Class 9 - Bangla

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cZzcKvi
CkiP` we`vmvMi
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kv_ I UxKv : cZzcKvi- DcKvixi cwZ DcKvi| AwfiwP- BQv| mgwfevnvi- m wbq|
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cvV cwiwPwZ : cZzcKvi iPbvwU AvLvbgyix wZxq fvM _K mOKjb Kiv nhQ| CkiP`
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i I ii ii I iii
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i I iii i, ii I iii
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cvjvg
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10
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
11
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2| M Kiv G eqmi ivM GLvb ei Kvb ewkK evSvbv nqQ ?
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12
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
dzji weevn
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
13
gyL Lywjj| ZLb NUK gnvkq fuv Kwiqv ivRevox nBZ bvwgqv Avwmqv NUKvjxZ gb w`jb| Kbvi cwigj gy nBqv ewjjb, Y&& Y&& Y&& Y YvY&& ! Kbv YeZx eU| Ni gay KZ ? KbvKZv e ewjjb, d` wèb, Kovq Mvq eySvBqv wè| gi ewjjb, Y&& Y&&, Avcbvi AbK Y NUKvjxUv ? KbvKZv kvLv bvwoqv mvq w`j, ZvI ne| giewj NUKvjxi wKQz AvMvg w`j nq bv ? bM` `vb eo YY&& Y&& Y&| z` ewU ZLb wei nBqv, mKj kvLv bvwoqv ewjj, AvM eii K_v ej ei K ? giei AwZ mycv| Zuvi AbK Y-bb&| G mKj K_vcK_b gbyl wbZ cvq bv, Avwg Kej wè KY cvBqvB G mKj wbZwQjvg| Avwg wbZ jvwMjvg, KzjvPvh gnvkq, cvLv Svwoqv, Qq cv QovBqv Mvjvei gwngv KxZb KwiZwQjb| ewjZwQjb h, Mvjve esk eo Kjxb; Kb bv, Bnviv dzj gj| hw` ej, mKj dzjB dzj, Z_vwc Mvjvei Mie AwaK; Kb bv, Bnviv mvvr evvgvjxi mvb; Zvnvi ^nivwcZ| hw` ej, G dzj KuvUv AvQ, Kvb&& Kzj ev Kvb&& dzj bvB ? hvnv nDK, NUKivR Kvbi~c m^ wi Kwiqv, euv Kwiqv Dwoqv wMqv, Mvjve eveyi evwoZ Lei w`jb| Mvjve, ZLb evZvmi m bvwPqv bvwPqv, nvwmqv nvwmqv, jvdvBqv jvdvBqv Ljv KwiZwQj, weevni bvg wbqv Avnvw`Z nBqv Kbvi eqm wRvmv Kwij| gi ewjj, AvwR Kvwj dzwUe| Mvaywj jM DcwZ, Mvjve weevn hvvi D`vM KwiZ jvwMjb| DwPov bner evRvBZ Avi Kwij ; ggvwQ mvbvBqi evqbv jBqvwQj, wK ivZKvbv ewjqv m hvBZ cvwij bv| L`vZiv Svo awij ; AvKvk ZvivevwR nBZ jvwMj| KvwKj AvM AvM dzKivBZ jvwMj| AbK eihvv Pwjj; ^qs ivRKzgvi jc wèvemvb AmyKi ewjqv AvwmZ cvwijb bv, wK RevMvx kZ Rev, i Rev, Ri` Rev cfwZ mesk AvwmqvwQj| Kiexii `j, mKj ivRvw`Mi gZ eo DP Wvj Pwoqv Avwmqv DcwZ nBj| muDwZ bxZei nBe ewjqv, mvwRqv Avwmqv `ywjZ jvwMj| Miì Rvo cwiqv Puvcv Avwmqv ùvovBj DM M QzwUZ jvwMj| MivRiv eo evnvi w`qv, `j `j Avwmqv, M wejvBqv `k gvZvBZ jvwMj| AkvK bkvq jvj nBqv Avwmqv DcwZ; m GK cvj wcc&&ov gvmvqe nBqv AvwmqvQ; Zvnvì Yi m m^ bvB, wK ùvZi Rvjv eoKvb&& weevn bv Gi~c eihv RvU, Avi Kvb&& weevn bv Zvnviv j dzUvBqv weev` evavq ? KzieyK KzUR cfwZ AviI AbK eihv AvwmqvwQjb, NUK gnvkqi KvQ Zuvnvì cwiPq wbeb| meB wZwb hvZvqvZ Kib Ges wKQz wKQz gay cvBqv _vKb| AvgviI wbgY wQj, AvwgI Mjvg| `wL, eici eo wec`| evZvm evnKi evqbv jBqvwQjb; ZLb ug Kwiqv AbK gi&&`vwb KwiqvwQjb, wK KvRi mgq Kv_vq jyKvBjb, Kn LyuwRqv cvq
14
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
bv| `wLjvg, ei eihv, mKj AevK nBqv wifve ùvovBqv AvQb| gwjKvw`Mi Kzj hvq `wLqv, AvwgB evnKi Kvh ^xKvi Kwijvg| ei, eihv mKjK Zzwjqv jBqv gwjKvcyi Mjvg| mLvb `wLjvg, KbvKzj, mKj fwMbx, Avnv` NvgUv Lywjqv gyL dzUvBqv, cwigj QzUvBqv, myLi nvwm nvwmZQ| `wLjvg, cvZvq cvZvq RovRwo, Mi fvvi QovQwo cwoqv wMqvQi~ci fvi mKj fvwqv cwoZQ| hyw_, gvjZx, eKzj, iRbxMv cfwZ GqvMY x-AvPvi Kwiqv eiY Kwij| `wLjvg, cyivwnZ DcwZ; bmx eveyi begelxqv Kbv (Rxe KzmygcywcYx) KzmygjZv m~P myZv jBqv ùvovBqv AvQ; KbvKZv Kbv m`vb Kwijb; cyivwnZ gnvkq `yBRbK GK m~Zvq Muvw_qv MuvUQov euvwaqv w`jb| ZLb eiK evmiNi jBqv Mj| KZ h imgqx gaygqx myìx mLvb eiK Nwiqv ewmj, Zvnv wK ewje| cvPxbv VvKzivYxw`w` UMi mv`v cvY euvav iwmKZv KwiZ KwiZ KvBqv DwVjb| iYi ivvgyL nvwm ai bv| hyB, Kbi mB, Kbi KvQ wMqv Bj; iRbxMvK ei ZvoKv ivmx ewjqv KZ Zvgvmv Kwij; eKzj GK evwjKv, ZvZ hZ MyY, ZZ i~c bn; GKKvY wMqv Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv iwnj; Avi Szg&Kv dzj eo gvbyli MwnYxi gZ gvUv bxj kvox QovBqv RgKvBqv ewmj| ZLb KgjKvKvIV evwo hvB ivZ nqQ, I wK, Xzj coe h ? KzmygjZv GB K_v ewjqv Avgvi Mv VwjZwQj; PgK nBj, `wLjvg wKQzB bvB| mB cyevmi Kv_vq wgwkj ? gb Kwijvg, msmvi AwbZB eUGB AvQ GB bvB| m ig evmi K_vq Mj, mB nvmgyLx wZmyavgqx cymyìxmKj Kv_vq Mj ? hLvb me hvBe, mBLvb wZi `cYZj, f~ZmvMiMf| hLvb ivRv cRv, ceZ mgy`, Mn bvw` wMqvQ ev hvBe, mBLvb asmcyi! GB weevni bvq me k~b wgkvBe, me evZvm Mwjqv hvBe Kej _vwKe Kx ? fvM ? bv, fvM bv _vwKj fvM _vwKZ cvi bv| Ze Kx ? wZ ? Kzmyg ewjj, IV bvwK KPv ? Avwg ewjjvg, `~i cvMwj, Avwg weq w`wQjvg| Kzmyg Nul Gm, nm nm KvQ ùvovBqv Avì Kwiqv wRvmv Kwij, Kvi weq, KvKv ? Avwg ewjjvg, dzji weq| It cvov Kcvj, dzji ? Avwg ewj wK ! AvwgI h GB dzji weq w`qwQ| KB ? GB h gvjv Muvw_qvwQ| `wLjvg, mB gvjvq Avgvi ei Kbv iwnqvQ|
kv_ I UxKv : KbvfviM weevnhvMv Kbv A_; mî weqi; KbvKZv Kbvi
AwffveK; cvmb cvZvi Dci Avmb; AebeZx NvgUv Ìqv; BqviwK ezì mB ejv Pj Ggb Avjvc; mvVvKzivYx w`w` GLvb mvKvjK w`w` ej m^vab Kiv nQ; cwigj myM; Mvcvavq Mi ivRv evSvZ; KzjvPvh Kzji AvPvh ev eski cavb cyivwnZ; evvgvwj h gvwj BQgZ dzj dvUvZ cvi; L`vZ RvbvwK cvKv; GqvMY maev bvix; KgjKvKv KgjvKvK KvKv ej m^vab Kiv nqQ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
15
cvV cwiwPwZ : ewgP` Pvcvavqi jNyiPbv KgjvKvi ì Mi beg msLK jLv dzji weevn| GB iPbvq nvmimi gvag wewfb dzji bvg, m dzjjvi Mi ZviZg, eYi iKgdi AZ mse`bkxjZvi m Zzj aiQb ewgP`| KLb Kvb dzj dvU m cheYI GB iPbvq cvIqv hvq| weq-Abyvb evOvwji Rxeb, wekl Ki evwoi wk-wKkvi I cwZekxì ga AZxe Avb` wbq Avm| GB Abyvb ei-Kb K` _vKjI ei-Kbi gvZv-wcZv, Kbi cowk bvixiv bvbv gvwjK eZ m _vKb, NUKI _vKb weklfve hy| weq Abyvbi m hy _vKb Ggb bvbv ewi cwieZ wewfb dzji DjL Ki AmvaviY `Zvq ewgP` evOvwji Mvn GKwU Abyvb Aviv Avb``vqK Ki GLvb Dcvcb KiQb| Zuvi GB iPbvfw evsjv M` weKvki iZc~Y f~wgKv ivL| Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb 1. cvVwUZ hme dzji K_v ejv nqQ mjvi bvg I Mi cwiPq w`q GKwU PvU Zwi Ki| 2. dzji ewea eenvi wjwce Ki kwY wkKK `LvI| ewbevPwb ck 1| dzji weevn Mi cv K wQj ? K. M. K. M. gwjKv iRbxMv fvgi MvQcvjv L. N. L. N. jc gvjZx e dzj
2| G M KbvKzj ejZ KvìK evSvbv nqQ ?
wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : Rwg`vi Rbvab Nvl gqi weq w`Z wMq cv LyuR eovQb| AbK LuvRvLyuwRi ci Aekl ivq evnv`yi Payixi GKgv cy èvkxlK cvIqv Mj| i~c-MyY m AZzjbxq| 3| DxcKi èvkxli mv_ dzji weevn Mi mv`k iqQ
i. MivRi ii. Mvjvei iii. iRbxMvi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. M.

i iii
L. N.
ii i, ii I iii
16
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
4| Gi~c mv`ki KviY Kx ? K. M. mRbkxj ck gix GKw`b evevi KvQ evqbv ai evUvwbKvj MvWb eovZ hve| evev GKw`b IK wbq eovZ Mj m fxlY Lywk nq| bvbv RvZi dzj-dji MvQi mgvivn `L m Awff~Z nq hvq| `xNw`b m hme dzj-dji bvg bQ mjv AvR wbR PvL `L LyeB Avbw`Z nq| Aekl wmv bq evwoi AvwObvq Qv GKUv evMvb Kie| K. L. M. N. dzji weevn M K NUKi `vwqZ cvjb Ki ? y` ewU Kb wei nqwQj ? DxcKi gixi fvjvjvMvi dzji weevn Mi mv`kc~Y w`KwU evLv Ki| gixi gvS m cwZwqvB hb dzji weevn Mi g~j PZbv hywmn eywSq jL| m`h Kwjb L. N. cwZcw Aevb
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
17
myfv
iex`bv_ VvKzi
[jLK cwiwPwZ : iex`bv_ VvKzi 25k ekvL 1268 mvj (7B g 1861 wLv) KjKvZvi RvovmuvKvi VvKzi cwievi RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv gnwl è`bv_ VvKzi Ges wcZvgn wc viKvbv_ VvKzi| we`vjqi AvbyvwbK wkv wZwb jvf Kibwb, wK mvwnZi wewP Zuvi c`PviYv GK weqi welq| wZwb wQjb cKZ A_B Amvgvb cwZfvai ew| evjKvjB Zuvi KwecwZfvi Dbl NU| gv cbi eQi eqm Zuvi ebdzj Kve cKvwkZ nq| 1913 mvj iex`bv_ MxZvwj Kvei Rb Gkxqì ga c_g mvwnZ bvej cyivi jvf Kib| eZ Zuvi GKK mvabvq evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ mKj kvLvq `Z DbwZ jvf Ki Ges wekìevi Miei Avmb cwZwZ nq| wZwb GKvavi mvwnwZK, `vkwbK, wkvwe`, myiKvi, bvU chvRK I AwfbZv| Kve, QvUM, Dcbvm, bvUK, ce, Mvb BZvw` mvwnZi mKj kvLvB Zuvi Ae`vb mg| Zuvi ARm iPbvi ga gvbmx, mvbvi Zix, wPv, Kbv, wYKv, ejvKv, cyb, PvLi evwj, Mviv, Ni evBi, hvMvhvM, kli KweZv, wemRb, WvKNi, iKiex, MQ, wewP ce BZvw` weklfve DjL hvM| 22k kveY 1348 mvj (7B AvM 1941 wLv) KjKvZvi wekKwe iex`bv_ VvKzi kl wbtkvm ZvM Kib| ]
gqwUi bvg hLb myfvwlYx ivLv nBqvwQj ZLb K RvwbZ m evev nBe| Zvnvi `ywU eov evbK myKwkbx I mynvwmbx bvg Ìqv nBqvwQj, ZvB wgji Abyiva Zvnvi evc QvUv gqwUi bvg myfvwlYx ivL| GLb mKj ZvnvK msc myfv ej| ìgZ Abymvb I A_eq eov `ywU gqi weevn nBqv MQ, GLb QvUvwU wcZvgvZvi bxie `qfvii gZv weivR KwiZQ| h K_v Kq bv m h Abyfe Ki Bnv mKji gb nq bv, GBRb Zvnvi mvvZB mKj Zvnvi fwelr m^ `ywv cKvk KwiZ| m h weavZvi Awfkvcî~c Zvnvi wcZMn Avwmqv RbMnY KwiqvQ G K_v m wkKvj nBZ eywSqv jBqvwQj| Zvnvi dj GB nBqvwQj, mvaviYi `wc_ nBZ m AvcbvK Mvcb Kwiqv ivwLZ me`vB Pv KwiZ| gb KwiZ, AvgvK mevB fzwjj euvwP| wK, e`bv wK Kn KLbv fvj? wcZvgvZvi gb m me`vB RvMi~K wQj| weklZ, Zvnvi gv ZvnvK wbRi GKUv ywUî~c `wLZb; Kbbv, gvZv cy Acv KbvK wbRi Aski~c `Lb Kbvi Kvbv Am~Y `wLj mUv hb wekli~c wbRi jvi KviY ewjqv gb Kib| ei, Kbvi wcZv evYxK myfvK Zuvnvi Ab gqì Acv hb GKUz ewk fvjvevwmZb; wK gvZv ZvnvK wbRi Mfi Kj vb Kwiqv Zvnvi cwZ eov wei wQjb| myfvi K_v wQj bv, wK Zvnvi my`xNcjewewk eov eov `ywU Kvjv PvL wQjGes Zvnvi Ivai fvei Avfvmgv KwP wKkjqi gZv Kuvwcqv DwVZ| K_vq Avgiv h fve cKvk Kwi mUv Avgvw`MK AbKUv wbRi Pvq Mwoqv jBZ nq, KZKUv ZRgv Kivi gZv; mKj mgq wVK nq bv, gZvi Afve AbK mgq fzjI nq| wK Kvjv PvLK wKQz ZRgv KwiZ nq bvgb Avcwb Zvnvi Dci Qvqv dj; fve Avcwb Zvnvi Dci KLbv cmvwiZ KLbv gyw`Z nq; KLbv Djfve Rwjqv DV, KLbv vbfve wbweqv Avm,
18
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
KLbv Agvb Pì gZv Awbglfve Pvwnqv _vK, KLbv `yZ Pj we`yZi gZv w`M&wew`K wVKwiqv DV| gyLi fve e AvRbKvj hvnvi Ab fvlv bvB Zvnvi PvLi fvlv Amxg D`vi Ges AZjk Mfxi AbKUv ^Q AvKvki gZv, D`qv Ges QvqvjvKi wb if~wg| GB evKnxb gbyli ga enr cKwZi gZv GKUv weRb gn AvQ| GBRb mvaviY evjKevwjKviv ZvnvK GKcKvi fq KwiZ, Zvnvi mwnZ Ljv KwiZ bv| m wbRb wcnii gZv knxb Ges mxnxb| Mvgi bvg Pxcyi| b`xwU evsjv`ki GKwU QvUv b`x, MnNii gqwUi gZv, e`~i ch Zvnvi cmvi bn; wbijmv Z^x b`xwU Avcb K~j iv Kwiqv KvR Kwiqv hvq; `yB avii Mvgi mKjiB m Zvnvi hb GKUv-bv-GKUv mK AvQ| `yB avi jvKvjq Ges ZiyQvqvNb DP ZU; wbgZj w`qv Mvgjx mvZw^bx AvZweZ `yZ c`c cdzj `q Avcbvi AmsL KjvYKvh PwjqvQ| evYxKi Ni b`xi GKevi DciB Zvnvi euvLvwii eov, AvUPvjv, MvqvjNi, XuwKkvjv, Loi ~c, ZuZzjZjv, Avg KuvVvj Ges Kjvi evMvb bKvevwn-gviB `w AvKlY Ki| GB Mvn mQjZvi ga evev gqwU KvnviI bRi co wK bv Rvwb bv, wK KvRKg hLwb Aemi cvq ZLwb m GB b`xZxi Avwmqv em| cKwZ hb Zvnvi fvlvi Afve c~iY Kwiqv `q| hb Zvnvi nBqv K_v Kq| b`xi Kjawb, jvKi Kvjvnj, gvwSi Mvb, cvwLi WvK, Ziyi ggimg wgwkq Pvwiw`Ki Pjvdiv-Av`vjb-Kbi mwnZ GK nBqv mgyì Ziivwki bvq evwjKvi wPiwb `q-DcK~ji wbKU Avwmqv fvwOqv co| cKwZi GB wewea k Ges wewP MwZ, BnvI evevi fvlv eov eov Pzcjewewk myfvi h fvlv ZvnviB GKUv wekevcx wevi; wSwjiec~Y ZYf~wg nBZ kvZxZ bjvK ch Kej BwZ, fw, msMxZ, `b Ges `xNwbkvm| Ges gav hLb gvwSiv Rjiv LvBZ hvBZ, Mniv NygvBZ, cvwLiv WvwKZ bv, Lqv-bKv e _vwKZ, mRb RMr mg KvRKgi gvSLvb mnmv _vwgqv wMqv fqvbK weRbg~wZ aviY KwiZ, ZLb iy` gnvKvki Zj Kej GKwU evev cKwZ Ges GKwU evev gq gyLvgywL Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv _vwKZ GKRb mywexY i`, Avi-GKRb z` ZiyQvqvq| mzfvi h wUKZK Ai ezi `j wQj bv Zvnv bn| Mvqvji `ywU Mvfx, Zvnvì bvg mekx I cvywj| m bvg evwjKvi gyL Zvnviv KLbv b bvB, wK Zvnvi c`k Zvnviv wPwbZ Zvnvi K_vnxb GKUv KiyY myi wQj, Zvnvi gg Zvnviv fvlvi Acv mnR eywSZ| myfv KLb Zvnvì Avì KwiZQ, KLb frmbv KwiZQ, KLb wgbwZ KwiZQ, Zvnv Zvnviv gvbyli Acv fvjv eywSZ cvwiZ| myfv Mvqvj XzwKqv `yB evi viv mekxi Mxev eb Kwiqv Zvnvi Kvbi KvQ Avcbvi M`k NlY KwiZ Ges cvywj wm`wZ Zvnvi cwZ wbixY Kwiqv Zvnvi Mv PvwUZ| evwjKv w`bi ga wbqwgZ wZbevi Kwiqv MvqvjNi hvBZ, Zvnv Qvov AwbqwgZ AvMgbI wQj; Mn h w`b Kvbv KwVb K_v wbZ m w`b m Amgq Zvnvi GB g~K ez`ywUi KvQ AvwmZ Zvnvi mwnzZvcwic~Y welv`kv `wcvZ nBZ Zvnviv Kx-GKUv A Abygvbkwi viv evwjKvi gge`bv hb eywSZ
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
19
cvwiZ, Ges myfvi Mv Nuwlqv Avwmqv A A Zvnvi evZ wks Nwlqv Nwlqv ZvnvK wbevK evKzjZvi mwnZ mvbv w`Z Pv KwiZ| Bnviv Qvov QvMj Ges weovjkveKI wQj; wK Zvnvì mwnZ myfvi Gi~c mgKfve gx wQj bv, Z_vwc Zvnviv h_ AvbyMZ cKvk KwiZ| weovjwkwU w`b Ges iv hLb-ZLb myfvi Mig KvjwU wbtmsKvP AwaKvi Kwiqv myLwb`vi AvqvRb KwiZ Ges myfv Zvnvi Mxev I c Kvgj Avywj eyjvBqv w`j h Zvnvi wb`vKlYi wekl mnvqZv nq, BwZ Gi~c AwfcvqI cKvk KwiZ| DbZ kwYi Rxei ga myfvi Aviv GKwU mx RywUqvwQj| wK Zvnvi mwnZ evwjKvi wVK wKi~c mK wQj Zvnv wbYq Kiv KwVb, KviY, m fvlvwewk Rxe; myZivs Dfqi ga mgfvlv wQj bv| MuvmvBì QvUv QjwUZvnvi bvg cZvc| jvKwU wbZv AKgY| m h KvRKg Kwiqv msmvii DbwZ KwiZ hZ Kwie e Pvi ci evc-gv m Avkv ZvM KwiqvQb| AKgY jvKi GKUv myweav GB h, AvZxq jvKiv Zvnvì Dci wei nq eU, wK cvq Zvnviv wbtmK jvKì wcqcv nq KviY, Kvbv Kvh Ave bv _vKvZ Zvnviv miKvwi mw nBqv ùvovq| knii hgb GK-AvaUv MnmKnxb miKvwi evMvb _vKv AvekK Zgwb Mvg `yB-PvwiUv AKgY miKvwi jvK _vKvi wekl cqvRb| KvR-Kg Avgv`-Aemi hLvb GKUv jvK Kg co mLvbB Zvnvw`MK nvZi KvQ cvIqv hvq| cZvci cavb kL wQc dwjqv gvQ aiv| BnvZ AbK mgq mnR KvUvbv hvq| Acivn b`xZxi BnvK cvq GB KvR wbhy `Lv hvBZ| Ges GB Dcj myfvi mwnZ Zvnvi cvq mvvr nBZ| hKvbv KvRB wbhy _vK, GKUv mx cvBj cZvc _vK fvjv| gvQ aivi mgq evKnxb mxB mevcv k GBRb cZvc myfvi ghv`v eywSZ| GBRb mKjB myfvK myfv ewjZ, cZvc AviGKUz AwZwi Avì mshvM Kwiqv myfvK my ewjqv WvwKZ| myfv ZuZzjZjvq ewmqv _vwKZ Ges cZvc AbwZ`~i wQc dwjqv Rji w`K Pvwnqv _vwKZ| cZvci GKwU Kwiqv cvb eiv wQj, myfv Zvnv wbR mvwRqv AvwbZ| Ges eva Kwi AbKY ewmqv ewmqv Pvwnqv BQv KwiZ, cZvci Kvbv-GKUv wekl mvnvh KwiZ, GKUv-Kvbv KvR jvwMZ, KvbvgZ RvbvBqv w`Z h GB cw_exZ mI GKRb Kg cqvRbxq jvK bn| wK wKQzB Kwievi wQj bv| ZLb m gb gb weavZvi KvQ AjwKK gZv cv_bv KwiZ gej mnmv Ggb GKUv Avh Kv NUvBZ BQv KwiZ hvnv `wLqv cZvc Avh nBqv hvBZ, ewjZ, ZvB Zv, Avgvì mywfi h GZ gZv Zvnv Zv RvwbZvg bv| gb Kiv, mzfv hw` RjKzgvix nBZ, Av Av Rj nBZ DwVqv GKUv mvci gv_vi gwY NvU ivwLqv hvBZ; cZvc Zvnvi ZzQ gvQ aiv ivwLqv mB gvwbK jBqv Rj Wze gvwiZ; Ges cvZvj wMqv `wLZ, i~cvi AvwjKvq mvbvi cvjK ewmqv? Avgvì evYxKi Nii mB evev gq my Avgvì my mB gwY`x Mfxi wb cvZvjcyixi GKgv ivRKbv| Zvnv wK nBZ cvwiZ bv| Zvnv wK GZB Ame| Avmj wKQzB Ame bq, wK ZeyI my cRvk~b cvZvji ivResk bv Rwbqv evYxKi Ni Avwmqv RwbqvQ Ges MvmvBì Qj cZvcK wKQzZB Avh KwiZ cvwiZQ bv|
20
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
myfvi eqm gB evwoqv DwVZQ| g m hb AvcbvK Avcwb Abyfe KwiZ cvwiZQ| hb Kvbv GKUv c~wYgvwZw_Z Kvbv-GKUv mgy` nBZ GKUv Rvqvii mvZ Avwmqv Zvnvi A ivZvK GK b~Zb AwbePbxq PZbvkwZ cwic~Y Kwiqv ZzwjZQ| m AvcbvK Avcwb `wLZQ, fvweZQ, ck KwiZQ, Ges eywSZ cvwiZQ bv| Mfxi c~wYgviv m GK-GKw`b axi kqbMni vi Lywjqv fq fq gyL evovBqv evwnii w`K Pvwnqv `L c~wYgvcKwZI myfvi gZv GKvwKbx my RMZi Dci RvwMqv ewmqv-hebi inm cyjK welv` Amxg wbRbZvi GKevi kl mxgv ch, Ggb-wK, Zvnv AwZg KwiqvI ag&&_g&& KwiZQ, GKwU K_v KwnZ cvwiZQ bv| GB wb evKzj cKwZi cv GKwU wb evKzj evwjKv ùvovBqv| Gw`K KbvfvivM wcZvgvZv wPwZ nBqv DwVqvQb| jvKI wb`v Avi KwiqvQ| Ggb-wK, GKNi Kwie Ggb RbieI bv hvq| evYxKi mQj Aev, `yB ejvB gvQfvZ Lvq, GRb Zvnvi ky wQj| xcyiyl wei civgk nBj| wKQzw`bi gZv evYx we`k Mj| Aekl wdwiqv Avwmqv Kwnj, Pjv, KwjKvZvq Pjv| we`khvvi D`&hvM nBZ jvwMj| Kzqvkv-XvKv cfvZi gZv myfvi mg `q Akyev GKevi fwiqv Mj| GKUv Awbw` Avkv-ek m wKQzw`b nBZ gvMZ wbevK&& Ri gZv Zvnvi evcgvqi m m wdwiZ WvMi Pz gwjqv Zuvnvì gyLi w`K Pvwnqv Kx-GKUv eywSZ Pv KwiZ, wK Zuvnviv wKQz eySvBqv ewjZb bv| BwZga GKw`b Acivn wQc dwjqv cZvc nvwmqv Kwnj, Kx i my, Zvi bvwK ei cvIqv MQ, ZzB weq KiZ hvwQm? `wLm Avgvì fzwjm b| ewjqv Avevi gvQi w`K gbvhvM Kwij| ggwe nwiYx evai w`K hgb Kwiqv ZvKvq, bxie ewjZ _vK Avwg Zvgvi KvQ Kx `vl KwiqvwQjvg, myfv Zgwb Kwiqv cZvci w`K Pvwnj; mw`b MvQi Zjvq Avi ewmj bv| evYxK wb`v nBZ DwVqv kqbMn ZvgvK LvBZwQjb, myfv Zuvnvi cvqi KvQ ewmqv Zuvnvi gyLi w`K Pvwnqv Kuvw`Z jvwMj| Aekl ZvnvK mvbv w`Z wMqv evYxKi Kcvj Aky MovBqv cwoj| Kvj KwjKvZvq hvBevi w`b wi nBqvQ| myfv MvqvjNi Zvnvi evj-mLxì KvQ we`vq jBZ Mj, Zvnvw`MK ^n LvIqvBqv, Mjv awiqv GKevi `yB PvL hZ cvi K_v fwiqv Zvnvì gyLi w`K Pvwnj `yB bcje nBZ Uc&&Uc&& Kwiqv AkyRj coZ jvwMj| mw`b Kvv`kxi ivw| myfv kqbMn nBZ evwni nBqv Zvnvi mB wPicwiwPZ b`xZU kkhvq jyUvBqv cwoj hb aiYxK, GB cKv g~K gvbeZvK `yB evZ awiqv ewjZ Pvn, Zzwg AvgvK hvBZ w`qv bv, gv| Avgvi gZv `ywU ev evovBqv ZzwgI AvgvK awiqv ivLv|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
21
kv_ I UxKv : Mfi Kj mvb wnme Kj, Mf njv gvqi cU h ew ev eK cwievi

bwZevPK wnme `Lv nq Zv njv Kj; my`xN cjewewk eo cvZvwewk, `xN njv eo, my hy nq eoK weklvwqZ Kiv nqQ; cje njv cvZv; GLvb PvLi cvZv wnme eeZ nqQ| Ivai I Ges Aai, Dcii I wbPi VuvU [I+Aai = Ivai] wKkvjq MvQi bZzb cvZv| ZRgv Abyev`, GK fvlv _K Ab fvlvq ejv ev jLv| Agvb Wze, Wze hvQ Ggb, P`-m~hi cwg w`K A`k Aev| Awbglfve cjKnxbfve, Awbgk AcjK, cjKnxb D`qv D`q + A = D`qv, Avwefve I wZivfve, DVv I Wzev| QvqvjvK Qvqv + AvjvK = QvqvjvK; Kvbv ei Ici Avjv coj h cwZwe^ nq Zv njv Qvqv; weRb gn weRb Rbk~b, wbRb; gn Ae`vb; weRb gn Kvjvnjgy cKw Zi Aevi h AvKlYxq w`K| Z^x xY I myMwVZ Awewk| euvLvwi Kuvai `yw`K `ycv Szwjq evSv enbi euvki dvwj| XuwKkvjv h Ni XuwK ivLv nq; XuwK njv avb _K Pvj Zwii jvKR h; GLbv MvgxY Rxeb AbK evwoZ XuwKi Ni AvQ| Mvn mQjZv cvwievwiK `bw`b Rxebi mQjZv| wPiwb n`q DcK~j kv n`q; wb njv Avjvobnxb Aev; DcK~j njv K~ji m`k; GLvb n`q DcK~j ejZ n`qi wKbvivi K_vB ejv nqQ| wSwjie c~Y wSu wSu cvKvi AvIqvR/k gyLi| weRb g~wZ wbRb Aev; weRb njv wbRb ev Rbgvbek~b, g~wZ njv KvbvwKQz cwZKwZ; weRbg~wZ kwU GLvb Kvjvnjnxb Aev ev wbRb/Rbgvbek~b Aev evSvZ eenZ nqQ| M`k ewai, evev| welv`kv `ytLgM, wec` = ywZk~bZv, welYZv; welv`kv njv Lyeewk welv`MZv _K h kv Aev| c~wYgvwZw_ Puvì cwic~Y i~c nIqvi mgq| KbvfvivM wcZv-gvZv h wcZv-gvZvi weevnhvMv Kbv mvbi weq nqwb| Kcvj Mvj; bcje PvLi cvZv; Kvv`kx Puvì wZxq w`b| cvV cwiwPwZ : iex`bv_ VvKzii myfv MwU Zuvi weLvZ MQ _K msMnxZ nqQ| GKRb evK&&cwZex wKkvix myfvi cwZ jLKi n`q wbsovbv fvjvevmv I ggZeva MwU Agi nq AvQ| myfv K_v ejZ cvi bv| gv gb Kib G-Zvi wbqwZi `vl, wK evev ZuvK fvjvevmb| Avi KD Zvi m wgk bvLj bv| wK Zvi wekvj GKwU Avkqi RMr AvQ| hviv K_v ejZ cvi bv mB cvlv cvYxì KvQ m gyLi| Zvì m LyeB KvQi Rb| Avi wecyj wbevK cKwZi KvQ m cvq gywi Avb`| iex`bv_ VvKzi g~jZ cwZex gvbyli Avkqi Rb GKwU RMr Zwi KiQb Ges mBm Zvì cwZ Avgvì ggZevai Dvab NUvZ PqQb| Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb 1. wewfb aibi cwZexì mvnvh mnhvwMZvi Rb Kx Kx D`vM MnY Kiv hvq| G welq cwZe`b Zwi Ki kwYwkKi wbKU Rgv `vI| 2. Zvgvi Pvicvki mgvR myfvi gZv Kviv Rxeb-eveZv _vKj Zv wbRi fvlvq wjL| ewbevPwb ck 1| wQc dj gvQ aiv Kvi cavb kL wQj ? K. myfvwlYxi L. evYxKi M. myKwkbxi N. cZvci
22
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
2| evYxKi Kcvj Ak Mwoq cowQj Kb ? myfvK weq wèb ej i. ii. myfv K_v ejZ cvi bv ej iii. gqwUi fwelr fe wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : mB Qvejvq gwRbv GKwU weovj I GKwU KzKzi Qvbv GbwQj| bvg w`qQ cywl Avi cyUz| AvR cywl Avi cyUz cyivcywi eo nqQ| bvg ai WvKjB gyn~ZB nvwRi nq| cywl Kvj DV em wK cyUz GKUz `~i ùvwoq jR bvovq| 3| gwRbvi ga myfvi h ewk jYxq, Zv njv K. BZi cvwYi cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk M. GKvKxZi mv_x BZi cvwY L. BZi cvwYi cwZ ggZeva N. mevi _K wbRK Avovj ivLv| 4| D ewk h PiYi gvag dzU IV Zv njv w`b wZbevi Mvqvj Ni hvIqv i. ii. `yB ev viv Mjv Rwoq aiv iii. gvS gvS ZvìK frmbv Kiv| wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii mRbkxj ck `yB cy mvbi ci Kbv mvb cjvk eveyi cwievi Avbì ebv wbq Gjv| bvg ivLv njv KjvYx| mKji PvLi gwY KjvYx eo IVvi mv_ mv_ cjvkevey eySZ cvijb eqmi Zzjbvq KjvYxi gvbwmK weKvk NU wb| wKQz ejj dvj&&dvj&& Ki Pq _vK| KjvYxi weqi K_vevZv PjQ| cjvkevey KjvYxi meB eicK Lyj ejjb| me b eii evev myeva evey ejjb, cjvk evey KjvYxi gZv Avgvi QjI Zv nZ cviZv, KvRB KjvYx gvK Ni wbZ Avgvì Kvbv Avcw bB| K. L. M. N. myfvi Mvgi bvg Kx ? wcZv-gvZvi bxie `qfve K_vwU viv jLK Kx evSvZ PqQb ? DxcKi c_g Aski ee KjvYx I myfvi h wekl w`KwUi mwZ `Lvbv nqQ Zv evLv Ki| KjvYx I myfv GKB cwiwwZi wkKvi njI Dfqi cvcU I cwiYwZ wfb weklY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
23
jvBewi
iex`bv_ VvKzi
gnvmgyì kZ ermii Kjvj Kn hw` Ggb Kwiqv euvwaqv ivwLZ cvwiZ h, m NygvBqv cov wkwUi gZv Pzc Kwiqv _vwKZ, Ze mB bxie gnvki mwnZ GB jvBewii Zzjbv nBZ| GLvb fvlv Pzc Kwiqv AvQ, cevn wi nBqv AvQ, gvbevZvi Agi AvjvK Kvjv Aii kLj KvMRi KvivMvi euvav cwoqv AvQ| Bnviv mnmv hw` we`vnx nBqv DV, wbZv fvwOqv dj, Aii eov ` Kwiqv GKevi evwni nBqv Avm! wngvjqi gv_vi Dci KwVb eidi ga hgb KZ KZ ebv evuav AvQ, Zgwb GB jvBewii ga gvbe`qi ebv K euvwaqv ivwLqvQ! we`yrK gvbyl jvnvi Zvi w`qv euvwaqvQ, wK K RvwbZ gvbyl kK wbtki ga euvwaZ cvwie| K RvwbZ msMxZK, `qi AvkvK, RvMZ AvZvi AvbàwbK, AvKvki èevYxK m KvMR gywoqv ivwLe! K RvwbZ gvbyl AZxZK eZgvb e`x Kwie! AZjk Kvjmgyì Dci Kej GK-GKLvwb eB w`qv muvKv euvwaqv wè! jvBewii ga Avgiv mnm c_i Pgv_vi Dci `vuovBqv AvwQ| Kvbv c_ Ab mgy` wMqvQ, Kvbv c_ Ab wkLi DwVqvQ, Kvbv c_ gvbe`qi AZjk bvwgqvQ| h h- w`K avegvb nI, Kv_vI evav cvBe bv| gvbyl Avcbvi cwivYK GZUzKz RvMqvi ga euvavBqv ivwLqvQ| kLi ga hgb mgyì k bv hvq, Zgwb GB jvBewii ga wK `qi DvbcZbi k wbZQ| GLvb RxweZ I gZ ewi `q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm KwiZQ| ev` I cwZev` GLvb `yB fvBqi gZv GKm _vK; mskq I wekvm, mvb I Avwevi GLvb `n `n jq nBqv evm Ki| GLvb `xNcvY ^cvY cig ah I kvwi mwnZ Rxebhvv wbevn KwiZQ, Kn KvnvKI Dcv KwiZQ bv| KZ b`x mgy` ceZ DjNb Kwiqv gvbei K GLvb Avwmqv cuwQqvQ KZ kZ ermii cv nBZ GB î AvwmZQ| Gmv, GLvb Gmv, GLvb AvjvKi RbmsMxZ Mvb nBZQ| AgZjvK c_g Avwevi Kwiqv h h gnvcyil h- Kvbw`b Avcbvi Pvwiw`K gvbylK WvK w`qv ewjqvwQjb Zvgiv mKj AgZi cy, Zvgiv wèavg evm KwiZQ mB gnvcyilì KB mnm fvlvq mnm ermii ga w`qv GB jvBewii ga cwZawbZ nBZQ| GB ei cv nBZ Avgvì wK wKQz ewjevi bvB| gvbe mgvRK Avgvì wK Kvbv msev` wèvi bvB| RMZi GKZvb msMxZi ga e`kB Kej wb nBqv _vwKe! Avgvì c`cvwZ mgy` wK Avgvw`MK wKQz ewjZQ bv| Avgvì Mv wK wngvjqi wkLi nBZ Kjvmi Kvbv Mvb enb Kwiqv AvwbZQ bv| Avgvì gv_vi Dci wK Ze Ab bxjvKvk bvB| mLvb nBZ AbKvji wPiRvwZgqx bwjwc wK Kn gywQqv dwjqvQ| `k-we`k nBZ AZxZ-eZgvb nBZ cwZw`b Avgvì KvQ gvbeRvwZi c AvwmZQ; Avgiv wK Zvnvi Di `ywU-PviwU PwU PwU BsiwR Leii KvMR wjwLe| mKj `k Amxg Kvji cU wbR wbR bvg Lyw`ZQ| evOvwji bvg wK Kej ìLvi wZxq cvZB jLv _vwKe| Ro Aì mwnZ
24
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
gvbevZvi msMvg PwjZQ, mwbKw`MK Avnvb Kwiqv cw_exi w`K w`K kLawb evwRqv DwVqvQ, Avgiv wK Kej Avgvì DVvbi gvPvi DciKvi jvD-Kzgov jBqv gKgv Ges Avwcj PvjvBZ _vwKe| e ermi bxie _vwKqv e`ki cvY fwiqv DwVqvQ| ZvnvK Avcbvi fvlvq GKevi Avcbvi K_vwU ewjZ `vI| evOvwj-Ki mwnZ wgwjqv wekmsMxZ gayiZi nBqv DwVe|
kv_ I UxKv : Kjvj- XD, kL- kvgyKi Lvjm, DjNb- cvi nIqv, jNb Kiv, AgZjvK^M, enkZ, Kjvm- wn`y agi èZv wkei evmvb wnme ewYZ wngvjq ceZi DuPz vb, wkejvK| cvV cwiwPwZ : jvBewi iex`bv_ VvKzi iwPZ GKwU weLvZ ce| G ce iex`bv_ jvBewii iZ Zzj aiQb| wZwb jvBewiK gnvmg~ì Kjvj awbi mv_ Zzjbv KiQb| Kbbv, jvBewiZ gvbevZvi awbivwk eBqi cvZvq e`x nq _vK| eBqi fZi w`qB Avgiv AvKvki èevYx _K gvnvZvì K_v cq _vwK| huvì mvwba Avgvì KLbB cvIqv me bq,eBqi fZi w`qB Avgiv Zvì cZ cvwi| eB Avgvì AZxZi mv_ mZye Mo `q| G eBqi vb njv jvBewi| G jvBewiZB gvbe `qi DvbcZbi k kvbv hvq| jvBewiZ mKj c_i mKj gZi gvbyli mwjb NU| jvBewii gni K_v eYbv Ki jLK ejQb- RMZi Dk wK AvgvìI wKQz ejvi bvB? Avgiv wK Kej ZzQ welq wbq Kjn Ki eovev| jLK kl Avkv e Ki ejQb- evOvwjiv RM DVQ| ZvivI Avcb fvlvq wjL weki vbfvvi mg Ki Zzje| Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb 1. 2. 1| Zvgvi GjvKvi ev Zvgvi `Lv ev Zzwg eenvi Ki Ggb GKwU cvVvMvi ev jvBewii cwiPq `vI| Zvgvì zji cvVvMviwU Kxfve Aviv Dbqb Kiv hvq- m welq cve `vI| jvBewi ce gnvmgyì kZ ermii Kjvji mv_ KvbwUK Zzjbv KiQb ? K. M. K. L. gvbevZvi jvBewii e vbi mwjb e ivvi mwjb L. N. AvjvKi msMxZK
ewbevPwb ck
2| jvBewi ce mnm c_i Pgv_v ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ? M. e `qi mwjb N. e Rxebi mwjb
DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : wn`y gymjgvb evsjvi evOvwj RbgZzi eb Awfb Avcb mv|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
25
3| DxcK h welqei BwZ iqQ Zv jvBewi cei h PiY e nqQ

i. RxweZ I gZ ewi `q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm KwiZQ ii. ev` I cwZev` GLvb `yB fvBqi gZ GKm _vK iii. mvb I Avwevi GLvb `n `n jq nBqv evm Ki
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. M. K. M. mRbkxj ck GKRbi c mewe`v wekvi` nIqv Ame| mRb GKKRb GKK welq cvi`wkZv jvf Ki| Avevi h ew h we`vq cvi`wkZv jvf Ki Zvi meUzKz vb gw aviY KivI GKRbi c me nq bv| ZvB cqvRb Ggb Kvb Dcvq Dvebi, hvi e`jZ ìKvi Abyhvqx mg welq GKUv gvUvgywU vb jvf Kiv hvq| mB _K cqvRb `Lv `q vb msiYi| K. L. M. N. Kxmi ga mgyì k bv hvq ? RxweZ I gZ ewi `q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm KwiZQ K_vwU eywSq ej| DxcK ewYZ vb msiYi KviYwU jvBewi cei AvjvK Zyj ai| gvbe `qi ebvK eua ivLvi cqvRbxq w`KwUB hb DxcK I jvBewi cei g~j ee weklY Ki|
i i I ii
L. N. L. N.
iii i, ii I iii
4| BwZgq welqewU njv wnsmv msnwZ wel NYv
26
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
`bvcvIbv
iex`bv_ VvKzi
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
27
KzUz^M n Ggb Kwiqv Avi Acgvb Zv mn nq bv| ivgmyì wi Kwijb, hgb Kwiqv nDK UvKvUv kva Kwiqv w`Z nBe| wK h FYfvi Kuva PvwcqvQ ZvnviB fvi mvgjvbv `ytmva| LiPci AZ UvbvUvwb cwoqvQ Ges cvIbv`viì `wc_ GovBevi Rb me`vB bvbvi~c nxb Kkj Aej^b KwiZ nBZQ| G w`K kievwo DwVZ ewmZ gqK LuvUv jvMvBZQ| wcZMni wb`v wbqv Ni vi w`qv AkwemRb Zvnvi wbZwqvi ga ùvovBqvQ| weklZ kvwoi Avvk Avi wKQzZB gU bv| hw` Kn ej, Avnv Kx kx| eDqi gyLLvwb `wLj PvL RyovBqv hvq| kvwo SsKvi w`qv DwVqv ej, kx Zv fvwi| hgb Nii gq Zgwb kx| GgbwK, eDqi LvIqvciviI hZ nq bv| hw` Kvbv `qvciZ cwZewkbx Kvbv wUi DjL Ki, kvwo ej, IB Xi nqQ| A_vr, evc hw` cyiv `vg w`Z Zv gq cyiv hZ cvBZ| mKjB Ggb fve `Lvq hb ea~i GLvb Kvbv AwaKvi bvB, duvwK w`qv cek KwiqvQ| eva nq, Kbvi GB-mKj Abvì Ges Acgvbi K_v evci Kvb wMqv _vwKe| ZvB ivgmyì Aekl emZevwo weqi Pv KwiZ jvwMjb| wK Qjì h Mnnxb KwiZ ewmqvQb m K_v Zvnvì wbKU nBZ Mvcb ivwLjb| wi KwiqvwQjb, evwo weq Kwiqv mB evwo fvov jBqv evm Kwieb; Ggb Kkj Pwjeb h, Zvunvi gZzi c~e G K_v Qjiv RvwbZ cvwie bv| wK Qjiv RvwbZ cvwij| mKj Avwmqv Kuvw`qv cwoj| weklZ eov wZbwU Qj weevwnZ Ges Zvnvì Kvnviv-ev mvb AvQ| Zvì Avcw AZ iZi nBqv ùvovBj, evwo weq wMZ nBj| ZLb ivgmyì bvbv vb nBZ wei my` A A Kwiqv UvKv avi KwiZ jvwMjb| Ggb nBj h, msmvii LiP Avi Pj bv| wbiy evci gyL `wLqv me eywSZ cvwij| ei cK Kk, gyL Ges m`msKzwPZ fve `b Ges `ywv cKvk nBqv cwoj| gqi KvQ hLb evc Acivax ZLb m Acivai AbyZvc wK Avi Mvcb ivLv hvq| ivgmyì hLb envBevwoi AbygwZg YKvji Rb Kbvi mvvrjvf KwiZb ZLb evci eyK h Kgb Kwiqv dvU Zvnv Zuvnvi nvwm `wLjB Ui cvIqv hvBZ| mB ew_Z wcZ`qK mvbv wèvi Dk w`bKZK evci evwo hvBevi Rb wbiy wbZv Aaxi nBqv DwVqvQ| evci vb gyL `wLqv m Avi `~i _vwKZ cvi bv| GKw`b ivgmyìK Kwnj, evev, AvgvK GKevi evwo jBqv hvI| ivgmyì ewjjb, AvQv| wK Zuvnvi Kvbv Rvi bvB wbRi Kbvi Dci wcZvi h ^vfvweK AwaKvi AvQ Zvnv hb cYi UvKvi cwieZ eK ivwLZ nBqvQ| GgbwK, Kbvi `kb mI AwZ mmsKvP wfv PvwnZ nq Ges mgqwekl wbivk nBj wZxq K_vwU Kwnevi gyL _vK bv| wK gq Avcwb evwo AvwmZ Pvwnj evc ZvnvK bv Avwbqv Kgb Kwiqv _vK, ZvB, envBqi wbKU m m^ ìLv ck Kwievi c~e ivgmyì KZ nxbZv, KZ Acgvb, KZ wZ ^xKvi Kwiqv h wZbwU nvRvi UvKv msMn KwiqvwQjb, m BwZnvm Mvcb _vKvB fvjv|
28
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
29
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30
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
kvwo ewjjb, Kej evci evwo hvBevi Qj| Kn ewjj wekvm Kwie bv hw`b mvi mgq wbiyi kvm DcwZ nBj mBw`b c_g Wvvi `wLj Ges mBw`b Wvvii `Lv kl nBj| evwoi eov eD gwiqvQ, Lye ayg Kwiqv Awwqv mb nBj| cwZgv-wemRbi mgvivn m^ Rjvi ga ivqPayixì hgb jvKweLvZ cwZcw AvQ, eoveDqi mrKvi m^ ivqevnv`yiì Zgwb GKwU LvwZ iwUqv Mj Ggb P`bKvi wPZv G gyjyK Kn KLbI `L bvB| Ggb NUv Kwiqv kvI Kej ivqevnv`yiì evwoZB me, Ges bv hvq, BnvZ Zuvnvì wKwZ FY nBqvwQj| ivgmyìK mvbv wèvi mgq, Zvnvi gqi h wKi~c gnvmgvivn gZz nBqvQ, mKjB Zvnvi ej eYbv Kwij| G w`K WcywU gvwRUi wPwV Avwmj, Avwg GLvb mg e`ve Kwiqv jBqvwQ, AZGe Awej^ Avgvi xK GLvb cvVvBe| ivqevnv`yii gwnlx wjwLjb, evev Zvgvi Rb Avi-GKwU gqi m^ KwiqvwQ, AZGe Awej^ QzwU jBqv-GLvb Avwme| Gevi wek nvRvi UvKv cY Ges nvZ nvZ Av`vq|
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
31
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2| kvwkv, bxwZwkv GKevi bvB GK_v ejvi KviY Kx ?
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i. A`~i`wk cwiKbv ii. FYM Aev iii. mvbevrmj
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i I ii ii I iii
L. N. L. N.
i I iii i, ii I iii
4| ivgmyì Kvb w`K w`q Mwb wgqv _K ^Z ? f~mw jvf AvwacZ Avcvqb
32
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cg_ Payix
[jLK cwiwPwZ : cg_ Payix 7B AvM 1868 wLv hkvi RbMnY Kib| Zuvi cZK wbevm wQj cvebv Rjvq nwicyi Mvg| Zuvi wkvRxeb wQj AmvaviY KwZZc~Y| wZwb 1890 mvj KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K BsiwR mvwnZ c_g kwYZ Gg.G. wWwM jvf Kib Ges ci evwivwi covi Rb wejvZ hvb| wejvZ _K wdi Gm evwivwi ckvq hvM`vb bv Ki wZwb wKQyKvj BsiwR mvwnZ Aavcbv Kib Ges ci mvwnZPPvq gbvwbek Kib| Zuvi mvwnwZK Qbvg wQj exiej| Zuvi mvw`Z meyR c evsjv mvwnZ PjwZ fvlvixwZ ceZb AMYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki| eZ ZuviB bZZ evsjv mvwnZ bZzb Màviv m~wPZ nq| Zuvi DjLhvM M : exieji nvjLvZv, ivqZi K_v, Pvi-Bqvwi K_v, AvwZ, ce msMn, bxjjvwnZ, mbU cvkr, c`vPviY BZvw`| cg_ Payix 2iv mî 1946 mvj KjKvZvq cijvKMgb Kib| ]
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
33
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34
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
35
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kv_ I UxKv : kwLb- iwPevb| Dv- Eaev| Avnv` nvZ IVvbv| Wgvwm- MYZ|
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36
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
37
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42
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
43
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44
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
KvOvjx Avi cv_bv Kwij bv| GB Nv-`yqKi AwfZvq msmvi m hb GKevi eyov nBqv wMqvwQj| wbtk axi axi Zvnvi giv gvqi KvQ wMqv DcwZ nBj| b`xi Pi MZ Lyuwoqv AfvMxK kvqvb nBj| ivLvji gv KvOvjxi nvZ GKUv Loi AuvwU Rvwjqv w`qv ZvnviB nvZ awiqv gvqi gyL k KivBqv dwjqv w`j| Zvi ci mKj wgwjqv gvwU Pvcv w`qv KvOvjxi gvqi kl wP wejy Kwiqv w`j| mevB mKj KvR e,ay mB cvov Loi AvuwU nBZ h ^ ayuqvUzKz Nywiqv Nywiqv AvKvk DwVZwQj, ZvnviB cwZ cjKnxb Pz cvwZqv KvOvjx Ea` nBqv Pvwnqv iwnj|
kv_ I UxKv : gyL y h gyLvcvavq c`we, jvKgyL DPviYi cv_K NUQ GLvb; elxqmx AwZ
e, mKji ga eqm eo, xevPK k wnme eeZ; mwZcb A_-mì AwaKvix; Awwqv gZ ewi mrKvi, gZi Rb Awg ev kl Abyvb; mM ^M, jvKgyLi DPviY cv_K NUQ; Aix AvKvk, MMb; fzvekl fvRb ev LvIqvi ci cvZ hv co _vK; cmb m, Lywk; cmbgyL Lywk fiv gyL; vo Kvj; kke LiMvk ev kkKi gZv e; Zbvi Zvi, Zuvi; `yj cvjwK enbKvix wn`y m`vqwekl, wbPz RvZi gvbyl ej AwfwnZ; B`Rvj Rv`ywe`v, GLvb Mi gvag gy ev gvwnZ Ki ivLvi gZvK evSvbv nqQ; ivgv wkniY, Abyf~wZi AvwaK Mvqi jvg ùvwoq hvIqv; fMK weKZ î, GLvb AwZ AveM KvOvjxi fvOv ev weKZ î K_v ejv evSvbv nqQ; cYvgx cyivwnZ ev è-èxK Ìqv mvjvwg, GLvb KweivRK Ìqv wPwKrmv wd wnme Ìqv UvKv evSvbv nqQ; gywhvM UvUKv wPwKrmv; MuU Kwo KuvUvhy kvgyK RvZxq cvwY; wb wbj, wbtmvo; wbevK; nwiawb nwi bvgi awb, wn`y agvej^xiv gZ`n enb Kivi mgq mgeZK èZv nwii bvg DPî ej _vK ZvK nwiawb ej; msvi wekvm, SuvK, AvRb aviYv; Akb Lv`è, Avnvii e; mvwK mvejvq wn`y m`vqi wbZKiYxq c~Rv| cvV cwiwPwZ : myKzgvi mb mvw`Z kir mvwnZmgM Mi c_g L _K AfvMxi ^M bvgK MwU msKjb Kiv nqQ| Mixe-`yLx bxPz kwYi Qj KvOvjx| Zvi gv AfvMx| cwZekx DuPz RvZi gyLyh evwoi MnKxi gZzi ci mrKvii `k `L AfvMxi fZiKvi fvevbyf~wZ cKvki gvag i nq G M| gZi kehvvi AvoîZv I mrKvii evcKZv `L AfvMxI wbRi gZz gyn~Zi ^c `L| P`b, wmu`yi, AvjZv, gvjv, NZ, gay, a~c, aybv, AwMi auvqvq gyLyh evwoi wMwb ^M Mgb KiQb| `ywLbx AfvMxI fve Zvi gZzi mgq ^vgxi cvqi a~wj wbq gZz kl cy gyLvwM Kij mI ^M hve| gZzi mgq KvOvjx Zvi evevK nvwRi KiZ cvijI cviwb KvVi Afve gvqi mrKvi KiZ| G M mvgevì wbgg i~c Ges bxP kwYi nZ`wi` gvbyli `ytL-K I hYv kirP` AZ ì`x fvlvq Dcvb KiQb|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb 1. Zvgvi `Lv abx cwievii Kviv gZ z I Mixe cwievii Kviv gZz NUbvi Zzjbvg~jK weeiY `vI| 2. KvOvjx Zvi gvqi cwZ h gvZfw `wLqQb GiKg Kvbv NUbv wjwce Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
45
ewbevPwb ck 1| Kvb b`xi Zxi kkvb NvU AewZ ? K. ksL L. Mio M. MovB N. cv 2| iwmK ej MvQwU Kx KvR eenvi KiZ PqwQj ? K. AfvMxi ke`vn L. Nievwo Zwi M. ivbvi KvV msMn N. KvOvjxi Rb DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : ZKiZ Kwnjb avi wbwe awe Kxfve ? Mdzi ewjj, hgb Ki cvwi ae evev VvKzi, ZvgvK duvwK è bv| 3| ZKiZ AfvMxi ^M Mi Kvb&& Pwii cwZwbwa ? K. VvKzi `vm gyLyR L. iwmK `yj M. `vivqvbRx N. Aai 4| GB cwZwbwaZi KviY njv i DfqB Rwg`vii cwZwbwa ii Rwg`vii Mvgv iii Rwg`vi I evY wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. ii N. ii I iii M. iii mRbkxj ck GB wbzi AwfhvM Mdzi hb evK&iva nBqv Mj| YK ci axi axi Kwnj, Kvnb LvbK Lo Gevi fvM cqwQjvg| wK Mj mbi eKqv ej KZvgkvq me ai ivLjb ? Ku` KU nvZ cvq co ejjvg, evey gkvB, nvwKg Zzwg, Zvgvi ivRZ Qo Avi cvjve Kv_vq ? AvgvK cY`kK wePzwj bv nq `vI| Pvj Lo bB| evc ewUZ _vwK, ZvI bv nq ZvjcvLvi MuvRvMuvRv w`q G elvUv KvwUq è, wK bv LZ cq Avgvi gnk h gi hve| K. KvOvjxi evevi bvg Kx ? L. Zvi nvZi Avb hw` cvB, AvwgI mM hve DwwU evLv Ki| M. DxcK AfvMxi ^M Mi h mgvRwPi BwZ iqQ Zv evLv Ki| N. KvOvjxi m DxcKi Mdzii mv`k _vKjI KvOvjx m~Yic Mdzii cwZwbwaZ Ki bv gewUi h_v_Zv wbicY Ki|
46
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wbixn evOvwj
ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb
[jLK cwiwPwZ : ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb 9B wWmî 1880 wLv iscyi Rjvi cvqive` Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv Rnxiywb gvnv` Avey Avjx nvq`vi mvei mv f~^vgx wQjb| QvUejvq eo evb Kwigybmv eMg ivKqvK evsjv wkvq mvnvh Kib| ci wZwb eo fvB Bevwng mveii Zveavb BsiwR kLb| wenvii AMZ fvMjcyii mq` mvLvIqvZ nvmbi m weevni ci wZwb eMg ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb bvg cwiwPZ nb| ^vgxi ciYvq wZwb mvwnZPPv iy Kib| mgKvjxb gymjgvb mgvR cPwjZ Kzmsvii weiy wZwb jLbx aviY Kib| gymwjg bvix RvMiY wZwb AMYx f~wgKvq AeZxY nb| mvLvIqvZ ggvwiqvj Mvjm zj I Avygvb LvZqvwZb Bmjvg cwZv Ki wZwb gymjgvb bvixì wkv I mswZi c_ AMmi nZ mvnvh Kib| civM, Aeivaevwmbx, gwZPzi, myjZvbvi ^c BZvw` Zuvi DjLhvM M| 9B wWmî 1932 mvj ivKqv mvLvIqvZ nvmb gZzeiY Kib| ]
Avgiv `yej wbixn evOvwj| GB evOvwj k Kgb mygayi Zij Kvgj fve cKvk nq| Avnv ! GB Awgqvwm evOvwj Kvb& weavZv MwoqvwQjb ? Kzmygi mKzgvh, Pì Pw`Kv, gayi gvayix, hyw_Kvi mif, mywi bxieZv, f~aii APjZv, bebxi KvgjZv, mwjji ZijZvGK K_vq wekRMZi mgy`q m`h Ges wmZv jBqv evOvjx MwVZ nBqvQ ! Avgvì bvgwU hgb kwZgayi Z`c Avgvì mgy`q wqvKjvcI mnR I mij| Avgiv g~wZgZx KweZvhw` fviZelK BsivwR aiYi GKwU AvwjKv gb Kib, Ze e`k Zvnvi eVKLvbv (drawing room) Ges evOvwj ZvnvZ mvRmv (drawing room suit)! hw` fviZelK GKUv mivei gb Kib, Ze evOvwj ZvnvZ cwbx| hw` fviZelK GKLvbv Dcbvm gb Kib, Ze evOvwj Zvnvi bvwqKv! fviZi cyil mgvR evOvwj cyiwlKv! AZGe Avgiv g~wZgvb Kve| Avgvì Lv`èjv,cyuBkvKi WuvUv, mwRbv I cyuwU grmi SvjAwZkq mim| Avgvì Lv`èjvNZ, `y, Qvbv, bebxZ, xi, mi, m`k I imMvjvAwZkq my^v`y| Avgvì `ki cavb dj, Avg I KuvVvjimvj Ges gayi| AZGe Avgvì Lv`mvgMx wYvZKmim, my^v`y, gayi| Lvì Y Abymvi kixii cyw nq| ZvB mwRbv hgb exRej, Avgvì `k ZgbB fyuwowU ~j| bebxZ KvgjZv AwaK, ZvB Avgvì ^fvei fxiZv AwaK| kvixwiK m`h m^ AwaK ejv wbcqvRb; GLb cvlvK cwiQì K_v ewj| Avgvì ei A hgb Zjwm bewbMwVZ myKvgj, cwiaqI Z`c AwZ m~ wkgjvi a~wZ I Pvì| BnvZ evqymvjbi (Ventilation Gi) Kvb evav weN nq bv ! Avgiv mgq mgq mfZvi Abyiva KvU kvU eenvi Kwi eU, KviY cyilgvbyli meB mn nq| wK Avgvì Aavxngvx, KvwMY Z`vbyKiY BsivR jjbvì wbj cwiQ` (kwgR RvKU) eenvi Kib bv| Zuvnviv AwZkq myKzgvix jwjZv jveZx jwZKv, ZvB AwZ gmY I m~ nvIqvi kvwo cib| evOvwji mKj eB myì, ^Q I mnRj|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
47
evOvwji Yi K_v wjwLZ nBj Ab gmx, KvMR I AKv jLKi AvekK| Ze msc `ywU PvwiUv Yi eYbv Kwi| abewi `yB Dcvq, evwYR I Kwl| evwYR Avgvì cavb eemvq| wK ZvB ewjqv Avgiv (Avievcbvmi) wmevì bvq evwYRcvZ AwbwZ djjvfi Avkvq Ab Acvi mvMi fvmvBqv w`qv bivki SvevZ IZcvZ nB bv| Avgiv BnvK (evwYR) mnR I ^vqvmmva Kwiqv jBqvwQ| A_vr evwYwR eemvq h KwVb cwikg AvekK, Zvnv eRb KwiqvwQ| GB Rb Avgvì `vKvb cqvRbxq wRwbl bvB, ay wejvmèbvbvwea KkZj I bvbvcKvi ivMeaK Jla Ges ivOv wcji Ajvi, bKj nxivi AvswU, evZvg BZvw` weqv_ gRy` AvQ| C`k eemvq KvwqK cwikg bvB| Avgiv LuvwU mvbv i~cv RIhvnivr ivwL bv, KviY UvKvi Afve| weklZt AvwR Kvwj Kvb& wRwblUvi bKj bv nq ? hLbB Kn GKUz hZ cwikg ^xKvi c~eK `xNKkx Zj cZ Kib, AgbB Avgiv Z`byKiY n^Kkx evwni Kwi| Kzjxbi m Kkjxb weq nq| evRvi gw wmKvix Jla AvQ, gw DKvix èI AvQ| GK K_vq ewj, hZ cKvii bKj I wbcqvRbxq wRwbl nBZ cvi, meB AvQ| Avgiv avb Zyji eemvq Kwi bv, KviY ZvnvZ cwikg AvekK| Avgvì AbZg eemvqcvm weq| GB cvm weZvi bvg ei Ges ZvK ki ej| GK GKwU cvmi g~j KZ Rvb ? AaK ivRZ I GK ivRKzgvix| Gg,G, cvm Ag~jiZ, Bnv h m Zvi q bn| wbZv mv ì weq nBj, g~jGK ivRKzgvix Ges mgy`q ivRZ| Avgiv Ajm, ZijgwZ, kgKvZi, Kvgjv evOvwj wKbv ZvB fvweqv `wLqvwQ, mkixi cwikg Kwiqv gy`vjvf Kiv Acv Old fool kii h_vme^ jyb Kiv mnR| GLb KwlKvhi K_v ewj| Kwl viv Abew nBZ cvi| wK Avgiv fvweqv `wLqvwQ KwlwefvMi Kvh (Agriculture) Kiv Acv gw Dei (Brain culture) Kiv mnR| A_vr KKk Dei f~wg KlY Kwiqv avb Drcv`b Kiv Acv gyL we`vi Rvi A_ Drcv`b Kiv mnR| Ges KwlKvh cvi`wkZv c`kb Kiv Acv Kej M.R.A.C cvk Kiv mnR| AvBbPPv Kiv Acv Kwl welq vbPPv Kiv KwVb| A_ev iì mgq Q n Kwl cwi`kbi Rb Kwl welq vbPPv Acv UvbvcvLvi Zj Avivg K`vivq ewmqv `ywf mgvPvi (Famine Report) cvV Kiv mnR| ZvB Avgiv Abvrcv`bi Pv bv Kwiqv A_ Drcv`b mP AvwQ| Avgvì A_i Afve bvB, myZivs AbKI nBe bv| `wi` nZfvMv me Abvfve gi giK, ZvZ Avgvì wK ? Avgiv AviI AbK cKvi mnR Kvh wbevn Kwiqv _vwK| h_v : (1) ivR vcb Kiv Acv ivR Dcvwa jvf mnR| (2) wkKvh cvi`kx nIqv Acv B.Sc I D.Sc cvm Kiv mnR| (3) Awei A_eq `k Kvb gnr Kvh viv LvwZ jvf Kiv Acv Luv evnv`yi ev ivq evnv`yi Dcvwa jvfi Rb A_ eq Kiv mnR| (4) cwZekx `wi`ì kvK `ytL ew_Z nIqv Acv e`kxq eo jvKì gZz`ytL kvK mfvi mf nIqv mnR| (5) `ki `ywf wbeviYi Rb cwikg Kiv Acv AvgwiKvi wbKU wfv MnY Kiv mnR|
48
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
55
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. M. K. L. M. N. mRbkxj ck G jfj cixv kl wgZz evev-gvi m Mvgi evwo eovZ Avm| Mvg ZLb cl gjv emQ| gjvq wgZz eqvZxi K GKUv wQj mvbvi KBbv, gN eiY Kk, fvwU Aj wQj mB KBbvi `k MvbwU b wegvwnZ nq| m Zvi evev-gvK wRvmv Ki gv GZw`b Kb Avwg G Mvbjv kywb wb| G MvbjvB Zv eo Avcy LyuRQ Zvi w_wmmi Rb| Avwg Gevi Avcyi Rb Mvbjv msMn Ki wbq hve| K. L. M. N. mim cvYi Rxe Drm Kvb&&wU ? AvaywbK wkvi Kgbvkv mvZ ejZ jLK Kx eywSqQb ? wgZzi G Mvbjv bv kvbvi KviYwU cwjmvwnZ cei AvjvK evLv Ki| DxcKi wgZzB hb W. gyn` knx`yjvn&&i PvIqv cwj Rbbxi gbvhvMx mvb gewU weklY Ki|
i i I ii
L. N.
ii ii I iii
4| DxcKwUi welqei mv`k iqQ Kvb&wUZ ? iv` nQ, cvwb nQ, / LuKwkqvjxi weq nQ GK nvZ evjv evi nvZ wks/Do hvq evjv av wZs wZs Kjv iq bv KUv cvZ/ZvZB Kvco ZvZB fvZ gb gvwS Zvi eVv b i/Avwg Avi evBZ cvijvg bv|
56
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
D`g I cwikg
gvnv` jyrdi ingvb
[jLK cwiwPwZ : gvnv` jyrdi ingvb 1889 wLv gviv Rjvi cvibv`yqvjx Mvg gvZzjvjq RbMnY Kib| Zuvi cZK wbevm hkvi Rjvi nvRxMvg| jyrdi ingvb Gd.G. ch covbv Kib| wZwb c_g wkK Ges ci nvwgIcv_ Wvvi wnme RxweKv wbevn Kib| bvix mgvRi DbwZi Rb bvixZx_ bvg mev cwZvb MVb Ges bvixkw bvg GKwU cwKv cKvk KiwQjb| wZwb wPvkxj I hywev`x cvewK wnme LvZ nqwQjb| Zuvi ce mnReva wK fveMxi| wZwb gnr Rxebi j mvwnZi gvag gnr wP vPZbvq gvbylK Dy KiQb| Mfxi Rxebeva, gvbweK g~jeva Ges AvZmvb I ghv`vi cwZ m~ weklYx `wfw Zuvi iPbvi cmv`Y| DbZ Rxeb, gnr Rxeb, DP Rxeb, mZ Rxeb, gvbe Rxeb, cxwZ Dcnvi cfw Z Zuvi DjLhvM M| ce QvovI wZwb KweZv, Dcbvm I QvUì eB iPbv KiQb| 1936 mvj wZwb cijvKMgb Kib|]
PvKwi Kiv KvR Dg, hLb Zv nq RvwZi mev hLb ZvZ ghv`v I ewZ b nq bv| hLb Rxeb aviYi m^j nq co PvKwi-hLb mUvK `k mev ej gb nq bv, ZLb Zv Kviv bv| mZ I AvBb Acv Dcwi KgPvixK hw` ewk gvbZ nq, Zv nj mi co| cfzi mvgb hw` gbi ej bv _vK, KwVbfve mZ ejZ bv cvi, cqvRb njB PvKwi Qo èvi mwZ bv _vK Zvnj eySe PvKwi Ki Zzwg cvc KiQ| gbi ^vaxbZvK iv KiZ bv cvij ZvgvZ I cZ cf` _vKe bv Rxeb Zvgvi wg_v ne| ^vaxb `q, mZi meK Kvgvi nI, mI fvjv| wbRK h Ki djv bv| mr, vbx I gnr whwb, wZwb wbRK ewZnxb KiZ fqsKi jv eva Kib| wZwb ZvZ cvc eva Kib| PvKwi Ki Abvq cqmvq abx nevi jvf ivL ? Zvgvi Pq gyw` fvjv| gywì cqmv cwe| AbK hyeK _vKZ cvi, hviv gb Ki KvbviKg GKUv PvKwi msMn Ki mgvRi fZi Avmb cwZv KiZ cvijB njv| Pzwii mvnvhB nvK ev Amr Dcvq Aej^b KiB nvK, wZ bB| Pwi Zvgvi wbj mvgvb KvR Ki cqmv Dcvq Ki, ZvZ RvZ hve bv| Pzwi Abvqi mvnvh h euvPZ Pv Ki, ZviB RvZ hvq, Amr Dcvq Avq Kviv bv, wg_vi Avkq wbI bv| jvKK Kvq`vq dj A_ msMn KiZ Zzwg NYv eva Kviv| BDivci vbiy cUv wgmi gYKvj gv_vq Ki Zj eP ivv-LiP hvMvo KiZb| h Kuyo, Avjm, NylLvi I Pvi, mB nxb| eemv ev QvU ^vaxb KvR gvbyl nxb nq bv nxb nq wg_v PZziZv I cebvq| cvQ RvZ hvq, mvb b nq GB fq cii MjMn nq gvmi ci gvm KvwUq w`Q ? mvb Kv_vq, Zv Zzwg Ui cvIwb ? mr Dcvq h cqmv Dcvq Kiv hvq ZvZ Zvgvi AvZvi cZb ne bv| Zvgvi AvZvi cZb ne Avjm I AmvayZvq| ZvgviB k KvR Miegq ne| Avgvì `ki jvK hgb AvRKvj wejZ hvq GKKvj Zgwb Ki wejZi jvK wMm gY hZ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
57
wejZ-diZ jvKK KD BU Ub ev Kzwji KvR Ki cqmv Dcvq KiZ `LQ ? wejZi GK cwZ `kgY viv AMva vb ARb KiwQjb wMK`k _K wdi Gm wZwb Avi Kijb Ggb KvR, hv Zzwg Avwg KiZ jveva Kie| ZvZ wK Zuvi RvZ wMqwQj ? hvi ga vb I Y AvQ, m Kqw`b wbP co _vK ? jvK ZvK mvb Ki Dci Ub ZvjB| KvR gvbyli RvZ hvq bv GUv wekvm KiZ ne| KvRnxb nI H mgq hLb KvRi fZi AmvayZv cek Ki, Avi Kvbv mgqB bq| wek-mfZvi GZ `vb Zzwg fvM Ki Gme Kx Ki njv ? nvZi mvnvh bq wK ? KvRKvgK Ljv gb Kij Pje bv| wgwi nvZzwoi AvNvZ, Kvgvii Kcvji Nvg, Kzwji Kv`vjK kvi PvL `Lv| AbK ej, Zvì Rb Kvbv KvR bB| h KvRB Zviv KiyK, h w`KB Zviv nuvUzK Kej e_Zv Avi e_Zv ! g~L hviv ZvivB G K_v ej| Zvì G e_Zvi Rb Zviv wbR `vqx ! GB bivki nv-Zvk ZvìB AgbvhvM Avi Kzuowgi dj| Wvvi Rbmb gv Kq Avbv cqmv wbq jbi gZv kni wMq DcwZ nqwQjb, A_P wZwb KviI KvQ Kvbv nvZ cvZbwb| GK ez ZuvK GK mgq GK Rvov RyZv w`qwQjb| Acgvbeva Ki wZwb m RyZv c_ dj w`qwQjb| D`g, cwikg I Pvi mvgb me evavB cvwb nq hvq| G Y hvi ga AvQ, h ew cwikgx, Zvi `ytL bB| RbmbK AbK mgq ivwZ bv Lq q _vKZ nZv, ZvZ wZwb Kvbvw`b ew_Z ev nZvk nbwb| evavK P~Y Ki exicyiyli gZv wZwb h KxwZ iL wMqQb, Zv AbK `ki AbK cwZB cvieb bv| Y _vKjI Pv bv Kij RMZ cwZv jvf Kiv hvq bv| Aviwfs mvne ejQb, Pzc Ki em _vKj KvR ne bv| Pv Ki, bovPov Ki, Ggb wK wKQz-bvo, fZi wKQz djvZ cvie| KzKzii gZv wPrKvi Ki, wmsn nqI Nywgq _vKj Kx jvf ? cixvq KZKvh nqQ, Zvici gb nQ Zvgvi g~j GK cqmv bq| wRvmv Kwi, Kb ? Rvb bv, G RMZ hviv wbZv Avbvwo Zviv gvm nvRvi nvRvi UvKv Dcvq KiQ ? Zvgvi GB gge`bv I `ytLi KviY Zzwg g~L| gvbyl evwjZ mvbv djvZ cvi, G Zzwg wekvm Ki bv? Zzwg Kuyo, Zvgvi D`g bB, Zzwg GKUv AvZcZqnxb AfvMv| KvR QvU nvK, eo nvK, cvY-gb w`q Kie| g~jnxb ezMYi jvq KvRK NYv Kviv bv| mKj w`K, mKj iKg Zvgvi KvR hvZ myì nq Zvi Pv Kie| dK&&m mvneK GK mgq GK f`jvK ejwQjb, Avcbvi jLv fvjv bq| KvRi PviyZvi cwZ Zuvi GZ bRi wQj h, wZwb mB w`b _K zji evjKi bvq jLv Avi Kijb Ges AKvji ga Zuvi jLv PgrKvi nq Mj| DbwZi Avi GK KviY nQ `w I gbvhvM| GK f`jvKi LvwbK Rwg wQj| RwgZ jvf Zv nZB bv, eis w`b w`b Zuvi wZ nwQj| wbiycvq nq bvggv UvKv wbq wZwb GK ewK Rwgjv BRviv w`jb| KqK eQi kl BRviv`vi GK w`b f~^vgxK ejjb, hw` Rwgjv weq Kib Zvnj AvgvKB èb| Avcbvi Kcvq GB Kq eQi Avwg AbK UvKv Rgv KiZ mg nqwQ| f~^vgx AevK nq wRvmv Kijb, GK eQii fZi h RwgZ Avwg GKUv cqmv Dcvq KiZ cvwi
58
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wb, mB Rwg gv KqK eQi Pvl KiB Lwi` KiZ mvnm KiQ ? m ejj, Avcbvi gZv AgbvhvMx I evey Avwg bB| cwikg Qvov Avwg Avi wKQz Rvwb bv| ejv `kUv ch Nygvbv Avgvi Afvm bq| GK hyeK U mvnei KvQ Dc`k PqwQj| hyeKK wZwb GB Dc`k `b : Kzuowg Kviv bv, hv Kievi, Zv GLbB Avi Ki| wekvg hw` KiZ nq KvR mi Kie| mgqi hviv menvi Ki, Zviv wRZeB| mgqB UvKv, mgq UvKvi Pq ewk| RxebK DbZ Kiv KvR Ki| vb ARb Ki| PwiK wVK Ki em _vK| KcYi gZv mgqi KvQ _K Zvgvi cvIbv eyS bvI| GK Nv Ki cwZw`b b Ki, `Le ermi kl b `L, Aenjvq KZ mgq b nqQ| GK Nv Ki cwZw`b GKUz Ki KvR Ki, `Le ermi kl, GgbwK gvm KZKvR Zvgvi nqQ| Zvgvi KvR `L Zzwg wbRB wewZ ne| cwZw`b Zvgvi wPv GKLvbv KvMR ewk bq-`k jvBb Ki ai ivL, `Le eQi kl Zzwg GKLvbv mywPwZ PgrKvi eB wjL djQ| RxebK eenvi Ki, `Le gZz Rxebi nvRvi KxwZi wbkvb Dwoq w`qQ| Rxeb Avjm, webv KvR KvwUq `vI, gZzKvj gb ne Rxeb Zvgvi GKUv wg_v jxjvi Awfbq Qvov Avi wKQz nqwb GKUv mxgvnxb `ytL I nv-Zvki mgw ! Rxeb kl hw` ejv, Rxeb Kx Kijvg ? wKQz njv bv ZvZ Kx jvf ne ? KvRi cvi fe wbI, Zzwg Kvb KvRi DchvMx, RMZ Kvb KvR Kievi Rb Zzwg Zwi nqQ-Kvb KvR Zvgvi AvZv Zw jvf Ki| mvayZv I mZi fZi w`q hgb DbwZ jvf Kiv hvq, Ggb Avi wKQzZ bq| mZ Ges mvayZvK j iL eemv Ki, Zvgvi DbwZ Aekvex| RyqvPzwi Ki `y w`bi Rb Zzwg jvfevb nZ cvi, m jvf `y w`bi| RMZ h mg gvbyl eemvZ DbwZ KiQb Zuvì KvRKvg KLbI wg_v, RyqvPzwi wQj bv| eemv, fvjv KvR-Gi fZi Aghv`vi wKQz bB| AMie nq nxb civaxbZvq, wg_v I AmvayZvq| GK ew gyw` Rxebi jv mn KiZ bv ci AvZnZv KiwQj| gievi AvM GKLvbv KvMR wjL iL wMqwQj G nxb Rxeb Avgvi c Amnbxq| Zvi gZzZ Avgvì gb Kvbv `qvi D`K nq bv| jvKwU GZ nxb wQj h, Zvi gyw` nq euvPeviI AwaKvi wQj bv| KvRKvg ev eemvZ AMie bB| XvKvi mycwm beve eski bvg c~ee cwm| GB eski cwZvZv AvwjgDjvn&& wQjb GKRb eemvqx| RvwZi KjvY nq eemvi fZi w`q| eemvK h kvi PvL `L bv m g~L| BsiR RvwZi GB Mie-Mwigvi GK KviY eemv| eemv bv Kij Zviv GZ eo nZ cviZ bv| h wRwbm wbR wKbj VKQ ej gb nq, m wRwbm ZvK KLbI wÌ bv| KLbI Abwf ZvK VwKI bv| nqZv gb ne Zvgvi jvKmvb njv, wK bv, Acv Ki, Zvgvi mvayZv I mybvg QovZ `vI, jvKmvbi `kY Gm Zvgvi cKU fwZ ne| eemvi fZi mvayZv iv Ki KvR Kivq AbKLvwb gbylZi ìKvi| h eemvqx jvf mseiY Ki wbRi mybvgK euvwPq ivL, m Kg gni cwiPq `q bv| wg I mwnz eenvi, f`Zv Ges A jvfi BQv Zvgvi eemvqx RxebK mdj Kie|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
59
AbeiZ PvKwii jvf hyeKiv mvbvi kwfiv RxebK weow^Z Ki w`Q| wgw, Kvgvi, wkx, ìwR Giv wK mZB wbgii jvK ? AwkwZ ejB wK mf mgvR Gì vb bB ? hv Zzwg mvgvb ej Aenjv KiQ, Zv KZLvwb vb, wPv I mvabvi dj Zv wK fe `LQ ? wkwZ ew h Kvbv KvRB KiyK bv, Zvi mvb, A_ `yB-B jvf ne| AvZvi Adzi kwK gvbyli Kcvcv_x nq e_ Ki w`qv bv|
kv_ I UxKv : ewZ ewwekli ewk| wbj wbgj| cUv (wL:c~: 427-347)-wkveZx I
mZvbymvbx cUv 387 wL c~ev GKvWwg bvg G_ GKwU we`vjq vcb Kib Ges wkvg~jK MelYvq eZx nb| wicvewjK Zuvi weLvZ M| cUvi gZ, ewZi gvb ev Rxebi mv_KZv Kx ? Zuvi K_vq Only an examined life is worthliving A_vr cixwZ RxebB mv_K Rxeb-AvZvbi viv cwikxwjZ RxebevaB ewmvi aviK I evnK| AmvayZv cZviYv, AmrKvR| Ljv g~jnxb, wbK| W. Rbmb- (Dr. Samual Johnson : 1709-1784)-GKRb wewk BsiR jLK I BsiwR fvlvq c_g Awfavb msKjK| wZwb e cLvZ Awfavb cYZv| hgb : Dictionary, Vanity of Human Wishes, Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, Lives of the Poets BZvw`| Aviwfs- (Washington Irving : 1883-1959)-GKRb AvgwiKvb jLK| Zuvi mek Rbwcq Mi bvg wicfvb DBsKj| U- (Sir Walter Scott : 1771-1832)- BsiwR fvlvq cLvZ wUk JcbvwmK I Mv_v iPwqZv| Zuvi AbZg k Dcbvm AvBfvbnv| nv-Zvk-Avcawb| D`K-D`q, mvi| Mie-Mwigv, ghv`v, Me| weow^Z-`ytLcv| e_-wbj| cvV cwiwPwZ : D`g I cwikg wbewU gvnv` jyrdi ingvbi DbZ Rxeb Mi `kg cwiQ` _K msMnxZ| Mi g~j wbe Gi bvg PvKwi, KvRKg I eemv : D`g, Pv, cwikg| D`g I cwikg wbe gvnv` jyrdi ingvb i~c DPviY KiQb h, Rxeb avibi Rb PvKwi KiZ ne| KvR KiZ ne| Ze Kvbv KvRB hb gbi ^vaxbZvK Le bv Ki| PvKwi Rxeb ^v_ew ev Abvqi Kvbv k hb bv _vK| KvR QvU nvK wZ bB, wK civbyMni P hb ew Zvi mvi Aghv`v Ki Avkvi cZb bv NUvq| cw_exZ GgbI `v AvQ, huviv GKKvj QvULvUv KvR KiQb, AvZmvb eRvq iL wbR j wi iL Aekl nqQ cw_exLvZ jvK| AvZvbwZi Rb cwikg Ges D`g Acwinvh, Gi m `w I gbvhvM _vKZ ne| mvayZv I mZi fZi w`q hgb mvi gwngv DvwmZ nq KvRi gvag, Zgwb mgvRI ^wbfi hyeKi, wkwZ gvbyli Adzi kwi cKvkI Avgiv `LZ cvB| `ytL nq, hLb `Lv hvq, D`xqgvb hyeKi ga h mvebvgq mvbvi gZv g~jevb kw mshy AvQ, ZLb ZvivB civbyMni gvn `yqvi `yqvi PvKwii Rb gv_v KzU giQ| A_P Zvì KvQ, Kgkwfiv `ywU mej nvZ AvQ, wkvj vb, AwfZvgq gw AvQ, Dxcbvgq cvY~wZ AvQ, GB Yvewji mdj cqvM Zvì è mv_K Rxebi mvb, AvZwbfiZv Z_v AvZcwZvq Agq kw|
60
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb 1. mgvR I ivxq Rxeb PvKwi I Rbmevi cuvPwU KvRi DjL Ki| 2. Zvgvi GjvKvq Zzwg Kx Kx mgvRmevg~jK KvR KiZ cvi Zvi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki| ewbevPwb ck 1| D`g I cwikg cewU jLKi Kvb M _K msMnxZ ? K. DP Rxeb L. gnr Rxeb M. DbZ Rxeb N. gvbe Rxeb
2| mgqi hviv menvi Ki Zviv wRZeBGK_v viv Kx evSvbv nqQ ? K. cwikgxiv weRqx ne L. Avjm ZvM Kiv DwPZ M. KvRK NYv Kiv AbywPZ N. mrkgi Kvb weK bB wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : cwikg mfvMi cm~wZ| 3| D`g I cwikg cei h Pwii gvS DxcKi cwZdjb `Lv hvq wZwb njb i. Aviwfs ii. W. Rbkb iii. cUv wbPi KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii M. i I iii 4| D cwZdjbi KviY Kx ? K. mZZv I cwikg M. D`g I mvnm L. N. L. N.
ii I iii i, ii I iii
D`g I cwikg cwikg I wbv
mRbkxj ck : kvgxg ckvq bk cnix| GKw`b ivZ `L gvbRvi mvne kwgKì w`q `vgi gvjvgvj mivQb| GZ m cwZev` Kivq ZvK PvKwiPzwZi gwK `q| G Abvq KvRK mg_b KiZ bv cvivq m PvKwi Qo w`q Mvg Pj hvq| mLvb nuvm-gyiwM, grm I ke&wRi Pvl i Ki| Aw`bi gaB Zvi eemvqi ek cmvi NU| AbK eKvi hyeKK wbqvM `q Zvi Lvgvii KvR| K. KvK BDivci vbi ejv nq ? L. RyZv cq Rbkb AcgvwbZ eva Kijb Kb ? M. DxcKi kvgxgi gvS D`g I cwikg cei dzU IVv w`KwU evLv Ki| N. DxcKi kvgxg gvnv` jyrdi ingvbi D`g I cwikg ce ewYZ PZbvi mgM AskK aviY Ki wK ? hywmn cgvY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
61
Rxeb wki vb
Gm. IqvR` Avwj
[jLK cwiwPwZ : Gm IqvR` Avwj 1896 wLv (28k fv` 1303 mb) mvZxiv Rjvi euvk`n Mvg RbMnY Kib| KjKvZv eevmx KjR we.Gm. Kvmi Qv _vKvKvjxb wZwb AmnhvM Av`vjb hvM`vb Kib Ges GLvbB jLvcovi mgvw NUvb| Gici wZwb mvsevw`KZvK ckv wnme MnY Kib| wZwb gvwmK gvnv`x, `wbK gvnv`x, `wbK meK, mvvwnK mIMvZ, mvvwnK Lv`g, BsiwR w` gymjgvb BZvw` cwKvq KgiZ wQjb| Zuvi DjLhvM M : gnvgvbyl gynmxb, giyfvi, mq` Avng`, ^Yvbw`bx, QvUì nhiZ gyn` BZvw`| wZwb Lye cwiQb wPv I hywev`x gb wbq mewKQzi wePvi KiZb| mnR mij cKvkfw Zuvi iPbvi AbZg ewk| Zuvi M`kjx FRy, iPbv mvejxj| ^vMZ KviY wZwb 1935 mvj KjKvZv Qo euvk`n wdi Avmb Ges mLvbB 1954 mvji 8B bfî gZzeiY Kib|]
RxebK myì KiZ nj m`hi wb`kb wkK mvaviY Rxeb wewk GKUz vb Ìqv ìKvi| Avgvì evwo myì nIqv PvB, evwoi cvY myì nIqv PvB, evwoi Avmevec myì nIqv PvB, evwoi mvR-mivg myì nIqv PvB, evwoi ewbI myì nIqv PvB| Zvici Avgiv hv cwi, Avgiv hv eenvi Kwi, meB myì nIqv PvB| Kej ZvB bqAvgvì emevi fw myì nIqv PvB, Avgvì DVevi fw myì nIqv PvB, Avgvì K_v ejevi fw myì nIqv PvB, Avgvì cZKwU Afw, Avgvì cZKwU AvPvi, cZKwU eenvi myì nIqv PvB| hv Amyì, hv K`h, hv Kzrwmr, hv K`vKvi m meK Kvb-bv-Kvb Dcvq Rxeb _K Avgvì ZvovZ ne| mZ hgb evbxq Rxebi Acwinvh GKwU A, kq hgb evbxq Rxebi Acwinvh GKwU A, myìI Zgwb mB evbxq RxebiB Acwinvh GKwU A| cvPxb MxKiv h GKvfve m`hwcq wQjb cvVK m K_v Rvbb| Zuviv hy-Kzkj Ges hywcqI wQjb| Zvì welq Avwg cowQ, hyi, hyi mgq mev jvj Kvco AveZ Ki Zuviv hy hZb, ii `vM `nK Zvì hvZ Kzrwmr, K`vKvi Ki bv Zvj mB Dk| AvgvìI ZuvìB gZ RxebK me cKvi K`hZv _K `~i ivLevi Pv KiZ ne| evsjv`ki Mvg Ges kni wK `k Avgiv `LZ cvB ? Avgvi wbRi Ges Avkcvki Mvgwji K_vB GLb ewj| gvUihvM wKsev cèR District Board-Gi ivv eq Mvgi w`K AMmi nB, ZLb B gb nq, District Board-Gi KZviv Rxeb m`hi cqvRbxqZv gvU Dcjw Kib bv ! mi, Amgvb c_, `yavi Zvi AvMvQvi ivk| c_i cvk w`q Pj MQ b`gv, ZvZ KZiKg AveRbv h co AvQ Zv eYbv Kiv hvq bv| A`~i euvki eb, ZvZ gvbylI cek KiZ cvi bv, AvjvKI cek KiZ cvi bv| Wvev, cywiYx, gRvb`x meB jZvj fiv Kvb m`h mwi cqvmi wP ch cvIqv hvq bv| Avgiv `k wbq Me KiZ fvjvevwm| e xZ Ki mgq Avgiv ej _vwK evsjv`ki gZ myì `k Kv_vI bvB| wK mZB wK ZvB ! GB mw`b Avwg wkgyjZjvq wMqwQjvg| mLvbKvi cvKwZK m`h Avgvq gy KiwQj| Avgvi m GK ZiyY ez wQjb| evsjv`kK wZwb eoB fvjvevmb| wkgyjZjvq hvevi c~e Zuvi KvQ evsjv `ki m`hi cksmv Anin bZ cZzg| dievi mgq hLb Avgvì Ub evsjvi gvwUZ cek
62
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Kg-Abykxjb 1. Avg-AuvwUi fcy M h mKj MvgxY Dcv`vb I k eeZ nqQ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki| 2. Zvgvi cwVZ Avg-AvuwUi fcy Mi Abyi~c MvgxY Rxebi eYbv m^wjZ Ab GKwU Mi AvjvPbv wjL kwY wkKi wbKU Rgv `vI| ewbevPwb ck 1| DVvbi Kvb RvqMv _K `yMv AcyK WvKwQj? K. AvgZjv L. eUZjv M. KuvVvjZjv N. RvgZjv
70
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72
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73
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
75
gw`bv mw` Avie AewZ gymwjg weki wZxq mvwbZ bMix| GLvb nhiZ gyn` (m.) Ges nhiZ Avev eKii (iv.) gvRvi iqQ| wnRiZ kvwK A_ cwiZvM| GLvb gv ZvM Ki gw`bv hvv evSvbv nqQ| GB mgq _K wnRwi mvj MYbvi i| Zvqd mw` Aviei `wYvji GKwU Dei c`k| eì, Inv`, Avnhve, Lqei nhiZi RxebKvj weagxì wei GBme vb gymjgvbì hy nqwQj| `vqweqv GKwU hy, GB vb weagxì m ivmyjyjvn (m.) Gi GKwU mwc ^vwiZ nq| G mw wQj AZ iZc~Y Ges ivmyjyjvni ivRbwZK `yi`wkZvi cwiPvqK| Lvwj` nhiZi RxweZKvj Bmjvgi cLvZ exi hvv Ges mbvcwZ| mvdv mvdv I ZviIqv `ywU QvU cvnvo Kvevi wbKU AewZ| nhiZ Beivwng (Av.)-Gi x wewe nvRiv wkcy BmgvBji wccvmv wbeviYi Rb cvwbi mvb GB `yB cvnvoi ga QvUvQzwU KiwQjb| mB wZ iv_ AvRI nReZxiv mvdv-gviIqvq ò _vKb| Avqkv (iv.) nhiZ AveyeKii Kbv, ivmyjyjvn (m.) -Gi AbZg mnawgYx, we`ylx igYx wQjb| nhiZi BKvji ci wZwb e nvw`m DZ Kib| cvV cwiwPwZ : gvbyl gyn` (m.) cewU gvnv` IqvR` Avjx iwPZ gi fvi M _K bIqv nqQ| nhiZ gyn` (m.)-Gi gvbexq Yvewj G ce weklY Kiv nqQ| nhiZ wQjb gvbyli bex| ZvB gvbyli c hv AvPiYxq wZwb ZviB Av`k cwZv Ki MQb| wZwb wecyj Hkh, gZv I gvbyli AMva fvjvevmv I kvi ga _KB GKRb mvaviY gvbyli gZv Rxebhvcb Ki MQb| gZv I gn, cg I `qv Zuvi ARm PvwiwK Yi ga cavb| Zuvi mvivRxeb gvbe RvwZi KjvYi Rb wbqvwRZ wQj| gvbyli k Av`k wnme wZwb Zuvi Rxeb i~cvwqZ Ki ZzjwQjb| Zuvi mvabv, ZvM, KjvYwPv wQj weki mgM gvbyli Rb AbyKiYxq| nhiZi gZzi ci Zuvi AbymvixMYi ga h e`bv I nZvkv `Lv w`qwQj Zv mseiY Kivi Rb nhiZ AveyeKi (iv) gnvbex (m.)-Gi Rxebi ewk Zzj ai cP kvKK kv Kib| gvbyl wnme nhiZi ewki AvjvPbvB G cei cwZcv`|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb nhiZ gynv` (m.) Gi ewki GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki| ewbevPwb ck 1| mZ cwZvi nhiZ gyn` (m.) Kvì KvQ DcnvwmZ nqwQjb? K. Bw`ì L. Lqeievmxì M. cwjKì N. `vqweqvevmxì
76
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
2| Gì vb `vI cfy, Gì gv Ki G DwZ nhiZ gyn` (m)-Gi Kvb YwU cKvk cqQ? K. mnbkxjZv L. D`viZv M. gnvbyfeZv N. wePYZv 3| Avwg ivRv bB, mgvU bB, gvbyli cfy bB| Avwg GgbB GK bvixi mvb, mvaviY gvsmB wQj hvnvi wbZKvi Avnvh| G ee nhiZ gyn` (m.) Gi Pwii dzU IVv w`KwU njv
i. wbinsKvi ii. wePYZv iii. mZwbv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK? K. i M. i I ii L. N.

ii ii I iii
4| DxcK cwZdwjZ welqwUi m mv`k iqQ KvbwUi? K. GKwUgv wcivb KvwPqv Kvq wb Zvnv ej i` awiqv ewmqv AvQ Mv Lwjdv AvwObv Zj| L. Zzwg wbfxK GK Lv`v Qvov KiwbK Kvi fq mZeZ Zvgvq fvBZ me DZ Kq| M. Di iwk awiqv AM, gywZ DV em DU Z evjyZ Pwj h PiY i DVQ dzU| N. evqZzj gvj nBZ jBqv NZ-AvUv wbR nvZ ewjj, Gme PvcvBqv `vI Avgvi wcVi ci| mRbkxj ck nhiZ b~ (Av) ag I bvqi c_ Pjvi Rb mKji cwZ Avnvb Rvbvb| GZ gv Pwjk Rb gvbyl mvov `b| evwKiv mevB Zuvi weivwaZv i Ki bvbv AZvPvi AwZ Ki Zvj| G AZvPvii gvv mnbvZxZ nj wZwb GK chvq AZvPvixi wei Avjvni KvQ dwiqv` Rvbvb| Avjvni Kzg ZLb Ggb ebv nq h, H Pwjk Rb ev` mKj AZvPvix asm nq hvq| K. L. M. N. nhiZ gyn` (m.) Kvb esk RbMnY Kib? mygnvb cwZkva ejZ Kx evSvq? nhiZ b~ (Av) h w`K w`q nhiZ gyn` (m.) _K wfb Zv evLv Ki| nhiZ b~ (Av)-Gi Pwi Kx aibi cwieZb Avbj wZwbI nhiZ gyn` (m.)-Gi GKwU wekl Y dzU DVZ? Zvgvi Dii mc hyw `vI|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
77
wbgMvQ
ebdzj
[jLK cwiwPwZ : cKZ bvg ejvBPuv` gyLvcvavq| wenvii c~wYqvi AMZ gwYnvi Mvg 1899 mvji 19k RyjvB wZwb RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv Wv. mZbvivqY gyLvcvavq| ebdzj c~wYqvi mvneM BsiwR DP we`vjq _K 1918 mvj gvwUK, nvRixevMi mU Kj^vm KjR _K 1920 mvj AvB.Gmwm Ges 1927 mvj cvUbv gwWKvj KjR _K Gg.we cvk Kib| gwWKvj Awdmvi c` PvKwii gvag ebdzji KgRxeb i| 1918 mvj kwbevii wPwVZ e-KweZv I cviwW wjL Zuvi mvwnZ Ab cek| cevmx cwKvq wZwb GKcvZv-AvacvZvi M wjL Mi AvwK `, A_P ee Zvrchc~Y| Zuvi DjL hvM MM : ebdzji M, ebdzji Aviv M, evj, we`ywemM, AbyMvwgbx, Z^x, Ewggvjv, `~iexb BZvw`| ev eRxeb I vb-wevbi wewP Dcv`vb Zuvi M I Dcbvm wbcyYfve cKvwkZ nqQ| ebdzji DjLhvM Dcbvm njv : ZYL, wKQzY, i_, wbgvK, m I Avwg, Rg, AwM BZvw`| GQvovI ebdzji KweZv, e KweZv, PZz`k c`x, Rxebx bvUK : kxgaym~`b, we`vmvMi cfwZ Zuvi Abb mvaviY mw| wewfb cyivimn wZwb cf~lY Dcvwa jvf Kib| 1979 mvji 9 deqvwi ebdzj KjKvZvq gZ z eiY Kib|]
KD QvjUv Qvwoq wbq wm KiQ| cvZvjv wQuo wkj wclQ KD! KDev fvRQ Mig Zj| Lvm `v` nvRv PzjKvwbZ jvMve| PgivMi Ae_ gnla| KwP cvZvjv LvqI AbK| Ggwb KuvPvB ... wK^v fO eb-mnhvM| hKZi c fvwi DcKvi| KwP Wvjjv fO wPevq KZ jvK ... ùvZ fvjv _vK| KweivRiv cksmvq cgyL| evwoi cvk MRvj weiv Lywk nb| ej wbgi nvIqv fvjv, _vK&&, KUv bv| KvU bv, wK hZI Ki bv| AveRbv Rg Gm Pvwiw`K| kvb w`q euvwaqI `q KD m Avi-GK AveRbv| nVvr GKw`b GKUv bZzb aibi jvK Gjv| gy`wZ Pq iBj wbgMvQi w`K| Qvj Zzjj bv, cvZv wQuoj bv, Wvj fvOj bv, gy`wZ Pq iBj ay| ej DVj, evn&&, Kx myì cvZvwj ... Kx i~c ! _vKv_vKv dzjiB ev Kx evnvi... GKSuvK b bg GmQ hb bxj AvKvk _K meyR mvqi| evn&& LvwbKY Pq _K Pj Mj|
78
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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kv_ I UxKv : Qvj evKj, GLvb wbgMvQi evKj; wkj clv wbgMvQi cvZv wkjcvUvq eU
Zv _K im ei Kiv nq; Mig Zj fvRv wbgcvZv Mig Zj fvRj gPgP Ges Zv LZ LvwbKUv Dcv`q nq; Lvm `v` .... jvMve PzjKvwbi vb jcb Kie; Ae_ hv wedj ne bv; cvZvjv LvqI wbgi KwPcvZv Lj gvbyli kixi ivM cwZiva gZv evo; kvb w`q euvavbv GLvb BU I wmgU w`q euvavbv evSvQ; KweivR whwb MvQMvQvwj cwikvab Ki gbylivMi wPwKrmv Kib; Kwe whwb KweZv jLb, m`hi c~Rvwi; wkKo AbK `~i Pj MQ cZxKvkq ewYZ| wbgMvQi wkKo gvwUi Mfxi cek Ki Ges Pvwiw`K weZI nq| jx eDUvi cZxK hnZz wbgMvQ mnZz wbgMvQi wkKoi m eDqi msmvii Rvj Pvwiw`K Ave nIqvK evSvbv nqQ| cvV cwiwPwZ : ejvBPuv` gyLvcvavqi (ebdzj) A`kjvK (1947) Mi Afy wbgMvQ M| GB Mi msw Aeqei g` jLK wecyj ee Dcvcbi h `Zvi cwiPq w`qQb Zv evsjv mvwnZ weij| wbgMvQi eYbv, Gi cvZv, evKj, Qvqvi BZvwì evwnK DcKvwiZv KweZvi gZv eYbv Kiv nqQ GB M| KweivR Zvi wPwKrmvi KvR, mvaviY gvbyl cvZwnK cqvRb wbgMvQK AbeiZ eenvi Ki _vK| wK KD GB MvQi mvgvbI hZ bq bv| GKRb Kwe GKw`b wbgMvQi Y I i~ci cksmv Ki| wbgMvQi fvjv jvM H jvKK Ges m Zvi m Pj hZ Pvq| wK gvwUi Mfxi Zvi wkKo| MvQwU hZ cvi bv| Avmj MvQ Zv hZ cvi bv| GwU GKwU cZxKxM| GB Mi gvwRK-evK njv klwU, hLvb jLK cyi w`qQb mxgvnxb K_vi AvLvb|
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb 1| wbgMvQi YvYi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki| 2. Zvgvi GjvKvq wbgMvQ ivcYi Kgm~wP bIqv ìKvi| G KvR Kivi Rb Zvgiv Kx Kx Kie? ewbevPwb ck 1| wbgMvQi Qvj wbq jvKRb Kx KvR jvMvq? K. wm Ki Lvq L. wfwRq Lvq M. wKq Lvq N. ivbv Ki Lvq
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
79
2| evwoi cvk MRvj weiv Lywk nq Kb? K. GUv `LZ myì L. M. GUv cwiek eve N.
GUv DcKvix GUv AvKvi QvU
wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : Mdzii wcq luvo gnk| cvq AvU eQi cwZcvjb Ki m GLb eyov nqQ| Mdzi mvagZ Zvi hZ bq| mgvRi KD ZvK Pvq bv| wK Mdzi mvbmn ZvK jvjb Ki| wbRi Lvevi bv Lq Nii Pvj do gnkK LZ `q| 3| DxcKi gnk -Gi mv_ h w`K w`q wbgMvQ MwU mv`kc~Y Zv njv
i. Ae`vb ii. cqvRbxqZv iii. civcKvi
wbPi KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii M. ii I iii K. DcwZ M. AvZZvMx mRbkxj ck iwngì evwoZ `xN Pwjk eQi hver KvR KiQb AvKwjgv LvZzb| GK K_vq Zvì msmviUv ay euvwPq iLQb Zv bq eis Zvì mgwi g~j Zvi Ae`vb mxgvnxb| eqmi fvi AvR m Ag nq we`vq wbZ Pvq| Kbbv Zvi c GLb Avi MZi LvUv Ame| Zvi G cve iwng ej, AvcbvK Kv_vI hZ ne bv| Rxebi evwK mgqUzKz Avgvì cwievii m`m nq KvUveb| K. L. M. N. PgivMi Ae_ gnla KvbwU? wbgMvQwU bv KvUjI KD Zvi hZ Ki bv Kb? DxcKi AvKwjgvi mv_ wbgMvQ Mi mv`kc~Y w`KwU Zzj ai| DxcKwU wbgMvQ Mi mgMfveK bq eis wekl GKUv w`KK Zzj ai hywmn cgvY Ki| L. N. L. N.
i I iii i, ii I iii
4| mv`k _vKjI wbgMvQUv Kvb wePvi ewZg? DcKvix wbinsKvix
80
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
DcwZ kwi Dvab
KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg
[jLK cwiwPwZ : KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 11B R 1306 mvj (25k g 1899) fviZi cwgei eagvb Rjvi Avmvbmvj gnKzgvi Pziywjqv Mvg RbMnY Kib| Qjejvq wZwb jUv Mvbi `j hvM `b| ci eagvb I gqgbwmsni wkvj _vbvi `wiivgcyi nvB zj jLvcov Kib| 1914 mvj wZwb mbvevwnbxi evOvwj cb hvM w`q KivwP hvb| mLvbB Zuvi mvwnZ Rxebi m~Pbv NU| Zuvi jLvq wZwb mvgvwRK AwePvi I civaxbZvi weiy mvPvi nqQb| GRb ZuvK we`vnx Kwe ejv nq| evsjv mvwnZ RMZ Zuvi Avwefve GK bZzb w`Mi DbvPb Ki| KweZv, Dcbvm, bvUK, QvUM, ce BZvw` mvwnZi mKj kvLvq wZwb cwZfvi ^vi iLQb| wZwb MRj, Lqvj I ivMcavb Mvb iPbv Ki LvwZ ARb Kib| Aviwe-dviwm ki mv_K eenvi Zuvi KweZvK wewkZv `vb KiQ| gv Pwjk eQi eqm Kwe `yivivM ivM Avv nq evKkw nvwiq djb| evsjv`k cwZvi ci Amy KweK XvKvq Avbv nq Ges ci ZuvK evsjv`ki bvMwiKZ c`vb Kiv nq| ZuvK ^vaxb evsjv`ki RvZxq Kwei ghv`vq f~wlZ Kiv nq| Zuvi iwPZ Kvejvi ga AwMexYv, weli euvwk, QvqvbU, cjqwkLv, PevK, wmzwn`vj weklfve DjLhvM| e_vi `vb, wii e`b, wkDwjgvjv, gZzzav, KznwjKv BZvw` Zuvi iwPZ M I Dcbvm| hyMevYx, `yw`bi hvx I ivRe`xi Revbe`x Zuvi DjLhvM ce M| 29k AvM 1976 mvj Kwe XvKv wc.wR. nvmcvZvj kl wbtkvm ZvM Kib| XvKv wekwe`vjq gmwR`msjM cvY ZuvK cwic~Y mvgwiK ghv`vq mgvwnZ Kiv nq|]
n gvi `yfvMv `k! hvì KiQ Acgvb Acgvb nZ ne Zvnvì mevi mgvb| iex`bv_ AvR Avgvì GB bZyb Kwiqv gnvRvMiYi w`b Avgvì mB kwK fzwjj Pwje bv hvnvì Dci Avgvì `k Avbv kw wbfi KwiZQ, A_P Avgiv Zvnvw`MK Dcv Kwiqv AvwmZwQ| mB nBZQ, Avgvì `ki Z_vKw_Z QvUjvK m`vq| Avgvì AvwfRvZ-MweZ m`vqB GB nZfvMvì GBi~c bvgKiY KwiqvQb| wK Kvbv h w`qv GB `yB kwYi jvKi Ai hw` `wLZ cviv, Zvnv nBj `wLe, H Z_vKw_Z QvUjvK-Gi Ai KuvPi bvq ^Q, GB QvUjvK Ggb ^Q Ai, Ggb mij gy D`vi cvY jBqvI h Kvbv Kvh KwiZ cvwiZQ bv, Zvnvi KviY GB f` m`vqi AZvPvi| m ePviv Rb nBZ GB NYv, Dcv cvBqv wbRK GZ QvU gb Ki, mvP RoZv Zvnvi ^fvei m Ggb IZcvZfve RovBqv hvq h, mIh AvgvìB gZv gvbyl mI h mB GK Avjvn&&Gi mw, ZvnviI h gvbyl nBevi mgvb AwaKvi AvQ, Zvnv m GKevi fzwjqv hvq| hw` KD GB Drcxobi weiy we`vnvPiY Ki, Agwb Avgvì f` m`vq Zvnvi gv_vq cP AvNvZ Kwiqv ZvnvK Avb Kwiqv dj| GB nZfvMvw`MK Avgvì GB mwZKvi gvbylw`MK Avgiv GB iKg Aenjv Kwiqv PwjqvwQ ewjqvB AvR Avgvì GZ AatcZb| ZvB Avgvì `k Rbkw ev MYZ MwVZ nBZ cvwiZQ bv| nBe wKi~c? `ki Awaevmx jBqvB Zv `k Ges ewi mgwB Zv RvwZ| Avi m`kK, m-RvwZK hw` `ki, RvwZi mKj eywSZ bv cvi, Ze Zvnvi DbwZi Avkv Kiv Avi AvKvk AvwjKv wbgvYi Pv Kiv GKB K_v| Zvgiv f` m`vq, gvwb, `ki `y`kv RvwZi `yMwZ eySv, jvKK eySvBZ cviv Ges H `yfv Mi K_v Kwnqv Kuv`vBZ cvi, wK Kvh bvwgqv Kvh
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
81
Kwievi kw Zvgvì AvQ wK? bv, bvB| G-K_v h wbiU mZ, Zvnv ZvgivB eySv| KvRB Zvgvì GB `kK, RvwZK DbZ Kwievi Avkv H K_vZB kl nBqv hvq| wK hw` GKevi Avgvì GB RbkwK Dy KwiZ cviv, Zvnvw`MK gvbyl ewjqv fvB ewjqv Kvj wèvi Zvgvi D`viZv _vK, Zvnvw`Mi kwi Dbl KwiZ cviv, Zvnv nBj `wLe Zzwg kZ ermi awiqv cvYcY Pv mI hKvR KwiZ cvwiZQ bv, GKw`b mB KvR mb nBe| GK_v nqZv Zvgvi wekvm nBe bv, GKevi gnvZv Mvxi K_v fvweqv `Lv `wL! wZwb fviZ wK Amva mvab KwiZ cvwiqvQb! wZwb hw` Ggwb Kwiqv cvY Lywjqv Bnvì mwnZ bv wgwkZb, Bnvì myL-`ytLi Ggb Kwiqv fvMx bv nBZb, Bnvw`MK hw` wbRi eyKi i w`qv, Zvnviv LvBZ cvBj bv ewjqv wbRI Zvnvì m Dcevm Kwiqv Bnvw`MK wbZv Avcbvi Kwiqv bv ZzwjZb, Zvnv nBj AvR ZuvnvK K gvwbZ? K Zuvnvi KZvq KYcvZ KwiZ? K Zuvnvi GKwU BwZ Ggb Kwiqv eyK evovBqv gwiZ cvwiZ? Zuvnvi AvwfRvZ-Mie bvB, c`-Miei Anvi bvB, Abvqvm cvYi gy D`viZv jBqv Zvgvì NY GB QvUjvKK e awiqv fvB ewjqv WvwKqvQb, m-Avnvb RvwZf` bvB, agf` bvB, mgvR-f` bvB,m h WvKvi gZv WvKv,ZvB wbwLj fviZevmx, GB DcwZ nZfvMviv Zuvnvi w`K GZ nv nv Kwiqv eM ev gwjqv QzwUqvQ| nvq, Zvnvì h Avi Kn KLbv Ggb Kwiqv GZ eyKfiv mn w`qv Avnvb Kib bvB! G gnv-Avnvb wK Zvnviv mvov bv w`qv cvi? hw` cviv, Ggwb Kwiqv WvKv, Ggwb Kwiqv GB DcwZ kwi evab Kiv `wLe BnvivB `k hyMvi Avwbe, Amva mvab Kwie| Bnvw`MK Dcv Kwievi, gvbylK gvbyl nBqv NYv Kwievi, Zvgvi wK AwaKvi AvQ? Gnv Zv AvZvi ag bq| Zvnvi AvZv Zvgvi AvZvi gZvB fvî, Avi GKB gnvAvZv Ask| Zvgvi RbMZ AwaKviUvB wK GZ eo? Zzwg hw` GB Pvj esk RbMnY KwiZ, Zvnv nBj Zvgvi gZv f`jvKì Ìqv GB me nZvì Dcvi AvNvZ, e`bvi wbggZv GKevi Kbv Kwiqv `Lv `wL, fvweZ Zvgvi AvZv wK wknwiqv DwVe bv? Avgvì GB cwZZ, Pvj, QvUjvK fvBì eyK Kwiqv Zvnvw`MK Avcb Kwiqv jBZ, ZvnvìB gZv `xb emb cwiqv, Zvnvì cvY ZvgviI cvY mshvM Kwiqv DP wki Zvi myL Avwmqv ùvovI, `wLe wek ZvgvK bgvi Kwie| Gm, Avgvì DcwZ fvBì nvZ awiqv AvR evab-euvwkZ myi w`B wKmi `ytL, wKmi `b, wKmi jv, wKmi Kk!
kv_ I UxKv : gmxgq KvwjgvLvgq, AKvivQb, Pvj Pvovj, wn`y eYeevq wbgeMi jvK,
evab-euvwk eva RvwMq Zvjvi euvwk, `b `vwi`, `xbZv| cvV cwiwPwZ : DcwZ kwi Dvab kxlK cewU Ave`yj AvRxR-Avj Avgvb mvw`Z bRij iPbv mvi bvgK Mi ZZxq L _K Pqb Kiv nqQ| Awef fviZeli cUf~wgZ jLv cewU mv`b Ki cvVfz Kiv nqQ| AvjvP ce KvRx bRij Bmjvgi mvgev`x gvbwmKZvi cwiPq dzU DVQ| GKwU `ki MYZ cwZvq QvU-eo, DuPz-wbPz, agxq I RvwZMZ wef` `~i Kiv AvekK| weki eyK GKwU RvwZ ghv`vevb iv MVb KiZ cwZwU `ki gbxlxMY AvgiY msMvg Ki MQb| Zvì wb`wkZ c_ hw` Avgiv cwigY KiZ cvwi Ze Avgvì mgvR I ivxq Rxeb myL I mgw weivR Kie|
82
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb 1| gvbyli fvjvevmv cvIqvi Rb Kx Kx Kiv DwPZ, Zv wjL| 2| evsjv`k gvbeZvi mgvR cwZvi Rb Zvgvi cvebvjv wjL| ewbevPwb ck 1| AvR Avgvì gnvRvMiYi w`b DcwZ ewì Dci KZ Avbv kw wbfi KiQ? K. M. K. M. Qq Avbv `k Avbv L. N. AvU Avbv eviv Avbv L. N. MYRvMiYi Afve ewK cvavb Ìqv
2| AvR Avgvì GZ AatcZbi KviY Kx? gnbwZ gvbylì cwZ Aenjv ^civR wePiY
wbPi DxcKwU co 3 bs cki Di `vI : fZ Pwoj DUi c Dgi awij iwk, gvbyl ^M Zzwjqv awiqv ayjvq bvwgj kkx| 3| DcwZ kwi Dvab ce cvewKi Kvb&& gvbwmKZvi cwiPq DxcK cKvk cqQ? K. M. Amv`vwqKZvi vZZevai L. N. mZevw`Zvi mvgevw`Zvi
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
83
wkv I gbylZ
gvZvni nvmb Payix
[jLK cwiwPwZ : gvZvni nvmb Payix 1903 wLv Kzwgjvq RbMnY Kib| Zuvi cZK wbevm bvqvLvwj Rjvi Kvbcyi Mvg| wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq _K 1943 mvj evsjvq Gg.G. cvk Kib| KgRxeb wZwb evsjv fvlv I mvwnZi AavcK wQjb| GKRb mswZevb I gvwRZ iywPmb ew wnme wZwb LvZ wQjb| XvKv _K cKvwkZ wkLv cwKvi m wZwb hy wQjb| Zuvi jLvq gbbkxjZv I wPvi ^Q` cKvk NUQ| Zuvi M` cg_ Payixi cfve jYxq| g~jZ M`Kvi njI wZwb ek wKQz KweZvI iPbv Kib| Zuvi ceM mswZ K_v evsjv mvwnZi gbbkxj ce avivq GKwU DjLhvM mshvRb| Zuvi gZzi ci MwU cKvwkZ nq| mfZv I myL Zuvi `ywU Abyev`M| 1956 mvji 18B mî wZwb cijvKMgb Kib|]
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84
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
85
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2| AvwZK gZz ejZ jLK Kx eywSqQb ?

i. ^vfvweK gZz ii. bwZK AatcZb iii. g~jevai Aeq
wbPi KvbwU mwVK? K. M.

i I ii i I iii
L. N.
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86
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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i I ii i I iii
L. N.
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
87
cevm ez
mq` gyRZev Avjx
[jLK cwiwPwZ : mq` gyRZev Avjx 13B mî 1904 wLv Avmvgi KwigM RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv wmKvì Avjx| mq` gyRZev Avjxi cwK wbevm gjfxevRvi| wZwb wmjU MfgU nvBzj I kvw wbKZb covkvbv Kib| ci 1926 mvj wekfviZx _K mvZK wWwM ARb Kib| AvdMvwbvb Kveyji Kwl wevb KjR Aavcbv w`q KgRxeb i nq| Gici evwjb I eb wekwe`vjq Aaqb Kib| 1932 wLv wZwb eb wekwe`vjq _K WiU wWwM jvf Kib| KgRxeb KLbI wZwb wgkii Avj Avhvnv wekwe`vjq, gnxk~ii eiv`v KjR Aavcbv Kib| wZwb 1949 wLv eovi AvwRRyj nK KjR Aa wnme hvM`vb Kib| wK cvwKvb miKvii wei ce jLvi AwfhvM ZuvK PvKzwi QvoZ nq| 1961 mvj wZwb wekfviZxi wiWve wbhy nb| mq` gyRZev Avjx wbR^ GK M`kjxi wbgvZv| cPzi fvlvq eyrcw I AmvaviY cvwZi mswgkY wZwb h M` iPbv KiQb Zv LyeB imMvnx nq DVQ| Zuvi DjLhvM iPbvjv njv : `k-we`k, cZ, PvPv Kvwnbx, gq~iKx, kebg BZvw`| wZwb 11B deqvwi, 1974 mvj XvKvq gZzeiY Kib|]
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88
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
89
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90
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
97
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98
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
99
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100
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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102
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
103
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104
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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Kexi Payix
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106
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108
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110
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
111
Dn&& gvMv ej jvd w`q mi hvB KqK nvZ| wdi `wL GKRb RUvavix dwKi nvmQ Avgvi Aev `L| GwMq Gm m ej, fq cwj bvwK ? `yw`b LZ cvBwb| `yUv cqmv `| ixwZgZv Nvg w`qQ AvgvK| gyL w`q K_v eivq bv| Zey nvZ PvKz bv-_vKvi Rb dwKiUvK abev` w`B gb-gb Avi cKU _K `yUv cqmv ei Ki Zvi w`K Qzo gvwi| Pix Gm cowQ| GKUv jvK nVvr Avgvi c_ AvMj ùvovq| ej, dUv Zzjeb ? Avmyb| GK UvKvq wZb Kwc| jvKUvi K_vi Reve bv w`q cvk KvwUq Pj hvB| wK fzj nq Mj| gvbyli fq fxZ gvbyli dUvUv Zzj ivLv DwPZ wQj Avgvi| GK cqmvi GKUv cvwms kv wmMviU wKb iwki Avb aivZ hve, nVvr Kvi k wkDi DwV| Pq `wL, Avgvì myfvl gyPwK nvmQ| mncvVx ezi Avwjb eyKi fZiUv hb wfR IV| wK Ii eyKUv k jvMj bv ! Rvgvi Ici nvZ ivwL| ZvB Zv ! myfvl nm ej, nvZ w`q `LwQb Kx ? `LwQ, gvbZvi eyKUv k jvMQ Kb i ? k jvMQ un& u ! G wRwbK `wLmwb KLbv| jvnvi Zvii Mw| GKevi bqv Avwevi| bqv Avwevi| nuv G eg f` Kie PvKz ? Du! myfvli Rvgvi Ici nvZ w`q w`q AvuP KiZ cvwi, jvnvi Zvi w`q Zwi nvZvKvUv Mw| g` wRwbm bq| mnmv ANvZ Ki wKQz KiZ cvie bv| Avwg nm ewj, wKi PvKz-UvKz jyKvbv bB Zv ? bB Zv Kx ! wbqB AvQ| Gzwb Zvi eyK ewmq è| Zvi i w`q duvUv-wZjK KU Kvjxc~Rv Kie| GLvb Kx Kwim ? cwo AvU zj| AvU zj ! wVK AvQ| kvb&&, ZvK ZvK GKUv Qwe AvuKZ ne| gvbyli fq gvbyli Pnviv Kgb nq, dzwUq ZzjZ ne m QweZ| cviwe Zv ? Zv `Le Pv Ki| Aviv `y-GK K_v ej we`q nB ZvovZvwo| nuU nuU Pix ch Avwm| wK cv Avi Pj bv| Pjevi Kvbv nZz bB h ! fvi hv LqwQ, Avi Gch GK cqvjv Pv-I bv| KvRb cvK em cwo| nuU hvIqv Ame| wfo Kgj evmB hve| mvo QUvi mgq evm GKUz RvqMv cvIqv hvq| cu-cu KiZ KiZ evm QzUQ| GZ wfo, evBii wKQzB `Lv hvq bv| eySZ cviwQ bv, Kvb&& iv ai PjQ Mvwo| eyg&-g&& Avevi eyg&g&& fxlY k| Kvb Zvjv jM MQ| bZ cvB bv wKQz| kqvji fh LuvPvi gviMi gZv KiwQ Avgiv| Zvici Kvb&& w`K w`q Kgb Ki evmLvbv Pj Gj, AZ Lqvj bB| KqKRbi gyL bjvg, evmicv`vwbi Ici _K `yRbK `ycq kqvj Ub wbq MQ| Avi AbKi nvZ-gyL bvKKvb wQuo MQ evgvi AvNvZ|
112
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Nii KvQ GmI Avi-GKevi wkDi DwV| AZ `n cZK cvYUv wbq wdi GmwQ Avwg| mv nq MQ| wkw_j kixiUvK Ub Gb weQvbvq Xj w`B| gvbyli gvS GKw`b PjB gylo cowQ Avwg| Avgvi mg ivM NYv AvR gvbyli Ici| PvL eyR fvewQ c`ZvMcUv cZvnvi Kivi GLbv nqZv mgq AvQ| Avgvi Rb eb-wefvMi PvKwiUv fvjv| gvbyl Zvi gbylZ wbq kni _vK| Avwg eb wMq Avevi ebgvbyl ne| kv_ I UxKv : wnsvjq- wns cvwYi evmvb; MjMw- Mjvi ewb| UvB (Tie); QvZjv- kvIjv, `qvj Rgv cyivbv gqjv; Avwb- GZvw`b ki K_ic; Vvqiv- ùvovI; VvIivjv- gb Kij; Pix- Pvi ivvi wgjbj| KwjKvZvi GKwU vbi bvg| cvV cwiwPwZ : fviZ wefvMi AvM 1946 mvj G Aj fqven wn`y gymjgvb `vv nqwQj| G mv`vwqK `vvi cUf~wgZ ebgvbyl MwU wjwLZ| G Mi jLK ebwefvM mvgvb eZb PvKwi KiZb| wZwb wY eZb KwjKvZvq PvKzwi KiZ Avmb| KwjKvZvq Gm c_g Zuvi wbRK mf gvbyl gb nZ _vK| wK wZwb ZLb mv`vwqK nvbvnvwbi gyLvgywL nZ _vKb| wZwb `Lb G knii gvbyliv agi bvg ciiK wbggfve nZv KiQ| ebi c-cvwLivI G iKg ciiK nZv Ki bv| ZLb jLK Avevi eb wefvMi PvKwiZ wdi hvIqvi wmv bb| jLKi KvQ G Z_vKw_Z knii mf gvbylì PvBZ eb emevmKvixì AwaK MnYhvM gb nq| G Mi fZi w`q mv`vwqK fèywi wei jLKi Zxe NYv cKvk cqQ|
Abykxjbx ewbevPwb ck
1| jLK KvbwUK MbKg gb Kib ? K. M. K. M. KvU civ eZb kni Rxeb ebi Rxeb L. N. L. N. LvIqv Awdm hvIqv AKvi Aev AvjvwKZ Aev
2| Auvavi Qo AvjvK GLvb KvbwUK Auvavi ejv nqQ ?
wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : eb kl Zxe Lv`msKU `Lv `q| G mgq wegvb Gm ivvfwZ Lvevi dj w`j gvbyl, c, cvwL mevB zav c~iY Kib| wKQzw`b ci AveviI wegvb Avm| Po~B `wZ Zv `L fxlY Lywk| GK mgq wegvb _K djv evgvi AvNvZ gviv hvq gvbyl, c, cvwL| asm nq MvQcvjv| GLb H Po~Bqi K kvbv hvq wQ ! wQ !! wQ !!! 3| DxcK dzU IVv h w`KwU ebgvbyl Mi wekl w`KK BwZ Ki, Zv njv AvaywbKZv i. ii. bwZevPK gbvfve iii. mfZvi gyLvk
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
113
wbPi Kvb&&wU mwVK ? K. M.

i I ii ii I iii
L. N.
i I iii i, ii I iii
4| Po~Bqi Abyf~wZi mv_ jLKi GKvZZv cKvk Kvb eewU h_v_ ? K. L. M. N. AbyKiY I AbymiYi cwZhvwMZv ek DcfvMi| mvR-cvkvKB Avgvì mfZvi gvcKvwV| ARvbv-APbvq G iKg KvjvKzwj eo `yjf| Avwg eb wMq Avevi ebgvbyl ne|
mRbkxj ck : Mxi QzwUZ gwbi Zvi gvgvi evwo KjKvZvq eovZ Mj| wK KqKw`b hZ bv hZB gvgvevwo Zvi KvQ Amn nq DVj| gvgv, gvgx, gvgvZv fvB-evbiv Zvi mv_ fvjfve K_v ejZ bv| gvgx Zvi viv AbK KvR Kwiq bqv i Kij| gvgvevwoi e `qvj Zvi KvQ RjLvbv gb nj| Zvi evievi gb coZ jvMj dj Avmv Mvgi weivU meyR gvV, b`x, ez-eve, AvcbRbi Pnviv| K. L. M. N. agNUi Rb Kx e nqwQj ? K_K eb wMq Avevi ebgvbyl nZ Pvq Kb ? DxcKi h fvewU ebgvbyl M cvIqv hvq Zv evLv Ki| DxcKi gwb hb ebgvbyl Mi K_KiB cwZwbwaZ KiQ DwwU hywmn eywSq jL|
114
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
GKvii w`bwj
Rvnvbviv Bgvg
[jLK cwiwPwZ : Rvnvbviv Bgvg 1923 mvji 3iv g gywk`vevì myìcyi Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg mq`v Avyj Avjx| wZwb wWcywU gvwRU wQjb| Rvnvbviv Bgvg 1947 mvj KjKvZvi jwW eevY KjR _K we.G. cvk Kib| cieZxZ wZwb XvKvi wmkix Mvjm zj cavb wkKi `vwqZ cvjb Kib| G mgq wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq _K we.GW I evsjvq Gg.G wWwM jvf Kib Ges XvKv wUPvm Uwbs KjR Aavcbv Kib| 1971 mvji gywhy Zuvi c_g mvb iygx hvM`vb Kib| iygx I Zuvi mnhvvì wewfb Acvikb Rvnvbviv Bgvg mnhvwMZv Kib| GQvov gywhvvì Avkq, Lvì hvMvb, MvwoZ A Avbv-bIqv Ges Zv hy cuQ Ìqv, Lei Av`vb-c`vb- BZKvi KgKv wZwb mevKiY AskMnY Kib| hyi klw`K i~gx kwn` nb| Rvnvbviv Bgvg nb Avgvì kwn` Rbbx| gywhyi Dci wZPviYg~jK Zuvi AmvaviY GB GKvii w`bwj me mgv`Z| Zuvi Abvb Mjv njv : MRKQc, mvZwU Zvivi wSwKwgwK, Kvvii m emevm, cevmi w`bwj BZvw`| mvwnZKg Ae`vbi Rb wZwb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi jvf Kib| GKvii NvZK, `vjvj, ivRvKvi, Avjeì, Avjmg&&kì kvwi `vweZ wZwb AvgZz msMvg KiQb| 1994 mvji 26 k Ryb GB gnxqmx bvix cijvKMgb Kib|]
13B Gwcj : gjevi 1971

Pviw`b ai ew| kwbevi ivZ wK gyljaviB h njv, iveevi Zv mviv w`bfi GKUvbv| MZKvj mKvji ci ew _vgjI mviv w`b AvKvk gNjv wQj| gvS gvS iv` `Lv MQ| gvS gvS GK ckjv ew| Rvgx Qov KvUwQj, iv` nq ew nq, LuvK-wkqvwji weq nq| wK Avgvi gb cvlvYfvi| GLb mvi ci ew bB, NbNb gN WvKQ Avi we`yr PgKvQ| emvi Ni em Rvbvjv w`q ZvwKq fvewQjvg, Avgvi RxebI GZw`b mwZ mwZ `yhvMi gN Nb nq AvmQ| GB iKg mgq Kwig Gm XyKj Ni, mvgb mvdvq em ejj, dzdyRvb G cvovi AbKB Pj hvQ evwo Qo| Avcbviv Kv_vI hveb bv ? Kv_vq hve ? A, eyov kiK wbq Kgb Ki hve ? wK G cvov Qo jvK hvQ Kb ? GLvb Zv Kvbv fq bB ! bB, gvb ? cQb GZ KvQ wekwe`vjqi njjv nj Zv me Lvwj, weivb, hv nevi ZvZv c_g `yw`bB nq MQ| Rvbv eveyì evwoZ Zvi gvgvi evwoi mevB Gm DVQ kvwbMi _K ? ZvB bvwK ? Avgiv Zv fvewQjvg kvwbMi Avgvi `yjvfvBqi evmvq hve| ZvnjB `LfqUv Avmj gb| kvwbMii gvbyl GwjdvU ivW AvmQ wgwjUvwii nvZ _K cvjvZ, Avevi Zzwg GwjdvU ivW _K kvwbMiB hZ PvQ wbivcvi KviY| hywUv eyS Kwig gv_v bvoj, Lye `vwg K_v ejQb dzdzRvb| Avmj hv Kcvj AvQ Zv neB| bBj `vLb bv, XvKvi gvbyl LvgvKv wRwivq Mj wj Lq giZ| Aviv GKUv K_v bQb dzdzRvb ? b`xZ bvwK cPzi jvk fm hvQ| cQb nvZ euvav, wjZ giv jvk|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
115
wkDi DV ejjvg, ivRB bwQ Kwig| hLvbB hvB GQvov Avi K_v bB| KqKw`b AvM bjvg UvKfwZ Ki Zzj wbq hvQ nvZ Avi PvL eua, KZv jvK `LQ| GLb bwQ mìNvU, mvqvixNvU bvwK ùvovbv hvq bv cPv jvki `yM| gvQ LvIqvB ev` w`qwQ GRb|
10k g : mvgevi 1971

ek wKQzw`b evMvbi w`K bRi Ìqv nq wb| AvR mKvj bvkZv Lvevi ci ZvB evMvb Mjvg| evMvb ek KUv nvB-weW wU-ivRi MvQ AvQ| GB aibi Mvjvc MvQi Lye ewk hZ KiZ nqhv MZ `ygvm nqwb| Lyiwc nvZ KvR jvMvi AvM MvQjvi w`K ZvwKq `Ljvg| gvLbi gZv iOi wcm A_vr kvw| KvjP-gii ewb wc Avi Gbv nvKbm| wdK I Mvp ewb iOi wmgvb Avi jvfvi| njy` eyKvwbqvi, mv`v cvm&Kvwj| ewb wc-Gi AvadvUv KwjwU GLbv Avgvi eW-mvBW Uwej Kvwj`vwbZ iqQ| Kwj Aek Avi bB, dzU MQ Ges cvq Si covi Aev| wcm-Gi MvQUvq GKUv Kwj Kej GmQhwÌ mviv`k _K wcm DavI| evMvb Kiv GKUv bkv| G bkvq `ytL-K LvwbKY fyj _vKv hvq| MZ KqK gvm ai bkvUvi K_v fveeviB AeKvk cvB wb| GLb fqvbK wew gbK e ivLvi MiRB eva Kwi bkvUvi K_v Avgvi gb coQ|
12B g : eyaevi 1971

Rvgxi zj LyjQ w`b `yB njv| miKvi GLb zj-KjR Rvi Ki Lvjvi eev KiQ| GK ZvwiL cvBgvwi zj Lvjvi Kzg nqQ, bq ZvwiL gvawgK zj| Rvgx zj hvQ bv| hve bv| kixd, Avwg, igx, Rvgx-PviRb em Avjvc-AvjvPbv Ki AvMB wVK Ki iLwQjvg zj LyjjI zj hvIqv ne bv| `k wKQzB ^vfvweKfve PjQ bv, `k GLb hyvev| `kevmxi Ici nvbv`vi cvwKvwb Rvbvqviì PjQ wbgg wblYi wgivjvi| GB Aevq Kvbv Qvi DwPZ bq eB-LvZv eMj zj hvIqv| Rvgx Aek evwoZ covkvbv KiQ| Gevi I `kg kwYi Qv| igx hZw`b AvQ, IK mvnvh Kie| Zvici kixd Avi Avwg-h hZUv cvwi| Rvgx Zvi `ywZbRb ezi mv_ wVK KiQ Iiv GKm em AvjvPbv Ki covkvbv Kie| GUv ek fvjv eev, covI ne, mgqUvI fvjv KvUe| Aei wbwqZvq Iiv nuvwcq DVe bv|
17B g : mvgevi 1971

iwWI-wUwfZ weLvZ I c` ewì ai wbq cvMvg KwiqI KZvì Zgb myweav nQ bv eva nq ! ZvB GLb eywRxex I wkxì ai ai Zvì w`q Leii KvMR weewZ Ìqvbvi K~UKkj i nqQ| AvRKi KvMR 55 Rb eywRxex I wkxi bvg w`q GK weewZ ewiqQ| XvKv wekwe`vjqi Kvbv wUPvi, iwWI-wUwfi Kvbv KgKZv I wkxi bvg ev` MQ ej gb nQ bv| Guì ga KD KD mvb` Ges mvMn mB w`jI ewkifvM eywRxex I wkx h eqbUi gyL mB w`Z eva nqQb, ZvZ Avgvi Kvb m`n bB| Avi h weewZ Zvì bvg ewiqQ, mUv h Zuviv AbK bv `LB mB KiZ eva nqQ, ZvZI Avgvi m`n bB| AvR mKvji KvMR weewZwU c_gevii gZv co Zuviv wbq wZ nq em iBeb LvwbKY ! Ges
116
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ejeb, aiYx wav nI ! GiKg wbj wg_vfvlY fiv weewZ ^qs MvqejmI wjLZ cviZb wKbv m`n| GB c~e evsjvi Kvb cwZfvai weewZwU Zwi KiQb, RvbZ eo BQ nQ|
25B g : gjevi 1971

AvR we`vnx Kwe KvRx bRij Bmjvgi RbRqx| ek kvb-kIKZi m cvwjZ nQ XvKvq| GgbwK BmjvwgK dvDkb ch GKUv Abyvb KiQ| mvi ci wUwfi mvgb emwQjvg, Rvgx wmuwoi gv_v _K gyL evwoq WvKj, gv wkMwMi Gm| bZzb cvMvg| ò Ici Mjvg, ^vaxb evsjv eZvi evsjv msev` cvV KiQ bZzb GK Kî| LvwbK kvbvi ci Pbv Pbv VKj wK wVK wPb DVZ cvijvg bv| mvjn Avng` bvgUv AvM KLbv wb wb| igx ejj, wbq Qbvg| ejjvg, nZ cvi| Ze XvKviB jvK G| GB XvKvZB GB Mjv bwQ| nq bvUK, bq Avew| GBme MelYv KiZ KiZ evsjv msev` cvV kl| AvRKi cvMvgI ek bZzbZ| KîI meB bZzb bwQ| GKRb GKUv Kw_Kv cojbPigc| ek gRv jvMj bZ, fvlvq ejZ ejZ nVvr kli w`K Gevi LuvwU XvKvBqv fvlvZ `yUv jvBb ej kl Kijb| AyZ Zv| wK GLvb AvjwUgUvgi gZv wKQz Zv evSv Mj bv| kixd ejj, H h ejj bv GKevi hLb G `ki Kv`vq cv WyweqQ, Avi i bB| MvRywiqv gvBii PvU gi Kv`vi ga q _vKZ ne, GUv AvjwUgUvg| wK Rvwb| Rvgx RvbZ PvBj, MvRywiqv gvBi wK wRwbm ? igx ejj, Rvwb bv| Avgvi XvKvBqv ez KvDK wRMm Ki be| H h gywdRi Mwijv ZrciZvi K_v ejj XvKvi QRvqMvq MbW dUQ, Avgiv Zv mvZ AvUw`b AvM G iKg evgv dvUvi K_v bwQjvg, wK wVK wekvm Kwi wb| evcviUv Zvnj mwZ ? Avgvi mviv kixi KuvUv w`q DVj| evcviUv Zvnj mwZ ! mwZ mwZ Zvnj XvKvi AvbvP-KvbvP gywdRi Mwijviv cwZNvZi QvU QvU zwj RvjvZ i KiQ ? GZw`b RvbwQjvg eWviNulv AjjvZB Mwijv ZrciZv| GLb Zvnj Lv` XvKvZI ? gywdR ! K_vUv GZ fvwi h GB iKg AZvPvix mb w`q Niv Aei XvKv kni em gywdR kUv bjI Kgb hb Awekvm gb nq| Avevi H Awekvmi fZi _K GKUv Avkv, GKUv fimvi fve axi axi gbi KvY RM DVZ _vK|
5B mî : iweevi 1971

GKUv KwVb welq wmv bevi evcvi MZ `yw`b _K kixd Avi Avwg Lye wav fyMwQ| igxK wK Ki ei Ki Avbv hvq, Zv wbq kixdi ezeve bvbviKg wPvfvebv KiQ| Gi ga euvKv Avi dwKii gZ njv : h Kvb cKvi igxK Dvii Pv KiZ ne| euvKv Avi dwKi gb KiQ kixdK w`q igxi cvYwfv Pq GKUv gvwm wcwUkb Kwiq Z`wei Kij igx nqZv Qvov cq hZI cvi|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
117
igxi kvK Avwg c_g PvU ZvB Kiv nvK ejwQjvg| wK kixd ivwR nZ cviQ bv| h mvgwiK Rvvi wei igx gywhy hvM w`qQ, mB miKvii KvQ gvwm wcwUkb Kij igx mUv gvUI cQ` Kie bv Ges igx Zvnj Avgvì Kvbvw`bI gv KiZ cvie bv| euvKv I dwKi AbKfve kixdK eywSqQ Qji cvYUv AvM| igxi gZv Ggb AmvaviY gavex Qji cvY euvPj `kiI gj| wK kixd Zey gZ w`Z cviQ bv| Lybx miKvii KvQ igxi cvYwfv Pq `qvwfv Kiv gvbB igxi Av`kK Acgvb Kiv, igxi DuPz gv_v nuU Kiv| MZ `yivZ kixd Nygvq wb, Avwg GKevi ejwQ, Zvgvi K_vB wVK| H Lybx miKvii KvQ gvwm wcwUkb Kiv hvq bv| Avevi LvwbK ci Ku` AvKzj nq ejwQ, bv, gvwm wcwUkb Ki| GBfve wav KUQ `yw`b `yivZ| kl ch kixd wmv wbqQ bv, gvwm wcwUkb m Kie bv| PvLi Rj fvmZ fvmZ AvwgI kixdi gZK mg_b KiwQ| igxK Abfve ei Ki Avbvi hZiKg Pv AvQ, me Kiv ne; wK gvwm wcwUkb Ki bq|
11B Avei : mvgevi 1971

kixd ejj, mB h gvm LvbK AvM KvMR cowQjvg dvBU jdUbvU gwZqyi ingvbi K_v, Zvi m^ AvR b Gjvg| Kx b Gj ? Kv_vq bj ? Wvt ivwei KvQ| ivwe RvbvZv, Avgvì myRvi fv| kixdi GK Bwwbqvi ez myRv mvne, Zuvi fv Wvt dRj ivwe| kixd ejj, AvR dwKii Awdm MwQjvg, ILvb ivwei m `Lv| Ii gyLB bjvg gwZqyi ingvbi dvwgwj 29 mî KivwP _K XvKv GmQ| gwZqyi ingvbi ki jkvbi GK evwoZ _vKb| mBLvb 30 ZvwiL gwZqyii Pwjkv nqQ| ivwe wMqwQj Pwjkvq| wgmm gwZqyi bvwK evsjv wefvMi gwbivgvbi kvjx| Avgvì mvi gwbivgvbi ? Zvi gvb Wwji evb ? ùvovI, ùvovI GB evbK Zv `LwQ Wwjì evmvq wgwj Gi bvg| Wwji K_v gb co gbUv Lvic nq Mj| Wwj, gwbivgvb mvi, Iì Kvbv LuvRB Rvwb bv| `yUv evPv wbq Kv_vq h fm fm eovQ K Rvb| IcviI hvq wb, Mj eZvi wbq Mjv bZ cZvg| ^vaxb evsjv eZvi e cwiwPZRbi Mjv wb, Zviv Qbvg eenvi Ki, wK Mjv b wPbZ cvwi| c_g hw`b ^vaxb evsjv eZvi mvjn Avngì K Lei wb, Lye PbvPbv jMwQj, `y GKw`b ciB wPbwQjvg m K nvmvb Bgvgi| BsiwR Lei I fvl cPvi Ki hviv, mB Avey gvnv` Avjx I Avng` Payix njv Avjx hvKi Avi AvjgMxi Kwei| MvqKì Mjv Zv mnRB Pbv hvq-i_x`bv_ ivq, Ave`yj Revi, AwRZ ivq, B`gvnb ivReskx, nijvj ivq| Kw_Kvq mq` Avjx Avnmvb, Kvgij nvmvb, dqR Avng` cvq mKjiB Mjv b eySZ cvwi| bvUK ivRy Avng`, gvayix Pvcvavq Gì mevi MjvB GK jngvq eyS hvB|
16 wWmî : enwZevi 1971

AvR mKvj bUv ch h AvKvkhy weiwZi K_v wQj, mUv weKj wZbU ch evovbv nqQ| `ycyi _K mviv kni fxlY Pvj I DRbv| cvwKvwb Avwg bvwK mvivi Kie weKj| mKvj _K Kwjg, `v, jyjy hvivB Gjv mevi gyLB GK K_v| `j `j jvK Rq evsjv awb Zzj ivvq ewiq coQ KviwdD Dcv Ki| cvwKvwb mbviv, wenvwiiv mevB bvwK cvjvQ| cvjvZ
118
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
cvjvZ c_NvU Gjvcv_vwo wj Ki e evOvwjK Lyb-RLg Ki hvQ| gyi Gjb Zuvi `yB gqK wbq, Mvwoi fZi evsjv`ki cZvKv wewQq| wZwbI H GK K_vB ejjb| ev`kv Gm ejj, GwjdvU ivWi AvwRR gvUimi gwjK Lvb Rxc Ki cvjvevi mgq ecivqv wj Pvwjq ivvi e jvK RLg KiQ| gyi hvevi mgq cvZvKvUv AvgvK w`q Mjb| ejjb, AvR hw` mvivi nq, Kvj mKvj Gm cvZvKvUv Zzje| AvR kixdi KzjLvwb| Avgvi evmvq huviv AvQb, ZuvivB mKvj _K `vqv ì` Kzj coQb| cvovi mevBK ejv nqQ ev` gvMie wgjv` AvmZ| G.K.Lvb, mvby, gy, LyKz mevB weKj _KB Gm Kzj coQ| Rbvij wbqvRx beB nvRvi cvwKvwb mb wbq AvZmgcY KiQ AvR weKj wZbUi mgq| hy Zvnj kl ? Zvnj Avi Kvì Rb me im` Rwgq ivLe ? Avwg Migi Zvjv Lyj Pvj, wPwb, wN, Mig gmjv ei Kijvg KzjLvwbi R`v euvaevi Rb| gv, jvjy, Abvb evwoi MwnYxiv mevB wgj R`v iuvaZ emjb| ivZi ivbvi RbI Pvj, Wvj, Avjy, cuqvR BZvw` GLvb _KB w`jvg| AvMvgxKvj mKvji bvkZvi RbI gq`v, wN, mywR, wPwb, Mig gmjv GLvb _KB ei Ki ivLjvg| kv_ I UxKv : Rvgx jwLKvi QvU Qj; weivb Rbgvbenxb, cwiZ, duvKv; Lyiwc gvwU Luvovi Rb eenZ GKcKvi QvU L; kixd jwLKvi ^vgx, iygx Rvgxi evev; Aeiy wbwqZv iy ev AvUK Aevq Kgnxb; K~UKkj PZziZv, `yeyw; eqbU e`yKi mwb, GLvb e`yKi AMfvM jvMvbv GKcKvi welv I avivj Qviv evSvbv nqQ; wZ nZevK, wewZ; Mvqejm (1897-1945) Rvgvwb esk~Z wnUjvii mnhvMx, ivRbxwZZ cwZwnsmv I wg_v iUbvi ceZb; Kw_Kv wbw` I z` cwimi eYbvZK iPbv; Pigc gZzi c~emgq wjwLZ Dc`k, klevii gZv mZK Ki Ìqvi Rb cwiZ c, 1971 mvji gyw&KZhy gywhvv I `kevmxK AbyciYv Ìqvi Rb ^vaxbevsjv eZviK` _K nvbv`vi evwnbxi AcKwZ I gywhvvì mvdj wbq nvmimvZK Kw_Kv cPvwiZ nZv| GB Kw_Kvjv Pigc bvg LvZ; AvjwUgUvg mgq wbaviY; MvRywiqv gvBi MRvwi KvVi gZv k I fvix KvVi jvwV w`q gvi Ìqv; gvwm wcwUkb kvw _K AevnwZ Pq Ave`b; jngvq gyn~Z| cvV cwiwPwZ : Rvnvbviv Bgvg iwPZ GKvii w`bwj kxlK w`bcwi AvvKi iwPZ gywhy wbq wZPviYg~jK iPbv _K cvVfz AskUzKz MnxZ nqQ| kwn` Rbbx Rvnvbviv Bgvg gywhy Zuvi mvb igxK nvwiqQb| GB iPbvq Mfxi e`bvi m Avfvm-BwZ wZwb Zuvi `qi iiYi hYv e KiQb| cwg cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi AZwKZ nvgjvq c_gB XvKvi bMi-Rxeb wekLjv nq cowQj| wk-wKkviiv zj hve bv| wK nvbv`vi evwnbx Rvi Ki zj-KjR Lvjv ivLe; weLvZ ewì wbq Rvi Ki iwWI-wUwfZ weewZ c`vb Kive; Avi nZv-jybAwM mshvM Zv AvQbGB wQj mB `ytmgq XvKvi Aev| mB `ywemn Aevi gg` weeiY cvIqvi GB wZPviY| wekl Ki MfRvZ mvb igxK euvPvbvi Rb nvbv`vi evwnbxi KvQ Kvbv gv cv_bv bv Ki h AvZghv`v I ^vaxKvi PZbvi cwiPq Ìqv nqQ Zv ZzjbviwnZ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
119
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ewbevPwb ck 1| gywhyi mgq g gvmi Kvb ZvwiL gvawgK zj Lvjvi K_v ejv nqwQj ? K. AvU ZvwiL L. bq ZvwiL M. `k ZvwiL N. GMviv ZvwiL 2| wbj wg_vfvlY fiv weewZ ejZ Kx eyS ? K. weewZ Ìqvbvi KzUKkj L. eqbUi gyL Ìqv weewZ M. Mvqejm Gi gZ weewZ N. eywRxex I wkxi Ìqv weewZ DxcKwU co Ges ckjv Di `vI : gvqyb Avngì Avbi cikgwb Dcbvm ew` gywhvv Kgvvi| ew` XvKvK gy Kivi Rb Mwijv evwnbxK msMwVZ Ki| `k wech ej mvaviY cwievii m`miv cwieviK Rvwbq wKsev bv Rvwbq gywhy hvq| gywhvvì cZvkv Ges Zvì cwievii cZvkv wQj `k hb ZvovZvwo kgy nq| 3| DxcKi Abyfe GKvii w`bwji Kvb w`KwUK DbvwPZ KiQ ? i iwgi hy hvIqv ii iwgi evevi DrKv iii iwgi gvqi DrKv wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. iii 4| DxcKi AbyfewU GKvii w`bwji Kvb DwZi m mv`kc~Y| K. iwgK Abfve ei Ki Avbvi Pv Kiv ne; wK gvwm wcwUkb Ki bq| L. h Kvbv cKvi iwgK Dvii Pv KiZ ne| M. Lybx miKvii KvQ iwgi cvY wfv Pq `qv wfv Kiv gvbB iwgi Av`kK Acgvb Kiv| N. iwgi gZv Ggb AmvaviY gavex Qji cvY euvPj `kiI gj| mRbkxj ck ^vaxb evsjv eZvi K` gywhvvì DxweZ KiZ bc_ f~wgKv iLwQj| ZviK gvmy` gywi Mvb cgvYwP `wLqQb wkxiv wewfb gywhyi Kv wMq gywhvvì DxweZ KiQb| hy Kej gywhvviv Kiwb| G hy wkx, KjvKzkjx I k mwbKi f~wgKvI wQj| K. hyi mgq Rvgx Kvb kwYi Qv wQj ? L. wbqvRxi AvZmgcY Avbì wK kixdi KzjLvwb e`bvi Kb ? eywSq jL| M. DxcKi fvebv GKvii w`bwji Kvb w`KK DbvwPZ KiQ ? evLv Ki| N. DxcKi Abyfe GKvii w`bwji mgM AbyfeK aviY Ki wK ? g~jvqb Ki|
120
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv

ggZvRD`&&`xb Avng`
[jLK cwiwPwZ : ggZvR D``xb Avng` 18B Rvbyqvwi 1935 mvj cwgei gvj`n RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv Kwjg D``xb Avng` Ges gvZv mwLbv LvZzb| wZwb 1951 mvj fvjvnvU ivgkix Bb&BwUDkb _K cewkKv cixvq DxY nb| ci ivRkvnx KjR _K DP gvawgK Ges ivRkvnx wekwe`vjq _K evsjvq we.G (Abvm) I Gg.G wWwM jvf Kib| KgRxeb wZwb wewfb miKvwi KjR Aavcbvi `vwqZ cvjb Kib| wKQz mgq wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjqi bvUKjv I mxZ wefvM LKvjxb AavcK wQjb| wZwb g~jZ bvUKvi I AwfbZv wnme LvwZgvb| evsjv`ki bvUwk Av`vjbi wZwb cyivav cyiyl| Zuvi iwPZ DjLhvM bvUK : ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv, ivRv Aby^vii cvjv, eKzjcyii ^vaxbZv, Zvm NvUi KvbvKwo; MelYv I ce : evsjv`ki bvUKi BwZe, evsjv`ki w_qUvii BwZe, cm evsjv`k, cm eez BZvw`| evsjv mvwnZ Ae`vbi Rb evsjv GKvWgx cyiyvi, wk GKvWgx mvwnZ cyiyvi, GKzk c`Kmn AmsL cyiyvi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb|] Pwi cwiwPwZ b~i gvnv` `vivMv (eqm 45) `wjjyi ingvb cywjki wmcvnx (eqm 25) Avyj eviK gj -HjvK (eqm 35) [`k cwiKbv : evsjv`ki GKwU QvU Mi b`xi dwiNvU| ivZ bqUv| Kci AKvi| wUc wUc ew nQ] `wjj : GKUv cvvii KvMR GBUvi eyK muvUe ? eviK : QvUeveyK ewj| mvi GKUv cvvi GB wcucUvZ jvwMq w`B| `wjj : gvwSgvjv Avi NvUi ivnxì bRi coe| b~i : wKQz `LQ, fvjv Ki `vL| e`gvqkUvi cvqi `vM| KuvPv gvwUZ `M`M KiQ| `wjj : dwiNvU Zv mvi| w`bivZ kq kq ivnx cvivcvi KiQ| Avmvwgi cvqi Qvc bvI nZ cvi| b~i : Zzwg GKUv eKze| Aviv `kiKg cvqi `vM _vKZ Avwg GB GKUvKB cqU Kijvg Kb ? GUv mvaviYfve cv dj nuvUv bq, mveavbi m nuvUv| `vLv, GB jvBb ai bRi `vI| wK `LQ ? KvbUvZ mvgbi Avyj We AvQ, Avi KvbUvZ Mvovwj| Avmvwg mvRv c_ NvU w`q bvgwb| nvivwgUv Avevi GB c_ w`qB NvU Avme| eviK : bvI Zv wdiZ cvi mvi ! b~i : nuv, bvI Zv wdiZ cvi, Avevi wdiZI cvi| Avgvì KvR njv m`n njB _gK ùvovI, KzKzii bvK w`q uK `vL hw` Kvb m~ cvI| Avgvi m`n nq, Kzvi evPv GBLvb w`qB b`xi Icvi hve| hZ ne| NvU bvgvi gZ Avi wKbvi bvB| Avmvwgi
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
121
`wjj : b~i : `wjj b~i `wjj b~i : : : :
eviK : b~i : `wjj b~i eviK b~i : : : :
jvK b~i jvK b~i jvK b~i jvK
: : : : : : :
b~i : jvK : b~i :
w`ji `viv mgq gZ GB wKbvi ai wWwO ej Avi bKvB ej wbq Nyi Nyi Kie Avi Bkviv cjB NvU wWwO jvMve Avi dzm Ki cvi nq hve| G Zvgvi gZ AvnK jvK bq| wfb wKwmgi gvj| gMRi cvo cvo eyw| G RvqMvUv Qvov hve bv n| Avgvì GKUv cvvi GB Kivwmb Zji wcucUvi eyK jvwMq è mvi| Kv_vq ? nuv jvMvI| AvQvm jB w`q KuvPv ii gZ muU `vI| `ki gvbyl `LyK| `ynvRvi UvKv cyivi, Kg nqQ mvi| Kb ? `k wek nvRvi UvKvi jvfI H jvKUvK KD awiq wè bv| `ki GZ eo GKUv wecex| Ime fvebv GLb evwZj Ki KvR gRvR `vI| GBLvb Avwg _vKjvg wWDwUZ| `wL Zvgvì bqbi Puv` wecexi evPv wK Ki AvR ivZ wWwOZ IV| Avcwb GKjvB _vKeb ? Avjer| GKvB _vKe| Pwek eQi cywjki PvKzix KiwQ, AvgvK duvwK Ìqv mnR bq| Zvgvi H wecex `yjvfvB GKUv gvQ-gviv Rvjyqvi Qek ai Avme| Nvo Rvj, nvZ K&Kv| kvjv, Avq, ZzB _vwKm MvQi Wvj Avi Avwg _vwK Zvi gMWvj| jvKUv Lye awoevR| AvgivI Avcbvi m _vwK| bv| Avgvì wK mew`KB wec`| gj, Zvgvi K_vZ e` M XyKQ| eyK mvnm iL Cgvbi m KvR Ki| Avgiv njvg Kzgi Unj`vi| AvBb-Av`vjZi ndvRwZ cywjki Cgvbi KvQ| [eviK Ges `wjj cvvi I AvVv wbq Pj Mj] K ? K hvq ? GB kvjv| [GKRb jvK j^v Pzj| gyL `vwo| Mvg M G RvZi jvK cyuw_ wKm&mvi Mvb Mvq, KZve wew Ki] gvwjK, NvU hve, bxi Icvi nvgvi evwo| Avi GK cv djwe bv| wj w`q VvO byjv Ki wè| Bqv Avjv ! nvwg gi hve h ! nvgvi Rb Kuv`bi KD bvB msmvi| GB Kuvw`m bv| K ZzB ? dwKi Mixeyjvn nvgvi bvg| GB dwKii evPv, NvU bvwgm bv| Mi w`K wdi hv| NvU bvwgwb gvwjK| GB cvo em GKUv Mvb aie, imi Mvb| imi Mvb b gvwSiv hw` `yUv GKUv KZve wKb jq, fvZ LvIqvi cqmv nq Mj| ZLb aib h GK kvqvZ ivZ fvi Ki w`by| Avwg MvbUvb fvjvevwm bv| bv bj fvjvevmeb Kgb Ki Ryi| eMvewMi Mvb gvb h KjR cvwb Kiv Mvb; [MvBb MvBQ : eMv dv` cBov ewM Kuvì] GB kvjv eMvi fvwZRv| GB Zvi Mvb ? MvbUvi Rvb KeR Ki w`wj| hv fvM, wdi hv| GLvb Avgvi Riwi KvR AvQ| Zvi m e`v K_v ejevi mgq bvB| AvQv jvKUv `LZ Kgb ?
122
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
jvK b~i jvK b~i jvK
: : : : :
b~i : jvK : b~i jvK b~i jvK : : : :
b~i : jvK : b~i jvK b~i jvK : : : :
b~i : jvK : b~i jvK b~i jvK b~i : : : : :
jvK : b~i :
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
123
jvK : b~i : jvK : b~i : jvK :
b~i
jvK : b~i : jvK :
b~i : jvK :
b~i : jvK :
b~i
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124
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
jvK : b~i jvK b~i jvK b~i : : : : :
jvK : b~i : jvK : b~i :
jvK :
b~i
jvK : b~i : jvK b~i jvK b~i : : : :
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
125
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jvK b~i jvK b~i
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jvK : b~i jvK b~i jvK b~i : : : : :
jvK : b~i : jvK : b~i : jvK : b~i jvK b~i jvK b~i : : : : :
(Mvb) Avgvi fvBGi i ivOvbv GKzk deyqvwi ....... GB Mixeyjvn, Zvgvi Mvb e Ki| (Mvb) Qj nviv kZ gvqi Aky ....... kvjv dwKii evPv, Mvb e Ki| Zvgvi Mjv wUc Mvbi P cyiylK RevB Kie Mixeyjvn| [ b`xi eyK _K GB Mvbi myi wkm AvmQ, b~i gvnv` Mixeyjvni Mjv Qo w`qQ ] K wkm w`j ? [ Mixeyjvn b`xi NvU bvgQ ] GB kvjv NvU bvwgm bv| Nyi ùvov, wj Kie| [ Mixeyjvn Nyi ùvovj ] K Zzwg ? wVKgZ cwiPq `vI| K Zzwg ? dwKi Mixeyjvn gvwjK| kv`yjv Mvqbi evUv| SzU| wg_v K_v ejv bv| Zzwg AbjvK| Ab Kvb&& jvK ? K nZ cvwi ejyb Zv| Zzwg ! Avcwb wK mB jvKUv, Avmvwg wecex| [ jvKwU ciPzjv, `vwo Avi Uzwc Lyjj ] wgjQ| Pvcv gyL, Kvjv PvL, gv_vi Pzj QvU, j^v mvo cuvP dzU| `y nvRvi UvKvi cyivi| wWwOZ Avgvi eziv wkl w`qQ wVK mgq| H h Kci Puv` DVQ| GLb Avwg hve `vivMv mvne, hZB ne, Avgvì Riywi eVK AvQ| Avcwb hveb ? nuv| Avgvi ZKwì| Avcbvi Zv hvIqv ne bv| Avcwb Avgvi ez| hZ w`b| bv, b~i gvnv` `vivMv ZvgvK Qvoe bv| [ jvKwU wcj ei KiQ| b~i gvnvì nvZI wcj| gyLvgywL ùvwoqQ ] ^vaxbZvi Avb KLbv wbf bv| KvQ Gmv bv Mixeyjvn| hwb euvPe `ki Rb Kuvè| hviv ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZvi Rb KvR KiQ ZvìK AvwgI fvjvevwm| Mixeyjvn, bv| Avi GwMq Gm bv| [ GwMq AvmQ| b~i gvnv` wcQvQ : Mvb aiQ ] b`xi GKzj fvO IKzj Mo GB Zv b`xi Ljv ZvgvK Avwg Qvoe bv Mixeyjvn, wWDwU BR wWDwU| [ cywjk `yRb AvmQ, Zvì K_v kvbv hvQ ] Avwg HUvi wcQb em _vKe| Kb ? cvjve bv| Avn&& ! [ jvKwU wcucUvi wcQb jyKvj| cywjk `yRb GmQ ]
126
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
127
LvgLv, Ab_K; Zvgvg mgM, mg, mgy`q; Rvjg RyjygKvix, AZvPvix; MRivZ Avvk ev fq Pvcv MRb Kiv; Z Mvjgvj, nvvgv; Rvgvbv mgq, Kvj, hyM; RuvnvevR `y`v, `vj; GvUbkb mveavb nI; GvevDU Uvb Nyi `vuovI| cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv GKvWgx _K cKvwkZ kZeli bvUK bvgK M _K ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv bvwUKvwU msKwjZ I mvw`Z nqQ| bvUKvi GLvb Avgvì `ki cywjk m`mì gvbweKZveva Ges `kvZeva AZ cvj fvlvq cKvk KiQb| `vivMv b~i gvnv` cyivi NvwlZ ^`kx Av`vjbi AvmvwgK nvZi bvMvji ga cqI ZvK Qo w`qQb| A_cyivii gvnK AwZg Ki wZwb `ki ^vaxbZvi Rb KvR Ki hvIqv wecex PZbvi m GKvZ nq MQb| GKRb `vivMv, `yBRb cywjk m`m Ges GKRb wecexK wbq iwPZ G bvUKi cwZwU PwiB Avcb gwngvq Dj nq DVQ|
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2| wj Kivi Kzg _vKj `LZ KZ jvk evwbq w`Zvg cywjk Awdmvii G ee Kx cKvk cvq ? K. M. miKvii cwZ AvbyMZ KVvi kvmKi gbvfve L. N. Mfxi `kcg `vwqZkxj AvPiY
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i ii iii
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i iii
L. N.
ii i, ii I iii
128
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
4| Mwb wgqvi mv_ Zvi mv`ki KviY Kx ? K. M. mRbkxj ck gvvi `v m~hmb ewUk kvmbi wei iL ùvovb| G `ki MYgvbylK RvwMq ZzjZ bvbvfve Pv Kib| ZuviB wb`k PMvgi cvnvoZwji BDivwcqvb Kve mdj nvgjvi ci ewUk kvmKì UbK bo| ZvK awiq `qvi Rb 10,000/- UvKv cyivi NvlYv Ki| A_i jvf RbK ew Zvi AeAb Rvwbq w`j wZwb aiv cob| AZci ZuvK wbgkfve nZv Kiv nq| K. L. M. N. b~i gvnv` KvK MvRvi ejwQjb ? Avgvì mew`KB wec` eviK Kb GK_v ejwQj ? DxcKi m~hmbi gvS ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv bvwUKvi mv`kc~Y PwiwU evLv Ki| cwiYwZ GK bv njI m~hmb I ^vaxbZv Avgvi ^vaxbZv bvwUKvi wecex ew hb GKm~ Muv_v hywmn cgvY Ki| mZZv mvnm L. N. `kcg bZZ
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
129
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Rwni ivqnvb
[jLK cwiwPwZ : Rwni ivqnvb 1935 mvji 19k AvM dbx Rjvi gRyci y Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi Avmj bvg gvnv` Rwniyjvn| 1958 mvj wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjq _K evsjvq vZK (mvb) wWwM jvf Kib| GKRb QvUMKvi I JcbvwmK wnme Rwni ivqnvb LvwZ ARb Kib| wZwb g~jZ gawe Rxebi iycKvi| Pvicvki gvbyli myL-`ytL I Avb`-e`bvi wP Zuvi iPbvK mg KiQ| mgvRi bvbv elg I AmwZi weiyI Zuvi K wQj ewj| nvRvi eQi ai, eid Mjv b`x, kl weKji gq, AviK dvyb BZvw` Zuvi DjLhvM Dcbvm| evsjv`ki GKRb LvwZgvb PjwPKvi wnmeI Rwni ivqnvbi cwiwPwZ iqQ| ^vaxbZvhy evsjv`ki weRq jvfi AKvj ciB 1972 mvji 30k Rvbyqvwi wZwb wbLuvR I kwn` nb|]
Avi wKQz bq, MdiMuv _vBKv cxi mvnei wbqv Avm Zvgiv| AbK fe wP ejjb iwng m`vi| ZvB Kib Ryi, ZvB Kib! GKevK mvq w`j Pvlxiv| MdiMuv _K Rei` cxi gbvqvi nvRxKB wbq Avme Iiv| `kRvov bvg gbvqvi nvRxi| AjwKK gZv mb ew wZwb| gygl ~ ivMxKI GK duyq fvjv KiQb Ggb `vI AvQ| mevi KwigM hLb Ijvwewe Gm NiK Ni DRvi Ki w`wQj ZLb GB gbvqvi nvRxB iv KiwQjb MuvUvK| mva wK Ijvwewei gbvqvi nvRxi duyqi mvgb ùvovq| w`b `yqKi ga ZwjZ jv wUq cvwjq Mj Ijvwewe, `y`k Muv Qo| Ggb gZv ivLb gbvqvi nvRx| Muvqi jvK Lywk nq ARm UvKv cqmv Avi ARm wRwbmc fU w`qwQj ZuvK| KD w`qwQj evMvbi kvK-mx| KD w`qwQj cyKzii gvQ| KD gviM nuvm| Avevi KD w`qwQj bM` UvKv| `yai MiI bvwK KqKUv cqwQjb wZwb| GZ fU cqwQjb h, mjv evox wbZ bvwK wZb wZbwU Mii Mvox jMwQj Zuvi| mB mfvMevb cxi gbvqvi nvRx! ZuvKB Avbe ej wVK Kij Muvqi gvZeiiv, Pvlx Avi Z gRyiiv| ejj, Puv`v w`gy? wKmi jvBMv w`gy? IB jvKWvi wcQ eq Kievi jvBMv? gwZ gvvii K_v ùvZ wRf KvUjv Rwgi gyw| ZIev, ZIev, Knb wK gvvi mve| Lv`vf cxi, Avjvi Ijx gvbyl| `k Muvq hvi gvb, Zvi bvg GZ eo Kzrmv! fvjv KvR Kijv bv gvvi, fvjv KvR Kijv bv| Nb Nb gv_v bvojb Rwgi evcvix| cxii e` `vqvq QvB ABqv hvBev! K_v b mk nm DVj gwZ gvvi| wK h KI PvPv, ZvgvMv K_v bj nvwm cvq| nvwm cvBev bv, jLvcov wkLv Zv Gnb eo gvbyl ABqv MQ| gyL fswPq ejjb Rwgi evcvix| Puv`v w`j wèv bv w`j bvB, GZ evnvix K_v Kvb? wK, evnvix K_v Aviv GKRbi KvQ _K bZ nj Zvì| kvbvjv `jZ KvRxi gR Qj iwk`| kni _K KjR co| QzwUZ evoxZ GmQ eovZ| Puv`v Zvjvi BwZe b m ejj, cvMj Avi wK, cxi AvBbv ebv iLev! G GKUv K_v ABjv? K_v bq nvivgRv`v! Rwgi gyw Kvb Reve èvi AvMB MwR DVjb `jZ KvRx wbR| Avjvni Iwj, cxi ìek; BQv Kij me wKQz KiZ cvi| me wKQz KiZ cvi Zuviv| GB ej b~n bex Avi gnvcvebi BwZK_vUv QjK wbq w`jb wZwb|
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[jLK cwiwPwZ : nvqvr gvgy` 2iv RyjvB 1939 wLv cwgei Mjx Rjvi gov bvgK Mvg RbMn Y Kib| eZgvb wZwb XvKv Mvwiqv Aji vqx evwm`v| Zuvi wcZv gyn` kgmi Avjx Ges gvZv Avwgbv LvZzb| nvqvr gvgy` XvKvi mUMMwiR nvBzj _K 1956 mvj cewkKv cixvq DxY nb| 1958 mvj ZrKvjxb KvqÀvRg KjR (eZgvb miKvwi nvmb knx` mvnIqv`x KjR) _K DP gvawgK Ges XvKv wekwe`vjq _K evsjv welq mvbmn vZK I vZKvi wWwM jvf Kib| ci wZwb KjKvZvi hvècyi wekwe`vjq _K wcGBPwW wWwM ARb Kib| KgRxeb wZwb PMvg wekwe`vjq I RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq Aavcbv kl Aemi Rxeb hvcb KiQb| KweZv I M jLA w`q Zuvi mvwnZ Rxeb i njI cieZxZ MelYv I ce mvwnZ LvwZ jvf Kib| wZwb cvq Aa-kZvwaK Mi iPwqZv| Zuvi DjLhvM Mjv njv : ^MZ msjvc, cg Acg wbq euP AvwQ (KveM) , iex`bv_ : wKkvi Rxebx, bRij Bmjvg : wKkvi Rxebx, cwZfvi Ljv bRij, evOvwj ewjqv jv bvB, evsjv jLvi wbqgKvbyb, wKkvi evsjv Awfavb BZvw`| mvwnZ ZvrchcY ~ Ae`vbi Rb wZwb evsjv GKvWgx cyivi f~wlZ nb|]
mvwnZ wekvj cwiwai GKwU welq| Avgiv mvgwMKfve mvwnZ ewj eU, wK wePvii mgq M`, c` wKsev M Dcbvm KweZv bvUK BZvw` ^Zfve evLv-weklY Ki `qg Kwi| mvweKfve mvwnZi ic ejZ Avgiv mvwnZi wewfb kvLv eyS _vwK, hgbKweZv, gnvKve, bvUK, KvebvU, QvUM, Dcbvm, igiPbv BZvw`| Avi ixwZ njv H kvLvjv Kxfve wbwgZ nqQ m welq cheY I AvjvPbv| KweZv Q`ve fvlvq, A_vr c`, hv wjwLZ nq ZvKB Avgiv KweZv ej _vwK| KweZvi cavb `ywU icf` njvgnvKve I MxwZKweZv| evsjv fvlvq gnvKvei P~ov mdj ic cKvk KiQb gvBKj gaym~`b ` Zuvi gNbv`-ea Kve| gnvKve iwPZ nq hyweMni Kvbv Kvwnbx Aej^b Ki| fviZel Dcgnv`ki mecvPxb `ywU Kvwnbxi GKwU njv ivgvqY Avi AbwU gnvfviZ| gnvfviZ mK ejv nq _vK-hv bB fviZ Zv bB fviZ, Gi A_ : gnvfviZ M hv bB Zv fviZelI bB A_vr fviZel NU wb ev NUZ cvi bv| gnvfviZ AvqZb wekvj| ivgvqY Zvi Zzjbvq z`; Kvwnbx njv : cZx mxZvK wbq hyeivR ivgPì ebevm, Zuvì AbyMvgx nq KwY vZv jY; ebevm _vKvi mgq jv xci ivRv iveY Zvi evb k~cbLvi mvb ivi Rb mxZvK niY Ki i_ Pwoq AvKvkc_ Dwoq wbq wMq jvq Zvi evMvb evwoZ e`x Ki ivL| mxZvK Dvii Rb ivg I iveYi ga h hy nq mwUB ivgvqY-K_v| A_vr GKK_v, gnvKve njv AwZkq `xN Kvwnbx-KweZv| gnvKvei g~j j M ejv, Ze ZvK M` bv wjL c` wjLZ nq| Gi evBi AvQ msw AvKvii KweZv, hv MxwZKweZv wnme cwiwPZ| JcbvwmK ewgP` wKQz Mvb I KweZv iPbv KijI Zv Zuvi cavb mwKg bq| wZwb ejwQjb : evi fvevQvmi cwi~Ub gv hvnvi Dk, mB KveB MxwZKve| GB ge mevsk mZ| MxwZKweZv Kwei Abyf~wZi cKvk nIqvq mvaviYZ `xNKvq nq bv| wK wekl hw` `xNI nq ZvZI Amywea bB, hw` Kwei gbi c~Y Awfew mLvb cKvwkZ nq _vK| evsjv mvwnZ MxwZKweZvi Avw` wb`kb ee KweZvewj|
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141
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should be no word written of which the tendency, direct or indirect, is not to the one pre-established design. ..... undue brevity is just as exceptional here as in the poem, but undue length is yet more to be avoided.
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142
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143
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144
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^vaxbfve IKvjwZ eemv i Kib| msMxZ iPbvi Rb evOvwji mswZRMZ wPiiYxq nq AvQb| Zuvi fwMxwZ I `kvZevaK Mvb A`vewa Rbwcq; Ai~ciZb iex`bv_i mvsKwZK bvUK; GBP.wR.Iqj&&m& (1866-1946) : BsiwR JcbvwmK, mvsevw`K I HwZnvwmK, evwbK KKvwnbxi v BsiwR fvlvq; GKvwKv GK Ai bvUKK ejv nq; GW&&Mvi&& Avjvb cv (1809-49) : AvgwiKvi Kwe, MKvi I mgvjvPK; GwivU&j& (wLc~e 384-322 A) : wMK `vkwbK, wevbx I mvwnZ mgvjvPK, `vkwbK cUvi wkl wQjb; KcvjKzjv Ebwesk kZvwi AbZg k JcbvwmK ewgP` Pvcvavqi GKwU Dcbvm, Dcbvmi bvgKiY nqQ bvwqKvi bvg; Kvjvcvnvo GKwU HwZnvwmK Pwi| wn`yagwelx GK mbvcwZ, `yal I wbzi cKwZi wQjb; wMwikP` Nvl (1844-1912) : evsjv bvUKi hyMi cyil| bvUiPbvi cvkvcvwk AwfbqI KiZb| AwfbZv wnmeI Af~Zc~e mybvg ARb KiwQjb; P` cvPxb fviZeli GK weLvZ bcwZ, ivRZKvj 320 _K 330 wLv, Kwe I bvUKvi wR`jvj ivqi (1863-1913) weLvZ bvUK P` 1911 mvj cKvwkZ nq; P`kLi ewgP` Pvcvavqi GKwU bvUK; Rbv civwYK bvUK; WvKNi iex`bv_ VvKzi iwPZ bvUK; Zvivki e`vcvavq (18981971) : AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZi weLvZ JcbvwmK I MvKvi; wR`jvj ivq (1863-1913) : Kwe, bvUKvi I msMxZ iPwqZv, Zuvi kvRvnvb I P` AZ Rbwcq bvUK; `xbez wg (1830-73): evsjv bvUmvwnZi hyMv jLK, bxj`cY Zuvi mevwaK LvZ bvUK, 1860 mvj cKvwkZ nq, maevi GKv`kx Zuvi weLvZ cnmb; iRbxKv mb (1865-1910) wmivRMi fvOvevwo Mvg RbMnY Kib| îwPZ Mvbi myK MvqK wQjb| Zuvi `kvZevaK Mvb wecyj RbwcqZv ARb Ki; igkP` ` (1848-1909) KjKvZvh RbMnY Kib| c_g evOvwj Kwgkbv| LvZbvgv JcbvwmK| eweRZv, gvaexKb, Rxeb-cfvZ, Rxeb-mv, msmvi, mgvR Zuvi DjLhvM Dcbvm, ivRcyZ Rxebmv igkP` ` iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcbvm; ivRv ivggvnb ivq (1772-18334) cwgei MjxZ wZwb RbMnY Kib| mgvR-msvii, agmsviK I e fvlvwe` cwZ| evsjv Mì cwZcei wkx| e`bvM, e`vmvi, Moxq evKiY Zuvi DjLhvM M; mgik emy (1924-1988) AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZi ^bvgab JcbvwmK; `kKve cvPxb AjsKvikv bvUK `kKve ejv nq _vK; bKkxKuv_vi gvV cwjKwe Rmxg D`&&`xb iwPZ AvLvb Kve; bxj`cY `xbez wgi bvUK, `ki ZrKvjxb kvmbKZv wewUkì Kzg evaZvg~jK bxjPvl Kivbvi mgvjvPbv Ki GB bvUK iwPZ nqwQj; civwYK bvUK fvielxq cyivYi Kvbv Kvwnbx Aej^b iwPZ bvUK; cdzj bvUKvi I AwfbZv wMwikP` Nvli jLv bvUK; cnmb Dcbvm bv bvUKi iPbvkjx Aej^b nvmimvZK iPbv; cU M &Dcbvm bvUKi Kvwnbx AskK cU ejv nq; ebdzj MKvi I JcbvwmK ejvBPuv` gyLvcvavqi Qbvg ev jLK bvg; e` gvZig GB `y ki A_ RbbxK A_vr gvK e`bv Kwi, ewgP` Zuvi Avb`gV Dcbvm îwPZ GB MvbwU hy KiQb; wewP ce iex`bv_ iwPZ GKwU ce msKjbM; wele ewgP` Pvcvavq iwPZ Dcbvm; eyè civwYK bvUK; ee KweZv cvPxb evsjv`k cPwjZ MxwZKweZv I Mvb; gjKve evsjv mvwnZi gahyM iwPZ GK aibi Kvwnbx-Kve; gnvfviZ cvPxb fviZel `ywU gnvKvei GKwU, AbwU ivgvqY, g~j iPbv msZ fvlvq wjwLZ nqwQj, KqKkZ ermi ci evsjvq Ab~w`Z nq; gnviv RxebcfwZ Dbk kZKi JcbvwmK igkP` ` iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcbvm; gvaex KY igkP` ` iwPZ Dcbvm; gNbvèa Kve Kwe I bvUKvi gvBKj gaym~`b ` (1824-73) iwPZ AvaywbK evsjv gnvKve; iKiex iex`bv_ iwPZ mvsKwZK bvUK; ivRcyZ
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
145
Rxebmv igkP` ` iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcbvm; ivgcmv` mb (Avby: 1723-81) Kwc I msMxZ iPwqZv, fwMxwZ iPbvi Rb weLvZ, Gui MvbK ivgcmv`x AvLv Ìqv nq; knx`yjv Kvqmvi (1927-71) 1971 mvj gywhyi mgq kwn` nb; kvRvnvb bvUKvi I Kwe wR`jvj ivq iwPZ bvUK; k~cbLv ivgvqY gnvKvei KvwnbxZ jvi ivRv ivebi evb; kcxqi BsiwR Kwe I bvUKvi; kveKve h Kve cov I kvbvi Rb iwPZ, Gi wecixZ iqQ `kKve; kxkP` `vm mvwnZ m`kb Mi iPwqZv, eBwU mvwnZ wewfb kvLv (hgb M KweZv Dcbvm BZvw`) mK wevwiZ AvjvPbv M; msZ AjvwiKe` cvPxb msZ mvwnZ welq cyibv Avgj huviv AvjvPbv KiQb, eBc wjLQb; mxZv civwYK Pwi, ivgPì x, jvi ivRv iveY AcniY Ki wbq hvq| Zvi dj iveYi wei ivg hyhvv KiwQjb| wR`jvj ivqi bvUK mxZv 1908 mvj cKvwkZ nq; mvRbevw`qv NvU cwjKwe Rmxg D`&&`xb iwPZ KvwnbxKve; nvmvb AvwRRyj nK Rb 1939 mvj, evsjv`ki weLvZ K_vwkx| cvV cwiwPwZ : mvwnZ bvbv aibi| AbK iKg Dw` wbq hgb evMvb Zgwb wewfb iKg mwKg wbq mvwnZ| mvwnZi i~c I ixwZ ce AwZ msc wewP mvwnZixwZi cwiPq AvQ| KweZv, bvUK, M, Dcbvm, ce BZvw` wbq mvwnZi RMr| Avevi cZKwUi wKQz kvLv-ckvLv AvQ| mvwnZi i~c I ixwZ ce mvwnZi GB me ixwZi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| KweZv, bvUK, QvUM, Dcbvm, ce BZvw` Dc-wkivbvg jLK cZKwU ixwZi îc Pvwi Zzj aiQb|
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i ii iii
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i I ii ii I iii

i ii iii
L. N.
i I iii i, ii I iii
3| McvV kl KiI cvVK Kvwnbxi mgvw LyuR eewU aviY Ki h cOw NUbvi NbNUv kl nq nBj bv kl Ai AZw ie
146
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

i I ii ii I iii
L. N.
i I iii i, ii I iii
4| Rxebi c~Yveqe bq, LvskK jLK im-wbweo Ki dzwUq Zvjb| Rxebi Kvb GKwU wekl gyn~Z Kvb wekl cwieki ga^msLK Pwii gvag Gi cwiYwZ NU| DxcK mvwnZi Kvb kvLvi cwiPq dzU DVQ ? K. M. KweZv Dcbvm L. N. QvUM bvUK
mRbkxj ck : Kvwnbxi Drm civwYK ev HwZnvwmK Kvb NUbv, AvqZb wekvj| Kvwnbx wewfb mM ev ce wef _vK, mvaviYZ c` iwPZ nq Ze MÌ nZ cvi| Gi bvqK ne exi, cfvekvjx, Avcvlnxb `pPZv| Kvwnbxi Dvb-cZb _vKe| K. L. M. N. mvwnZi cavb jY KvbwU ? bvUKK `k Kve I keKve ejv nq Kb ? DxcKi ee mvwnZ ic I ixwZ iPbvi mvwnZi Kvb kvLvi ewk we`gvb evLv Ki| DxcK ewYZ w`KwUB mvwnZi GKgv w`K bq eis Gi kvLv-ckvLv weZ| gewU weklY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
147
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[jLK cwiwPwZ : evsjv`ki wewk M`wkx, fvlvwevbx, JcbvwmK I Kwe gvqyb AvR` 1947 wLvi 28 k Gwcj gyxM Rjvi wegcyii AMZ ivwoLvj Mvg RbMnY Kib| AZ gavex gvqyb AvRv` `xNw`b XvKv wekwe`vjqi evsjv wefvM Aavcbv KiQb| Zuvi DjLhvM M njv : Kve AjwKK Bwgvi, Rjv wPZvevN, me wKQz bì AwaKvi hve, Kvdb gvov Akwe`y; Dcbvm Qvcvb nvRvi eMgvBj, me wKQz fO co, M hv`yKii gZ z , ce wbweo bxwjgv, evOjv fvlvi kwg, evKZ, jvj bxj `xcvewj, KZv b`x mivei BZvw`| wZwb evsjv GKWgx cyivimn Abvb AbK cyivi jvf KiQb| gvqyb AvRv` 2004 wLvi 12B AvM gZzeiY Kib|] evOjv fvlvi GK iKg kK ejv nq Ze k| AviK iKg kK ejv Zrmg k| Ges AviK iKg kK ejv nq AaZrmg k| G-wZb iKg k wgj Mo DVQ evOjv fvlvi kixi| Zrmg, Ze cvwifvwlK kjv Pvjy KiwQjb cvKZ fvlvi evKiY iPwqZviv| Zuviv Zr A_vr Zv ejZ evSvZb msZ (GLb ewj cvPxb fviZxq Avh) fvlvK| Avi fe ki A_ RvZ, Drcb| ZvB Ze ki A_ njv msZ _K Rb bqv, Avi Zrmg ki A_ nQ msZi mgvb A_vr msZ| evOjv fvlvi ki kZKiv evqvbwU k Zrfe I AaZrmg| kZKiv PzqvwjkwU Zrmg| ZvB evOjv fvlvi kZKiv wQqvbeBwUB gwjK ev evOjv k| cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlvi wecyj cwigvY k ek wbqgKvbyb gb i~c e`jvq gafviZxq Avhfvlvq A_vr cvKZ| cwiYZ nq cvKZ k| kjv Mv fvwmq w`qwQjv cwieZbi vZ| cvKZ Avmvi ci Avevi ek wbqgKvbyb gb Zviv e`j hvq| cwiYZ nq evOjv k| GjvB Ze k| G-cwieZbi mvZ fvmv kB Dj evOjv fvlv| Ze Ze kjv msZ ev cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlv _KB ay Avm wb| GmQ Aviv wKQz fvlv _K| Ze cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlv _KB GmQ ewk msLK k| Puv`, gvQ, Gqv, `ya euvwk| Gjv cvPxb fviZxq Avhfvlv _K wbqg gb cvKZi fZi w`q GmQ evOjvq| Puv` wQjv msZ P`, cvKZ wQjv P`| evOjvq Puv`| gvQ wQjv grm msZ, cvKZ nq gQ| evOjvq gvQ| Gqv wQjv msZ Aweaev| cvKZ nq Awenev| evOjvq Gqv| `ya wQjv msZ `y; cvKZ nq `y| evOjvq nq `ya| euvwk wQjv eskx msZ| cvKZ nq esmx| evOjvq euvwk| ek wbqg gb, AbK kZK c_ nuU GmQ G-Zx_hvxiv| Avgvì mePq wcqiv| Aviv AvQ wKQz Zx_hvx, hviv c_ nuUQ Aviv ewk| Zviv Ab fvlvi| Zviv c_g XzKQ msZ, Zvici cvKZ| Zvici GmQ evOjvq| GivI Ze k| wgk AvQ evOjv fvlvq| Lvj Avi Nov| Lye wbKU k Avgvì| Lvj kwU Zvwgj fvlvi Kvj _K GmQ| Kvj msZ nq L| cvKZ nq Lj| evOjvq Lvj| Zvwgj-gjqvwj fvlvq GKwU k wQjv KzUg| msZ mwU nq NU| cvKZ nq No| evOjvq Nov|
148
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
`vg Avi myo| cwZw`bi k Avgvì| `vg kwU GmQ wMK fvlvi `vL&g (GKiKg gy`v, UvKv) _K| `vL&&g msZ nq `g| cvKZ `| evOjvq `vg| wMK fvlvq GKwU k wQjv mywisK&&m&| kwU msZ XzK nq hvq mi/myiy| cvKZI GfveB _vK| evOjvq nq hvq myo| VvKzi| evOjvq k Kwei bvgi Ask| kwU wQj ZzwK fvlvq wZwMi| msZ I cvKZ nq hvq Vzi| evOjvq VvKzi| cvPxb fviZxq Avh ev msZ fvlvi ek wKQz k ek AUj AwePj| Zviv e`jvZ Pvq bv| kZKi ci kZK Zviv Aq nq _vK| Ggb e k, Aq Awebki k, GmQ evOjvq| GjvK ejv nq Zrmg k| evOjv fvlvq Ggb k AbK| Ze G-kjv h GKevi e`jvq wb, ZvI bq| Gì AbK cwiewZZ nqwQjv, wK Avgiv m-cwiewZZ i~cjvK ev` w`q Avevi LyuR GbwQ LuvwU msZ i~c| Rj, evqy, AvKvk, gvbyl, Mn, K, Ab, `kb, `w, eskx, P` Ggb k| Gì ga eskx I Pì Ze i~cI AvQ evOjvq| euvwk Avi Puv`| cyivbv evOjvq mmni wQjv, iGwY wQjv| GLb bB| GLb AvQ msZ k kkai Avi iRbx| evOjv fvlvi Rbi KvjB cejfve evOjvq XzKZ _vK Zrmg k| w`b w`b Zv Aviv cej nq IV| Dwbk kZK Zrmg k evOjv fvlvK cwiYZ Ki Zvi ivR| wKQz k ek iyMfve GmQ evOjvq| cvPxb fviZxq Avh ev msZi wKQz k wKQzUv i~c e`j XzKwQjv cvKZ| Zvici Avi Zvì e`j NU wb| cvKZ i~c wbqB AweKwkZfve mjv GmQ evOjvq| GjvKB ejv nq AaZrmZ| K I ivw weKj nq RbQ K I ivwi| kjv weKjv| gvwRZ cwiek mvaviYZ AaZrmg k eenvi Kiv nq bv| Aviv wKQz k AvQ, hjvi g~j wbYq KiZ cvib wb fvlvZvwKiv| Ze gb Kiv nq h evOjv fvlvi Dei AvM h me fvlv wQjv Avgvì `k, m-me fvlv _K GmQ IB kjv| Ggb kK ejv nq `wk k| GjvK KD KD we`wk ev wfb fvlvi ki gZvB wePvi Kib| wK GjvKI MnY Kiv DwPZ evOjv fvlvi wbR^ k wnkeB| Wve, wWw, Xvj, Wvv, Svj, wSv, XD Ggb k| GjvK Kx Ki we`wk ewj ? kv_ I UxKv : Ze k Zv _K Drcb, cvKZ evsjv k, GB kjv cvPxbfviZxq Avhfvlv _K wewfb ii gvag g cwiewZZ nq i~cvi jvf KiQ; Zrmg k Zrm`k, Z`c, msZ ki Abyi~c evsjv k; AaZrmg k AaK Zvi mgvb, Zrmg ki AvswkK cwiewZZ i~c; cvKZ cKwZRvZ, ^vfvweK, cvPxbfviZxq Avhfvlvi i~cvi wekl; G-Zx_hvxiv GLvb evsjv fvlvq AvMZ kfvviK evSvbv nqQ; Avgvì mePq wcqiv evsjvfvlvq AvMZ kmg~n Avgvì evsjvfvlvK mg KiQ| G KviY AvMZ kmg~nK jLK mePq wcq ej weklvwqZ KiQb; AweKwkZfve weKwkZ bq, Ggb; weKjv Anxb, Uxhy| cvV cwiwPwZ : gvqyb AvRvì KZv b`x mivei ev evOjv fvlvi Rxebx bvgK M _K evsjv k cewU msKwjZ nqQ| evsjv fvlvi kmviK h cPwjZ cuvPwU fvM Kiv nqQ Zvi Zrmg, AaZrmg, Ze Ges `wk k wbqB cewUZ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| wKfve Abvb fvlv _K kmg~n evsjv fvlvq Gm evsjvfvlvi kfvviK mg KiQ Zv AZ mvejxj fvlvq jLK GLvb Zzj aiQb|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
149
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2| K I iwOb G k `yUvK weKjv ejv nq Kb ?
3| P` kwUi mv_ wbPi mv`kc~Y k nj
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mRbkxj ck : gbvwjmv `kg kwYi Qvx| GKw`b evsjv evKiYi fvlvi wewfb ewk covi mgq GKwU ewki cwZ Zvi bRi Kvo| ewkwU nj fvlv hZB KwVb k w`q i nvK bv Kb gv^q eenvii dj Zv mnR I mij nq IV| hgb : f > f > fvZ, KR > K > KvR BZvw`| K. L. M. N. evsjv fvlvi g~j KvVvgvq Kq aibi k iqQ ? cwieZbi mvZ fvlv kB Dj evOjv fvlv jLK GK_v ejQb Kb ? DxcKi gbvwjmvi fvebvq evOjv fvlvi ki weeZbi h w`KwU cwZfvZ Zv evOjv k cei AvjvK evLv Ki| evsjv fvlvi kfvviK mg Kivi DxcK DwjwLZ w`KwUB GKgv w`K ? evOjv k cei AvjvK welqwUi mZZv hvPvB Ki|
150
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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164
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3| Z_ chyw cei h w`KwU DxcK DvwmZ nqQ Zv njv K. M. KwDUvi bUIqvK vcb Z_chyw wece hvM`vb L. N. chywi DrKl mvab KwDUvi ` nIqv
4| DxcKi Abyfe Z_ chyw cei Kvb DwZi m mv`kc~Y ? K. L. M. N. eZgvb cw_exUv nQ Z_ chywi cw_ex AvM KwDUvii KvR wQj Kwevbi gZv Z_chywi wecei wcQb iqQ wWwRUvj KwDUvi BUvibUi gvag Z_ wewbgq eev Mo DVQ|
mRbkxj ck : DxcKwU co Ges cki Di `vI : mvwbqv AvgwiKvi Gg. AvB. Gm. wU-Z fwZ nevi Rb cwZ wbQ| wekwe`vjq fwZ nevi hveZxq Z_ m BUvibUi gvag hvMvo Kijv| mLvb AaqbiZ wkv_xi` B-gBj wVKvbv Rb mvwbqv Zvì mv_I hvMvhvM vb Kijv| BUvibUi gvag fwZ nevi me Z_ Rb mvwbqvi gb njv Z_ chywZ mg njB G`k mg nZ cvie| K. L. M. N. wR.wc.Gm. Kx ? gvevBj Uwjdvb eywgvb h Kb ? DxcKwUZ Z_ chyw cei Kvb w`KwU cwZdwjZ nqQ Zv evLv Ki| DxcK Z_ chyw cei g~j fvebv DbvwPZ nqwb g~jvqb Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
165
myLi jvwMqv
vb`vm
Kwe cwiwPwZ : vb`vm 16k kZvxi c_gvai Kwe| mxZ I bZzb KxZb cwZi DveK wnme wZwb mybvgi AwaKvix wQjb| eagvbi Kuvòv Mvg Zuvi Rb| meZ Mvwe``vm KweivR, ejivg `vm cg y Li m wZwb LZzivi Drme DcwZ wQjb| evOjv I eReywj wKsev G `yqi wgk fvlvq wZwb c`vejx iPbv Kib| Px`vm-Abymvix vb`vm fvlvq I fve mnR I AvwiK| gahyMi evsjv MxwZ KweZvq AvcvbyivM I i~cvbyivMi c`jvZ Zuvi f-`q h_v_ cvY cqQ| GLvb mwjZ AvcvbyivMi c`wUZ Zvi cgvY wgje| vb`vm iwPZ M : gv_yi I gyijx wkv|]
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cvV cwiwPwZ : Avng` kixd mvw`Z gahyMi evsjv MxwZKweZv M _K myLi jvwMqv kxlK KweZvwU msKwjZ nqQ| gvbyl myLi Rb e AvqvRb Ki wK m AvqvRb AbK mgqB mv_K nq bv| Kwe GB KweZvq AbK Zzjbv w`qQb : hgb, AgZi mvMi mvb KijI me Miji gZv gb nq; wm Puvì AvjvZ cwZdwjZ nq Liiì ZxeZv; gvwYKi Avkvq mvMi bvgjI m gvwbK nMZ nq bv| Kwe ejQb, G meB Kg`vl| Kvby A_vr K fw `pZi bv nj G aibi AvqvRb wbj nIqv ^vfvweK| cigvZvi m wgwjZ nevi AvKvv gvbyli wPib| Kwe vb`vm ejQb, GB AvKvv evevwqZ bv nj Zv giYi PqI AwaK gb nq| Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
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166
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
ewbevPwb ck
1| Kwe Kv_vq wmbvb Kivi K_v ejQb? K. b`xZ L. mvMi M. wej N. cyKzi 2| kxZj ewjqv/I Pvu` mweby/fvbyi wKiY `wL \ G ee Kwei Kvb RvZxq gbvfve cKvk cqQ ? K. vf L. nZvkv M. cxwZ N. gbvK wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : GK`v kxK Ges Mv cii cg co hvb GZ ivav z nq MvK nvZi Kvl wbq cvb KiZ Mj èZviv Ki kiYvcb nb| ZLb K MvK Zvi PiY _K mwiq `b| 3| DxcKi Mvi cwiYwZi cwZwbwaZ Ki h cO&w Zv njv G Ni evwaby i. myLi jvwMqv Avbj cywoqv Mj mvMi euvwajvg ii. bMi emvjvg gvwYK cvevi Avk Rj` mweby iii. wcqvm jvwMqv eRi cwoqv Mj wbPi KvbwU mwVK? K. i. I ii L. ii M. i. I iii N. iii 4| Gic cwZwbwaZi KviY Kx? K. e_Zv L. cwZK~jZv M. `yfvM N. mijZv
mRbkxj
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K. L. M. N.
Kwe Kv_vq mvb KiZ Pvb? Kvbyi wcixwZ giY AwaK kj- G K_v viv Kwe Kx eywSqQb? DxcK Ges myLi jvwMqv KweZvq Kwei PvIqvi mv`k wbYq Ki| cvcU wfb njI DxcK I myLi jvwMqv KweZvi g~jfve hb GKm~ Muv_v|hywmn cgvY Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
167
Avgvi mvb
fviZP` ivqYvKi
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : fviZP` ivqYvKi 1712 mvj Mwj Rjvi fziU ciMbvi cuov Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv fziU ciMbvi Rwg`vi wQjb| gv Kzwo eQi eqmi ga wZwb msZ I dvwm fvlvq eyrcw jvf Kib| wZwb bexci ivRv KP` ivqi mfv-Kwe wQjb| mZcxii cuvPvjx, imgix, Ab`vgj, bvMvK, MvK, PxbvUK cfwZ Kve I wewea KweZvewj wZwb iPbv Kib| fviZP` gj Kveavivi AbZg k Kwe Ges Ab`vgj Zuvi k KveM| k, Q`, Ajvi eenvi I DPgvbi Kve wbgvY Zuvi bvMwiK eì cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wZwb 1760 mvj gZzeiY Kib|]
Abc~Yv Dwijv Mvwbxi Zxi| cvi Ki ewjqv WvwKjv cvUzbxi \ mB NvU Lqv `q Ckix cvUzbx| Zivq Avwbj bKv evgvî wb \ Ckixi wRvwmj Ckix cvUybx| GKv `wL Kzjea~ K eU Avcwb \ cwiPq bv w`j KwiZ bvwi cvi| fq Kwi wK Rvwb K wè didvi \ Ckixi cwiPq Knb Ckix| eySn Ckix Avwg cwiPq Kwi \ weklY mwekl Kwnevi cvwi| Rvbn ^vgxi bvg bvwn ai bvix \ cvUzbx ewjQ gvMv b wbe`b| muDZx Dci ivL I ivv PiY \ cvUzbxi evK gvZv nvwmqv Ai| ivwLjv `yLvwb c` muDZx Dci \ muDZxZ c` èx ivwLZ ivwLZ| muDZx nBj mvbv `wLZ `wLZ \ mvbvi muDZx `wL cvUzbxi fq| G Z gq gq bq èZv wbq \ Zxi Dwij Zwi Zviv Dwijv| c~egyL myL MRMgb Pwjjv \ muDZx jBqv e Pwjjv cvUzbx| wcQ `wL Zvi èx wdwiqv Avcwb \ mfq cvUzbx Kn P en Rj| w`qvQ h cwiPq m eywSby Qj \ ni `L muDZxZ _yqwQjv c`| KvVi muDZx gvi njv Avc` \
168
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
169
Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb
1| KweZvi ga Kvb `yUv jvBb Zvgvi mePq ewk fvjv jvM? GB fvjvjvMvi KviY Kx?
ewbevPwb ck
1| Kvi evK gvZv nvwmqv Ai| ivwLj `yLvwb c` muDZx Dci ? K. M. K. M. cvUzbxi mnhvxi Afx c~Y Ki Ggb èZvi AbyMnxZ ew L. N. Abc~Yvi cwZekxi L. N. cv_bxq wRwbm jvf èZvi Awfk ew
2| ei`vb ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?
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mRbkxj
mKvj Bw` esk GKRb aej ivMx wQjb| cixvi Rb aej ivMxi wbKU div Avmjb| wZwb ivMxK ejjb, Zzwg Kx mePq fvjvevm ? wZwb ejjb, Avgvi Mvqi is hw` fvjv nZ Zvnj mKj Avi AvgvK NYv KiZ bv| div ivMxi Mvq nvZ eywjq w`j wZwb my nq Mjb| K. L. M. N. muDZx ki A_ Kx ? G Z gq gq bq G K_vwU Kb ejv nqQ ? mvi KvQ PvIqvi aej ivMxi I Avgvi mvb KweZvi cvUbxi cv_KUzKz wbYq Ki| DxcKwU Avgvi mvb KweZvi g~jfveK cKvk Ki bv gewU wePvi Ki|
170
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
mgq Mj mvab ne bv
jvjb kvn
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : jvjb kvn Kzwqv Rjvi KzgviLvwj _vbvi AMZ fuvoviv Mvg gZvi wSbvB`vn Rjvi nwikcyi Mvg 1772 wLv RbMnY Kib| wZwb mvaK wmivR muvB ev wmivR kvni wklZ MnY Kivi ci jvjb muvB ev jvjb kvn bvg cwiwPwZ ARb Kib| wZwb cvwZvwbK we`vjvf bv KijI wn`y-gymjgvb kv mK wekl vb I eyrcw jvf Kib| evDj mvaK I mxZ iPwqZvì ga jvjb kvn mePq ewk DrKli cwiPq `b| Zuvi mxZ AavZfve, gigx imebv I wkY wekl mg| jvjb mnmvwaK Mvb iPbv Kib| iex`bv_B wkwZ evOvwj wer mgvRi KvQ jvjbK cwiwPZ Kib| iex`bv_i AbK Mvb jvjbi cfve j Kiv hvq| jvjbi LuvPvi wfZi AwPb cvwL, evwoi KvQ Avikx bMi, Avgvi NiLvbvq K weivR Ki BZvw` Mvb evsjv Z-mvwnZi Ag~j m`|]
mgq Mj mvab ne bv| w`b _vKZ w`bi mvab Kb Kij bv \ Rvb bv gb Lvj wej gxb _vK bv Rj Kvj Kx nq Zvi euvab w`j Kbv gvnbv \ Amgq Kwl Ki wgQvwgwQ LU gi MvQ hw` nq exRi Rvi dj Zv ai bv \ kv_ I UxKv : gxbgvQ; gvnbvb`xi h Ask mgy` coQ| cvV cwiwPwZ : AavcK Aveyj Avnmvb Payix mvw`Z jvjbmgM bvgK M _K mgq Mj mvab ne bv KweZvwU mv`bv Ki msKwjZ nqQ| mgqi KvR mgqgZv KiZ nq| b`xi cvwb wKq Mj hgb mLvb gvQ _vK bv, wVK mgq gvV Pvl bv KijI Zgwb dmj nq bv| jvjb ejb, h_vmgq h_v KgwU Kij h gnr kwi m~Pbv nq ZvZ AbK AmeB me nZ cvi| Abykxjbx
Kg-Abykxjb
1| kwY wkKi DcwwZZ jvjb kvni Rxeb I Kgi Ici AvjvPbv Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1| gxb K_vi A_ Kx ? K. M. dzj gvQ L. N. dj Kwl
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
171
2| Amgq Kwl Ki/wgQvwgwQ LU gi| GLvb wgQvwgwQ LvUv ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ? K. M. dmj Kg nq evKvwgi ` L. N. kg KvR jvM bv nZvkvi myi
wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : mgqi GK duvo, Amgqi bq duvo| 3| DxcKi G eei mv_ fveMZ mv`k iqQ wbPi h cO&wZ Zv njv i. mgq Mj mvab ne bv ii. Amgq Kwl Ki, wgQvwgwQ LU gi iii. gxb _vK bv Rj Kvj wbPi KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4| D Aev _K gyw cZ KiYxq Kx ? K. M. AwaKvi mPZb nIqv `w cmvwiZ Kiv L. N. mgqi g~j `qv msKxYZv cwinvi Kiv
mRbkxj
kke m`yc`k hvnvi bv ivP Rxeb Zvnvi Kfz g~LZv bv NvP| P gvm Pvl w`qv bv evb ekvL Ke m ngwK avb cq _vK? dj Pvn, mI AwZ wbeva Aag| LqvZix Pj Mj, em _vK ZxiwKm cvi ne Zix bv Avwmj wdi| K. gxb K_vi A_ Kx? L. mgq Mj mvab ne bv Kwe GK_v Kb ejQb? M. DxcK Kvh mv`bi Rb h wekl w`Ki cwZ BswMZ Kiv nqQ Zv mgq Mj mvab ne bv KweZvq Kxfve dzU DVQ evLv Ki| N. LqvZix Pj Mj, em _vK Zxi wKm cvi ne Zix bv Avwmj wdi G evK mgq Mj mvab ne bv KweZvi g~jfvei KZUzKz aviY Ki? hywmn jL|
172
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
KcvZv b`
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mZZ, n b`, Zzwg co gvi gb ! mZZ Zvgvi K_v fvwe G weij; mZZ (hgwZ jvK wbkvi ^cb kvb gvqv-gawb) Ze KjKj RyovB G Kvb Avwg vwi Qjb ! e `k `wLqvwQ e b`-`j, wK G mni Zv wgU Kvi Rj? `y-m&vZvi~cx Zzwg Rbf~wg-b| Avi wK n ne `Lv? hZ w`b hve, cRvi~c ivRi~c mvMii w`Z evwi-i~c Ki Zzwg; G wgbwZ, Mve eR Rbi Kvb, mL, mLv-ixZ bvg Zvi, G cevm gwR cg-fve jBQ h Ze bvg ei msMxZ|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
173
kv_ I UxKv : mZZme`v| weij-GKv wbwiwewjZ| wbkv-ivw| vw-fzj| evwi-i~cKi-cRv hgb ivRvK Ki ev ivR^ `q, Zgwb KcvZv bÌ mvMiK Rji~c Ki ev ivR^ w`Q| PZz`kc`x KweZv BsiwRZ Sonnet, evsjvq PZz`kc`x KweZv| P-PiY-mgw^Z fvemsnZ mywbw`| PZz`kc`x KweZvi c_g AvU PiYi eKK AK (Octave) Ges cieZx Qq PiYi eKK lK (Sestet) ej| AK g~jZ fvei ceZbv Ges lK fvei cwiYwZ _vK| PZz`kc`x KweZvq KqK cKvi Awgj cPwjZ AvQ| hgb, c_g AvU PiY : KLLK KLLK| kl Qq PiY : NOP NOP| A_ev c_g AvU PiY : KLLM KLLM, kl Qq PiY : NONO PP| KcvZv b` GKwU PZz`kc`x KweZv| GLvb wgjwebvm : KLKLKLLK MNMNMN| cvV cwiwPwZ : KcvZv b` KweZvwU Kwei PZz`kc`x KweZvewj _K MnxZ nqQ| GB KweZvq Kwei wZKvZiZvi AveiY Zuvi AZzj `kcg cKvwkZ nqQ| Kwe hkvi Rjvi KcvZv bì Zxi mvMiùvwo Mvg RbMnY Kib| kke gaym~`b GB bì Zxi cvKwZK cwiek eo nqQb| hLb wZwb dv emevm Kib, ZLb Rbf~wgi kke, Kkvii e`bv-weayi wZ Zuvi gb RvwMqQ KvZiZv| `~i emI wZwb hb KcvZv bì KjKj awb bZ cvb| KZ `k KZ b`-b`x wZwb `LQb, wK Rbf~wgi GB b` hb gvqi mnWvi ZuvK euaQ, wKQzZB wZwb ZvK fzjZ cvib bv| Kwei gb m`n RvM, Avi wK wZwb GB bì `Lv cveb ! bì KvQ Zuvi mwebq wgbwZezfve ZvK wZwb mnvì hgb iY Kib, KcvZvI hb GKB cgfve ZuvK mmn iY Ki| KcvZv b` hb Zvi ^`ki Rb n`qi KvZiZv eevmxì wbKU e Kibwhwb cevmRxebI Mvb, KweZvq kke-Kkvii wZweRwoZ b`xi K_v wjLQb|
Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb
1| Zvgvi wbKUeZx b`x ev Lvj mK 200 ki ga GKwU iPbv jL|
ewbevPwb ck
1| KcvZv b` KweZvwU iPbvKvj Kwe Kvb `k wQjb ? K. M. dv BZvwjZ L. N. Bsjv AvgwiKvZ
2| wK G mni Zv wgU Kvi Rj ? G DwZ Kwei Kvb fve cKvk cqQ ? i. ggZv ii. AbyivM iii. vw wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i M. i I iii L. N. ii i, ii I iii
174
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186
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188
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192
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194
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200
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202
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204
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205
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206
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207
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208
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210
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212
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4| DxcK wbPi Kvb welqwU dzU DVQ?
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214
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218
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
221
Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb
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ewbevPwb ck
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mRbkxj
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K. L. M. N.
222
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
cvvi
Aveyj nvmb
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
223
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224
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ivbvi
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228
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229
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ewbevPwb ck
1| `vbei gZv wPrKvi KiZ KiZ Kx GmwQj ? K. cvKmbv L. Uv M. nwi`vmx N. ^vaxbZv 2| Zzwg Avme ej n ^vaxbZv Qvvevm ew DRvo njv Qvvevm ew DRvi njv G cO&wZ wKmi wP AvQ? K. ^vaxbZvi myi L. asmi wP M. MY-Av`vjbi i~c N. gywhyi cUf~wg wbPi DxcKwU co 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI : wPbZ bvwK mvbvi Qj zwìvgK wPbZ ? ikvm cvY w`j h gy&KZ evZvm wKbZ ? 3| DxcKi zwìvg ZvgvK cvIqvi Rb, n ^vaxbZv KweZvq Kvì cwZwbwaZ Ki i. gywhvvì ii. Avcvgi RbmvaviYi iii. AvZZvMx gvbylì wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 4| Gi~c cwZwbwaZi KviY Kx? K. HKPZbv L. ^vRvZeva M. `kcg N. mvnwmKZv
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230
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
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nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb 14B Ryb 1932 wLv Rvgvjcyi Rjvi KzjKvw` Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv Ave`yi ingvb wQjb zj wkK| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb 1946 wLv XvKv KjwRqU zj _K gvwUK Ges 1948 mvj XvKv KjR _K AvBG cvm Kib| 1951 mvj XvKv wekwe`vjq _K weG Ges 1955 mvj evsjvq GgG wWwM jvf Kib| wZwb wQjb fvlv Av`vjbi GKRb AmvaviY msMVK| 1953 mvj Zuvi mvw`Z GKzk deqvwi MwU weqKi Avjvob mw Ki| KgRxeb wZwb wewfb cwKvq mvsevw`KZvmn Aavcbvi KvR wbqvwRZ wQjb| gywhy wZwb wQjb AKzZfq GK mwbK| ^vaxbZv-Di Kvj wZwb miKvii wewfb msvq iZc~Y `vwqZ wbqvwRZ wQjb| 1977 mvj MYcRvZx evsjv`k miKvii Z_ gYvjqi gywhyi BwZnvm cKGi wZwb wQjb cavb| Zuvi mv`bvq lvj L evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvhy : `wjjc cKvwkZ nq| wZwb Kwe, mgvjvPK I MKvi wnme LvwZgvb| wefvM Di c~eevsjvi AvaywbK Kve Av`vjbi wZwb wQjb GKRb AbZg cwZ| Zuvi DjLhvM KveM : wegyL cvi, AvZkvewj, Awg kii gZv, D`Z mxb, kvKvZ Zievwi, Avgvi fZii evN BZvw`| ceM : AvaywbK Kwe I KweZv, mvwnZ cm, MM : Aviv `ywU gZz BZvw`| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb jLK msN cyivi, Av`gRx cyivi, evsjv GKvWgx cyivi, GKzk cyivimn AmsL cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb| 1983 mvji 1jv Gwcj wZwb gZzeiY Kib|]
wKkvi Zvgvi `yB nvZi ZvjyZ AvKzj m~hv`q ifxlY gyLgj PgKvq eivfq| eyKi Aaxi wdbwKi ziavi kwnì Lyb jM wKkvi Zvgvi `yB nvZ `yB m~h DVQ RM| gvbyli nvZ AevK m~hv`q, hvq cyo hvq gZi Agvwbkv kvi mskq| wKkvi Zvgvi nvZ `yUv DuPz ivLv cej AnsKvi m~hi mv_ Awfb `L AwgZ AhyZ jvL| mviv knii gyL Zvgvi nvZi w`K fqnviv KvwU AcjK PvL GKvKvi njv m~hi AwbwgL| wKkvi Zvgvi nvZ `yUv DuPz ivLv jvwjZ cvci Avg~j imbv i AwMZ XvK| ii LiZvb
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
231
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Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb
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232
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K. L. M. N.
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
233
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mybxj Mvcvavq
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : mybxj Mvcvavq 7B mî 1934 wLv dwi`cyi Rjvq RbMnY Kib| eZgvb wZwb KjKvZvq vqxfve emevm KiQb| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Kvjxc` Mvcvavq Ges gvZv gxiv Mvcvavq| 1954 wLv mybxj Mvcvavq KjKvZv wekwe`vjq _K evsjvq GgG wWwM jvf Kib| ckvMZ w`K _K g~jZ GKRb mvsevw`K| wekl Ki 1953 mvj _K Zuvi mv`bvq cKvwkZ KxwZevm cwKvi gvag wZwb bZzb cRbi wbixvceY Kweì weKvk AmvaviY f~wgKv iL AvmQb| wZwb mvwnZ mvabvi GK wbijm Kgx| KweZv I K_vmvwnZ h fzeb wZwb iPbv KiQb mLvb Avgvì BwZnvm, HwZn, mswZ I gvbexq cgi GK Amvgvb RMr Zwi nqQ| wZwb cvq `yB kZvwaK mvwnZKgi mv| Zuvi DjLhvM KveM : GK Ges KqKRb, Avgvi ^c, RvMiY ngeY, ùvovI myì, gb fvjv bB, ^Mb Mixi Pvwe, wZi kni, nVvr bxivi Rb BZvw`; Dcbvm : AiYi w`bivw, AvZcKvk, cwZx, mB mgq, c~e-cwg BZvw`| wZwb mvwnZ AvKv`wg cyivi, ewg cyivi, Avb` cyivimn cPi z cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb|]
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234
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Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb
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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
235
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1|
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L. N.
euvKv ZxhK
2| muvKvUv `yjQ ejZ Kx evSvbv nqQ ?
ii i I iii
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4| DxcK DbvwPZ AbyfewU muvKvUv `yjQ KweZvi Kvb cO&wi m mv`kc~Y ? cowk b`xwU abyKi gZv euvKv muvKvwU GLbv AvQ ez nvivj `ywbqvUv Luv Luv Ki Gcvi Icvi wZgq GKvKvi|
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236
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
Avgvi cwiPq
mq` kvgmyj nK
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : mq` kvgmyj nK 27k wWmî 1935 wLv KzwoMvg kni RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Wv. mq` wmwK nymvBb Ges gvZvi bvg mq`v nvwjgv LvZzb| wZwb XvKv KjwRqU zj _K gvwUK, RMbv_ KjR _K BUviwgwWqU I XvKv wekwe`vjq fwZ nq wKQzw`b covkvbv Kib| GKmgq ckvq mvsevw`KZvK eQ wbjI cieZx mgq wZwb mvewYK mvwnZKg wbgM _K ewPgq mvi evsjv mvwnZK mg KiQb| wZwb KweZv, M, Dcbvm I bvUK iPbv KiQb| Zuvi wkZvl iPbvI iqQ| evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ Ae`vbi Rb wZwb GKzk c`K, evsjv GKvWgx cyivimn AbK mvwnZ-cyivi jvf KiQb| Zuvi DjLhvM M : GK`v GK ivR, ekvL iwPZ cO&wgvjv, AwM I Rji KweZv, ivRbwZK KweZv; M : kxZ weKj, iMvjvc, Avbì gZ z , Rjkixi Mjv; Dcbvm: ew I we`vnxMY; bvUK : cvqi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq, b~iyj`xbi mvivRxeb, Clv; wkZvl M : mxgvi wmsnvmb|]
Avwg RbwQ evsjvq, Avwg evsjvq K_v ewj, Avwg evsjvi Avjc_ w`q nvRvi eQi Pwj| Pwj cwjgvwU Kvgj Avgvi Pjvi wP dj| ZivkZ b`x avq AvgvK, Kv_v _K Zzwg Gj? Avwg Zv GmwQ Phvcì Aijv _K| Avwg Zv GmwQ mI`vMii wWOvi eni _K| Avwg Zv GmwQ KeZi we`vnx Mvg _K| Avwg Z GmwQ cvjhyM bvg wPKjvi _K| GmwQ evOvwj cvnvocyii ewenvi _K| GmwQ evOvwj Rvoevsjvi gwì-ew` _K| GmwQ evOvwj ei`f~g mvbv gmwR` _K| GmwQ evOvwj AvDj-evDj gvwUi `Dj _K| Avwg Zv GmwQ mvefg eviv f~uBqvi _K| Avwg Zv GmwQ Kgjvi `xwN, gqvi cvjv _K| Avwg Zv GmwQ wZZzgxi Avi nvRx kwiqZ _K| Avwg Zv GmwQ MxZvwj I AwMexYvi _K| GmwQ evOvwj zwìvg Avi m~h mbi _K| GmwQ evOvwj Rqbyj Avi Aeb VvKzi _K| GmwQ evOvwj ivfvlvi jvj ivRc_ _K| GmwQ evOvwj eez kL gywReyi _K| Avwg h GmwQ Rqevsjvi eRK _K| Avwg h GmwQ GKvii gywhy _K| GmwQ Avgvi cQb nvRvi PiYwP dj| avI AvgvK GZ`~i Zzwg Kvb ciYvq Gj? Ze Zzwg eywS evOvwj RvwZi exRgwU kvb bvB mevi Dci gvbyl mZ, Zvnvi Dci bvB| GKmv_ AvwQ, GKmv_ euvwP, AvRI GKmv_ _vKeB me wefì iLv gyQ w`q mvgi Qwe AuvKeB|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
237
kv_ I UxKv : Avjc_ Rwgi mxgvbvi c_| GLvb nvRvi eQi ai evOvwj RvwZi c_ Pjvi K_v ejv nqQ; Phvc` evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ-HwZni c_g wb`kb| nicmv` kvx bcvj _K Phvcì cvzwjwc Dvi Kib| QqkZ kZvx _K GMvik kZKi ga c`jv iwPZ nqQ| GB c`jvi ga cvPxb evsjvi AwZ mvaviY gvbyli cvYgq Rxeb wP dzU DVQ; mI`vMii wWOvi eni gjKve Puv` mI`vMii evwYRi K_v AvQ| Kwe Avgvì eemv-evwYRi HwZn evSvZ GB jvKKvwnbxi Avkq MnY KiQb| KeZ we`vn AvbygvwbK 100-75 wLv gnxcvji wei Ab-mvg-P wgwjZ nq h we`vn Kib Zv-B Avgvì BwZnvm KeZ we`vn bvg LvZ| GB we`vni bZv wQjb KeZ m`vqi jvK| Zuvi bvg wè ev wèvK| evOvwj RvwZi we`vni HwZn evSvZ GB we`vni DjL Kiv nqQ| cvjhyM 750 wLv Mvcvji ivR kvmbi ga w`q e cvjhyMi m~Pbv nq| Zvici PvikZ eQi cvj eski ivRZ wUK wQj| G mgq wk-mvwnZi Amvgvb weKvk mvwaZ nq| wPKjvqI GB mgqi mgw jhvM| Kwe Avgvì wki mg HwZn evSvZ cvjhyMi wPKjvi DjL KiQb| cvnvocyii ewenvi eZgvb bIMuv Rjvi e`jMvwQ _vbvq cvnvocyi Mvg GB cvPxb wenvi AewZ| 1879 mvj mvi Kvwbsnvg GB wekvj KxwZ Avwevi Kib| wZxq cvj ivRv kx agcvjè (ivRZKvj 777-810 wL.) GB wekvj wenvi Zwi KiwQjb| GK mvgcyi wenviI ejv nq| cw_exi mePq eo wenvijvi ga GwU AbZg| Kwe Avgvì cZZvwK HwZni cwiPq w`Z cvnvocyii ewenvii DjL KiQb| ei`f ~ g mvbvgmwR` ei`f ~ g mvbvgmwR` ejZ PuvcvB beveM Rjvq AewZ QvU mvbvgmwR`K evSvbv nqQ| eo mvbvgmwR` fviZi Mo AewZ| nvmb kvni (ivRZKvj 1493-1519 wL.) Avgj GB gmwR`wU wbwgZ nq| AmvaviY wkm`hgwZ vcZKg wnme mvbvgmwR` AbZg| Kwe Avgvì gymwjg HwZni mygnvb wb`kb w`q GwU DjL KiQb; `Dj èvjq; mvefg evivf~uBqv evsjvq cvVvb Ki&&ivbx eski ivRZ `yej nq coj Lyjbv, ewikvj, mvbviMuvI, gqgbwmsn I kxn ^vaxb Rwg`viì Dvb NU| 1575 mvj gvMj mvU AvKei evsjv Rq Kivi ci GB ^vaxb Rwg`viMY Cmv Luvi bZZ HKe nq gvMj kwi wei iL ùvovb| BwZnvm GuivB evivf~uBqv bvg cwiwPZ| Guiv njb Ckv Luv, Puv` ivq, K`vi ivq, cZvcvw`Z, jY gvwYK cgyL; Kgjvi `xwN ggbwmsn MxwZKvi GKwU cvjv; gqvi cvjv ggbwmsn MxwZKvi GKwU cvjv; wZZzgxi Pwek ciMbv Rjvi nvqìcyi Mvg 1782 mvj gxi wbmvi Avjx Iid wZZzgxi RbMnY Kib| wZwb AZvPvix BsiRx I wn`y Rwg`viì wei `xNw`b msMvg KiQb| 1831 mvji 19k bfî BsiR evwnbxi m jovB Ki wZwb kwn` nb| nvRx kixqZ nvRx kixqZDjvn (1781-1840 wL.) gv`vixcyi Rjvi wkePi _vbvi mvgvBj Mvg RbMnY Kib| wZwb `xNKvj gvq Aevb Ki Bmjvg ag welq AMva cvwZ ARb Kib| wZwb agK Avkq Ki mKj Kzmsvii wei mvPvi nb| Zuvi GB Av`vjbK divqwR Av`vjb ej| Gici wZwb Ave`yj Inve bvgK GK agmsviKi gZv`k wekvmx nq Invex Av`vjbi m hy nb| wZwb mvaviY gvbylK agi cKZ i~c I Zvì AwaKvi mK mPZb Kivi Pv KiQb| GQvov we`wk kvmb-kvlY; Rwg`vi, RvZ`vi I gnvRbì AZvPvi _K gvbylK gy Kivi Rb Av`vjb Kib| zwìvg zwìvg emy (1889-1908 wL.) gw`bxcyi Rjvi gewb Mvg RbMnY Kib| kke _KB wewUk weivax Av`vjbi m RwoZ wQjb| AZvPvix gvwRU wKsmdvWK nZv KiZ wMq fzjekZ `yBRb BsiR gwnjvK nZv Kib| 1908 mvji 11B AvM GB gnvb wecexi duvwmi Av`k KvhKi nq| m~h mb gvvi `v m~h mb (1893-1934 wL.) PMvg Rjvi ivDRvb _vbvi bvqvcvov Mvg RbMnY Kib| AvRxeb
238
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
wZwb wewUkì wei mk hy wbqvwRZ wQjb| 1930 mvj wZwb PMvgK BsiRgy Ki ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib| wK ewkw`b Zv iv KiZ cvib wb| 1934 mvji 12B Rvbyqvwi Zuvi duvwm nq| Rqbyj Rqbyj Avew`b (1914-1976 wL.) wKkviMi K`yqv _vbvq RbMnY Kib| wkvPvh wnme wZwb LvZ| `kR BwZnvm, HwZn I mswZi cUf~wgZ Zuvi wecyj wkKg iwPZ| `ywf ZvwoZ Rxeb I RMZi Qwe GuK wZwb Amvgvb GK Rxeb-Zvi cwiPq w`qQb| evsjv`k wkKjv Av`vjbi wZwb cw_KZ| Aeb&&VvKzi Aebx`bv_ VvKzi (18711951 wL.) KjKvZvi RvovmuvKvi VvKzi cwievi RbMnY Kib| wZwb weLvZ wPwkx| Ze wkmvwnwZK wnmeI wZwb AmvaviY cwZfvi cwiPq w`qQb| ivfvlvi jvj ivRc_ 1952 mvj ivfvlv evsjvi AwaKvii Rb G`ki gvbyli i iwZ nqQ XvKvi ivRc_| Avi mB ivfvlv Av`vjbi mvdji c_ aiB m~wPZ nq ^vaxbZv Av`vjb| eez kL gywReyi eez kL gywReyi ingvb (19201975 wL.) dwi`cyi Rjvi (eZgvb MvcvjM) Uzwcvov Mvg RbMnY Kib| evOvwj RvwZi wZwb Awemsevw`Z bZv, RvwZi wcZv| Zuvi weqKi cwZfv`x bZZ `xN msMvgi c_ AwZg Ki 1971 mvj evsjv`k ^vaxbZvhy Rqjvf Ki| wZwb Avgvì ^vaxbZvi cZxK, gywi cZxK, mgwi cZxK| Rqevsjv gywhyi mgq RvZxq vMvb wnme AmvaviY GK ciYv mvix kgvjv| GB vMvb HK I msnwZi cZxK| cvV cwiwPwZ : mq` kvgmyj nKi wKkvi KweZv mgM _K Avgvi cwiPq kxlK KweZvwU mvw`Z AvKvi Pqb Kiv nqQ| evsjv`k AvR ^vaxb mvefg GKwU `k| AvZghv`veva mb GB ^vaxb mvefg iv I RvwZmv cwZvi cvZ AvQ mg GK BwZnvm| mq` kvgmyj nK Mfxi ggZi m KweZvi AvwK wPwZ KiQb mg mB BwZnvm, HwZn I mswZi cUf~wg| mnwRqvcx e Kweì m Phvcì ga evOvwj RvwZmvi h Amv`vwqK Rxebevai cwiPq gyw`Z nq AvQ hyM hyM bvbv Av`vjb, wece-we`vn, Avi gZv`ki weKvk nZ nZ Avgiv Gm cuQwQ AvRKi evsjvq| mq` kvgmyj nK GB weeZbi wewP euvK I gvo Zvrchgq Ki ZzjQb| Puv`mI`vMii evwYR hvv, KeZwe`vn, cvjhyMi wPKjv Av`vjb, ewenvii vbPPv, gymwjg ag I mvwnZ mswZi weKvk, evivf~uBqvì Dvb, gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi Rxeb, wZZzgxi Avi nvRx kwiqZi we`vn, iex`bRiji KvjRqx mw, ewUk-weivax Av`vjb, fvlv Av`vjb Ges cwikl eezi ^vaxb evsjv`k Avgvi cwiPq KweZvi ga GB wecyj evsjv`k Abeì~c jvf KiQ|
Abykxjbx Kg-Abykxjb
1| Zvgvi `Lv ev Zvgvi GjvKvi Kvbv HwZnvwmK wb`kbi cwiPq `vI| 1|
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Avgvi cwiPq KweZvq DjwLZ b`xi msLv KZ ? K. 1200 L. 1300 M. 1400 N. 1500
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239
2| Avwg Zv GmwQ Phvcì Aijv _K GLvb Phvcì Aijv ejZ Kwe Kx eywSqQb ? K. M. AZxZ HwZn HwZnvwmK cUf~wg L. N. mvswZK i~c mvswZK cwiPq
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mRbkxj
BsiR kvmKì KvQ _K Dcgnv`ki gywi Rb gnvZvMvx GK mgq G`ki gvbylK HKe Kib| bvbvfve Zvì gvS `kcg RvMZ Kivi Pv Kib| GiB avivevwnK dmj ^`kx Av`vjb, Awnsm Av`vjb BZvw`| Kvji weeZb Rb cvwKvb I fviZ bvgK `ywU c_K ivi Ges cieZxKvj evsjv`ki| K. ewenvi Kv_vq AewZ ? L. Avwg Zv GmwQ Kgjvi `xwN, gqvi cvjv _K GK_v viv Kwe Kx evSvZ PqQb ? M. DxcKwU Avgvi cwiPq KweZvi mv_ hw`K w`q mv`kc~Y Zv evLv Ki| N. DxcKwU Avgvi cwiPq KweZvi Lvsk gv, c~YwP bq hywmn jL|
240
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evkL
Avj gvngy`
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Avj gvngy` 1936 wLv evYevwoqv Rjvi gvovBj Mvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi cKZ bvg gxi Ave`ym Kzi Avj gvngy`| wZwb `xNKvj mvsevw`KZv ckvi m RwoZ wQjb| ci wZwb evsjv`k wkKjv GKvWgxZ hvM`vb Kib Ges cwiPvjKi c` _K Aemi MnY Kib| gywhy ZuvK weklfve AbycvwYZ Ki| ^vaxbZvi ci wZwb `wbK MYK cwKvi mv`K wbhy nb| Zuvi KweZvq jvKR ki mywbcyY cqvM hgb jYxq Zgwb iqQ HwZncxwZ| Zuvi cKvwkZ KveM : jvK jvKvi, Kvji Kjm, mvbvjx Kvweb, gvqvex c`v `yj IVv, Avie iRbxi ivRnuvm, eLwZqvii Nvov BZvw`| K_vmvwnZ : cvbKwoi i, cvwLi KvQ dzji KvQ Zuvi wkZvl KweZvi eB|]
h evZvm eybvnuvmi SuvK fO hvq RUi cvLv `ygo kl AvQvo gvi b`xi cvwb k~b Zzj `q Qwoq byBq `q UwjMvdi _vgjvK| mB cebi KvQ Avgvi GB wgbwZ wZ nvIqv, wZ gnvcZvckvjx, Mwie gvwSi cvji `wo wQuo Kx jvf? Kx myL ejv Muywoq w`q Pvwli wfU? eb cvZvi evmv wQuo UzbUzwbì D dj `ytLx gvqi fvZi nuvwo n èZv, ejv Zvgvi Kx Avb`, Kx gRv cvI eveyB cvwLi Ni Dwoq? ivgvqY cowQ hvi KxwZMv_v mB gnvexi nbygvbi wcZv Zzwg? Kvwj`vmi gN`~Z hvi K_v AvQ ZzwgB bvwK mB `qvjy gNi mv_x? Ze Ggb wbVzi Kb nj evZvm Dwoq wbj Mwie Pvwli Nii LyuwU wKy hviv jvK VwKq cvmv` Mo Zvì Kvbv BU LmvZ cvij bvZv|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
241
nvqi KZv mywePvii M wb, ZzwgB bvwK evnb ivRv mvjgvbi hvi Zjvqvi AZvPvixi KvUZv gv_v AnwgKvi AvwjKv uwoq w`Zv| Kweì GK gnvb ivRv iex`bv_ Zvgvi KvQ ùvwoqwQjb KiRvo hv cyivbv giv, AìKvwi KvjevkLi GKwU dzuq Dwoq w`Z| asm hw` Kie Ze, kvbv Zzdvb asm Kiv wef`Kvix ciMvQvì cii kg MoQ hviv g `vjvb evowZ Zvì evnv`ywi uwoq djv| kv_ I UxKv : eybvnuvm h nvum MncvwjZ bq, eb _vK; RU `ZMwZ mb DovRvnvR; UwjMvd msKZi mvnvh `~i ee ciYi Rb eeZ h| 1837 wLv AvaywbK GB h we`yZi mvnvh cwiPvwjZ nq| (GLb G aibi h Avi eenvi nq bv|); wZ wi nI; ivgvqY cw_exi PviwU RvZ gnvKvei GKwU| iPwqZv evjxwK; gnvexi nbygvb ivgvqY exi nbygvbi exiZc~Y e Kgi K_v DjL AvQ| ivgvqYv nbygvbK gnvexi nbygvb ejv nq| Kvwj`vmi gN`~Z msZ fvlvi k Kweì GKRb Kvwj`vm| msZ fvlvq Zuvi Agi iPbv gN`~Zg& Kve| gN`~Zg&K evsjvq gN`~Z ejv nq; ivRv mvjgvb WwfWi cy Ges BmivBji ZZxq ivRv| wZwb exi I ` hvv wQjb; iex`bv_ evsjv fvlvi k Kwe| (Zuvi mK we vwiZ Rvbvi Rb GB M iex`bv_ VvKzi wjwLZ h Kvbv iPbvi jLK-cwiwPwZ è|); AìKvwi hvi cqvRb bB|
cvV cwiwPwZ : Kwe Avj gvngyì KweZv mgM _K evkL KweZvwU msKjb Kiv nqQ|
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242
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1| 1| Kvj ekvLx Avgvì mgvR I cvwievwiK Rxeb h wZ Ki Zvi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
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ekvLi KxwZMv_v Kv_vq AvQ ? K. gnvfviZ L. M. e` N.
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2| KweZvq iex`bv_K Kxfve m^vab Kiv nqQ ? K. Kwii L. gnvb Kwe M. gnvb ivRv N. wekyK DxcKwU co Ges cki Di `vI : Gmv, Gmv, Gmv n ekvL Zvcm wbkvm evq gyg~lyi `vI Dovq ermii AveRbv `~i nq hvK hvK cyivZb wZ, hvK fzj hvIqv MxwZ, Akev my`~i wgjvK \ 3| DxcK evkL KweZvi Kvb w`K DbvwPZ nqQ ? K. asmvZK i~c L. mRbkxj i~c M. cwi i~c N. cLi i~c 4| DxcKi Abyf~wZ evkL KweZvi Kvb cO&wi m mwZc~Y ? K. L. M. N. h evZvm eybvnuvmi SuvK fO hvq Dwoq wbj Mwie Pvwli Nii LyuwU ZzwgB bvwK evnb ivRv mvjgvbi kvbv Zzdvb asm Kiv wef`Kvix ciMvQvì
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mKvj _KB wSi wSi Ki ew coQ| `ycyi ew gvv LvwbKUv eo hvq| mvi ci i nq `gKv nvIqv I Nb ew| ivZ Avevi i njv cej ewi, GB ew cej So icvwiZ njv| GB So fO cojv, Aea m` Mo IVv evwo| evwoi cvk LoKzUvi evwo, wUbi evwo wZM nj mvaviY gvbyl BUi evwowU fO covq Lywk njv| K. L. M. N. ekvL Kxmi cvLv `ygo kl AvQvo gvi ? cebi KvQ Kwe Kx wgbwZ KiQb ? eywSq jL| DxcKi fvebv evkL KweZvi Kvb w`KK Zzj aiQ evLv Ki| evowZ Zvì evnv`ywi Myuwoq djv Kwei GB fvebv DxcK cyivcywi cwZdwjZ nqwb g~jvqb Ki|
gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ
243
Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv
iwdK AvRv`
[Kwe cwiwPwZ : iwdK AvRv` 14B deqvwi 1941 mvj UvvBj Rjvi Rvwn`Mi MyYxMvg RbMnY Kib| Zuvi wcZv mvwjg Dwb Lvb Ges gvZv iveqv Lvb| wZwb 1959 mvj UvvBji evYkvmb DP we`vjq _K cewkKv Ges 1962 mvj bKvbv KjR _K DP gvawgK cvm Kib| XvKv wekwe`vjq _K 1966 I 1967 mvj wZwb evsjv mvwnZ mvZK I mvZKvi wWwM jvf Kib| KgRxeb wZwb mvsevw`KZv, Aavcbv I miKvwi PvKwiZ wbqvwRZ wQjb| cg, `vn I cKwZwbfi KweZvi GK ZvrchcY ~ RMr wZwb mw Kib| Zuvi DjLhvM KveM : Amei cvq, Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv, mk myì, nvZzwoi wbP Rxeb, cwiKxY cvbkvjvq Avgvi ^`k, Aci AiY, wewiwkwi ce BZvw`| mvwnZ Amvgvb Ae`vbi Rb wZwb AvjvIj cyivi Ges evsjv GKvWgx cyivimn AbK cyivi I mvbbvq f~wlZ nb]|
k KvZiZvgq GB bvg DPviYgv hb fO hve, AwnZ ne Zvi cKZ gwngv, Pzwbqv GKwU Mvg, Qv wK fZi-fZi Lye kwkvjx gviYvgq mfZvi wei ùvove| gaivZ Pzwbqv bxie| Pzwbqv Zv fvjvevm kvwm c~wYgvi Puv`, Pzwbqv cKZ e-^fvei wbwiwewj meyR cKwZ; Pzwbqv hvRbevcx gbvig Avwèvmx f~wg| Pzwbqv KLbv Kvbv wnsmZv `vLwb| Pzwbqv wji k AvuZK IV wK ? cwZwU MvQi cvZv gbylckwi wnsmZv `L bv bv Ki IV ? Pzwbqv gvbyl fvjvevm| eì mvnPh Pzwbqvevmxiv cKZ cve Lye myL AvQ| Pzwbqv GLbv AvQ GB mfmgvRi Kviv-Kviv gb, KD-KD GLbv Zv cvl eyKi wbfZ GK wbweo Pzwbqv| Pzwbqv k~lv Rvb, Pzwbqv evR euva, Pzwbqv mvbv ay Pzwbqv KLbv Rvwb KviKB AvNvZ Ki bv; Pzwbqv meyR Lye, kvwwcq kvw fvjvevm, KvVzii cwZ ZvB ZB Zxe NYv nvb| Pzwbqv wPrKvi Lye AcQ` Ki,
244
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246
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247
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248
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252
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2| bxjKgjiv Kviv ? K. M. cnixiv `qevb ewMY L. N. mvnmxiv gywhvvMY
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[Kwe cwiwPwZ : i` gyn` kwn`yjvn 16B Avei 1956 mvj ewikvj RbMnY Kib| 1974 mvj wZwb Iq G nvBzj _K GmGmwm Ges 1976 mvj XvKv KjR _K GBPGmwm cvm Kib| AZtci 1980 mvj wZwb XvKv wekwe`vjqi evsjv wefvM _K mvbmn mvZK I 1983 mvj mvZKvi wWwM jvf Kib| wZwb mwwjZ mvswZK RvU I RvZxq KweZv cwil` MVb DjLhvM f~wgKv ivLb| g~jZ ^vaxbZv-Di evsjv KweZvq DPK cwZev`x Kwe wnme Zuvi Avwefve| GQvov evsjv`ki gywhy, `kvZeva, MYAv`vjb I Amv`vwqK Rxebevai AmvaviY GK Kwe i` gyn` kwn`yjv n| Zuvi DjLhvM KveM : Dc`yZ DcK~j, wdi PvB ^YMvg, gvbyli gvbwP, Qvej BZvw`| MxwZKvi wnmeI wZwb RbwcqZv jvf Kib| 21k Ryb 1991 mvj iy` gyn` kwn`yjvni AKvj cqvY NU|]
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Class 9 - Bangla

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

wbPi Kvb&&wU mwVK ? K. M.

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2| M Kiv G eqmi ivM GLvb ei Kvb ewkK evSvbv nqQ ?

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2| G M KbvKzj ejZ Kv`iK evSvbv nqQ ?

wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. M.

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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3| DxcK h welqei BwZ iqQ Zv jvBewi cei h PiY e nqQ

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2| kvwkv, bxwZwkv GKevi bvB GK_v ejvi KviY Kx ?

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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2| wbixn evOvwj ce jwLKv cvm weq ejZ Kx eywSqQb ?

wbPi KvbwU mwVK ? K. M. K. L. M. N.

gvawgK evsjv mvwnZ

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