KINGDOMOFSAUDIARABIA MinistryofHigherEducation

UmmAlQuraUniversity
CollegeofEngineeringandIslamicArchitecture

ElectricalEngineeringDepartment

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS (802312-4) Laboratory Manual

(Spring 2011: Term-2, 1431/1432H)

Prepared by: Dr Iqbal Khan Dr Tarek Abdolkader Dr Waheed Younis

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: March 1, 2011

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................2 LABORATORY SAFETY .....................................................................2 HOW TO WRITE A LAB REPORT ....................................................4 HOW TO WRITE PRELAB REPORT ................................................5

EXPERIMENT #1 ......................................................................................6 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER ............6

EXPERIMENT #2 ....................................................................................13 INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS .13

EXPERIMENT #3 ....................................................................................22 INTEGRATOR, DIFFERENTIATOR & VOLTAGE FOLLOWER 22

EXPERIMENT #4 ....................................................................................32 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP .............................32

EXPERIMENT #5 ....................................................................................37 RC-PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING BJT ................................37

MINI-PROJECT 1 ...................................................................................41 MINI-PROJECT 2 ...................................................................................42

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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INTRODUCTION
This manual has been prepared for use in the course 802312-4, Electronic Circuits. The laboratory exercises are devised is such a way as to reinforce the concepts taught in the lectures. Before performing the experiments, the student must be aware of the basic laboratory safety rules for minimizing any potential dangers. The students must complete and submit the pre-lab report of each exercise before performing the experiment. The objective of the experiment must be kept in mind throughout the lab experiment.

LABORATORY SAFETY
Safety in the electrical engineering laboratory, as everywhere else, is a matter of the knowledge of potential hazards, following safety regulations and precautions, and common sense. Observing safety precautions is important due to pronounced hazards in any electrical engineering laboratory. All the UQU Electrical Engineering Students, Teaching Assistants, Lab Engineers, and Lab technicians are required to be familiar with the LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR THE UQU ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE LAB AREAS published on the department web-page. Practice electrical safety at all times while constructing, analyzing and troubleshooting circuitry. Do not accompany any drinks or water with you inside the Lab. If you observed an electrical hazard in the lab area NOTIFY THE INSTRUCTOR/LAB ASSISTANT IMMEDIATELY! Acquaint yourself with the location of the following safety items within the lab: a. fire extinguisher b. first aid kit c. Fire-exit d. telephone and emergency numbers Department/Person Telephone Fire-Department Emergency 0 - 998 Dean College of Engineering & Islamic 0 - 5281155 / 1177 Architecture / Secretary EE Department Chair / Secretary 1024 / 1203 Dean of Students Affairs: 0 - 5561916 0 - 5563478 & 0 - 5562524 / x 6828 / x UQU University Service /Security 6027 UQU Medical Clinic/ Emergency/ 0 - 5589953/ x5658 / x5699 Reception
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Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

LABORATORY SAFETY REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. YES OR NO: Have you read the Laboratory Safety Guidelines for the UQU Electrical Engineering Undergraduate Lab Areas? 2. What should you do if an emergency situation occurs in the laboratory? 3. In the event of a fire, police, or medical emergency do you know the emergency telephone number? Write it down. 4. TRUE OR FALSE: There is an increased risk of electric shock if you enter the lab area bare feet. 5. TRUE OR FALSE: There is no increased risk of electric shock and the equipment is not affected in any way if food and drinks are allowed in the lab area. 6. TRUE OR FALSE: The students may be allowed to work alone in any lab area without the supervision of Teaching Assistant (TA) or Course Professor. 7. Fill in the blanks: a. Voltages above ________ Vrms AC are dangerous. b. Voltages above ________ DC are dangerous. 8. TRUE OR FALSE: In the event of fire emergency use elevator to evacuate faster.

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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HOW TO WRITE A LAB REPORT

A lab report for each experiment is to be submitted by each member (student) of a team one week after the lab session is completed. The lab report must be type written in the MSWord (Times-Roman 12 font) format and it must contain the following: 1. Cover page containing: Electronic Circuits 802312-4 Experiment #______ Experiment Title: _________________________________

Group #: ___________ Your Name: ________________ & I.D. #: _________________ 2. Objectives: Not copied from the lab manual 3. Specifications of Equipment Used: 4. Procedure: Steps you did in the lab. It is not copied from the lab manual 5. Block Diagram or Circuit Diagram should be included 6. Result or Analysis: Compare the Pre-lab results with those obtained in the experiment. Summary of what you discovered. (attach the pre-lab with the lab report) 7. Answers to Questions: Answer to observation questions in the lab experiment, lab review questions and lab safety review questions at the end of the experiment in a written form (MSWord document) 8. Conclusion: The conclusions based on the experiment and other observations must be clearly discussed in the laboratory report. 9. Remarks or Comments: You may write your comments regarding your experience of each lab experiment.

(The laboratory report will be graded for content and written English)

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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HOW TO WRITE PRELAB REPORT

Pre-lab report must be completed and submitted before the start of each experiment. The pre-lab report is graded and is part of your lab grades. The Pre-lab should be in the following format: 1. Cover page containing: - Electronic Circuits 802213-4 Experiment #______ - Experiment Title: _________________________________ - Group #: ___________ - Your Name: ________________ & I.D. #: _________________ 2. Solution of Pre-Lab Questions in MSWord, New Times Roman, Font: 12 , if the solution is descriptive, otherwise hand written solution is also appropriate.

You may need a copy of this pre-lab to compare your solution with the lab experiment measurements.

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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EXPERIMENT #1 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE:
At the completion of this experiment, students will be able to: I. demonstrate the frequency response of single-stage amplifier. II. describe the effect of the emitter by-pass capacitor.

BACKGROUND:
An amplifier is a device in which one of the output signal parameters (either voltage or current) is controlled by any one of the input signal parameters. The relation should be proportional, with the constant of proportionality represents the gain of the amplifier. RC coupled amplifier is a common-emitter transistor amplifier configuration (see Figure 1). The amplifier given in Figure 1 is biased using potential divider biasing circuit. Capacitor elements are used for the coupling of different stages of the amplifier. The resistor RE is used for bias stabilization

Figure 1 RC-coupled amplifier with voltage divider biasing

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The dc operating point (VCE , IC) depends on the values of RE and RC resistors. The values of VCE and IC are not independent. They are related through a linear relationship, which is called the dc load line. The dc operating point (Q-point) can be one of the points of the load line. Q-point must be set so that the signal variations at the input terminal are amplified and accurately reproduced at the output terminal. The capacitors in the circuit determine the frequency response of the amplifier. For dc bias, the reactance of these capacitors is infinitely high, so they act as an open circuit. This prevents the change of dc bias point due to adjacent stages. Sometimes, a by-pass capacitor is put in parallel with the emitter resistance RE. The ac voltage gain is given by:

Av =

RC re + Z E

where re si the ac emitter resistance and ZE is the impedance from the emitter to ground. Referring to Fig. 2, ZE is RE1 + RE2 in parallel with XCE.

PRE-LAB:
The following pre-lab must be completed and submitted before the start of this experiment. The pre-lab is graded and is part of your lab grades. Solve the following exercises on separate sheets of paper and submit your solution before the start of the lab experiment. You may need a copy of this pre-lab to compare your solution with the lab experiment measurements. Analyze the circuit shown in Figure 2 to determine: 1- The dc bias point VCE , IC. 2- The voltage gain at frequencies f =100 Hz, 1 kHz, and 100 kHz 3- Assume that the capacitor CE is removed and recalculate the voltage gain at the same frequencies given in 2.

Figure 2 : Single-Stage Amplifier with by-pass capacitor.

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011 Page 7

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
DC Power Supply Function Generator 2x BJT transistor (BC550) Capacitors (3x +47F, 2x +100F) Resistors 2x (100, 470, 1k, 3.3k) Resistors 1x (10k, 47k, 100k) Digital Multimeter (DMM).

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:

1 Constructthecircuitasshowninfigure2.

2 Measure the operating point of the amplifier. (disconnect AC sourcetheCapacitorsCSandCC) VCE=_________,VBE=_________,VBC=_________,IC=________.

3- Apply constant VS of 500 mV (rms). 4- Measure Vi and VO for different frequencies ranged from 20Hz to 20kHz. Fill your results in table-I. 5- Calculate the gain = VO/Vi , in each step.

Table-I: Input and Output Voltages.

f(Hz)

Vi(Vrms)

VO(Vrms)

Gain. f (Hz) Vi (Vrms) VO (Vrms) Gain.

6- Plot the frequency response of the amplifier f (Hz) against Vo/Vi on a log-scale, using your results in table-I. 7- Now, remove the emitter by-pass capacitor CE.

8 Measuretheoperatingpointoftheamplifier. VCE=_________,VBE=_________,VBC=_________,IC= _________.

9- Apply constant VS of 500 mV (rms). 10- Measure Vi and VO for different frequencies ranged from 20Hz to 20kHz. Fill your results in table-II.
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11-

Calculate the gain = VO/Vi , in each step.

Table-II: Input and Output Voltages without CE connected

f(Hz)
12-

Vi(Vrms)

VO(Vrms)

Gain. f (Hz) Vi (Vrms) VO (Vrms) Gain.

Plot the frequency response of your result in table-II on a log-scale.

___________________________________ Instructors Signature

_______________ Date

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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LAB REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Measure the operating point of the amplifier in figure 1 and compare the measured values with those obtained theoretically. 2. What is the effect of the by-pass capacitor of the amplifier in figure 2? 3. From the results in table-I, find the cut-off frequency. 4. From the results in table-II, find the cut-off frequency.

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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EXPERIMENT #2 INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS

OBJECTIVE:
At the completion of this experiment, students will be able to: I. Design an inverting voltage amplifier using 741 type operational amplifier for a gain of -10 and to measure its frequency response. II. Design a non-inverting voltage amplifier using 741 type operational amplifier for a gain of 11 and to measure its frequency response.

BACKGROUND:
An inverting amplifier is shown in Figure 1. Its function is to invert input voltage and level its value with a controlled amount according to the values of the resistors Ri and Rf. Assuming ideal Op-Amp, the overall (closed-loop) voltage gain is given by:

Av =

V out R = f V in Ri

A non-inverting amplifier is shown in Figure 2. The input is now connected to the non-inverting terminal of the Op-Amp. The function of non-inverting amplifier is to control the level of a certain input voltage preserving its polarity. The overall voltage gain for an ideal Op-Amp is given by:

Av =

V out R = 1+ f V in Ri

Figure 1 Inverting Amplifier

Figure 2 Non-inverting Amplifier

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Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

PRE-LAB:
The following pre-lab must be completed and submitted before the start of this experiment. The pre-lab is graded and is part of your lab grades. Solve the following exercises on separate sheets of paper and submit your solution before the start of the lab experiment. You may need a copy of this pre-lab to compare your solution with the lab experiment measurements.
1- Determine the closed-loop gain and the input impedance of the inverting amplifier of Figure 3 for Rf = 100 k. 2- Repeat 1 for Ri = 1 k, Rf = 10 k 3- Determine the closed-loop gain and the input impedance of the noninverting amplifier of Figure 4 4- Repeat 1 for Ri = 1 k, Rf = 10 k 5- Comment on the results

Figure 3 Pre-Lab questions 1, 2

Figure 4 Pre-Lab questions 3, 4

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
2x DC Power Supply Function Generator 741 IC Op-Amp Resistors (1k, 10k, 100k) Digital multi-meter

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:

PARTI:InvertingAmplifier: a. InvertingDCgain
Figure 5 : Inverting Amplifier.

1- Construct the circuit as shown in figure 5. 2- Use R = 1 k. 3 ConnecttheOpAmpDCsupplyvoltage VCC = 12 V.

4 UseVSasaDCsupplyvoltageof500mV. 5 VaryRFfrom0to20k atconstantrate. 6 MeasureVOforeachvalueofRF,thenrecorditintableI. 7 CalculatetheclosedloopgainVO/VSineachstepintableI. 8 PlotGainversusRFusingproperscaleusingdataintableI. 9 DeterminethevalueofRFatwhichthegainis10.
TableI:GainatdifferentvaluesofRFforInvertingAmplifierofFig.5.

RF(k)

VO (V)

Gain.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
___________________________________ Instructors Signature
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_______________ Date
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b. FrequencyResponse:
1- Keep the circuit connected in part (a) with RF = 10 k. 2- Use VS AC supply voltage (Function Generator). 3- Using DMM measure the ac voltage of VS . Vary the amplitude until the reading of DMM gives 500 mV(rms). 4- Vary the frequency (f ) from 20 to 20kHz at constant rate. 5- Measure VO for each f , then record it in table-II. 6- Calculate the Gain , then record it in table-II. 7- Plot the frequency response of the amplifier Vo/Vi against f (Hz) on a logscale, using your results in table-II. Table-II: Input and Output Voltages.

f(Hz)

VO(Vrms)

Gain. f (Hz) VO (Vrms)

Gain.

___________________________________ Instructors Signature

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

_______________ Date
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PARTII:NoninvertingAmplifier: a. NoninvertingDCgain
Figure 6 : Non-inverting Amplifier.

1- Construct the circuit as shown in figure 6. 2- Use RF = 100 k. 3 ConnecttheOpAmpDCsupplyvoltage VCC = 12 V.

4 UseVSasaDCsupplyvoltageof500mV. 5 VaryRfrom0to20k atconstantrate. 6 MeasureVOforeachvalueofR,thenrecorditintableI. 7 CalculatetheclosedloopgainVO/VSineachstepintableI. 8 PlotGainversusRusingproperscaleusingdataintableI. 9 DeterminethevalueofRatwhichthegainis11.

TableI:GainatdifferentvaluesofresistanceRforNoninvertingAmplifierofFig.6.

R(k)

VO (V)

Gain.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
___________________________________ Instructors Signature
Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

_______________ Date
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b. FrequencyResponse:
1- Keep the circuit connected in part (a) with R = 10 k. 2- Use VS AC supply voltage (Function Generator). 3- Using DMM measure the ac voltage of VS . Vary the amplitude until the reading of DMM gives 500 V(rms). 4- Vary the frequency (f ) from 20 to 20kHz at constant rate. 5- Measure VO for each f , then record it in table-II. 6- Calculate the Gain , then record it in table-II. 7- Plot the frequency response of the amplifier Vo/Vi against f (Hz) on a logscale, using your results in table-II. Table-II: Input and Output Voltages.

f(Hz)

VO(Vrms)

Gain. f (Hz) VO (Vrms)

Gain.

___________________________________ Instructors Signature

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

_______________ Date
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Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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LAB REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1 Compare your results for inverting amplifier with VO/VS =Rf /R . Find thepercentageerror. 2 Compare your results for noninverting amplifier with Findthepercentageerror. 3 Whatisthemaximumoutputvoltagethatcanbeobtained? 4 Determinethecutofffrequencyoftheobtainedfrequencyresponses. 5 IfthevalueoftheresistorRisincreased,whatwillhappen?

VO R = 1 + f . VS R

6 IfthevalueoftheresistorRFisincreased,whatwillhappen?

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EXPERIMENT #3 INTEGRATOR, DIFFERENTIATOR & VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

OBJECTIVE:
At the completion of this experiment, students will be able to I. design an inverting voltage integrator using 741 type operational amplifier for a time constant of 200s and observe the output wave shape for a square wave input of appropriate frequency. II. design an inverting voltage differentiator using 741 type operational amplifier for time constant of 200 s and observe the output wave shape for a triangular wave input of appropriate frequency. III. study the voltage follower constructed from 741 op-amp.

THEORY/BACKGROUND:
I. Integrator: An op-amp integrator simulates the integration function, which is a summing process that determines the total Vin area under the curve of a function. The opamp integrator circuit is depicted here. It can be shown (section 13.3 of the text book) that the output voltage (for a constant input voltage) is given by: .

Vout
R

Figure 1. Op-amp integrator

circuit

In other words, the output voltage will be a ramp function for a constant input voltage which is the characteristic of an integrator. Slope of the ramp is determined by magnitude of input voltage and RC (also called the time constant). Maximum value of the ramp is determined by the supply voltage of the op-amp.
II. Differentiator: An op-amp differentiator simulates the mathematical function of differentiation. The op-amp differentiator Vin circuit is shown here. Again it can be proven that the output voltage (for a steadily increasing input voltage) is given by: . In other words, output voltage depends upon the rate of change of input voltage

Vout

Figure 2. Op-amp differentiator circuit

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( ) which is the characteristic of the differentiator. Magnitude of the output voltage is determined by the slope of the input voltage and RC (also called the time constant). Maximum value of the output voltage is determined by the supply voltage of the op-amp.
III. Voltage Follower: We know that for the non-inverting amplifier (figure 3), the Vin output voltage is: Vout .

If in this circuit,

is replaced by a short
R1

R2

circuit and is replaced by open circuit, the output voltage become and the new circuit will be called voltage follower (figure 4).

Figure 3. Non-inverting amplifier

In voltage follower, the output voltage is same as the input voltage for a certain range of frequencies.
Vin Vout

Figure 4. Voltage follower

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PRE-LAB:
The following pre-lab must be completed and submitted before the start of this experiment. The pre-lab is graded and is part of your lab grades. Solve the following exercises on separate sheets of paper and submit your solution before the start of the lab experiment. You may need a copy of this pre-lab to compare your solution with the lab experiment measurements. You want to design a 741 op-amp based integrator (figure 1), with a time constant of 200s. 1. First you want to choose appropriate values of R and C. If you choose R=1k, what should be the value of C? If C is chosen as 0.01F, what should be the value of R? 2. If input voltage is 3 volt constant, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and output waveforms for 5 mSec. [All the plots should be made on proper graph paper with correct units and scales on both axis.] 3. If input voltage is 1 volt constant, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and output waveforms for 5 mSec. 4. If input voltage is 1 volt constant, supply voltage for op-amp is 10 volt, draw the input and output waveforms for 5 mSec. 5. If the input voltage is a square wave of 5 volt peak-to-peak and 10kHz, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and output waveforms. 6. If the input voltage is a square wave of 5 volt peak-to-peak and 1kHz, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and output waveforms. 7. If the input voltage is a square wave of 5 volt peak-to-peak and 100Hz, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and output waveforms. II. You want to design a 741 op-amp based differentiator (figure 2), with a time constant of 200s. 1. Choose R and C of appropriate value. 2. If input voltage is a ramp function of 10kV/sec, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and output waveforms for 5s. 3. If input voltage is a ramp function of 50kV/sec, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and output waveforms for 5s. 4. If input voltage is a ramp function of 100kV/sec, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and output waveforms for 5s. 5. If the input voltage is a triangular waves of 5 volt peak-to-peak and 100Hz, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and out waveforms. 6. If the input voltage is a triangular waves of 5 volt peak-to-peak and 1kHz, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and out waveforms. 7. If the input voltage is a triangular waves of 5 volt peak-to-peak and 10kHz, supply voltage for op-amp is 15 volt, draw the input and out waveforms. III. In a voltage follower, if the output voltage is same as the input voltage, what is the benefit of it? Where the voltage follower is used? I.

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

DC Power Supply Function Generator 741 IC Op-Amp Resistors (2x 1k) Capacitors (2x 0.1F) Digital Multimeter Oscilloscope.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:
PART I: Integrator:

1234567891011121314-

Construct the circuit as shown in figure 1. Use R and C as computed in pre-lab. Connect the Op-Amp DC supply voltage as 15 V. Use Vin as a Square-wave signal voltage of 5Vp-p. Set the frequency to 10 kHz. Use the Oscilloscope to display Vin waveform on Channel-1 and Vout waveform on Channel-2. Plot these waveforms. (neatly) Change the input frequency to 1 kHz. Use the Oscilloscope to display Vin waveform on Channel-1 and Vout waveform on Channel-2. Plot these waveforms. (neatly) Change the frequency to 100 Hz. Use the Oscilloscope to display Vin waveform on Channel-1 and Vout waveform on Channel-2. Plot these waveforms. (neatly) Compare these waveforms with your waveforms from pre-lab.

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___________________________________ Instructors Signature

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

_______________ Date
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PART II: Differentiator:

1234567891011121314-

Construct the circuit as shown in figure 2. Use R and C as computed in pre-lab. Connect the Op-Amp DC supply voltage 15 V. Use Vin as a Triangular-wave signal voltage of 5Vp-p. Set the frequency to 100Hz. Use the Oscilloscope to display Vin waveform on Channel-1 and Vout waveform on Channel-2. Plot these waveforms. (neatly) Change the frequency to 1 kHz. Use the Oscilloscope to display Vin waveform on Channel-1 and Vout waveform on Channel-2. Plot these waveforms. (neatly) Change the frequency to 10 kHz. Use the Oscilloscope to display Vin waveform on Channel-1 and Vout waveform on Channel-2. Plot these waveforms. (neatly) Compare these waveforms with your waveforms from pre-lab.

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___________________________________ Instructors Signature

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_______________ Date
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PART III: Voltage Follower (Buffer):

1234567-

Construct the circuit as shown in figure 3. Connect the Op-Amp DC supply voltage 15 V. Use an AC source for Vin. Set the frequency to 10 kHz. Vary Vin at constant rate, and Measure Vout for each Vin Record it in table-I. Calculate the Gain . Table-I: Input and Output voltages

Vin (Vrms) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

VOut (Vrms)

Gain

Vin (Vrms) 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

VOut (Vrms)

Gain.

8- Set Vin =1Vrms. 9- Vary frequency from 20 to 20kHz at constant rate. 10- Measure VOut for each f. 11- Record it in table-II.

Table-II: Frequency Response.

f (Hz) 20 50 100 150 200 500 1000

Vin (Vrms)

VOut (Vrms)

Gain

f (Hz) 1500 2000 4000 8000 10000 15000 20000

Vin (Vrms)

VOut (Vrms)

Gain.

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12- Calculate the gain. 13- Plot the frequency response (VOut/Vin versus f ). 14- Now set Vin =5Vrms. 15- Vary frequency from 20 to 20kHz at constant rate. 16- Measure VOut for each f. 17- Record it in table-III. Table-III: Frequency Response.

f (Hz) 20 50 100 150 200 500 1000

Vin (Vrms)

VOut (Vrms)

Gain.

f (Hz) 1500 2000 4000 8000 10000 15000 20000

Vin (Vrms)

VOut (Vrms)

Gain.

18- Calculate the gain. 19- Plot the frequency response (VOut/Vin versus f ).

___________________________________ Instructors Signature

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

_______________ Date
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LAB REVIEW QUESTIONS: PART I: In your report answer the following:

1- Show that
Vout ( S ) 1 for figure 1. = Vin ( S ) s CR

2- If the input is a sinusoidal signal, what do you expect the output to be? How will it differ from the input waveform. 3- Explain the relationship between the input and output waveforms. How the outputs are 'integrals' of the inputs?

PART II: In your report answer the following:

1- Show that
Vout ( S ) = s R C for figure 2. Vin ( S )

2- If the input is a sinusoidal signal, what do you expect the output to be? How will it differ from the input waveform. 3- Explain the relationship between the input and output waveforms. How the outputs are 'derivatives' of the inputs?

PART III: In your report answer the following:

1- Prove that
VOut = +1 . Vin

2- From your experimental results, calculate the cut-off frequency. 3- If the amplitude of Vin is increased , will the buffer circuit give the same frequency response? (support your answer)

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EXPERIMENT #4 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP

OBJECTIVE:
At the completion of this experiment, students will be able to design and experimentally verify the Wien bridge oscillator using 741 type op-amp for an oscillating frequency of 5kHz.

THEORY/BACKGROUND:
A feedback circuit can produce sustained oscillations, if i. ii. Phase shift around feedback loop is zero degree and The voltage gain around the feedback loop is one.
R1 C2

Vin
C1

R2

Vout

Figure 5. The lead-lag circuit

Consider the lead lag circuit (figure 1). In this circuit, the output voltage peaks to onethird of the input voltage (figure 2) i.e. (where and and the phase shift through the ). circuit is going to be zero degree at a particular resonance frequency given by

Figure 6. Frequency response of lead-lag circuit

If this circuit is used in the positive feedback loop of an op-amp and a voltage divider (with a gain of 3) is used in the negative feedback loop as shown below (figure 3), the overall circuit will fulfill the requirements of self sustained oscillation and will start to

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oscillate. Finally, in order to have the required gain for the negative feedback loop, we . need to have
Voltage divider
R2 R1

Vout

R R C

Lead-lag circuit

Figure 7. Wien bridge oscillator

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PRE-LAB:
The following pre-lab must be completed and submitted before the start of this experiment. The pre-lab is graded and is part of your lab grades. Solve the following exercises on separate sheets of paper and submit your solution before the start of the lab experiment. You may need a copy of this pre-lab to compare your solution with the lab experiment measurements. 1. For the lead-lag circuit of figure 1, prove that the transfer function will be

2.

Using above transfer function, show that the magnitude of the transfer

function will be 1/3 when or . 3. Using the same transfer function, show that the phase angle of the transfer function will be zero at or . 4. For the non-inverting amplifier portion of the op-amp of figure 3, show
. that its gain will be 3 if 5. For the Wien bridge oscillator of figure 3, compute the values of R and C to produce an oscillation frequency of 5kHz (try different combinations of R and C). 6. An oscillator circuit produces output without any input. Explain how.

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

DC Power Supply 741 IC Op-Amp Resistors (2x 1k, 10k, variable 10k, ) Capacitors (2x 0.1F, 2x 0.47 F, 2x 1F) Digital Multi-meter Oscilloscope.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE: 1- Construct the circuit as shown in figure 3. Use R and C as computed in pre-lab. Use
and (variable).

2345-

Connect the Op-Amp DC supply voltage 15 V. Switch the DC supply ON. Connect the oscilloscope to display VOut . Vary the 10 k variable resistor so that oscillation can take place, you can observe that on display of the oscilloscope (a sine wave is generated). 6- Measure the frequency of oscillation f OSC and compare it with 5 kHz.

7- Try different values of R and C. Compare the computed and measured frequencies. 8- Record your results in following table and calculate the percentage error relative to
theoretical f OSC .
1 2 RC

C (F)

R (k )

Measured f OSC (Hz)

Theoretical f OSC = (Hz)

Error%

___________________________________ Instructors Signature

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

_______________ Date
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LAB REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. 2. 3. Write a short article (around one page) about the history of Wien bridge oscillator. Why the circuit shown in figure 1 is called a lead-lag circuit? Plot the magnitude of the transfer function verses frequency. Use the value of R and C from pre-lab calculations. Make the plot on a semi-log graph paper. Use frequency ranges of 500 Hz to 50 kHz. What should be the value of gain set by and to produce oscillations? and is not exactly correct? What will happen if the gain set by

4.

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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EXPERIMENT #5 RC-PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING BJT

OBJECTIVE:
At the completion of this experiment, students will be able to design and experimentally verify the RC phase shift oscillator using 741 type op-amp for an oscillating frequency of 3 kHz.

THEORY/BACKGROUND:
We saw in previous experiment that a feedback circuit can produce sustained oscillations, if iii. Phase shift around feedback loop is zero degree and iv. The voltage gain around the feedback loop is one.
Rf

C1

C2

C3

Vout
R3

R1

R2

Figure 8. Op-amp based phase shift oscillator

In the above circuit, each RC pair introduces a phase shift between to (for different frequencies). There would be a certain frequency (called resonance frequency) at which the phase shift by three RC pairs would be 180 . The inverting amplifier provides a phase shift of another 180 . So the total phase shift becomes 360 or . It can be shown that the gain introduced by the three stages of RC circuit is . In order to compensate for this gain and produce sustained oscillations, the gain set by and should be 29 i.e. . When this condition is fulfilled, the where

circuit will start oscillating at a frequency and .

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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PRE-LAB:
The following pre-lab must be completed and submitted before the start of this experiment. The pre-lab is graded and is part of your lab grades. Solve the following exercises on separate sheets of paper and submit your solution before the start of the lab experiment. You may need a copy of this pre-lab to compare your solution with the lab experiment measurements.

1. For the circuit shown below, the transfer function is given by

Prove that this transfer function will be a real number if which is called resonance frequency.
Vin
C1 C2 C3

Vout
R3

R1

R2

Figure 9. Three stage RC circuit used in phase-shift oscillator

2. Also show that the at resonance frequency the gain would be

3. Consider the phase-shift oscillator circuit of figure 1. Calculate the values , to produce a resonance frequency of 3 kHz. of 4. Calculate the value of to produce a gain of 29. 5. Write a half page description of how this circuit produces sustained oscillations.

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

DC Power Supply 741 IC Op-Amp Capacitors (3x 10nF, 3x 0.1F, 3x 0.47F, 1x +100F) Resistors (470, 1k, 3x 3.3 k, 47k, variable 1M) Digital multi-meter Oscilloscope.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Construct the circuit as shown in figure 1. Use Rs and Cs as computed in prelab. Use the 1 M variable resistor for . Connect the Op-Amp DC supply voltage 15 V. Switch the DC supply ON . Connect the oscilloscope to display VOut. Vary the 1 M variable resistor so that oscillation can take place, you can observe that on display of the oscilloscope (a sine wave is generated). Measure the frequency of oscillation f OSC and compare it with 3 kHz. Try different values of R and C. Compare the computed and measured frequencies. Record your results in following table and calculate the percentage error relative to theoretical f OSC . Table-I: Frequency versus Capacitor Value

C (F)

R (k )

Measured f OSC (Hz)

Theoretical f OSC = (Hz)

1 2 6 RC

Error%

___________________________________ Instructors Signature

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

_______________ Date
Page 39

LAB REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1- Can we implement an RC-phase-shift oscillator with less than three sections? Why? 2- Drive the expression for transfer function given in pre-lab. [Hint: check Appendix B of your text book.] 3- The gain of the inverting amplifier set by why?

and

should be 29. Explain

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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MINI-PROJECT 1

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MINI-PROJECT 2

Revised & Approved By: Electronics Sequence Committee, Date: Feb. 2011

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