Energy Management

Reduce Energy Intensity and

Carbon Emissions By Changing the Way You Use Energy

Instructor:

Waqas Khalid

Contact:
Phone:

waqaskhalid@smme.nust.edu.pk
6076
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Energy Management
Energy Management (EM) is an activity organized to optimize the use of energy by avoiding waste or recovering unused energy in processes or facilities. The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental effect. Energy management is not by chance / incident / accident. It is a Mission with a Target. Energy management is not just about implementing energy efficient technologies it's also about people. Energy management can also include employee awareness of the need to conserve power during their daily work practices. It takes a truly holistic approach to its qualified professionals An energy manager's goal is to create a culture within an organization in which being energy efficient becomes a regular business practice.

Why Energy Management is Important?

Energy Management is the key to saving energy in the organization. Much of the importance of energy saving stems from the global need to save energy The global need to save energy If it wasnt for the global need to save energy, the term Energy Management might never have even been coined

Energy Management is Important :

i. Limiting global climate change Reduce the damage to the planet earth, Earth. As a human race we would probably find things rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try to make it last. Limiting ozone depletion About half of the CFCs which have been associated with ozone depletion are used in providing energy services through refrigeration and air conditioning, and in manufacturing insulation

ii.

Why Energy Management is Important?

Improving National energy security Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in supply. Oil imports directly affect the energy security and balance of payments of our country. These oil imports must be reduced for a secure future, both politically and economically

Reduce risk
The more energy we consume, the greater the risk that energy price increases or supply shortages could seriously affect the profitability, or even make it impossible for the business/organization to continue. With energy management you can reduce this risk by reducing your demand for energy and by controlling it so as to make it more predictable.

The Value Of Energy Management

Energy management reduces the load on power plants as fewer kilowatt hours of electricity are needed. If a plant burns coal or fuel oil, then a significant amount of acid rain is produced from the sulphur dioxide emitted by the power plant. Acid rain problems then are reduced through energy management.

Less energy consumption means less petroleum field development and subsequent on-site pollution.
Less energy consumption means less thermal pollution at power plants and less cooling water discharge. Reduced cooling requirements. CFC usage and reduced ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The list could go on almost indefinitely, but the bottom line is that energy management helps improve environmental quality

The Value Of Energy Management

Significant energy and monetary savings are available through energy management. Most facilities (manufacturing plants, schools, hospitals, office buildings, etc) can save

Main objectives of Energy Management

The primary objective of energy management is to maximize profits and minimize costs and to minimize environmental effects due to fossil fuel usage Some desirable sub-objectives of energy management programs include: i. Improving energy efficiency and reducing energy use, thereby reducing costs

ii. Cultivating good communications on energy matters

iii. Developing and maintaining effective monitoring, reporting, and management strategies for wise energy usage iv. Developing interest in and dedication to the energy management

Main objectives of Energy Management

To Conclude : Energy management is vital to
National security Environmental welfare, and Economic productivity

Energy Management
Energy Management
Energy conservation Energy efficiency Combination of energy conservation & Efficiency Renewable energy

Energy management has been an important tool to help organizations meet these critical objectives for their short term survival and long-term success. In any industry, the three top operating expenses are i. Energy (both electrical and thermal), ii. Labor and iii. Materials. If one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in each of the above components, energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus energy management function constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction.

Energy Conservation Vs Energy Efficiency

Energy Conservation: refers to the efforts made to reduce energy consumption
Switch off: dont leave on standby To turn the heating/ AC notch down

Energy Efficiency: refers to save energy by adopting more efficient means

Technology Input/output 40W/500 lm 11 W/500lm
4 W/500lm
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Energy Conservation - Standby Power Consumption

Office Equipments

Losses multiply

35% eff

15% lost in T&D

16.6% conventional Lamps

Impact of energy conservation

Energy conservation: switching off light when not required

Impact of energy efficiency

Energy efficiency: use of more efficient technologies

Cost of energy efficiency

Does energy efficiency need more investment?

Energy conservation & efficiency

Combine energy efficient system with energy conservation practices

Energy Conservation & Efficiency

A win-win solution
Energy end-user Energy cost savings Commercial competitiveness Nation Investment avoided Conservation of resources and reduced energy imports Improved energy security Global environment Lower GHG and other emissions
For energy conservation, energy audit is the most formal procedure to identify what, when, and how energy is used in the building and it is the first step to improve the energy efficiency of buildings by identifying opportunities to reduce energy consumption.

Energy Pyramid Concept

The idea of the pyramid is that to efficiently control and ideally reduce energy consumption you start with the least cost option (Energy Conservation) as the base and work towards the highest cost option (Renewable Energy). Energy Conservation focuses on changing behavior to use energy in a more efficient manner. Turning off lights when not needed Setting thermostats to lower settings in the winter and higher settings in the summer Keeping windows shut and shades drawn during hot summer days Making sure air conditioning and heating filters are cleaned regularly Unplugging appliances and electronics when not in use peoples

Energy conservation behavioral changes can be made for little or no cost. The cheapest kWh is the one you never use.

Energy Pyramid Concept

Energy Efficiency involves
Using advanced and state-of-the-art technologies to provide better quality energy services with less energy. Getting the most productivity from every unit of energy. Getting the desired energy services comfortable homes, profitable businesses, convenient transportation with less energy use, less air pollution, and lower total cost. Using energy wisely and eliminating energy waste. Energy Demand can be more easily applied to commercial operations and involves shifting energy usage when possible to periods with less demand on the energy distribution system. Energy demand considerations are most applicable to electricity. For an electricity system, the challenge is to shift many of the energy-intensive operations to the time periods when off-peak rates are applicable

Energy Pyramid Concept

Renewable Energy is the peak of the pyramid and thus should be the last part of the pyramid to be built. Renewable energy technologies should be installed only after measures for energy conservation, energy efficiency and demand management have been fully implemented. A study has shown that $1 spent on these three components can yield a savings of $3 when renewable energy technologies are installed. Why install solar PV panels for an enterprise that is not already using energy in an efficient manner?

If the system is first modified to use energy in a more efficient manner, then fewer solar panels will be needed.

Energy Management Strategies Short-Term

Emphasize on energy conservation
Optimum use of existing equipment and facilities

Undertake Preliminary Energy Audit

Define the overall system to be analyzed Collect baseline data for benchmarking of energy use Conduct material and energy balance Assign costs to waste streams and obvious energy wastage Identify important areas for improving energy efficiency

Energy Management Strategies

Medium-term
Undertake detailed energy audit
Conduct material and energy balance in specific areas

Identify technical options to improve energy efficiency

Assess the economic viability of the technical options

Select suitable options and develop implementation plan

Carry out implementation

Choose the most suitable financing option
Select suitable supplier and contractor Include instrumentation for post-installation monitoring and evaluation

Energy Management Strategies

Long-term
Plan expansion or new facility
Consider energy efficiency at the designing stage

Adopt an overall approach (demand and supply)

Select the most appropriate energy-mix Define measurement and monitoring protocol

Strategic Approach for Energy Management (Key Step Approach)

Top management commitment and support
Institute an energy policy Contents: Top management commitment and middle management involvement; statement of objectives with short and long-term goals Appoint an energy manager and form a dedicated energy team Responsibility: Set target, monitor progress, and promote energy management program Form a dedicated energy team Tasks: Execute energy management activities in different departments and integrate best practices Allocate manpower and funds to achieve continuous improvement

Strategic Approach for Energy Management (Key Step Approach)

Assessing energy performance
Data collection and management Collect data by determining appropriate level of detail Account for all energy sources and document all energy uses Collect facility and operational data Adopt a system for tracking performance Establishing baseline and benchmarking Determine starting point to measure progress Compare the energy performance of facilities with industry average and best practices Conducting technical assessment and audits Assemble audit team Plan and develop audit strategy Determine improvement potential and summary report with action plan

Strategic Approach for Energy Management (Key Step Approach)

Setting performance goals
Determining scope of performance goals Organizational level Facility level Process or equipment level Establishing appropriate and realistic target dates Short-term goals of tracking and reporting progress Long-term organization-specific goals Estimating potential for improvement Review performance data (baseline, benchmark, best practices) Review technical assessments and audits Compare goals of similar organizations Establish clear, measurable goals with target dates for entire organization, facilities and units

Strategic Approach for Energy Management (Key Step Approach)

Developing action plan
Defining technical steps and targets Evaluate technical assessments and audit results Identify steps necessary for upgrading the current performances Create performance targets to achieve goals Set timeline for action Establish a system for tracking and monitoring progress

Determining roles and resources Get agreement from management and all organization areas affected by action plan Determine the internal roles and responsibilities Determine resource needs and secure resources by justification

Strategic Approach for Energy Management (Key Step Approach)

Implementing Action Plan
Creating a communication plan Develop communications strategies and materials for raising awareness Increase general awareness through new employee orientation program and poster campaigns Improve facility energy awareness by disseminating general facility facts and figures, energy performance of equipment or processes Increase awareness of managers to build support for energy management initiatives Building capacity Train staff so they understand the importance of energy performance Develop knowledge and management information systems

Strategic Approach for Energy Management (Key Step Approach)

Evaluating progress
Tracking and monitoring Perform regular updates of relevant data (daily, weekly, monthly) Conduct periodic reviews of progress to meet interim Identify necessary corrective actions Benchmarking Compare energy performance to baselines, established goals, and to peers and competitors Reviewing action plan Understand what went well and what did not (to identify best practices) and get feedback and ideas on the plan Assess changes in employee and organization awareness of energy issues Identify crucial factors for surpassing or missing targets Quantify side benefits (productivity improvement, employee comfort, reduced O&M expenditures, impact on sales, better public relations)

Strategic Approach for Energy Management (Key Step Approach)

Recognizing achievements
Providing recognition for energy management achievements

Recognize accomplishments of individual and teams

Establish recognition criteria (best energy savings ideas, greatest energy use reduction, increased savings by quantified amount, etc.)

Determine types of recognition (acknowledgements, certificates and

awards, salary increase and cash bonuses, etc.) Getting external recognition

Recognition from third parties can validate the organizations energy

management program

Basic Energy Calculations for Energy Management

The problems that organizations face from both their individual and national perspectives include: Meeting more stringent environmental quality standards, primarily related to reducing global warming and reducing acid rain

Energy management helps improve environmental quality. For example, the primary culprit in global warming is carbon dioxide, CO2

Thus, 16 pounds of methane produces 44 pounds of carbon dioxide; or 2.75 pounds of carbon dioxide is produced for each pound of methane burned Thus, energy management, by reducing the combustion of methane can dramatically reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and help reduce global warming. Commercial and industrial energy use accounts for about 45 % of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels

Basic Energy Calculations for Energy Management

1 ton of coal gives rise to 44/12 = 3.7 ton CO2 1 ton of diesel gives rise to 44/14 = 3.1 ton CO2 1 ton of natural gas gives rise to 44/16 = 2.75 ton CO2

Calculation for CO2 Emissions

When fossil fuel combustion occurs, a small amount of carbon remains as ash and soot that is not converted to greenhouse gases. Oxidation factors measure the percentage of carbon that is actually oxidized when combustion occurs. The oxidation factor is used to calculate the amount of the fuel that is contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.

Natural gas
Less than 1% left unburnt Remains as soot in the burner, stack or environment IPCC default oxidation factor = 99.5%

Oil
1.5 1 per cent left unburnt IPCC default oxidation factor = 99%

Calculation for CO2 Emissions

Coal
Range from 0.6% to 6.6% un-burnt

Primarily in the form of bottom and fly ash

IPCC default oxidation factor = 98%
1 gallon = 3785 mL. So if you want the mass of 1 gallon of gasoline, it's 1 x 3,785 x 0.65 = 2,421 grams. CO2 emissions from a gallon of gasoline = 2,421 grams x 0.99 x (44/12) = 8,788 grams = 8.8 kg/gallon = 19.4 pounds/gallon or litre equivalent

Energy Audit
Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decisionmaking in the area of energy management An energy audit is a package of services that delivers the following benefits to customers Educates and creates awareness regarding energy usage and conservation opportunities. Provides customers with recommendations which will increase

the comfort, health, safety and prolong the durability of the

property along with minimum energy conusmption. Helps protect the environment by reducing waste, pollution and carbon footprint

Energy Audit
Type of energy audit depends on
Function and type of enterprise Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired Why conduct periodic energy audits? Escalation of energy costs Changes in the relative costs of different fuels

Modifications in the production process

Degradation in equipment or process performance with time Energy audit classification Preliminary Detailed

Preliminary Energy Audit

The preliminary audit alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-through audit, is the simplest and quickest type of audit

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

Establish energy consumption in the organization Estimate the scope for saving Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention

Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings

Set a 'reference point' Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement

Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

Preliminary Energy Audit Objectives

Objectives Provide orientation on the overall energy use and its cost Track the way energy is used in the different areas Recognize problems related to energy use Identify obvious opportunities for energy savings

Good housekeeping measures

Minor changes in operating and maintenance practices

Preliminary Energy Audit: Typical Steps

i. Establish a list of data needed

Use of well-designed and formatted forms for gathering of

relevant data ii. Collect relevant data Study records of production statistics, utility bills, etc. Obtain site drawings, lay-out details and process flow diagrams, and inventory of high-energy consuming equipment and devices Interview senior management, personnel from different department (production, utility, O&M, finance, etc.)

Walk-through assessment of the plant and facilities

Walk Through Assessment

A walk through assessment is a simple process to collect a significant amount of information about a building, fleet, and other operations Walk through assessments can likely be performed by you or by a team of local energy committee (LEC) members using tools no more sophisticated than a pen, paper, Excel spreadsheet, and word processor to complete.

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Preliminary Energy Audit: Typical Steps

iii. Analyze and evaluate the data Establish the past trend, conduct historical reviews Develop energy consumption indices and highlight the relative importance of the different forms of energies Draw conclusions regarding the operating conditions and the scope for modifications Identify missing data and the lack of metering devices iv. Prepare an Action plan Produce a list of measures to be immediately implemented Recommend measures that need further and more detailed investigations Define the scope of detailed energy audit and resources needed (manpower, funding, instrumentation, etc.) Conduct brief internal meetings and awareness programs

Preliminary Energy Audit: Typical Steps

v . Lay-out and process flow diagram Overview of unit operations Important process steps Areas of material and energy use Sources of waste generation

vi. How to prepare the flow chart

Use existing drawings and records Carry out walk-through surveys

Identify various input and output streams at each process step

Preliminary Energy Audit

Examples of obvious energy saving opportunities
Leak of fuel or working fluids (steam, chilled water, compressed air, etc.)
Heat losses or gains through poorly insulated surfaces Idle running of equipment

Level of lighting, heating or cooling exceeding the actual requirements

Faulty installation of equipment Poorly adjusted burners

High pressure drops due to excessive bends and dirty filters

Defective metering or control system, etc.

Preliminary Energy Audit

Typical Energy Improvement Measures
Commercial Residential

Lighting
HVAC Pumps Motors Building Controls Boiler Improvements Domestic Hot Water Waste Heat Recovery Cogeneration, Solar, Wind, Geothermal

Lighting
Air Sealing Insulation Boiler Improvements Fuel Switching Domestic Hot Water Windows Appliances

ENERGY TERMS, DEFINITIONS & FACTS

BTU The British thermal unit (symbol Btu or sometimes BTU) is a traditional unit of energy equal to about 1,055 joules. It is approximately the amount of energy needed to heat 1 pound (0.454 kg) of water to I F KWh The kilowatt-hour (symbolized kWh) is a unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power expended for one hour (1 h) of time Tons of Refrigeration Typically, commercial and industrial refrigeration systems are rated in tons of refrigeration (TR). Historically, one TR was defined as the energy removal rate that will freeze one short ton of water at 0 C (32 F) in one day Convection, Conduction and Radiation Insulation R value Window single pain=R-1, Double=R-2, Triple=R-3

Detailed Energy Audit: Typical Steps

Steps for conducting detailed energy audit

Preparation for further gathering of data (including instrumentation

necessary) Study the important areas of the facility

Material and energy flows

Operation and maintenance practices Types and capacities of major equipment

Variation of performance with time, etc.

Analyze the way energy is used and identify scope for energy savings and energy efficiency improvements

Conduct cost-benefit analysis of the technically feasible options

Prepare a comprehensive report and present to the top management

Detailed Energy Audit: Gathering Data

Gather useful information and data
Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items of process
equipment, by end-uses, etc. Data for material balance (raw materials, intermediate and final products, recycled materials, use of waste products) Sources of energy (e.g. grid electricity or self-generation) Data of energy costs and tariffs Process and materials flow diagram Generation and distribution of energy carriers (steam, compressed air, chilled water,) Potential for energy substitution, process modifications, and the use of cogeneration Energy management procedures and in-house awareness training programs

Detailed Energy Audit: Baseline Data

Collect baseline data

Technology, processes used and equipment details

Capacity utilization Amount and type of input materials used Energy (electricity, fuels) consumption Need for energy carriers (steam, compressed air, chilled water, cooling water, etc.) Quantity and type of wastes generated Percentage rejection/reprocessing

Efficiencies/yield

Detailed Energy Audit: Identifying ECOs

Identify energy conservation opportunities
Energy substitution Appropriate fuel for efficient energy conversion Materials substitution Selection of suitable materials to reduce energy demand Energy generation Power generator, boiler, chiller, gasifier, furnace, etc. Energy distribution Transformers, cables, steam, chilled water, cooling water, compressed air Energy usage by processes Most important and major opportunity for improvement; scope for

adopting process integration

Detailed Energy Audit: Feasibility

Technical feasibility
Technology availability, skilled manpower, reliability, service, etc. Impact of energy efficiency measure on safety, quality, production or process Maintenance requirement and space availability

Economic viability
Investment Equipment, civil work, instrumentation, auxiliaries Annual operating costs Cost of capital, maintenance, manpower, energy, depreciation Annual savings Thermal energy, electricity, raw materials, waste disposal

Detailed Energy Audit: Classifying ECOs

Classify Energy conservation opportunities Low cost high return Priority projects Medium cost medium return To analyzed, engineered and budgeted for implementing in a

phased manner
High cost high return Generally complex and may require long lead time before

implementation (e.g. energy cascading, process changes)

Require careful scrutiny before funds can be committed