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Types, applications and connections of Overcurrent relay (on photo: Transmission lines from Gillam to Churchill)
Index
Types of protection: 1. Unit Type Protection 2. Non-unit schemes 1. Overcurrent protection 2. Earth fault protection Various types of Line Faults Overcurrent Relay Purpose and Ratings
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Primary requirement of Overcurrent protection Purpose of overcurrent Protection Overcurrent Relay Ratings Difference between Overcurrent and Overload protection Types of Overcurrent Relay: 1. Instantaneous Overcurrent relay (Define Current) 2. Definite Time Overcurrent Relays 3. Inverse Time Overcurrent Relays (IDMT Relay) 1. Normal Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay 2. Very Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay 3. Extremely Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay 4. Directional Overcurrent Relays Application of Overcurrent Relay
Types of protection
Protection schemes can be divided into two major groupings: 1. Unit schemes 2. Non-unit schemes
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As well as protecting their own designated areas, the protective zones can overlap into other areas. While this can be very beneficial for backup purposes, there can be a tendency for too great an area to be isolated if a fault is detected by different non unit schemes. The most simple of these schemes measures current and incorporates an inverse time characteristic into the protection operation to allow protection nearer to the fault to operate first. The non unit type protection system includes following schemes: 1. Time graded overcurrent protection 2. Current graded overcurrent protection 3. Distance or Impedance Protection Go back to Index
2.1 Overcurrent protection This is the simplest of the ways to protect a line and therefore widely used. It owes its application from the fact that in the event of fault the current would increase to a value several times greater than maximum load current. It has a limitation that it can be applied only to simple and non costly equipments. Go back to Index
2.2 Earth fault protection The general practice is to employ a set of two or three overcurrent relays and a separate overcurrent relay for single line to ground fault. Separate earth fault relay provided makes earth fault protection faster and more sensitive . Earth fault current is always less than phase fault current in magnitude. Therefore, relay connected for earth fault protection is different from those for phase to phase fault protection. Go back to Index
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No 1 2 3
Type of Fault Phase to Ground fault (Earth Fault) Phase to Phase fault Not with Ground Double phase to Ground fault
Operation of Relay Earth Fault Relay Related Phase Overcurrent relays Related Phase Overcurrent relays and Earth Fault relays
Go back to Index
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achieve this, the time delay is provided ( in case of inverse relays). The protection should be co-ordinate with neighboring overcurrent protection. Overcurrent relay is a basic element of overcurrent protection. Go back to Index
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Operates in a definite time when current exceeds its Pick-up value. Its operation criterion is only current magnitude ( without time delay). Operating time is constant. There is no intentional time delay. Coordination of definite-current relays is based on the fact that the fault current varies with the position of the fault because of the difference in the impedance between the fault and the source The relay located furthest from the source operate for a low current value The operating currents are progressively increased for the other relays when moving towards the source. It operates in 0.1s or less Application: This type is applied to the outgoing feeders. Go back to Index
Modern relays may contain more than one stage of protection each stage includes each own current and time setting. 1. For Operation of Definite Time Overcurrent Relay operating time is constant 2. Its operation is independent of the magnitude of current above the pick-up value. 3. It has pick-up and time dial settings, desired time delay can be set with the help of an
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intentional time delay mechanism. 4. Easy to coordinate. 5. Constant tripping time independent of in feed variation and fault location. Drawback of Relay: 1. 2. 3. 4. The continuity in the supply cannot be maintained at the load end in the event of fault. Time lag is provided which is not desirable in on short circuits. It is difficult to co-ordinate and requires changes with the addition of load. It is not suitable for long distance transmission lines where rapid fault clearance is necessary for stability. 5. Relay have difficulties in distinguishing between Fault currents at one point or another when fault impedances between these points are small, thus poor discrimination. Application: Definite time overcurrent relay is used as: 1. Back up protection of distance relay of transmission line with time delay. 2. Back up protection to differential relay of power transformer with time delay. 3. Main protection to outgoing feeders and bus couplers with adjustable time delay setting. Go back to Index
The operating time of an overcurrent relay can be moved up (made slower) by adjusting the time dial setting . The lowest time dial setting ( fastest operating time) is generally 0.5 and the slowest is 10. Operates when current exceeds its pick-up value. Operating time depends on the magnitude of current. It gives inverse time current characteristics at lower values of fault current and definite time
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characteristics at higher values An inverse characteristic is obtained if the value of plug setting multiplier is below 10, for values between 10 and 20 characteristics tend towards definite time characteristics. Widely used for the protection of distribution lines. Based on the inverseness it has three different types:
Inverse types
Go back to Index
3.1. Normal Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay The accuracy of the operating time may range from 5 to 7.5% of the nominal operating time as specified in the relevant norms. The uncertainty of the operating time and the necessary operating time may require a grading margin of 0.4 to 0.5 seconds. Its used when Fault Current is dependent on generation of fault not fault location.
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Normal inverse time Overcurrent Relay is relatively small change in time per unit of change of current. Application: Most frequently used in utility and industrial circuits. especially applicable where the fault magnitude is mainly dependent on the system generating capacity at the time of fault. Go back to Index
3.2. Very Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Gives more inverse characteristics than that of IDMT. Used where there is a reduction in fault current, as the distance from source increases. Particularly effective with ground faults because of their steep characteristics. Suitable if there is a substantial reduction of fault current as the fault distance from the power source increases. Very inverse overcurrent relays are particularly suitable if the short-circuit current drops rapidly with the distance from the substation. The grading margin may be reduced to a value in the range from 0.3 to 0.4 seconds when overcurrent relays with very inverse characteristics are used. Used when Fault Current is dependent on fault location. Used when Fault Current independent of normal changes in generating capacity. Go back to Index
3.3. Extremely Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay It has more inverse characteristics than that of IDMT and very inverse overcurrent relay. Suitable for the protection of machines against overheating. The operating time of a time overcurrent relay with an extremely inverse time-current characteristic is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the current The use of extremely inverse overcurrent relays makes it possible to use a short time delay in spite of high switching-in currents. Used when Fault current is dependent on fault location Used when Fault current independent of normal changes in generating capacity. Application: Suitable for protection of distribution feeders with peak currents on switching in (refrigerators, pumps, water heaters and so on). Particular suitable for grading and coordinates with fuses and re closes
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For the protection of alternators, transformers. Expensive cables, etc. Go back to Index
3.4. Long Time Inverse Overcurrent Relay The main application of long time overcurrent relays is as backup earth fault protection.
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Overcurrent relaying is very well suited to distribution system protection for the following reasons: It is basically simple and inexpensive. Very often the relays do not need to be directional and hence no PT supply is required. It is possible to use a set of two O/C relays for protection against inter-phase faults and a separate Overcurrent relay for ground faults. Go back to Index
jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He is member of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than 12 years experience in Transmission Distribution-Electrical Energy theft detection-Electrical Maintenance-Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination -Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading business group as a Assistant Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has published numbers of Technical Articles in "Electrical Mirror", "Electrical India", "Lighting India", "Industrial Electrix"(Australian Power Publications) Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel base Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various Engineering Topics. Become EEP's Contributor and introduce yourself to 70k+ of our readers all across the web. 2013 EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal. All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy TOP Get Powered by CsanyiGroup PDF
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