8.

4 Biodiversity
Group 6 : Daviena Subramaniam Kavita Gunasagaran Liew Yin Ting Sophia Lim Kim Yen Priyatharishini A/P R.Ravi

Biodiversity (8.4)
Biodiversity refers to diverse species of plants and animals interacting with one another on Earth. Organisms need a classification because there are many of them in the world.

Classification of organisms into the five kingdoms Monera

Compose of prokaryotic organisms Unicellular have cell walls, no membrane- bound nuclei and organelles. Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic Typical shapes: rod, round, spiral Examples: cyanobacteria

Animalia
Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes Well-developed tissues Examples: mammals, fish, reptiles

Protista
unicellular, algae, protozoa Membrane-bound nuclei and organelles. Autotrophic heterotrophic or both Examples : spirogyra, amoeba, paramecium All land plants Multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes, immobile, photosynthetic Have cell membrane, cell walls Examples: flowering plants, fern Multicellular eukaryotes Some have hyphae called mycelium They have no chlorophyll Examples: yeast, mucor.sp , mushrooms

Plantae

Fungi

Hierarchy in the classification of organisms

1. Living organisms are classified into seven hierarchical levels according to their basic classes 2. The largest unit is the kingdom, contains the largest number of organisms. 3. The number of organisms in each unit decreases from kingdom to species.
KINGDOM
PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY

GENUS SPECIES

Category Kingdom Phylum

House Fly Animalia Arthropoda

Human Animalia Chordata

Corn Plantae Trachaeophyta

Mouse Animalia Chordata

Class
Order Family Genus Species

Insecta
Diptera Muscidae Musca M.Domestica

Mammalia
Primates Homonidae Homo H.Sapiens

Angiospermae

Mammalia

Glumnifloflorae Rodentia Maydeae Zea Z.Mays Muroidae Mus Rattus

Each organism is given a scientific name based on the Linnaeus binomial system. Each organism has two names in Latin The first name begins with a capital letter, refers to the genus The second name begins with a small letter, refers to the species Examples:
Organisms Genus Species
Scientific name

Human Homo Sapiens

Wolf Canus lupis

Frog Rana pipiens Rana pipiens

Homo sapiens Canus lupis

prepared by Daviena

THE IMPACT OF MICROORGANIMS ON LIFE

TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS

BACTERIA
Bacteria are prokaryotic, microscopic organisms whose single cells have neither a membranebounded nucleus nor other membrane-bounded organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The can be rod shaped (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spiral shaped (spirochetes).

VIRUSES
Viruses are very different from Fungi and Bacteria in that they can only reproduce within a host cell, and they can infect eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (humans, plants, animals and bacteria). They reproduce at incredible rates, and they are acellular, with no organelles. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and fungi, and they can lay dormant for long periods of time until conditions are right to begin to reproduce within a host cell. 4 years ago

FUNGI
FUNGI ARE EUKARYOTES, AND AS SUCH CAN BE MORE DIFFICULT TO KILL WHEN CAUSING SICKNESS IN HUMANS OR ANIMALS. THE REPRODUCE BY SPORES, AND CAN BE ASEXUAL OR SEXUAL, THEY ARE USUALLY NON-MOTILE, AND LIKE PLANTS HAVE ALTERATION OF GENERATIONS.

ALAGAE
Algae are a very large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length

PROTOZOA
PROTOZOA ARE A DIVERSE GROUP OF UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS, MANY OF WHICH ARE MOTILE. ORIGINALLY, PROTOZOA HAD BEEN DEFINED AS UNICELLULAR PROTISTS WITH ANIMAL-LIKE BEHAVIOR

PREPARED BY KAVITA

The effects of abiotic components on the activity of microorganisms

Temperature
Inactive at low temperature The optimum temperature between 35c and 40c Beyond 60c the growth of microorganisms is inhibited Microorganisms and the spores can be destroyed at a temperature of about 121c

Light intensity
- Prefer dark or low intensities - High intensities of sunlight or ultraviolet rays can kill microorganisms. - Algae and photosynthetic bacteria need light to photosynthesise.

pH value - Most bacteria prefer slightly alkaline condition (pH 7.4) - Moulds, yeast and protozoans prefer acidic conditions (pH4.5-pH5.0) - Extreme pH can kill microorganisms Nutriens - All microorganisms except virus need nutriens and water for reproduction and growth - Without nutrients or water, microorganisms will die or form spores.

THE ROLE OF USEFUL MICROORGANISMS

Decomposition
- Carried out by a group of saprophytic bacteria and fungi, called decomposers. - Secret enzymes that break down complex organic nutrients into simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and molecules, this reduces pollution by preventing the accumulation of the remains of decaying organisms. - Maintain life on Earth by recycling and released nutrients into the soil.

NITROGEN CYCLE
The nitrogen cycle allows nitrogen to be utilized by organisms and release to the physical environment. Plants can only absorb nitrogen in the form of ammonium , nitrite or nitrate ions. Nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Nostocs sp. (lives in the soil ) and Rhizobium sp.(lives in the roots nodules of legiminous plants) can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium compounds (NH3 and NH4) through a process called nitrogen fixation. Nitrates are taken up by the roots of plants and converted into plant proteins.

 When the animals eat the plants, the organic nitrogen is transferred into the body of animals and becomes animal protein. Waste materials, plant and animals which die and decompose are converted into ammonium compounds. Ammonium compounds are converted into nitrites and nitrates by nitrifying bacteria through a process called nitrification. Ammonia converted into nitrites (NO2) by nitrites. Nitrites converted into nitrates (NO3) by nitrates. The cycle is balanced by a continuous return of nitrogen to the atmosphere by denitrification which break down nitrates and release nitrogen back into the atmosphere.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMAN

- Symbiotic bacteria in human colon synthesise vitamin B12 and vitamin K. - Deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to anaemia, vitamin K needed for blood clotting.

ALIMENTARY CANAL AF TERMITES

- Termites feed on wood which contains cellulose, they do not have the enzymes (cellulase) to digest the cellulose. - Trichonympa sp. Is a mutualistic protozoans present in the alimentary canal of termites and secrete cellulase. Prepared by Liew Yin Ting

The effect of harmful microorganisms

1.Harmful microorganisms can spoil the food and substances. 2.Microorganisms that cause diseases are called pathogens. 3.Organisms that transmit the pathogens are called vectors. HOW THE DISEASES SPREAD Direct contact -a contagious disease can be spread by contact with an infected person or using their personal items such as towels,clothing. -examples : ringworm caused by fungi,AIDS and syphilis through sexual intercourse. Vectors -malaria is caused by plasmodium sp.transmitted by the mosquito bite as a vector. -housefly can cause food poisioning and spread cholera. Airborne and droplet transmission -airborne transmission is a method where the pathogens can change into spores and then transmitted by air. -droplet transmission is a method where liquid droplets of the infected person enter other people respiratory system. Food and water -microorganisms enter the alimentary canal through: contaminated food and water, unwashed hands and the faeces of infected people -examples: contaminated water.

Transmission of diseases
Pathogen/Vectors : Viruses Disease : Dengue fever Method of transmission : Vector,through the bite of an infected Aedes. Signs and symptoms : High fever, rashes,severe joint and muscle pain,headaches,mosquito nausea and vomiting.

Pathogen/Vectors : Human Immunodeficiency virus(HIV) Disease : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Method of transmission : -unprotected sex with an infected partner - blood transfusion - sharing of contaminated needles - from infected pregnant mother to child Signs and symptoms : Weight loss,diarrhoea,fatigue , fever, diseases of eyes,lungs,mouth,throat.

Pathogen/Vectors

: Viruses

Disease : Hepatitis A Method of transmission : transmitted through contaminated water and food Disease : Hepatitis B Method of transmission : transmitted through unprotected sexual contact,needles and contact with contaminated blood. Signs and symptoms : Jaundice,loss of appetite,fatigue Pathogen/Vectors : Coronavirus Disease : Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Method of transmission : contact with infected persons or objects contaminated with infectious droplet. Signs and symptoms : High fever, headaches,rashes,muscular stiffness ,loss of appetite,dry cough

Pathogen/Vectors : Bacteria(vibrio cholerae),Housefly Disease : Cholera Method of transmission : Contaminated food or water Sign and symptoms : -Profuse and watery diarrhoea - Vomiting Pathogen/Vectors : Bacteria ( such as Salmonella) Disease : Food poisoning Method of transmission : contaminated food or water Signs and symptoms : diarrhoea,vomiting,fever,abdominal pain

Pathogen/Vectors : Protozoa,Anopheles Disease : Malaria Method of transmission : Vector, through the bite of an infected female Anopheles Signs and symptoms : High fever,rashes,severe joint, and muscle pain,headaches,mosquito nausea and vomiting.

Pathogen/Vectors : Fungi Disease : Ringworm (Tinea corporis) Method of transmission : Direct contact Signs and symptoms : Red spots like rashes on the skin,itchiness on infected area Methods of controlling pathogens Vaccines -a suspension of dead or weakened bacteria or viruses which is inoculated into the body to induce the production of antibodies.Example:BCG Antibiotics -Penicillin and streptomycin are produced by microorganisms which inhibit the growth or kill other microorganisms,esp.bacteria Antiseptics -used on cuts and wounds to kill and inhibit the growth of microorganisms.Examples:acriflavin , iodine solution. Disinfectants -solutions used to sterilise surgical equipment,kill microorganisms on the floor.Examples:phenol,formaldehyde. PREPARED BY:SOPHIA,4P

The use of microorganisms biotechnology.

Biotechnology is defined as the application of organisms or biological processes in the manufacturing and servicing industries.

Production of antibiotics, vaccines and hormones.

* Antibiotics are obtained from microorganisms * streptomyces is produced by Streptomyces sp., penicillin is produced by penicillium chrysogenum, both used to treat infections. * Sabine vaccine used to treat poliomyelities. * Modified bacteria are used to produce the hormone insulin on a large scale.

Cleaning of oil spills.

* genetically engineered bacteria are used to clean the oil spills. * these bacteria convert the oil into less harmful molecules which are environment friendly.

Waste Treatment.
* Sewage from household and industries is piped into large settling tanks in sewage treatment plants. * Aerobic bacteria in the sewage decompose organic matter . * The sludge the settles at the bottom of the settling tanks is pumped into the sedimentation tanks where fermentation takes place. * Here, anearobic bacteria continue to decompose the organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide. * The methane gas collected is used as a fuel. * The digested sludge is rich in nitrates and phosphates, and is dried to be used as fertilisers by farmers.

Food Processing.
* Fermentation by the yeast in bread making produce carbon dioxide which helps the dough to rise. * Beer is brewed from barley grains. * Wine is made by the fermentation of grape juice, ethanol and carbon dioxide are released. * Soy sauce is made from fermented soy bean by the fungi. * Yoghurt is made from fermentation of milk using bacteria Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophillus which convert sugar into lactic acid that coagulates casein (milk protein). * Cheese is made by mixing bacteria (for example, Streptococcus sp.) with the enzyme rennin. The bacteria ferment milk sugar to lactic acid. The solid part of the milk (the curd) is seperated from the liquid portion (the whey).The curd are pressed and moulded and then left to mature or ripen.

Production of biodegradeble plastic (bioplastic).

* Bioplastic such as Biopol can be broken down into inorganic compounds by bacteria. * Bioplastic is produced by culturing bacteria such as Erwina sp. In nutrients(glucose). * A specific nutrient (nitrogen) is then depleted from the culture medium. * The bacteria react by producing bioplastic as a storage component in their cells. * Bioplastic is used to make credit cards, bottles, medical gums.

Production of energy from biomass.

* Two sources of energy that are generated through the activities of microorganisms are biogas and gasohol. * Biogas is a gas produced by the anaerobic fermentation of organic matter or waste in a bioreactor. * Gasohol or biofuel is a combination of 10 % ethanol and 99 % petrol. * Sugar cane and maize are the main sources of gasohol. * The cane or maize is crushed and sucrose is extracted to form a syrup contains glucose and fructose, the fermentation of this syrup by yeast will produce ethanol.

8.6 Appreciating Biodiversity.

The Importance of Preservation and Conservation of Biodiversity.
* Organisms and ecosystems provide many useful products such as food, medicine and sites for recreational activities and research. * Human activities such as deforestation have disturbed the ecological equilibrium which leads to the extinction of many species of organism. * Conservation refers to the efforts made in maintaining the quality of the natural environments and their biological resources. For example, replanting the trees. Preservation refers to the efforts in protecting the earths diverse ecosystems and wildlife species which are threatened with extinction. Prepared by Priya