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Hydrostatic pressure Hydrostatic pressure is usually defined for a liquid, whose density can be considered constant, since a liquid is virtually incompressible. Cross sectional area A
Height h
Consider a cylinder of height h (m) and cross sectional area A (m 2) containing a liquid of density (kg/m 3). The weight of the liquid is Weight = mass x g Where i.e. Then mass = volume x density = V = A h Weight = mg = g V weight = g A h
kg m m3 N 3 2 m s
Now the weight of the liquid (a downward force) exerts a pressure (called hydrostatic pressure) on the base. force = weight = g A h pressure = force/area = p hydrostatic i.e. phydrostatic A = g A h phydrosatic = g h
Then
Thus hydrostatic pressure = density x g x vertical height Note that the hydrostatic pressure is a gauge pressure i.e. measured relative to the atmosphere. If we want the absolute pressure we must add the atmospheric pressure. Then p absolute = p hydrostatic + p atmospheric Note that pressure always acts normally (i.e. perpendicular to) a surface. Page 1 of 8
2. Forces on an immersed surface: Force on a vertical surface: 2.1.1 One edge in the free surface Consider a vertical plate, with one edge in the liquid free surface. The plate is b (m) long and d (m) deep b
p=gh
Fig 2
fig 3
p=gd
The hydrostatic pressure varies linearly with depth (see fig 3)it is zero (atmospheric pressure!) at the top and g d at the bottom. At any height h, the pressure is g h The total force on the surface is calculated using calculus:
free surface
dh
Page 2 of 8
Force on the element = F = p d h (pressure x area)= (gh) x (b h) Summing up over the whole area F =
d
( )
( )
Hence hydrostatic force is given by ( g) multiplied by the area (A) multiplied by the vertical depth of the centroid of the immersed surface from the liquid free surface h . i.e. 2.1.2
F = gA h
Free surface
h
b
top of plate p = gz
d G depth G
Fig 5
bottom of plate p = g(z + d)
pressure distribution
Page 3 of 8
Free surface
h
b
h
G d G
Fig 6
F=
z+d z
( g b) ( h dh) = ( g b) h dh
z
z+d
z+d
h2 F = gb 2 z
i.e.
F=
1 g b (z + d)2 (z)2 2
Then Rewriting
1 g b( z 2 + 2zd + d 2 z 2 ) 2 1 F = g b ( d 2 + 2 zd) 2 F=
d F = g b d( + z ) = ( g )( b d)( h) 2
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The COP is taken as z vertically below the free surface Then considering the element of thickness ( h), which is h below the surface Take moments about the free surface i.e. Moment of force on element = ( force on element ) ( dis tance from free surface ) = p A h
=
d3 bd3 = (g) ( ) 3 3
But
then z =
gb d3 g FS sec ond moment about the free surface = = F 3 g Ah first moment about the free surface
Page 5 of 8
AREA A
Consider a rectangle of area A, of side b and depth d. then the parallel axis theorem states EE= = GG + A h
_2
bd3 , 12
A = bd
and
h=
d 2
EE =
bd3 d2 bd3 + bd = 12 4 3
+ Ah 2 GG Ah 2 GG Note : z = FS = GG = + = +h Ah Ah Ah Ah Ah
Page 6 of 8
Inclined surface:
I
free surface
z
F G
y
x
_
COP
Note that the hydrostatic force F = gA h = gA y sin normal to the surface and the depth of the Centre of Pressure is given by values taken along the inclined surface:
sec ond moment of area about free surface GG + A y x= = _ first moment of area about free surface Ay
_2
Page 7 of 8
4. Buoyancy Force
When a body floats in equilibrium, there must be a balance in forces, and upward forces must equal downward forces. The downward force is the weight of the body W and the upward force is the buoyancy force B. The buoyancy force, from Archimedes principle, is the weight of water displaced. Then if the volume of water displaced is V, the weight of water B = g V. This acts through the centre of volume of the displaced water, the centre of buoyancy. But the buoyancy force is the net sum of all the hydrostatic pressure forces in the vertical (upward) plane. For simplicity, consider a rectangular pontoon, of horizontal sides b and and the depth of water displaced h.
free surface
free surface b h
The pressures on the side vary from (0) at the top to ( g h)at the bottom. However these forces have no vertical component and hence do not contribute to the upward force, but do need to be resisted by the structure of the vessel. Upward force = area x pressure = (b ) ( g h) but b h is the displaced volume V, hence upward force = g V = buoyancy force B
Page 8 of 8