =
LL DW DC
M M M M
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. 1.48
2
4
23.0
5.19 0.49 5 . 7 1.31 0.46 1 5 . 7 1 c
6.67 49 . 0 5 . 7 46 . 0 1 5 . 7 1
6 12 5 0 5 0
0 . 0
19 . 5 49 . 0 5 . 7 31 . 1 46 . 0 1 5 . 7 12 5 . 0
1 5 . 0
2
/
/
2
2
/ 2
in
a
ac b b
x
d nA d A n
nA A n b
. b . a
where
c bx ax
x x x
x d nA d x A n bx
s s
s s
s s
=

=
=
+ = + ' =
= + = + =
= = =
= + +
+ =
+ ' =
The calculation of the transformed section properties is based o The calculation of the transformed section properties is based on a 1.0 n a 1.0- -ft ft- -wide doubly wide doubly
reinforced section as shown in Figure below reinforced section as shown in Figure below
Page 61 Page 61
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( ) /ft in
x d nA d x A n
bx
I
s s cr
4 2
2
3
2 2 /
3
63.64 48 . 1 19 . 5 49 . 0 5 . 7
31 . 1 48 . 1 46 . 0 1 5 . 7
3
48 . 1 12
1
3
= +
+
=
+ ' + =
( )( )
ksi 28.54
64 . 63
48 . 1 19 . 5 12 439 . 5
5 . 7
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
cr
s
I
My
n f
2
700
c
s s
e
d
f
s s
|

x x
Page 62 Page 62
( ) ( )
58 . 1
31 . 2 0 . 8 7 . 0
31 . 2
1
7 . 0
1 =
+ =
+ =
c
c
s
d h
d

e
= 1.0 so that
( )
( )( )
( )
| |
in. 7.5 at 5 No. Use
OK 20 . 1 1
31 2 2
54 28 58 1
0 . 1 700
2
700
5 . 7
max
in.
.
. .
d
f

s in. s
c
s s
e
=
=
= s =
2
700
c
s s
e
d
f
s s
|

x x x x
x x
Step 10: Fatigue Limit State Step 10: Fatigue Limit State
Fatigue need not be investigated for concrete decks in multi-girder applications
[A9.5.3].
Page 63 Page 63
Step 11: Step 11: The design sketch The design sketch
Page 64 Page 64
Solution: Solution: - - Empirical Design of Concrete Deck Slabs Empirical Design of Concrete Deck Slabs
1. Design Conditions 1. Design Conditions [A9.7.2.4] [A9.7.2.4] Design depth subtracts the loss due to wear, Design depth subtracts the loss due to wear, h h = =
7 7. .5 in. The following conditions must be satisfied: 5 in. The following conditions must be satisfied:
Page 65 Page 65
2. Reinforcement Requirements [A9.7.2.5] 2. Reinforcement Requirements [A9.7.2.5]
Page 66 Page 66
3. The design sketch 3. The design sketch
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai
Dr. Rajai
Alrousan
Alrousan
Chapter 07
Chapter 07
Design a RC T
Design a RC T
-
-
beam bridge
beam bridge
Example: Concrete T Example: Concrete T- -Beam Beam
Page 01 Page 01
Design a Design a simply supported simply supported reinforced concrete reinforced concrete T T- -beam bridge of 35 ft beam bridge of 35 ft for a for a 44 44- -ft ft- -
wide wide roadway with roadway with a skew of 30 a skew of 30 as shown in Figure 1. Use the concrete deck of as shown in Figure 1. Use the concrete deck of
Figures 2 and 3 previously designed for an Figures 2 and 3 previously designed for an HL HL- -93 live 93 live load, a bituminous overlay, load, a bituminous overlay,
and a and a 8 8- -ft spacing of girders ft spacing of girders. Use . Use f f c = 4.5 c = 4.5 ksi ksi, , f f
y y
= 60 = 60 ksi ksi, and follow the outline of , and follow the outline of
AASHTO (2008) LRFD Bridge Specifications. AASHTO (2008) LRFD Bridge Specifications.
Figure 1 Figure 1
Figure 3 Figure 3
Figure 2 Figure 2
Page 02 Page 02
Step 01: Step 01: Develop General Section Develop General Section
Step 02: Step 02: Develop Typical Section and Design Basis Develop Typical Section and Design Basis
Step 03: Step 03: Design Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Deck Design Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Deck
Step 04: Step 04: Calculate Ultimate moment and shear Calculate Ultimate moment and shear
Step 05: Step 05: Investigate Service Limit State Investigate Service Limit State
Step 06: Step 06: Fatigue Load Fatigue Load
Step 07: Step 07: Shear Design Shear Design
Step 08: Step 08: Calculate deflection Calculate deflection
Page 03 Page 03
Step 01: Step 01: Develop General Section Develop General Section
The bridge is to carry interstate traffic over a normally small The bridge is to carry interstate traffic over a normally small stream that is subject stream that is subject
to high water flows during the rainy season (Fig. 1). to high water flows during the rainy season (Fig. 1).
As determined in As determined in [A9.7.1.1] [A9.7.1.1] Minimum depth of concrete deck = 7 in. Minimum depth of concrete deck = 7 in.
From deck design, structural thickness = From deck design, structural thickness = 7.5 in 7.5 in. . OK OK
2 2- -(1) (1) Top Flange Thickness Top Flange Thickness [A5.14.1.5.1a] [A5.14.1.5.1a]
Maximum clear span Maximum clear span = 20(7.5/12) = 12.5 ft > 8 ft = 20(7.5/12) = 12.5 ft > 8 ft (b (b
w w
/12) /12) OK OK
Maximum clear span = Maximum clear span = 20(7.5/12) = 12.5 ft > 8 ft 20(7.5/12) = 12.5 ft > 8 ft (b (b
w w
/12) /12) OK OK
2 2- -(2) (2) Bottom Flange Thickness Bottom Flange Thickness (not applicable to T (not applicable to T- -beam) beam)
Page 04 Page 04
Minimum of 8 in. without prestressing ducts Minimum of 8 in. without prestressing ducts
2 2- -(3) (3) Web Thickness Web Thickness [A5.14.1.5.1c and C5.14.1.5.1c] [A5.14.1.5.1c and C5.14.1.5.1c]
Minimum concrete cover for main bars, exterior 2.0 in. Minimum concrete cover for main bars, exterior 2.0 in. [A5.12.3] [A5.12.3]
Assume Three No. 11 bars in one row require a beam width of Assume Three No. 11 bars in one row require a beam width of [A5.10.3.1.1] [A5.10.3.1.1]
b b
min min
2(2.0) + 3d 2(2.0) + 3d
b b
+ 2(1.5d + 2(1.5d
b b
) = 4.0 + 6(1.410) = 12.5 in. ) = 4.0 + 6(1.410) = 12.5 in.
To give a little extra room for bars, try To give a little extra room for bars, try b b
w w
= 14 in. = 14 in.
2 2- -(4) (4) Structure Depth Structure Depth [Table A2.5.2.6.3 [Table A2.5.2.6.3- -1] 1]
Minimum depth continuous spans = 0.070L Minimum depth continuous spans = 0.070L
h h
min min
= 0.070(42 = 0.070(42 12) = 35.3 in., try h = 40 in. 12) = 35.3 in., try h = 40 in.
Page 05 Page 05
2 2- -(4) (4) Structure Depth Structure Depth [Table A2.5.2.6.3 [Table A2.5.2.6.3- -1] 1]
Page 06 Page 06
2 2- -(5) (5) Reinforcement Limits Reinforcement Limits
Deck overhang: at least 1/3 of bottom layer of transverse reinf Deck overhang: at least 1/3 of bottom layer of transverse reinforcement orcement
[A5.14.1.5.2a] [A5.14.1.5.2a]
Minimum reinforcement: Minimum reinforcement: [A5.7.3.3.2]. [A5.7.3.3.2].
Crack control: Cracking is controlled by limiting the spacing s Crack control: Cracking is controlled by limiting the spacing s in the in the
reinforcement under service loads reinforcement under service loads [A5.7.3.4] [A5.7.3.4]
(
=
(
=
u
r nc
u
cr
M
f S
lesser
M
M
lesser M
33 . 1
2 . 1
33 . 1
2 . 1
min
( ) 7 . 0
1 where 2
700
c
c
s c
s s
e
d h
d
d
f
s
+ = s
|

Flanges in tension at the service limit state: tension reinforc Flanges in tension at the service limit state: tension reinforcement shall be ement shall be
distributed over the lesser of the effective flange width or a w distributed over the lesser of the effective flange width or a width equal to 1/10 idth equal to 1/10
of the average of the adjacent spans of the average of the adjacent spans [A4.6.2.6, A5.7.3.4] [A4.6.2.6, A5.7.3.4]
Page 07 Page 07
2 2- -(5) (5) Reinforcement Limits Reinforcement Limits
Longitudinal skin reinforcement required if web depth > 3.0 ft Longitudinal skin reinforcement required if web depth > 3.0 ft [A5.7.3.4] [A5.7.3.4]
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement [A5.10.8.2]. [A5.10.8.2].
y
g
s
f
A
temp A 11 . 0 >
2 2- -(6) (6) Effective Flange Widths Effective Flange Widths [A4.6.2.6.1] [A4.6.2.6.1]
Effective span length for continuous spans = distance between p Effective span length for continuous spans = distance between points of oints of
permanent load inflections permanent load inflections
Interior beams Interior beams Exterior beams Exterior beams
Page 08 Page 08
2 2- -(7) (7) Identify Strut and Tie Areas Identify Strut and Tie Areas, if any not applicable. , if any not applicable.
The trial section for the T The trial section for the T- -beam bridge is shown in beam bridge is shown in Figure 4 Figure 4. .
Figure 4 Figure 4
Step 03: Step 03: Design Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Deck Design Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Deck
The reinforced concrete deck for this bridge is designed in Rein The reinforced concrete deck for this bridge is designed in Reinforced Concrete forced Concrete
Deck Section. The design sketches for the deck are given in Deck Section. The design sketches for the deck are given in Figure 5 Figure 5. .
Figure 5 Figure 5
Page 09 Page 09
4 4- -(1) (1) Select Resistance Factors Select Resistance Factors [A5.5.4.2] [A5.5.4.2]
1) Strength Limit State 1) Strength Limit State [A5.5.4.2.1] [A5.5.4.2.1]
2) 2) Nonstrength Nonstrength Limit States 1.0 Limit States 1.0 [A1.3.2.1] [A1.3.2.1]
4 4- -(2) (2) Select Load Modifiers Select Load Modifiers [A1.3.2.1] [A1.3.2.1]
Page 10 Page 10
4 4- -(3) (3) Select Applicable Load Combinations Select Applicable Load Combinations [Table A3.4.1 [Table A3.4.1- -1] 1]
4 4- -(4) (4)- -(1) Select Number of Lanes (1) Select Number of Lanes [A3.6.1.1.1] [A3.6.1.1.1]
4 4- -(4) (4) Calculate Live Calculate Live- -Load Force Effects Load Force Effects
3
0 . 12
44
0 . 12
= |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
= INT
w
INT N
L
Page 11 Page 11
4 4- -(4) (4)- -(2) Multiple Presence (2) Multiple Presence [A3.6.1.1.2] [A3.6.1.1.2]
4 4- -(4) (4)- -(3) Dynamic Load Allowance (3) Dynamic Load Allowance [A3.6.2.1] [A3.6.2.1] Not applied to the design lane load. Not applied to the design lane load.
4 4- -(4) (4)- -(4) (4) Distribution Factors for Moment Distribution Factors for Moment [A4.6.2.2.2] [A4.6.2.2.2]
d d
e e
= 3.25 = 3.25 1.25 = 2.0 ft < 3.0 ft OK 1.25 = 2.0 ft < 3.0 ft OK (Figure 4) (Figure 4)
Figure 4 Figure 4
Cross Cross- -section type (e) section type (e) [Table A4.6.2.2.1 [Table A4.6.2.2.1- -1] 1]
t t
s s
= 7.5 in. = 7.5 in. N N
b b
= 6 (No. of beams ) = 6 (No. of beams )
S = 8 ft L = 35 ft S = 8 ft L = 35 ft
Page 12 Page 12
4 4- -(4) (4)- -(4 (4- -a) a) Interior Beams Interior Beams with Concrete Decks with Concrete Decks [A4.6.2.2.2b and Table [A4.6.2.2.2b and Table
A4.6.2.2.2b A4.6.2.2.2b- -1]. 1]. For preliminary design For preliminary design
0 . 1
12
3
=
s
g
Lt
K
One design lane loaded: One design lane loaded:
( ) 573 . 0 0 . 1
35
8
14
8
06 . 0
12 14
06 . 0
1 . 0
3 . 0 4 . 0
1 . 0
3
3 . 0 4 . 0
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
s
g SI
M
Lt
K
L
S S
mg
mg = girder distribution factor with multiple presence factor in mg = girder distribution factor with multiple presence factor included cluded
SI = single lane loaded, interior SI = single lane loaded, interior
M = moment M = moment
Two or more design lanes loaded: Two or more design lanes loaded:
( ) 746 . 0 0 . 1
35
8
5 . 9
8
06 . 0
12 5 . 9
06 . 0
1 . 0
2 . 0 6 . 0
1 . 0
3
2 . 0 6 . 0
= |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
s
g MI
M
Lt
K
L
S S
mg
MI = multiple lanes loaded, interior MI = multiple lanes loaded, interior
4 4- -(4) (4)- -(4) Distribution Factors for Moment (4) Distribution Factors for Moment [A4.6.2.2.2] [A4.6.2.2.2]
Page 13 Page 13
4 4- -(4) (4)- -(4 (4- -b) b) Exterior Beams Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2d and Table A4.6.2.2.2d [A4.6.2.2.2d and Table A4.6.2.2.2d- -1] 1]
One design lane loaded: One design lane loaded: lever rule, m = 1.2 (Figure 5) lever rule, m = 1.2 (Figure 5)
SE = single lane loaded, exterior SE = single lane loaded, exterior
ME = multiple lanes loaded, exterior ME = multiple lanes loaded, exterior
Figure 5 Figure 5
743 . 0 746 . 0 0 . 1 99 . 0
1 . 9
0 . 2
77 . 0
0 . 1
1 . 9
77 . 0
= |
.
|
\
|
< = + =
|
.
|
\
|
< + = =
MI
M
e MI
M
ME
M
mg
d
emg mg
750 . 0 625 . 0 2 . 1 625 . 0 625 . 0
0 . 8
0 . 2 0 . 8
5 . 0 = = = = |
.
|
\
| +
=
SE
M
SE
M
mg g P P R
Page 14 Page 14
4 4- -(4) (4)- -(4 (4- -c) c) Skewed Bridges Skewed Bridges [A4.6.2.2.2e] [A4.6.2.2.2e] Reduction of live load distribution Reduction of live load distribution
factors for moment in longitudinal beam on skewed supports is pe factors for moment in longitudinal beam on skewed supports is permitted. rmitted.
S = 8 ft, S = 8 ft, = 30 = 30 . .
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 948 . 0 30 tan 0 . 1
35
8
1
tan
12
1 tan 1
5 1 25 . 0
5 . 0
5 1
25 . 0
3
5 . 0
5 1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
.
.
s
g .
skew

Lt
K
L
S
c r
4 4- -d) d) Distributed Live Distributed Live- -Load Moments Load Moments
( )
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ Ln Ta Tr IM LL
M
IM
M M mgr M
100
1 or
Page 15 Page 15
Step 04 Step 04- -d: d: Calculate Live Calculate Live- -Load Load
Force Effects Force Effects
4 4- -d) d) Distributed Live Distributed Live- -Load Moments Load Moments
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
98.0
8
35 0.64
8
5 . 387 75 . 6 75 . 8 25
350 75 . 1 8 32 75 . 8 32
2 2
k- ft
wl
M
k- ft M
k- ft M
Ln
Ta
Tr
= = =
= + =
= + + =
( ) k- ft M
IM LL
429.7 0 . 98
100
33
1 5 . 387 948 . 0 743 . 0 =
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
+
1) 1) Interior Beams Interior Beams
( ) k- ft M
IM LL
436.1 0 . 98
100
33
1 5 . 387 948 . 0 750 . 0 =
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
+
2) 2) Exterior Beams Exterior Beams
Page 16 Page 16
Step 04 Step 04- -d: d: Calculate Live Calculate Live- -Load Force Effects Load Force Effects
5 5- -a) a) Interior Beams Interior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2a] [A4.6.2.2.2a]
One design lane loaded: One design lane loaded:
68 . 0
25
8
36 . 0
25
36 . 0 = |
.
|
\
|
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ =
S
mg
SI
V
SI = single lane loaded, interior SI = single lane loaded, interior
V = Shear V = Shear
MI = multiple lanes loaded, interior MI = multiple lanes loaded, interior
V = Shear V = Shear
5) 5) Distribution Factor for Shear Distribution Factor for Shear [A4.6.2.2.3] [A4.6.2.2.3]
81 . 0
12
8
2 . 0
12
2 . 0 = |
.
|
\
|
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ =
S
mg
MI
V
Page 17 Page 17
5 5- -b) b) Exterior Beams Exterior Beams [A4.6.2.2.2b] [A4.6.2.2.2b]
One design lane loaded: One design lane loaded: lever rule, m = 1.2 (Figure 5) lever rule, m = 1.2 (Figure 5)
SE = single lane loaded, exterior SE = single lane loaded, exterior
ME = multiple lanes loaded, exterior ME = multiple lanes loaded, exterior
Figure 5 Figure 5
65 . 0 81 . 0 0 . 1 8 . 0
1 . 9
0 . 2
77 . 0
0 . 1
10
60 . 0
= |
.
|
\
|
< = + =
|
.
|
\
|
< + = =
MI
M
e MI
V
ME
V
mg
d
emg mg
750 . 0 625 . 0 2 . 1 625 . 0 625 . 0
0 . 8
0 . 2 0 . 8
5 . 0 = = = = |
.
|
\
| +
=
SE
V
SE
V
mg g P P R
5) 5) Distribution Factor for Shear Distribution Factor for Shear [A4.6.2.2.3] [A4.6.2.2.3]
Page 18 Page 18
4 4- -c) c) Skewed Bridges Skewed Bridges [A4.6.2.2.3c and Table A4.6.2.2.3c [A4.6.2.2.3c and Table A4.6.2.2.3c- -1]. 1].
( ) ( ) 115 . 1 30 tan 0 . 1 2 . 0 1
tan
12
2 . 0 1 tan 1
3 . 0
30 . 0
3 1
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + =
Lt
K
c r
s
g
skew
4 4- -d) d) Distributed Live Distributed Live- -Load Shears Load Shears
( )
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ Ln Ta Tr IM LL
V
IM
V V mgr V
100
1 or
Page 19 Page 19
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
2 . 1 1
2
35 0.64
2
1 . 47 886 . 0 1 25
8 . 52 2 . 0 8 6 . 0 1 32
kips
wl
V
kips V
kips V
Ln
Ta
Tr
= = =
= + =
= + + =
( ) kips V
IM LL
6 . 3 7 2 . 11
100
33
1 8 . 52 115 . 1 81 . 0 =
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
+
( ) kips V
IM LL
1 . 68 2 . 11
100
33
1 8 . 52 115 . 1 75 . 0 =
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
+
Page 20 Page 20
Step 04 Step 04- -d: d: Calculate Force Effects from Other Loads Calculate Force Effects from Other Loads
( )
1 . 53 1
8
35 w
8
2 2
105 max
w k- ft
wl
M M = = = =
( )
5 . 17
2
35 0.64
2
110 100 max
w kips w
wl
V V V = = = = =
DC: DC: Slab (0.150)(8.0/12)8 Slab (0.150)(8.0/12)8 = 0.800 kips/ft = 0.800 kips/ft
Girder stem (0.150)(14)(40 Girder stem (0.150)(14)(40 8)/12 8)/12
2 2
= 0.467 = 0.467
w w
DC DC
= 1.267 kips/ft = 1.267 kips/ft
DW: DW: FWS (0.140)(3.0/12)8 FWS (0.140)(3.0/12)8 w w
DW DW
= 0.280 kips/ft = 0.280 kips/ft
DC: DC: Slab (0.150)(8.0/12)4+(0.150)(9.0/12)3.25 = 0.766 kip Slab (0.150)(8.0/12)4+(0.150)(9.0/12)3.25 = 0.766 kips/ft s/ft
Girder stem (0.150)(14)(40 Girder stem (0.150)(14)(40 8)/12 8)/12
2 2
= 0.467 = 0.467
Barrier Barrier = 0.464 = 0.464
w w
DC DC
= 1.697 kips/ft = 1.697 kips/ft
DW: DW: FWS (0.140)(3.0/12)4+(0.140)(3.0/12)3.25 FWS (0.140)(3.0/12)4+(0.140)(3.0/12)3.25 w w
DW DW
= 0.254 kips/ft = 0.254 kips/ft
Page 21 Page 21
Step 04 Step 04- -d: d: Calculate Force Effects from Other Loads Calculate Force Effects from Other Loads
4 4- -f) f) Load Combinations Load Combinations
100.7 100.7 666.7 666.7 N/A N/A Service I Service I
163.9 163.9 1059.0 1059.0 N/A N/A Strength I Strength I
73.60 73.60 429.7 429.7 N/A N/A LL+IM LL+IM
4.9 4.9 43.0 43.0 0.280 0.280 DW DW
22.2 22.2 194.0 194.0 1.267 1.267 DC DC
V100 (kips) V100 (kips) M105 (k M105 (k- -ft) ft) W (k/ft) W (k/ft) Load Type Load Type
101.6 101.6 728.3 728.3 N/A N/A Service I Service I
162.0 162.0 1136.5 1136.5 N/A N/A Strength I Strength I
68.10 68.10 436.1 436.1 N/A N/A LL+IM LL+IM
3.80 3.80 32.2 32.2 0.210 0.210 DW DW
29.7 29.7 260.0 260.0 1.697 1.697 DC DC
V100 (kips) V100 (kips) M105 (k M105 (k- -ft) ft) W (k/ft) W (k/ft) Load Type Load Type
Page 22 Page 22
less in. 0.5 stirrups
and ties cover to
in. 1.0 11 No. to up slabs, CIP of Bottom
in. 2.0 above other than Exterior
in. 2.5 salts deicing to Exposure
Concrete Cover for Unprotected Main Reinforcing Steel Concrete Cover for Unprotected Main Reinforcing Steel [Table 5.12.3 [Table 5.12.3- -1] 1]
5 5- -(1 (1- -3) 3) Prestress Girders Prestress Girders Not applicable. Not applicable.
5 5- -(4) (4) Investigate Durability Investigate Durability [C5.12.1] [C5.12.1]
Effective Depth Effective Depth assume No. 10, d assume No. 10, d
b b
= 1.270 in. = 1.270 in.
Then Then
( ) in. 9 . 36
2
270 . 1
0 . 2 5 . 0 40 = |
.
|
\
|
+ = d
Page 23 Page 23
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
= + =
= =
= + = +
= =
s
=
= =
= + = +
= =
s
in. 7 8 96
2
1
0 . 39
governs in. 9 3 12 25 . 3
in. 52 14 5 . 7 12
2
1
6
in. 5 . 52 12 35
4
1
8
1
2
1
in. 96
governs in. 96 12 8
in. 104 14 5 . 7 12 12
in. 105 12 35
4
1
4
1
e w s
eff
e
i w s
eff
i
b
Overhange
b t
L
bi b
b
S
b t
L
b
5 5- -(5) (5) Effective Flange Width Effective Flange Width [A4.6.2.6.1] [A4.6.2.6.1]
Example: Concrete T Example: Concrete T- -Beam Beam Example: Concrete T Example: Concrete T- -Beam Beam
Page 24 Page 24
5 5- -(6) (6) Selection of Reinforcement Selection of Reinforcement Exterior Beams Exterior Beams
Pos M Pos M
u u
= 1136.5 kip = 1136.5 kip- -ft ft M M
min min
33 . 1
2 . 1
min (
=
u
cr
M
M
lesser M
Gross or Gross or uncracked uncracked section section (Figure 6) (Figure 6)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
4
2
3
2
3
2
in 144,898
2
32
7 . 27 448
32 14
12
1
2
5 . 7
7 . 27 32 5 652 5 . 7 87
12
1
7 27
5 100 1
16 448 75 3 32 5 652
5 100 1 448 5 652 32 14 5 7 87
= |
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ + =
=
+ +
=
= + = + =
. I
in. .
. ,
. .
y
in . , . . A
g
g
Figure 6 Figure 6
Page 25 Page 25
Pos M Pos M
u u
= 1136.5 kip = 1136.5 kip- -ft ft M M
min min
33 . 1
2 . 1
min (
=
u
cr
M
M
lesser M
Gross or Gross or uncracked uncracked section section (Figure 6) (Figure 6)
ft - kip 4 . 266
5 . 1136 33 . 1
222 2 . 1
33 . 1
2 . 1
ft - kip 5 . 1136
ft - kip 222 12 /
27.70
144,898
509 . 0
509 . 0 24 . 0
3860 1820 5 4
in 144,898 , 7 27 , 5 100 1
min
4 2
=
(
=
(
= > =
= |
.
|
\
|
= =
= =
= = =
= = =
lesser
M
M
lesser M M
y
I
f M
ksi f f
ksi f E ksi . f
I in. . y in . , A
u
cr
u
t
g
r cr
/
c r
/
c c
/
c
g g
Figure 6 Figure 6
Page 26 Page 26
Therefore, Pos M Therefore, Pos M
u u
= 1136.5 kip = 1136.5 kip- -ft ft M M
min min
pos pos
= 36.9 in. = 36.9 in.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
| | OK 50 . 15 12 . 1
9 . 36 42 0 65 0 825 0 0 4 5 4 05 0 85 0 25 . 2
42 0 65 . 0 0 . 4 05 0 85 0
OK. in. 7.5 h in. 36 . 1
87 5 . 4 85 . 0
60 59 . 7
85 . 0
: Section Rec. ssume
: in. 7.59 A provided ., 10 No. 7 try , B.3 Table B, Appendix From
in. 11.7
9 . 36 875 . 0 36
12 5 . 1136
: 36 6 0 875 0 Assume
9 36 , 60 , 5 4
/
1
s /
2
s
2
/
in. in.
. . . . . . . c
d . f . . a a c
b f
f A
a A
jd f
M
A trial
ksi f . and f . j
in. . d ksi f ksi . f
c
c
y s
s
u
s
y s
pos y c
s =
s > = =
s > = =
= < =

= =
=
=

= ~
= = =
= = =
Page 27 Page 27
Page 28 Page 28
| | OK ft - kip 1136.5 M Pos ft - kip 1241
12 /
2
12 . 1
9 . 36 60 59 . 7 9 . 0
2
u
= > =
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=
a
d f A M
y s u
|
Minimum beam width must consider bend diameter of tie Minimum beam width must consider bend diameter of tie [Table A5.10.2.3 [Table A5.10.2.3- -1]. 1].
For No. 4 stirrup and No. 10 bar For No. 4 stirrup and No. 10 bar (Figure 7) (Figure 7)
Inside radius = 2d Inside radius = 2d
s s
> 12d > 12d
b b
2(0.5) = 1.0 in. > 1/2(1.25) = 0.625 in. 2(0.5) = 1.0 in. > 1/2(1.25) = 0.625 in.
Center of No. 9 bar will be away from vertical Center of No. 9 bar will be away from vertical
leg of stirrup a distance of 2d leg of stirrup a distance of 2d
s s
= 1.0 in. = 1.0 in.
b b
min min
= 2(1.50 + 3d = 2(1.50 + 3d
s s
) + 2d ) + 2d
b b
+ 2(1.5d + 2(1.5d
b b
) )
= 2(1.50+3 = 2(1.50+3 0.5)+5(1.25)=12.25 in. 0.5)+5(1.25)=12.25 in.
Three No. 10 bars will fit in one layer of Three No. 10 bars will fit in one layer of b b
w w
= 14 in. = 14 in.
y y
s s
= 1.5 + 0.5 + 1.25 + 1/2(1.25) = 3.875 in. = 1.5 + 0.5 + 1.25 + 1/2(1.25) = 3.875 in.
d d
pos pos
= (40 = (40 0.5) 0.5) 3.875 = 35.625 in. 3.875 = 35.625 in.
Figure 7 Figure 7
Page 29 Page 29
( )
(in.) component the of depth or thickness overall h
(ksi) state limit service at the ent reinforcem in stress tensile f
(in.) ent reinforcem flexural closest of
center fiber to tension extreme from cover concrete of depth d
factor exposure
7 . 0
1 where
2
700
s
c

d h
d
d
f
s
e
c
c
s
c
s s
e
=
=
=
=
=
=

+ =
s
|

Cracking is controlled by limiting the spacing in the reinforcem Cracking is controlled by limiting the spacing in the reinforcement under service loads ent under service loads
[A5.7.3.4] [A5.7.3.4]
5 5- -(7) (7) Check crack control Check crack control [A5.7.3.4]. [A5.7.3.4].
Page 30 Page 30
LL DW DC
M M M M 33 . 1 + + =
Service I limit state applies to the investigation of cracking Service I limit state applies to the investigation of cracking in reinforced concrete in reinforced concrete
structures [A3.4.1]. In the service I limit state, the load modi structures [A3.4.1]. In the service I limit state, the load modifier fier
i i
is 1.0 and the load is 1.0 and the load
factors for dead and live load are 1.0. Recall IM = 1.33. Theref factors for dead and live load are 1.0. Recall IM = 1.33. Therefore, the moment used to ore, the moment used to
calculate the tensile stress in the reinforcement is calculate the tensile stress in the reinforcement is
5 . 7
860 , 3
000 , 29
and
ksi 860 , 3 5 . 4 1820 1820 000 , 33
/ / 5 . 1
1
= = =
= = = =
c
s
c c c c
E
E
n
f f w K E
The calculation of service load tensile stress in the reinforcem The calculation of service load tensile stress in the reinforcement is based on ent is based on
transformed elastic, cracked section properties [A5.7.1]. transformed elastic, cracked section properties [A5.7.1]. The modular ratio The modular ratio n = E n = E
s s
/ /E E
c c
transforms the steel reinforcement into equivalent concrete. The transforms the steel reinforcement into equivalent concrete. The modulus of elasticity modulus of elasticity
E E
s s
of steel bars is 29,000 of steel bars is 29,000 ksi ksi [A5.4.3.2]. [A5.4.3.2]. The modulus of elasticity The modulus of elasticity E E
c c
of concrete is of concrete is
given by [A5.4.2.4] given by [A5.4.2.4]
Page 31 Page 31
ft - kip 3 . 728 1 . 436 2 . 32 260 33 . 1 = + + = + + =
LL DW DC
M M M M
Assume NA (neutral axis) in flange ( Assume NA (neutral axis) in flange (Figure 8 Figure 8): ):
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
OK in. 5 . 7 h in. 7.5
87
625 . 35 59 . 7 5 . 7 2
87
59 . 7 5 . 7
87
59 . 7 5 . 7 2
f
2 2
= s ~
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
b
d nA
b
nA
b
nA
x
s s s
Figure 8 Figure 8
Page 32 Page 32
( )
( )
( )( )
4 2
3
2
3
57,263 5 . 7 625 . 35 59 . 7 5 . 7
3
5 . 7 87
3
in x d nA
bx
I
s cr
= +
= + =
2
700
c
s s
e
d
f
s s
|

x x
( )( )
ksi 50.24
263 , 57
5 . 7 625 . 35 12 5 . 1136
5 . 7 = |
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
cr
s
I
My
n f
Page 33 Page 33
( ) ( )
1.10
625 . 2 5 . 39 7 . 0
625 . 2
1
7 . 0
1 =
+ =
+ =
c
c
s
d h
d

e
= 0.75 so that
( ) | |
( )
( )( )
( ) | | OK 4.25 625 . 2 2
24 . 50 10 1
75 0 700
in. 4.0 /2 5 0 3 5 1 2 14
2
700
max
in.
.
.
. . -
d
f

s s
c
s s
e
= s = +
= s
2
700
c
s s
e
d
f
s s
|

x x x x
x x
Page 34 Page 34
One design truck with constant spacing of 30 ft between 32 One design truck with constant spacing of 30 ft between 32- -kip axles kip axles [A3.6.1.4]. [A3.6.1.4].
Dynamic load allowance: IM = 15% Dynamic load allowance: IM = 15% [A3.6.2.1]. [A3.6.2.1].
Distribution factor for one traffic lane shall be used Distribution factor for one traffic lane shall be used [A3.6.1.4.3b]. [A3.6.1.4.3b].
Multiple presence factor of 1.2 shall be removed Multiple presence factor of 1.2 shall be removed [C3.6.1.1.2]. [C3.6.1.1.2].
6 6- -(1) (1) Determination of Need to Consider Fatigue Determination of Need to Consider Fatigue [A5.5.3.1] [A5.5.3.1] the continuous the continuous
T T- -beam without prestress, there will be regions. In these region ( beam without prestress, there will be regions. In these region (location location
105), fatigue must be considered. 105), fatigue must be considered.
6 6- -(2) (2) Allowable Fatigue Stress Range f Allowable Fatigue Stress Range f
f f
( (ksi ksi ) ) in Reinforcement in Reinforcement [A5.5.3.2] [A5.5.3.2]
( )( ) ( )( )
,
100
1 75 . 0
0.3 ns deformatio rse on transve - rolled of height to radius base of ratio r/h
tension if positive load, fatigue from level stress minimum algebraic f
Where
8 33 . 0 21 8 33 . 0 21
max
min
min
max
m
r
mg r g
IM
rM g M
h
r
I
x d M n
h
r
f
I
x d M n
f
SE
M
SE
M Fatigue
SE
M FTR
cr
DW DC
cr
FTR
f
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
+ s
=
+
Page 35 Page 35
6 6- -(3) (3) Location 105 Location 105 ( (Figure 9 Figure 9) ) [C3.6.1.1.2] [C3.6.1.1.2] Exterior Girder Exterior Girder Distribution Factor Distribution Factor
Figure 9 Figure 9
L/4=8.75 L/4=8.75
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) 150.4
100
15
1 294 593 . 0 75 . 0
100
1 75 . 0
593 . 0
2 . 1
948 . 0
75 . 0
294 75 . 1 8 75 . 8 32
298.7 0.254 1.697 1 . 153 1 . 53 1
max
k- ft
IM
rM g M
m
r
mg r g
k- ft M
k- ft w w M
Fatigue
SE
M FTR
SE
M
SE
M
Fatigue
DW DC DW DC
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
= = =
= + =
= + = + =
+
Page 36 Page 36
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) OK ksi 19.04 3 . 0 8 21 . 13 33 . 0 21 ksi 6.65
ksi 13.21
263 , 57
5 . 7 625 . 35 12 7 . 298 5 . 7
ksi 6.65
263 , 57
5 . 7 625 . 35 12 4 . 150 5 . 7
8 33 . 0 21 8 33 . 0 21
min
max
min
max
= + s =
=

=
=
=

=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
+ s
=
+
+
f
cr
DW DC
cr
FTR
f
cr
DW DC
cr
FTR
f
f
Then
I
x d M n
f
I
x d M n
f
h
r
I
x d M n
h
r
f
I
x d M n
f
6 6- -(3) (3) Location 105 Location 105 ( (Figure 9 Figure 9) ) [C3.6.1.1.2] [C3.6.1.1.2] Exterior Girder Exterior Girder Distribution Factor Distribution Factor
Page 37 Page 37
= =
= =
= =
=
=
= = =
in. 8 . 28 40 72 . 0 72 . 0
in. 32.1 625 . 35 9 . 0 9 . 0
in. 35.0 2 / 36 . 1 625 . 35 2 /
max
in. 36 . 1
in. 625 . 35
h
d
a d
d
a
d d d
e
e
v
s e pos
7 7- -(1) (1) Determine V Determine V
u u
and M and M
u u
at a distance at a distance d d
v v
from an support. from an support. [A5.8.2.7]. [A5.8.2.7].
Distance from support as a percentage of the span Distance from support as a percentage of the span
0.0833
12 0 . 35
0 . 35
=
=
L
d
v
Page 38 Page 38
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( ) kips 160.7 7 . 3 9167 . 0 0833 . 32
2
1
254 . 0
9 . 24 9167 . 0 0833 . 32
2
1
697 . 1
863 . 70 4 . 9
100
33
1 8 . 46 115 . 1 75 . 0
4 . 9 9167 . 0 0833 . 32
2
1
64 . 0
8 . 44 875 . 0 9167 . 0 25
8 . 46
1167 . 0 8 5167 . 0 9167 . 0 32
833 . 100
= = |
.
|
\
|
=
= |
.
|
\
|
=
=
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
= |
.
|
\
|
=
= + =
=
+ + =
+
V kips V
kips V
kips V
kips V
kips V
kips
V
DW
DC
IM LL
Ln
Ta
Tr
u u
and M and M
u u
at a distance at a distance
d d
v v
Page 39 Page 39
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )( ) 6 . 80 3 9 . 11 674 . 2 0833 . 32
2
1
254 . 0
41 . 79 674 . 2 0833 . 32
2
1
697 . 1
4 . 150 94 . 29
100
33
1 5 . 136 948 . 0 75 . 0
94 . 29 674 . 2 0833 . 32
2
1
64 . 0
6 . 124 3406 . 2 674 . 2 25
5 . 136
340 . 0 8 507 . 1 674 . 2 32
833 . 100
f k M f k M
f k M
f k M
f k M
ft k M
ft k
M
DW
DC
IM LL
Ln
Ta
Tr
= = |
.
|
\
|
=
= |
.
|
\
|
=
=
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
= |
.
|
\
|
=
= + =
=
+ + =
+
u u
and M and M
u u
at a distance at a distance
d d
v v
Page 40 Page 40
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
2 2 /
min ,
min
.
@
@
2
833 . 100 @
/
in 40 . 0 in 0.116
60
44 . 7 14
5 . 4 0316 . 0 0316 . 0
: S for Check
in. 7.44
6 . 101
35 60 4 . 0 9 . 0
ips 101.6 1 . 59 7 . 160
needed is nt reinforcme shear 59.1 7 . 160 : 1 #
) in 40 . 0 20 . 0 2 ( stirrups rect. closed 4 No. Assume
7 . 160 75 . 1 50 . 1 25 . 1
29.55
2
59.1 35 14 5 . 4 0632 . 0 90 . 0 0632 . 0
= s = = =
= = =
= = =
= > =
= =
= + + + = =
=
= = =
v
yv
v
c v
S v
v yv v v
req
C v d S v
C d
v
LL DW DC d
C v
v v c v C v
A
f
S b
f A
V
d f A
S
k V V V
kips V kips V Zone
A
kips IM V V V V V
kips
V
kips d b f V
v
v
v
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
7 7- -(2) (2) Calculate the ultimate concrete shear resistance Calculate the ultimate concrete shear resistance [A5.8.2.7]. [A5.8.2.7].
Page 41 Page 41
( )( )
2
nt when reinforcme shear No : Zone#3
in.) #4@24 (Use
2
when needed S : Zone#2
in.) #4@7 (Use in. 44 . 7 S in. 24
in. 24 in. 28 35 8 . 0 8 . 0 ksi 563 . 0 0.125 ksi 0.3644
in. 12 4 . 0 0.125
in. 24 8 . 0 0.125 ksi 0.3644
35 14 9 . 0
7 . 160
: S for Check
@ max
req. max
max
/
max
/
max
/ @
max
C
u
C v
d C v
v c u
v c
v c
v v v
d
u
V
V
V
V V
S
d S f v
d S f
d S f
d b
V
v
v
v
|
|
|
|
<
> >
= > =
s = = = = s =
s = >
s = s = = =
7 7- -(2) (2) Design for Shear. Design for Shear.
Page 42 Page 42
( )( )( )
kips 269.5 108 5 . 0
9 . 0
7 . 160
9 . 0 35
12 6 . 380
5 . 0
kips 08 1
7
35 60 4 . 0 9 . 0
kips 455.4 60 59 . 7
kips 269.5 5 . 0 kips 455.4
@ @
.
@ @
= |
.
|
\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= = =
= =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ > =
s
v
d
f v
d
req
v yv v v
S v
y s
s
v
d
f v
d
y s
V
V
d
M
S
d f A
V
f A
V
V
d
M
f A
v v
v v
| |
|
|
| |
7 7- -(3) (3) Check the adequacy of the longitudinal reinforcement. Check the adequacy of the longitudinal reinforcement.
Note: Note:
If this equation is not satisfied, If this equation is not satisfied,
1. 1. either the tensile reinforcement either the tensile reinforcement A A
s s
must be increased must be increased
2. 2. or the stirrups must be placed closer together to increases or the stirrups must be placed closer together to increases V V
s s
. .
Page 43 Page 43
Step 08: Step 08: Calculate the deflection Calculate the deflection (General) (General)
8 8- -(1) (1) Dead Load Deflection ( Dead Load Deflection (A A
DL DL
) )
Short Short- -Term (Instanteous) Deflection of Uncracked and Cracked Members: Term (Instanteous) Deflection of Uncracked and Cracked Members:
LL SD DL Ti
A + A + A = A
g c
DL
DL
I E
L w
384
5
4
= A
|
|
.
|
\
|
A = = A
DL
SD
DL
g c
SD
SD
w
w
I E
L w
384
5
4
8 8- -(2) (2) Superimposed Load Deflection ( Superimposed Load Deflection (A A
SD SD
) )
Page 44 Page 44
8 8- -(3) (3) Live Load Deflection ( Live Load Deflection (A A
LL LL
) )
| | ( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( ) |
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
= A = A
= A
= A
= A s
A + A + A + A
A + A + A
=
A + A
A
= A
beams No.
lanes No.
100
1 8
100
1 32
384
5
,
48
6
,
6
800 25 . 0
max max
3
2 1
4 3
2
2 2 2 3
2 2 2 1
% 25
2
3
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
m deflection mg
IM
deflection mg P
IM
deflection mg P P
I E
L w
EI
L P
x b L
L EI
bx P
x b L
L EI
bx P
L
e c
Ln
Lane
e
P
e
P
e
P
all
Lane P P P
P P P
Lane Truck
Truck
LL
Page 45 Page 45
LL LL
) )
( ) IM M mg M M M
y
I f
M
I I
M
M
I
M
M
I
Tr deflection DW DC a
t
g r
cr
g cr
a
cr
g
a
cr
e
+ + + =
=
s
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
105 , 105 , 105 , 105 ,
3 3
8 8- -(4) (4) Longtime Deflections ( Longtime Deflections (A A
LT LT
) )
( )
( )
( )
e
/
g
I on based is deflection ous instantane for 1.6 2 . 1 0 . 3
I on based is deflection ous instantane for 0 . 4
240
L
1
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
s + A = A
s
s
Ti LT
A
A

Page 46 Page 46
Step 08: Step 08: Calculate the deflection Calculate the deflection
8 8- -(1) (1) Dead Load Deflection ( Dead Load Deflection (A A
DL DL
) )
( )( )
( )( )
in. 0.102
898 , 144 3860 384
12 35 12 / 697 . 1 5
384
5
4 4
=
= = A
g c
DL
DL
I E
L w
( )( )
( )( )
in. 0.0153
898 , 144 3860 384
12 35 12 / 254 . 0 5
384
5
4 4
=
= = A
g c
SD
SD
I E
L w
8 8- -(2) (2) Superimposed Load Deflection ( Superimposed Load Deflection (A A
SD SD
) )
LL LL
) )
( ) 425 . 0
6
3
85 . 0
beams No.
lanes No.
ft - kip 222 12 /
27.70
144,898
509 . 0
= |
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=
= |
.
|
\
|
= =
m deflection mg
y
I
f M
t
g
r cr
Page 47 Page 47
LL LL
) )
( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
4 4
3 3
3 3
105 , 105 , 105 , 105 ,
in 898 , 144 in 65,413 938 , 51 13,475
263 , 57
490
222
1 898 , 144
490
222
1
ft - k 490
100
33
1 350 425 . 0 2 . 32 0 . 260
1
350 75 . 1 8 32 75 . 8 32
s = + =
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
s
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + =
+ + + =
= + + =
e
g cr
a
cr
g
a
cr
e
Tr deflection DW DC a
Tr
I
I I
M
M
I
M
M
I
IM M mg M M M
k- ft M
Page 48 Page 48
LL LL
) )
| | ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) in. 0.0165 2 / 12 35 12 5 . 3 12 35
12 35 413 , 65 860 , 3 6
2 / 12 35 12 5 . 3 52 . 4
6
in. 0.066 2 / 12 35 12 5 . 3 12 35
12 35 413 , 65 860 , 3 6
2 / 12 35 12 5 . 3 1 . 18
6
kips 52 . 4
100
33
1 8 425 . 0
100
1 8
kips 1 . 18
100
33
1 32 425 . 0
100
1 32
800 25 . 0
max max
2 2 2
2 2 2 3
2 2 2
2 2 2 1
3
2 1
% 25
3
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
=

=
= A
=

=
= A
= |
.
|
\
|
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ =
= |
.
|
\
|
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ = =
= A s
A + A + A + A
A + A + A
=
A + A
A
= A
x b L
L EI
bx P
x b L
L EI
bx P
IM
deflection mg P
IM
deflection mg P P
L
e
P
e
P
all
Lane P P P
P P P
Lane Truck
Truck
LL
Page 49 Page 49
LL LL
) )
| | ( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
| | ( )
in. 0.525
800
12 35
800
in. 1877 . 0
0.1325
0.1877
max
0856 . 0 111 . 0 01065 . 0 066 . 0 25 . 0
111 . 0 01065 . 0 066 . 0
max
in. 0.0856
413 , 65 860 , 3 384
12 35 12 / 64 . 0 5
384
5
in. 0.111
413 , 65 860 , 3 48
12 35 1 . 18
48
in. 0.0165
in. 0.066
800 25 . 0
max max
4 4
3 3
2
% 25
2
3
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
=
= = A s =
+ + +
+ +
= A
=
= = A
=
= = A
= A
= A
= A s
A + A + A + A
A + A + A
=
A + A
A
= A
L
I E
L w
EI
L P
L
all
LL
e c
Ln
Lane
e
P
P
P
all
Lane P P P
P P P
Lane Truck
Truck
LL
Page 50 Page 50
LL LL
) )
in. 0.305 1877 . 0 0153 . 0 102 . 0 = + + = A + A + A = A
LL SD DL Ti
8 8- -(4) (4) Longtime Deflections ( Longtime Deflections (A A
LT LT
) )
( ) ( ) in. 1.75
240
12 35
240
L
in. 1.22 3 1 305 . 0 1
1.6 0 . 3
59 . 7
0
2 . 1 0 . 3
=
= s = + = + A = A
> = |
.
|
\
|
=
Ti LT
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai
Dr. Rajai
Alrousan
Alrousan
Chapter 08
Chapter 08
Bearings
Bearings
Load Transfer Load Transfer
Page 01 Page 01
Page 02 Page 02
Bearing Bearing
Page 03 Page 03
Bearing Bearing
Page 04 Page 04
Forces and Movements on Bearing Forces and Movements on Bearing
Page 05 Page 05
Types of Bearing Types of Bearing
Page 06 Page 06
Rocker/ Pin/ Roller Bearing Rocker/ Pin/ Roller Bearing
Page 07 Page 07
Rocker/ Pin/ Roller Bearing Rocker/ Pin/ Roller Bearing
Page 08 Page 08
Elastomeric Bearing Elastomeric Bearing
Page 09 Page 09
Elastomeric Bearing with Slider Elastomeric Bearing with Slider
Page 10 Page 10
Elastomeric Bearing Elastomeric Bearing
Page 11 Page 11
Curved Bearing Curved Bearing
Page 12 Page 12
Curved Bearing Curved Bearing
Page 13 Page 13
Pot Bearing Pot Bearing
Page 14 Page 14
Pot Bearing Pot Bearing
Page 15 Page 15
Disk Bearing Disk Bearing
Page 16 Page 16
Which type of bearing should I use? Which type of bearing should I use?
Page 17 Page 17
Which type of bearing should I use? Which type of bearing should I use?
Page 18 Page 18
TABLE 1: TABLE 1: Summery of Bearing Capacities Summery of Bearing Capacities
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai
Dr. Rajai
Alrousan
Alrousan
Chapter 09
Chapter 09
Substructures
Substructures
Types of Substructures Types of Substructures
Page 01 Page 01
Types of Substructures Types of Substructures
Page 02 Page 02
Loads on Substructures Loads on Substructures
Page 03 Page 03
Loads from Superstructure Loads from Superstructure
Page 04 Page 04
Loads from Superstructure Loads from Superstructure
Page 05 Page 05
Wind Loads (WS, WL) Wind Loads (WS, WL)
Page 06 Page 06
Vehicle Collision Forces (CT) Vehicle Collision Forces (CT)
Page 07 Page 07
Page 08 Page 08
Page 09 Page 09
Design of Abutment and Retaining Substructures Design of Abutment and Retaining Substructures
Page 10 Page 10
Roles and Types Roles and Types
Page 11 Page 11
Types of Abutment Types of Abutment
Page 12 Page 12
Page 13 Page 13
Page 14 Page 14
Page 15 Page 15
Failure Limit States Failure Limit States
Page 16 Page 16
Failure Limit States Failure Limit States
Page 17 Page 17
Loads on Abutment from Superstructure Loads on Abutment from Superstructure
Page 18 Page 18
Loads on Abutment Loads on Abutment
Page 19 Page 19
Page 20 Page 20
Pressures generated by the Live Load and Dead Load Surcharges: Pressures generated by the Live Load and Dead Load Surcharges:
Page 21 Page 21
Defined the other loads Defined the other loads
Page 22 Page 22
Dead load of the abutment Dead load of the abutment
Page 23 Page 23
Soil Pressure Distribution Soil Pressure Distribution
Page 24 Page 24
Page 25 Page 25
Configuration of abutment design load and load Configuration of abutment design load and load
combinations combinations
Page 26 Page 26
TABLE 1: TABLE 1: Abutment Design Loads (Service Load Design) Abutment Design Loads (Service Load Design)
Page 27 Page 27
TABLE 1: TABLE 1: Abutment Design Loads (Service Load Design) Abutment Design Loads (Service Load Design)
Page 28 Page 28
Table 11.5.6 Table 11.5.6- -1 1 Resistance Factors for Permanent Retaining Walls Resistance Factors for Permanent Retaining Walls
Page 29 Page 29
Table 11.5.6 Table 11.5.6- -1 1 Resistance Factors for Permanent Retaining Walls Resistance Factors for Permanent Retaining Walls
Miscellaneous Design Considerations Miscellaneous Design Considerations
Page 30 Page 30
Abutment Wingwall
Abutment Drainage
Abutment Slope Protection
Page 31 Page 31
(1) Abutment (1) Abutment Wingwall Wingwall
Page 32 Page 32
Design loading for Design loading for
cantilever cantilever wingwall wingwall
(1) Abutment (1) Abutment Wingwall Wingwall
Page 33 Page 33
(2) Abutment Drainage (2) Abutment Drainage
Page 34 Page 34
(3) Abutment Slope Protection (3) Abutment Slope Protection
Page 35 Page 35
(3) Abutment Slope Protection (3) Abutment Slope Protection
Reinforced Concrete Abutment Reinforced Concrete Abutment
Page 36 Page 36
Design of Abutment Design of Abutment
Step 1: Step 1: Select Preliminary Proportions of the Wall.
Step 2: Step 2: Determine Loads and Earth Pressures.
Step 3: Step 3: Calculate Magnitude of Reaction Forces on Base
Step 4: Step 4: Check Stability and Safety Criteria
a. Location of normal component of reactions.
b. Adequacy of bearing pressure.
c. Safety against sliding.
Step 5: Step 5: Revise Proportions of Wall and Repeat Steps 2-4 Until Stability Criteria
is Satisfied and Then Check
a. Settlement within tolerable limits.
b. Safety against deep-seated foundation failure.
Step 6: Step 6: If Proportions Become Unreasonable, Consider a Foundation Supported
on Driven Piles or Drilled Shafts.
Typical Abutment Design Sketch Typical Abutment Design Sketch
Page 37 Page 37
Typical Typical Wingwall Wingwall Design Sketch Design Sketch
Page 38 Page 38
Design of Retaining Substructures Design of Retaining Substructures
Page 39 Page 39
Types of Retaining Structures Types of Retaining Structures
Page 40 Page 40
Page 41 Page 41
Page 42 Page 42
Page 43 Page 43
Typical loads on retaining wall Typical loads on retaining wall
Page 44 Page 44
Lateral Load Lateral Load
Page 45 Page 45
Lateral Load Lateral Load
Page 46 Page 46
Typical Retaining wall Design Sketch Typical Retaining wall Design Sketch
Page 47 Page 47
Design of Piers Design of Piers
Page 48 Page 48
Piers Piers
Page 49 Page 49
Piers Piers
Page 50 Page 50
Piers Piers
Page 51 Page 51
Piers Piers
Page 52 Page 52
Pier Pier Shpes Shpes
Page 53 Page 53
Pier Pier Shpes Shpes
Page 54 Page 54
Pier Types Pier Types- -Steel Bridges Steel Bridges
Page 55 Page 55
Figure 1: Figure 1: Typical pier types for steel bridges. Typical pier types for steel bridges.
Pier Types Pier Types- - river and waterway crossings river and waterway crossings
Page 56 Page 56
Figure 2: Figure 2: Typical pier types and configurations for river and waterway cr Typical pier types and configurations for river and waterway crossings. . ossings. .
Pier Types Pier Types- -Concrete Bridges Concrete Bridges
Page 57 Page 57
Figure 3: Figure 3: Typical Typical
pier types for pier types for
Concrete bridges. Concrete bridges.
Pier Selection Pier Selection
Page 58 Page 58
Pier Selection Guidelines Pier Selection Guidelines
Page 59 Page 59
Strength Limit States Strength Limit States
Page 60 Page 60
Loads on Piers from Superstructure Loads on Piers from Superstructure
Page 61 Page 61
Loads on Piers Itself Loads on Piers Itself
Page 62 Page 62
Pier Load Analysis for Wind Loads Pier Load Analysis for Wind Loads
Page 63 Page 63
Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Short Short Columns Columns
Page 64 Page 64
Page 65 Page 65
Page 66 Page 66
Page 67 Page 67
Page 68 Page 68
Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Slender Slender Columns Columns
Page 69 Page 69
Slenderness ratio
kl
u
/r
k =effective length factor (reflecting the end restraint
and lateral bracing conditions of a column)
l
u
=unsupported column length
r =radius of gyration (reflecting the size and shape of a
column cross-section)
The degree of slenderness in a column is expressed in
terms of "slenderness ratio," defined below:
Slenderness Effects Slenderness Effects
Page 70 Page 70
Unsupported Length, Unsupported Length, l l
u u
The unsupported length (l
u
) of a column is measured as the clear distance between
the underside of the beam, slab, or column capital above, and the top of the beam
or slab below.
Page 71 Page 71
Effective Length Factor, k Effective Length Factor, k
Page 72 Page 72
For compression members in a nonsway
frame, an upper bound to the effective
length factor may be taken as the smaller
of the values given by the following two
expressions (ACI R10.12.1. ) 0.82
( )
( )
column of i end at
/
/
0 . 1 ) ( 05 . 0 85 . 0
0 . 1 ) ( 05 . 0 7 . 0
min
Beams
B
Columns
c
i
B A
l EI
l EI
k
k
=
s + =
s + =

Effective Length Factor, k Effective Length Factor, k
Page 73 Page 73
Radius of Gyration, r Radius of Gyration, r
The radius of gyration introduces the effects of cross-sectional size and shape to
slenderness. For the same cross-sectional area, a section with higher moment of
inertia produces a more stable column with a lower slenderness ratio. The radius
of gyration r is defined below.
A
I
r =
Page 74 Page 74
Slenderness effects may be neglected for columns in non-sway frames if the
following inequality is satisfied:
Where
M
1
/M
2
is the ratio of smaller to
larger end moments.
M
1
/M
2
is negative value when
the column is bent in double
curvature
M
1
/M
2
is positive when it is bent
in single curvature.
( ) 40 / 12 34
2 1
s s M M
r
kl
u
Page 75 Page 75
Design of Slender Columns Design of Slender Columns
Slender columns in sway frames are designed for factored axial force P
u
and
amplified moment M
c
. The amplified moment is obtained by
Where moment magnification factor (o
ns
) in is obtained by
The critical column load, P
c
(Euler buckling load) is;
EI is computed either with
1 1 2 2
s s b b c
M M M
2 2
o o + =
d
se s g c
I E I E
EI
| +
+
=
1
2 . 0
( )
2
2
u
c
kl
EI
P
t
=
0 . 1
75 . 0
1
1
0 . 1
75 . 0
1
>
= >
c
u
s
c
u
m
b
P
P
P
P
C
o o
d
g c
I E
EI
| +
=
1
4 . 0
Page 76 Page 76
Where the moment of inertia of reinforcement about the cross-sectional centroid(I
se
) equal
2 3
18 . 0 bh I
t se
=
2 3
25 . 0 bh I
t se
=
2 3
13 . 0 bh I
t se
=
2 3
22 . 0 bh I
t se
=
2 4
10 . 0 h I
t se
=
( )
( ) face per bars 6 12 . 0
face per bars 3 17 . 0
2 3
2 3

bh I
bh I
t se
t se
=
=
Page 77 Page 77
Coefficient C
m
is equal to
Figure 1 Figure 2
40 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0
2
1
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
M
M
C
m
Page 78 Page 78
An outline of the separate steps in the analysis/design procedur An outline of the separate steps in the analysis/design procedure for sway e for sway
frames follows along these lines: frames follows along these lines:
Step 1: Step 1:
Determine factored design forces:
Note: M
1
is the lower and M
2
is the higher end moment.
Step 2: Step 2:
Calculate slenderness ratio kl
u
/r
i) Find unsupported column length, l
u
ii) Find the radius of gyration, r
iii) Find effective length factor "k."
This requires the calculation of stiffness ratios at the ends. First find
beam and column stiffness.
Step 3: Step 3:
Check if slenderness can be neglected
Page 79 Page 79
An outline of the separate steps in the analysis/design procedur An outline of the separate steps in the analysis/design procedure for sway e for sway
frames follows along these lines: frames follows along these lines:
Step 4: Step 4:
Compute moment magnification factor (
b
) and (
s
)
i) Compute critical load P
c
ii) Compute C
m
iii) Moment magnification factor (
b
) and (
s
)
Step 5: Step 5:
Compute amplified moment M
c
Step 6: Step 6:
Select reinforcement ratio and design the
column section
g c
u
n
A f
P
K
/
/
Compute A)
|
=
h A f
M
R
g c
u
n /
/
Compute B)
|
=
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai
Dr. Rajai
Alrousan
Alrousan
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Bridge Management Systems
Bridge Management Systems
10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.1 INTRODUCTION
Page 01 Page 01
Bridges cannot last forever. Whatever form of construction is us Bridges cannot last forever. Whatever form of construction is used ed
and whatever materials are adopted, sooner or later the effects and whatever materials are adopted, sooner or later the effects of of
degradation begin to appear. degradation begin to appear.
There are many contributory factors that affect the nature and d There are many contributory factors that affect the nature and degree egree
of degradation such as the of degradation such as the
Structural form Structural form
Construction materials Construction materials
Quality of construction Quality of construction
Design and detailing Design and detailing
Atmospheric environment Atmospheric environment
Scour Scour
Fire Fire
Fatigue Fatigue
Earthquakes Earthquakes
Floods Floods
Weather Weather
Nature and intensity of the Nature and intensity of the
imposed traffic loading. imposed traffic loading.
Bridge management is the means by which a bridge stock is cared Bridge management is the means by which a bridge stock is cared for for
from conception to the end of its useful life. from conception to the end of its useful life.
In practice, bridge management is necessary to In practice, bridge management is necessary to coordinate and coordinate and
implement implement the tasks associated with the care of our bridges, such as the tasks associated with the care of our bridges, such as
Collection of inventory data Collection of inventory data
Regular inspection Regular inspection
Assessment of condition and strength Assessment of condition and strength
Repair, strengthening, or replacement Repair, strengthening, or replacement
Prioritising Prioritising allocation of funds allocation of funds
Safety Safety
10.2 BRIDGE MANAGEMENT 10.2 BRIDGE MANAGEMENT
Page 02 Page 02
The six critical stages in the life of a bridge are shown Figure The six critical stages in the life of a bridge are shown Figure below below
The six stages in the life of a bridge. The six stages in the life of a bridge.
10.3 BASIC MANAGEMENT 10.3 BASIC MANAGEMENT
Page 03 Page 03
A bridge manager needs a way of keeping track of the bridges in A bridge manager needs a way of keeping track of the bridges in his charge and will his charge and will
require a minimum level of recorded information to carry out his require a minimum level of recorded information to carry out his work efficiently and work efficiently and
effectively. effectively.
Card Index System Card Index System
10.3.1 Card index system 10.3.1 Card index system
Page 04 Page 04
The most rudimentary system is by means of file cards (rather li The most rudimentary system is by means of file cards (rather like a card ke a card
index) that record the location and type of bridge, together wit index) that record the location and type of bridge, together with any h any
handwritten notes about inspections and the type and cost of rep handwritten notes about inspections and the type and cost of repairs. airs.
A more sophisticated paper (Front side of a bridge record card) A more sophisticated paper (Front side of a bridge record card) system might system might
record a more comprehensive amount of data such as the following record a more comprehensive amount of data such as the following: :
Location plan Location plan
Bridge number Bridge number
Bridge name Bridge name
Picture or photograph Picture or photograph
General arrangement drawing General arrangement drawing
Whether an over Whether an over- - or or underbridge underbridge
Obstacle being crossed Obstacle being crossed
Type of bridge Type of bridge
Number and dimensions of spans Number and dimensions of spans
Whether simply supported or Whether simply supported or
continuous continuous
Carriageway width Carriageway width
Services Services
Live load capacity Live load capacity
Abnormal load capacity Abnormal load capacity
Page 05 Page 05
Front side of a bridge record card Front side of a bridge record card
Page 06 Page 06
A second card (or the other side of the card) can be used to rec A second card (or the other side of the card) can be used to record inspection ord inspection
personnel and inspection dates, together with observations of cr personnel and inspection dates, together with observations of cracking, acking,
rusting, bulging, buckling, rotting, etc. and events that change rusting, bulging, buckling, rotting, etc. and events that change the bridge in the bridge in
some way due to: some way due to:
Repair or strengthening works Repair or strengthening works
Posting of a weight limit Posting of a weight limit
Widening Widening
Demolition and rebuilding Demolition and rebuilding
Demolition of a redundant bridge Demolition of a redundant bridge
Temporary propping Temporary propping
Page 07 Page 07
Back side of a bridge record card Back side of a bridge record card
Page 08 Page 08
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai
Dr. Rajai
Alrousan
Alrousan
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Inspection
Inspection
One of the most important tasks in the operation of a sound brid One of the most important tasks in the operation of a sound bridge ge
management system (BMS) is inspection of the bridge management system (BMS) is inspection of the bridge
It is It is the keystone of our knowledge the keystone of our knowledge of the bridge. of the bridge.
Besides the physical causes due to loading, environment, and acc Besides the physical causes due to loading, environment, and accidental idental
impact, defects may appear due to faults in design (poor detaili impact, defects may appear due to faults in design (poor detailing, inadequate ng, inadequate
cover, errors in calculation, etc.), materials (poor quality, us cover, errors in calculation, etc.), materials (poor quality, use of inappropriate e of inappropriate
admixtures or contaminated water), or workmanship (poor mixing o admixtures or contaminated water), or workmanship (poor mixing of f
concrete, compaction, curing, placement of reinforcement, placin concrete, compaction, curing, placement of reinforcement, placing of g of
falsework falsework, etc.). , etc.).
A great deal of experience and technical understanding is requir A great deal of experience and technical understanding is required to expedite ed to expedite
an inspection in a methodical and systematic way. an inspection in a methodical and systematic way.
Inspection has, therefore, to be carried out by professional eng Inspection has, therefore, to be carried out by professional engineers, or at ineers, or at
least supervised by a professional engineer. least supervised by a professional engineer.
11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 INTRODUCTION
Page 01 Page 01
Bridges are essential components in the transportation infrastru Bridges are essential components in the transportation infrastructure of a cture of a
nation. nation.
They are of immense economic importance in peacetime to allow th They are of immense economic importance in peacetime to allow the free flow e free flow
of goods and people and allow communities to flourish and prospe of goods and people and allow communities to flourish and prosper. r.
Their importance can be judged from their use as primary strateg Their importance can be judged from their use as primary strategic targets in ic targets in
wartime. wartime.
Users expect a bridge to be Users expect a bridge to be safe safe , and by that they often mean that it has to , and by that they often mean that it has to
look safe and feel safe. look safe and feel safe.
For the bridge engineer, it has to be For the bridge engineer, it has to be safe safe , in that for its expected life it has to , in that for its expected life it has to
function properly (i.e. be serviceable) under design loads, and function properly (i.e. be serviceable) under design loads, and should be should be
sufficiently strong so as not to result in injury or loss of lif sufficiently strong so as not to result in injury or loss of life to the users. e to the users.
11.2 WHY INSPECT? 11.2 WHY INSPECT?
Page 02 Page 02
11.2 WHY INSPECT? 11.2 WHY INSPECT?
11.2.1 Inspection categories 11.2.1 Inspection categories
Page 03 Page 03
For the purposes of inspection it is usual to subdivide the brid For the purposes of inspection it is usual to subdivide the bridge into its main ge into its main
constituent parts, namely, constituent parts, namely,
the examination of the superstructure the examination of the superstructure
the examination of the substructure, the examination of the substructure,
the examination of the foundations the examination of the foundations
and then to further subdivide these into their separate elements and then to further subdivide these into their separate elements. .
The primary aim of the inspection is to determine whether any de The primary aim of the inspection is to determine whether any degradation has gradation has
taken place, and if so the cause and extent of the damage (vehic taken place, and if so the cause and extent of the damage (vehicle impact, river le impact, river
damage, water, earthquakes, corrosion, material reactions). damage, water, earthquakes, corrosion, material reactions).
This will involve both visual examination and recording (graphic This will involve both visual examination and recording (graphic and and
photographic), and in some cases testing. photographic), and in some cases testing.
11.3 WHAT TO LOOK FOR 11.3 WHAT TO LOOK FOR
Page 04 Page 04
11.3.1.1 11.3.1.1 Inspection of concrete decks and slabs Inspection of concrete decks and slabs
11.3.1.1.1 11.3.1.1.1 Cracking: Cracking:
Shrinkage Shrinkage
Temperature changes Temperature changes
Bending loading Bending loading
Shear loading Shear loading
Freezing and thawing Freezing and thawing
Corrosion of reinforcement Corrosion of reinforcement
Sulfate or aggregate reactions. Sulfate or aggregate reactions.
11.3.1 Superstructures 11.3.1 Superstructures
In particular, a basic horizontal and vertical pattern with some In particular, a basic horizontal and vertical pattern with some branching that branching that
surrounds the larger aggregate particles could indicate a chemic surrounds the larger aggregate particles could indicate a chemical attack. If this al attack. If this
is suspected, a is suspected, a petrographic petrographic examination should be carried out to establish its examination should be carried out to establish its
presence or otherwise. presence or otherwise.
Concrete cracks due to tensile forces from Concrete cracks due to tensile forces from
Page 05 Page 05
Page 06 Page 06
Common Crack Locations and Types in Concrete Structures Common Crack Locations and Types in Concrete Structures
Page 07 Page 07
Sulfate or aggregate reactions Sulfate or aggregate reactions
Alkali Silica Reaction Alkali Silica Reaction
Page 08 Page 08
Shrinkage Cracks Shrinkage Cracks
Temperature changes Temperature changes
Page 09 Page 09
Page 10 Page 10
Page 11 Page 11
Page 12 Page 12
Page 13 Page 13
Crack width measuring rule Crack width measuring rule
Concrete Crack with Guidlines
Type of Crack Width (mm)
Hairline (HL) w 0.1
Narrow (Fine) (N) 0.1< w 0.3
Medium (M) 0.3< w 0.7
Wide (W) w > 0.7
Page 14 Page 14
11.3.1.1.2 11.3.1.1.2 Spalling Spalling
Under pressure (for example, due to freeze Under pressure (for example, due to freeze- -thaw action) bits of concrete can fall thaw action) bits of concrete can fall
away from the deck leaving a crater, which defines the fracture away from the deck leaving a crater, which defines the fracture surface. surface.
The cause is often due to corrosion of reinforcement where the v The cause is often due to corrosion of reinforcement where the volume of the olume of the
corrosion products is much greater than the virgin steel and the corrosion products is much greater than the virgin steel and the resulting pressure resulting pressure
causes local fracture of the concrete causes local fracture of the concrete
Typical spalling due to corroding steel Typical spalling due to corroding steel
Page 15 Page 15
11.3.1.1.3 11.3.1.1.3 Corrosion of reinforcement Corrosion of reinforcement
In its early stages this can be detected by surface discoloratio In its early stages this can be detected by surface discoloration and rust stains, and n and rust stains, and
later (when it has advanced) by spalling. later (when it has advanced) by spalling.
The location and extent of any discoloration are recorded and a The location and extent of any discoloration are recorded and a cover meter survey is cover meter survey is
carried out carried out
Typical spalling due to corroding steel Typical spalling due to corroding steel
Page 16 Page 16
11.3.1.1.4 11.3.1.1.4 Leaching Leaching
This phenomenon is due to water passing through the concrete and This phenomenon is due to water passing through the concrete and dissolving dissolving
calcium hydroxide at crack locations. calcium hydroxide at crack locations.
It causes loss of alkalinity of the concrete, which could lead t It causes loss of alkalinity of the concrete, which could lead to corrosion of the o corrosion of the
embedded reinforcement or prestressing cables embedded reinforcement or prestressing cables
underside of a concrete deck underside of a concrete deck underside of arch bridge. underside of arch bridge.
Page 17 Page 17
11.3.1.1.5 11.3.1.1.5 Poor quality concrete Poor quality concrete
Because of bad construction practice, Because of bad construction practice,
the concrete may be porous or have the the concrete may be porous or have the
incorrect cover to the reinforcement. incorrect cover to the reinforcement.
Honeycombing is usually easy to spot, Honeycombing is usually easy to spot,
the other two effects are not. the other two effects are not.
Random tests with a cover meter Random tests with a cover meter
should be made together with a should be made together with a
hammer test in areas of suspected hammer test in areas of suspected
porous concrete. porous concrete.
All suspect areas need to be identified All suspect areas need to be identified
on a drawing. on a drawing.
Poor quality concrete Poor quality concrete
Page 18 Page 18
11.3.1.1.6 11.3.1.1.6 Deflection and vibration Deflection and vibration
A simple heel drop test can establish whether a deck is A simple heel drop test can establish whether a deck is lively lively or not, but more often or not, but more often
than not standing centrally on the deck and waiting for a heavy than not standing centrally on the deck and waiting for a heavy vehicle to cross is vehicle to cross is
more revealing. more revealing.
If the dead load deflection can be seen (without measurement), t If the dead load deflection can be seen (without measurement), then it is probably too hen it is probably too
great and must be surveyed. great and must be surveyed.
11.3.1.1.7 11.3.1.1.7 Accidental damage Accidental damage
Bridge bashing by over Bridge bashing by over- -height vehicles under height vehicles under
a bridge can result in scraping and removal a bridge can result in scraping and removal
of concrete from the soffit and/or local of concrete from the soffit and/or local
spalling at the deck edge. spalling at the deck edge.
Page 19 Page 19
11.3.1.1.7 11.3.1.1.7 Accidental damage Accidental damage
Vehicles travelling over a bridge Vehicles travelling over a bridge
may cause damage to the may cause damage to the
surfacing due to skidding, surfacing due to skidding,
braking, or overturning, and if it braking, or overturning, and if it
is a is a through bridge through bridge , out , out- -of of- -
control vehicles can damage the control vehicles can damage the
sides of the bridge. sides of the bridge.
Piers can be severely impacted. Piers can be severely impacted.
Page 20 Page 20
11.3.1.1.8 11.3.1.1.8 Deck surface damage Deck surface damage
The surfacing material (usually asphalt The surfacing material (usually asphalt
based) can suffer damage from overheating based) can suffer damage from overheating
by the sun causing it to flow and rut. by the sun causing it to flow and rut.
It can also be dislodged by ice beneath the It can also be dislodged by ice beneath the
surface where rain water has leaked surface where rain water has leaked
through and subsequently frozen, or simply through and subsequently frozen, or simply
be pulled off by traffic due to insufficient be pulled off by traffic due to insufficient
adhesion to the deck. adhesion to the deck.
Deck surfacing damage adjacent to an Deck surfacing damage adjacent to an
expansion joint. expansion joint.
11.3.1.1.9 11.3.1.1.9 Salt Salt crystallisation crystallisation
This appears as a white band just above ground level due to the This appears as a white band just above ground level due to the crystallization of crystallization of
salt salt- -bearing water that has risen due to capillary action within the bearing water that has risen due to capillary action within the concrete. concrete.
Page 21 Page 21
11.4 ACCESSORIES 11.4 ACCESSORIES
The accessories on a bridge are classified as following.: The accessories on a bridge are classified as following.:
Expansion joints Expansion joints
Bearings Bearings
Parapets Parapets
Deck waterproofing Deck waterproofing
Drainage Drainage
Page 22 Page 22
11.4.1 Expansion joints 11.4.1 Expansion joints
Expansion joints are probably the most vulnerable parts of a bri Expansion joints are probably the most vulnerable parts of a bridge, dge,
exposed as they are to direct impact loads from traffic exposed as they are to direct impact loads from traffic
Effects of the environment such as severe temperature changes, U Effects of the environment such as severe temperature changes, UV light V light
from the sun, and (in some countries) salt from the sun, and (in some countries) salt- -laden water in the winter laden water in the winter
months. months.
It is small wonder that the average service life of such joints It is small wonder that the average service life of such joints is about 10 is about 10
years years
Joints should be inspected for the following. Joints should be inspected for the following.
11.4.1.1 11.4.1.1 Tracking Tracking
11.4.1.2 11.4.1.2 Cracking Cracking
11.4.1.3 11.4.1.3 Debonding Debonding
11.4.1.4 11.4.1.4 Excessive or limited movement Excessive or limited movement
11.4.1.5 11.4.1.5 Leakage Leakage
Page 23 Page 23
11.4.1.1 11.4.1.1 Tracking Tracking
This is one of the most common faults and is directly linked to This is one of the most common faults and is directly linked to the traffic flow the traffic flow
over the joint. over the joint.
This is usually worst in the nearside lanes where there is a gre This is usually worst in the nearside lanes where there is a greater percentage of ater percentage of
heavy vehicles. heavy vehicles.
It can cause severe distortion of the joint and a tendency for a It can cause severe distortion of the joint and a tendency for asphaltic joints, for sphaltic joints, for
example, to be plucked out. example, to be plucked out.
Areas of tracking need to be accurately recorded Areas of tracking need to be accurately recorded
Page 24 Page 24
11.4.1.2 11.4.1.2 Cracking Cracking
This can appear in all of the types listed above, both in the ac This can appear in all of the types listed above, both in the actual tual elastomer elastomer itself itself
and at the joint surfacing interface. and at the joint surfacing interface.
Flexible decks that have a relatively high rotation tend to be w Flexible decks that have a relatively high rotation tend to be worst affected. orst affected.
All cracked sections should be marked on a plan and photographed All cracked sections should be marked on a plan and photographed, if possible. , if possible.
Page 25 Page 25
11.4.1.3 11.4.1.3 Debonding Debonding
This is where the joint material separates from the adjacent sur This is where the joint material separates from the adjacent surfacing, facing,
and is closely associated with cracking. and is closely associated with cracking.
In severe cases where there is substantial cracking, it is possi In severe cases where there is substantial cracking, it is possible for the ble for the
joint to separate from the substrate posing a danger to users. joint to separate from the substrate posing a danger to users.
Elastomeric strips can also tend to fill with debris when in the Elastomeric strips can also tend to fill with debris when in the expanded expanded
condition, which can cause damage to the strip and corrosion of condition, which can cause damage to the strip and corrosion of the the
metal rails. metal rails.
Page 26 Page 26
11.4.1.4 11.4.1.4 Excessive or limited movement Excessive or limited movement
If the joints have been incorrectly set at the construction stag If the joints have been incorrectly set at the construction stage, then they may e, then they may
overstretch in cold weather (causing cracking and/or tearing, an overstretch in cold weather (causing cracking and/or tearing, and constituting a d constituting a
hazard to traffic) or jam tight in hot weather (causing crushing hazard to traffic) or jam tight in hot weather (causing crushing of the surfacing of the surfacing
and deck) (Figure a). and deck) (Figure a).
Inspections should be timed to coincide with such extreme condit Inspections should be timed to coincide with such extreme conditions if possible. ions if possible.
The joint may also malfunction because the design specification The joint may also malfunction because the design specification was incorrect was incorrect
(Figure b) (Figure b)
Page 27 Page 27
This can occur for a number of reasons, the most common of which This can occur for a number of reasons, the most common of which are are
Faulty or poor central reserve, Faulty or poor central reserve, kerb kerb, or footway details , or footway details
Overstretching of the insert Overstretching of the insert
Seepage of water under the cast Seepage of water under the cast- -in rails in rails
Seepage of water through or under the joint where it was bonded Seepage of water through or under the joint where it was bonded to to
the deck suggesting either that the secondary waterproof membran the deck suggesting either that the secondary waterproof membrane e
had failed or that it did not exist in the first place. had failed or that it did not exist in the first place.
Page 28 Page 28
Leakage tends to be localized, and this is borne out by the many Leakage tends to be localized, and this is borne out by the many
unsightly streaks and stains down abutments and piers (see Figur unsightly streaks and stains down abutments and piers (see Figure e
below). below).
All areas should be photographed and recorded. All areas should be photographed and recorded.
Page 29 Page 29
11.4.2 Bearings 11.4.2 Bearings
The function of bearings is to transmit loads from the deck to t The function of bearings is to transmit loads from the deck to the substructure he substructure
and to accommodate both translational and rotational deck moveme and to accommodate both translational and rotational deck movements. nts.
If for any reason these are impaired, then there is the danger o If for any reason these are impaired, then there is the danger of damage to the f damage to the
deck and supporting structure. deck and supporting structure.
Different bearing types Different bearing types
Page 30 Page 30
11.4.2 Bearings 11.4.2 Bearings
Different bearing types Different bearing types
If bearings are discovered to be loose, the If bearings are discovered to be loose, the
cause should be ascertained during the cause should be ascertained during the
inspection. inspection.
This may be due to settlement of the This may be due to settlement of the
substructure, excessive vibration from substructure, excessive vibration from
traffic, loose bolts, or severe corrosion. traffic, loose bolts, or severe corrosion.
Some malfunctioning bearings are shown Some malfunctioning bearings are shown
in Figure below. in Figure below.
Page 31 Page 31
11.4.3 Waterproofing membrane 11.4.3 Waterproofing membrane
The waterproofing membrane may be hand laid sheets or sprayed li The waterproofing membrane may be hand laid sheets or sprayed liquid and is quid and is
protected by a (20 mm) sand/asphalt carpet over which there is a protected by a (20 mm) sand/asphalt carpet over which there is a regulating regulating
layer and finally, the surfacing, as in Figure below. layer and finally, the surfacing, as in Figure below.
Damage to the membrane can Damage to the membrane can
only be detected when leakage only be detected when leakage
has taken place and is has taken place and is
identified by damp patches or identified by damp patches or
areas of crystallized salt areas of crystallized salt
deposits on the underside of deposits on the underside of
the deck. the deck.
The reason for the leak is The reason for the leak is
most likely to be poor most likely to be poor
construction in that the construction in that the
membrane was not properly membrane was not properly
adhered to the concrete or adhered to the concrete or
that it was pierced by some that it was pierced by some
plant or machinery during plant or machinery during
construction. construction.
Page 32 Page 32
11.4.4 Drainage 11.4.4 Drainage
Keeping the water out Keeping the water out or away from vulnerable parts of the bridge or away from vulnerable parts of the bridge
means that the drainage system should be kept free from blockage means that the drainage system should be kept free from blockages and s and
fracture. fracture.
Inappropriately placed outlets can lead to water blowing back on Inappropriately placed outlets can lead to water blowing back on to the to the
structure causing staining. structure causing staining.
The inspection should check for the following: The inspection should check for the following:
Standing water: Standing water: This can indicate that falls (slope) on the surfacing are This can indicate that falls (slope) on the surfacing are
not as designed (possibly due to resurfacing) and the levels sho not as designed (possibly due to resurfacing) and the levels should be uld be
checked to ensure that water will flow to the gullies. It can al checked to ensure that water will flow to the gullies. It can also indicate so indicate
blocked pipes and/or gullies, in which case blocked pipes and/or gullies, in which case rodding rodding will be necessary to will be necessary to
restore the system. restore the system.
Damp areas or staining : Damp areas or staining : The pipe runs and gully positions should be The pipe runs and gully positions should be
determined, and if damp areas are in evidence along the route th determined, and if damp areas are in evidence along the route then it is en it is
probable that they are leaking either through a damaged joint or probable that they are leaking either through a damaged joint or a a
fracture. fracture.
Page 33 Page 33
11.4.5 Parapets 11.4.5 Parapets
These may be of steel (open post and rail system) or a (closed) These may be of steel (open post and rail system) or a (closed) precast precast
concrete system. concrete system.
The inspection should record the following: The inspection should record the following:
Corrosion: Corrosion: The parapets are exposed to the aggressive environment of The parapets are exposed to the aggressive environment of
salt water splashed up by passing vehicles in wintertime. salt water splashed up by passing vehicles in wintertime.
Accidental damage: Accidental damage: Vehicle impact damage should be carefully Vehicle impact damage should be carefully
recorded noting (for steel and masonry) the length of parapet da recorded noting (for steel and masonry) the length of parapet damaged maged
and the extent to which it has been laterally displaced. Concret and the extent to which it has been laterally displaced. Concrete e
parapets rarely suffer extensive impact damage, but may have parapets rarely suffer extensive impact damage, but may have
sustained grooving and pitting. sustained grooving and pitting.
Page 34 Page 34
11.5 SUBSTRUCTURES 11.5 SUBSTRUCTURES
The substructures include all of the bridge elements below beari The substructures include all of the bridge elements below bearing level ng level
such as abutments, wing walls, and piers. such as abutments, wing walls, and piers.
They are generally of concrete and masonry and exhibit defects s They are generally of concrete and masonry and exhibit defects similar imilar
to those found in bridges of the same materials. to those found in bridges of the same materials.
Corrosion Corrosion
Cracking Cracking
Concrete erosion Concrete erosion
Page 35 Page 35
11.6 FOUNDATIONS 11.6 FOUNDATIONS
These are often These are often difficult difficult to inspect because they cannot be seen, and signs of to inspect because they cannot be seen, and signs of
weakness or failure are not readily manifest. weakness or failure are not readily manifest.
Scour: Scour:
The effect of scour is an obvious example but all too often the The effect of scour is an obvious example but all too often the problem is problem is
discovered after the event has occurred discovered after the event has occurred
For scour, in particular, prevention is better than cure and way For scour, in particular, prevention is better than cure and ways of s of
monitoring the extent of scour are what is needed on all bridges monitoring the extent of scour are what is needed on all bridges where where
scour of any kind is a real threat be it progressive degradation scour of any kind is a real threat be it progressive degradation, general , general
scour, or local scour scour, or local scour
Scour is revealed at low tides or periods of low flow, and it is Scour is revealed at low tides or periods of low flow, and it is at these at these
times that most information can be gathered. times that most information can be gathered.
Other causes: Other causes:
Other causes of movement are mining subsidence, Other causes of movement are mining subsidence, soft soft spots in the subsoil, spots in the subsoil,
seasonal changes in the water table, and, more drastically, eart seasonal changes in the water table, and, more drastically, earthquakes. hquakes.
Such movements cause cracking and spalling of the concrete, and Such movements cause cracking and spalling of the concrete, and unusual unusual
movements of bearings and expansion joints. movements of bearings and expansion joints.
Page 36 Page 36
11.7 INSPECTION EQUIPMENT 11.7 INSPECTION EQUIPMENT
11.7.1 Basic equipment 11.7.1 Basic equipment
11.7.1.1 11.7.1.1 Safety items Safety items
Safety helmet, fluorescent waistcoat, sturdy boots (preferably w Safety helmet, fluorescent waistcoat, sturdy boots (preferably with steel ith steel
caps), waterproof clothing, road cones and other traffic warning caps), waterproof clothing, road cones and other traffic warning signs, signs,
first aid box, and life jacket. first aid box, and life jacket.
11.7.1.2 11.7.1.2 General equipment General equipment
Clipboard with waterproof covering, camera, binoculars, measurin Clipboard with waterproof covering, camera, binoculars, measuring g
tapes, thermometer, ladder, hammer, chisel, timber borer, mirror tapes, thermometer, ladder, hammer, chisel, timber borer, mirror, wire , wire
brush, torch, straight edge, string line, crack width gauge, wat brush, torch, straight edge, string line, crack width gauge, waterproof erproof
pen or crayon, penknife, magnifying glass, trowel, shovel, and s pen or crayon, penknife, magnifying glass, trowel, shovel, and square quare
spike. spike.
11.7.1.3 11.7.1.3 More sophisticated equipment More sophisticated equipment
Digital camera, lap Digital camera, lap- -top computer, data top computer, data- -logger, electronic level and staff, logger, electronic level and staff,
mobile phone, battery mobile phone, battery- -operated drill, and boat. operated drill, and boat.
Page 37 Page 37
11.7.2 Permanent and mobile equipment 11.7.2 Permanent and mobile equipment
11.7.2.1 11.7.2.1 P Platforms latforms
Page 38 Page 38
11.7.2 Permanent and mobile equipment 11.7.2 Permanent and mobile equipment
11.7.2.2 11.7.2.2 Rope access Rope access
Page 39 Page 39
11.8 PLANNING AN INSPECTION 11.8 PLANNING AN INSPECTION
objectives and scope of the inspection, and to draw up a plan of objectives and scope of the inspection, and to draw up a plan of attack. attack.
This will ensure that the engineer This will ensure that the engineer s time is well spent and that the inspection is s time is well spent and that the inspection is
thorough. thorough.
The initial The initial walk walk- -over over should establish answers to the questions such as: should establish answers to the questions such as:
Are there any particular problems with access to any part of the Are there any particular problems with access to any part of the bridge? If so bridge? If so
what special equipment is required? what special equipment is required?
Will specialist engineers be required, i.e., geotechnical, marin Will specialist engineers be required, i.e., geotechnical, marine, structural, or e, structural, or
materials? materials?
Will traffic be interrupted? If so what traffic management arran Will traffic be interrupted? If so what traffic management arrangements are gements are
necessary? necessary?
How long is the inspection likely to take? How long is the inspection likely to take?
Is any non Is any non- -destructive testing likely to be needed, such as cover meter, co destructive testing likely to be needed, such as cover meter, concrete ncrete
coring equipment, carbonation equipment? This can be established coring equipment, carbonation equipment? This can be established at the at the
walk walk- -over over stage if staining, efflorescence, or rusting is in evidence. stage if staining, efflorescence, or rusting is in evidence.
Page 40 Page 40
11.8 PLANNING AN INSPECTION 11.8 PLANNING AN INSPECTION
11.8.1 Condition Ratings 11.8.1 Condition Ratings
The following general condition ratings shall be used as a guide The following general condition ratings shall be used as a guide in evaluating in evaluating
Items: Items:
Page 41 Page 41 Page 42 Page 42
Page 45 Page 45
Page 46 Page 46
Page 49 Page 49
Prepared by:
Prepared by:
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Dr. Rajai Alrousan
Appendix
Appendix
Chapter 02:
Chapter 02:
Preliminary Design
Preliminary Design
Page 01 Page 01
Page 02 Page 02
Page 03 Page 03
Page 04 Page 04
Chapter 04:
Chapter 04:
Loads on Bridge
Loads on Bridge
Live Load Placement Live Load Placement Design Equation Design Equation
Page 07 Page 07
Page 08 Page 08
Page 09 Page 09
Page 10 Page 10
Chapter 06:
Chapter 06:
Design of Slab for
Design of Slab for
Bridge Deck
Bridge Deck
Page 15 Page 15
Page 16 Page 16
Chapter 07:
Chapter 07:
Design a RC T
Design a RC T
-
-
beam bridge
beam bridge

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