567.

AGERATINA LIGUSTRINA Compositae Nicholas Hind

Summary. Ageratina ligustrina is illustrated in colour. Its history, cultivation and distribution are discussed and accompanied by a black and white plate of dissections.

With a highly scented, winter owering, easily grown shrub described variously as elegant, everybodys plant, useful and with the strongest recommendation one may wonder what we have all been missing. Such have been the descriptions of the subject of this plate, Ageratina ligustrina (DC.) R. M. King & H. Rob., off and on since the middle of the nineteenth century, one might ask why arent we all growing it. The species was considered good enough to have been awarded an Award of Garden Merit in 1996 (Royal Horticultural Society, 2004), and some 30 suppliers were listed in the RHS Plant Finder 200607 (Lord et al., 2006), and an equivalent numbers have been listed over the last fteen or more years (cf. Lord, 1990, 1996). It is even scented enough for Genders to have mentioned it in his encyclopaedia (Genders, 1978). Hilliers Manual (Hillier, 1977) suggested that the species was introduced into cultivation in 1867, although Bailey (1939) hinted that it was probably in cultivation since about 1830 under a great variety of names, but chiey as E. Weinmannianum. There is ample evidence (Krnicke, 1858; Regel, 1867; Baker, 1869; Sheppard, 1875; Dalyrymple, 1876; Anon., 1876; Westland, 1877; Crane, 1879) that there has been a lot of interest in this plant, although relatively little has been written about it recently. It has been listed in most of the major compendia, dictionaries and encyclopaedias (e.g. Bean, 1973; Hillier, 1977; Thomas, 1992; Royal Horticultural Society, 1996; Galloway, 2000) and was listed in one recent specialist popular book (e.g. Sutton, 2001). It was certainly in cultivation at Kew in the late 1860s. Ageratina ligustrina belongs to the tribe Eupatorieae which contains, amongst many other well-known plants, Ageratum conyzoides L., Eupatorium cannabinum L. (HEMP AGRIMONY), and Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni, the source of a natural sweetner and sugar substitute - stevioside. Belonging to the subtribe Oxylobinae

Plate 567

Ageratina ligustrina

DEBORAH LAMBKIN

R. M. King & H. Rob., with some 265 species Ageratina is the largest genus and possesses perhaps two species of note, the weedy A. adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob. and A. riparia (Regel) R. M. King & H. Rob.; King & Robinson (1987) placed A. ligustrina in subgenus Neogreenella R. M. King & H. Rob. The synonymy of this taxon is extremely complicated, not least by the range of horticultural names that appear to have been applied to it. Vatke (1872) appears to have been the rst author to attempt some listing, although he has been given little, or incorrect, credit in the literature (c.f. Voss, 1894; King & Robinson, 1987). Vatkes list provided twelve synonyms, and these were repeated by Voss (1894); some of them were credited solely to Voss by King & Robinson (1987):
Eupatorium biceps Klotsch which appeared in herb. B, as mss. and in hort. E. myriadenium Schauer, Linnaea 20[sic! = 19]: 721 (1847). b weinmannianum (Regel & Koern.) based on Eupatorium weinmannianum Regel & Koern. Eupatorium glabellum Otto, in herb. B and in hort. Eupatorium glabrum hort. Eupatorium glabratum hort. Eupatorium glaucum Huegel in hort. Ageratum glaucum hort. Eupatorium album hort. Ageratum album hort. Eupatorium odoratum hort. Eupatorium odoratissimum hort. Eupatorium roseum hort. Eupatorium morisii hort., non Vis. Eupatorium iodopappum Sch.Bip. in herb. B, in horb. hort. bot. B.

The only differences noted by Voss was that Ageratum album was cited hort. non Steud., and Eupatorium b weinmannianum was combined as a forma. Other names have also appeared in horticulture including: Eupatorium oribundum hort. The whole are put into context in the following description. CULTIVATION. This species has a long history of cultivation beginning just after it was rst described and brought into cultivation in various nurseries and botanic gardens back in the early 1800s. Although still mentioned in the horticultural literature it has ebbed and owed in favour with enthusiastic accounts on its cultivation in the late 1800s (Sheppard, 1875; Dalyrymple, 1876). Although

the plant I am growing came from stock in RBG, Kew in 1989, the Kew plant has long-since been dead so it is clearly not persistent. It is grown in places as far apart as the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin and gardens in South Australia. General advice has often been to over-winter the plants in cool greenhouses, even in southern Europe (Galloway, 2000; Sutton, 2001). Categories of GI, or H3 have been recorded as hardiness ratings, suggesting that the species is tender to temperatures below 5C (41F)(RHS 1996). I have found it hardy to -12C, and there are many reports supporting this hardiness throughout the UK, and have successfully grown the plant in my garden in Reading since rst propagated from a cutting back in 1989. Several winters have seen hard frosts, both in my front and back gardens, where it really doesnt receive much in the way of protection. The only real damage, strangely, was during a sharp -6C frost during December of last year (2005) when all of the developing inorescences were killed off. However, several open inorescences towards the base of the plant were unaffected. Whether in sheltered spots, or in the cool greenhouse, this plant certainly offers late season colour and a heady sweet scent; when owering during the summer it offers much more. It is an excellent plant for attracting insect, especially if it owers in the spring, summer and autumn. My own plants in high summer attracted honey bees, humble bees, bumble bees, solitary bees, hover ies and butteries, and provided both pollen and nectar, as well as producing a delightful sweet scent on the hottest days, competing extremely well with a nearby juniper and Santolina. Late autumn and winter owering can add a useful burst of white when little else is owering, and it seems little affected by all but the hardest frosts. Hard frosts may affect hard-pruned plants if pruned too early with the young shoots just starting to grow. I have both hard-pruned plants in my garden in Reading, as well as let them go. Early pruning, before any new growth is evident usually results in plants owering the same year at about one metre tall; plants left un-pruned can carry on owering and growing, often reaching two metres tall, and almost the same across, within two or three years. The leaves will wilt in excessive drought conditions, but generally the plant is excellent in most soils, except the most heavy. It enjoys full sun, but can become leggy in partial shade, which should be avoided.

PESTS. I have never found any serious pest problems with the plant and even the vine weevil, which is a serious pest in gardens in the area, leaves it well alone. PROPAGATION. This species is perhaps easiest to propagate by softwood cuttings. There is some difference of opinion as to the best time to take cuttings. Sheat (1948) recommended taking rm side shoots, with heels, between October and November and placing in a cold frame in standard compost. I prefer softwood cuttings taken as soon as frosts have past, or even in summer (June), and the cuttings placed in a 50:50 mix of silver sand and sphagnum peat (or its equivalent); pots can be placed in a propagator or simply enclosed in a large plastic bag after a thorough misting. Rooting usually takes place in a few weeks and when well rooted the plantlets can be potted on, or planted out into their nal growing positions. By preference I let the plants establish themselves in pots so that they can compete with surrounding plants. Too much shade or dominating plants can check growth of young plants. Potting on should be into John Innes No. 3 with the addition of some sharp grit. Pot grown plants should not be allowed to dry out in hot weather as they tend to wilt quickly. Once established, border plants are remarkably tolerant to drought in most years. Manseld (1945) suggested that the best method of propagation is actually by seed, which is best sown in February at between 15 and 20C. Ordinary seed compost is best, although I would prefer the addition of sharp sand or grit. CULTIVARS. There is only one record that I have been able to trace for cultivars of this species: SNOWDRIFT [apparently a synonym of SNOWFLAKE]. This was the name applied to a cultivar which was submitted, and given, plant breeders rights in 1992, but withdrawn in 1994. There are no subsequent records of this cultivar, which was apparently a whiter form, and there was no detailed description made available.
Ageratina ligustrina (DC.) R. M. King & H. Rob., Phytologia 19(4): 223 (1973). Eupatorium ligustrinum DC., Prodr. 5: 181 (1836). Type: in Mexico ad Tamaulipas legit cl. Berlandier.[2143] (v.s.). Lectotype (selected here): G-DC the specimen clearly labelled as above; isolectotypes: G-DC, K, US. NB. The K isolectotype has two labels, one printed blue label (Herbarium Berlandierianum Texano-Mexicanum simply with a pencilled number on it, the other white and penned with No 2143 = 726/. albi

alt. 46 p./Sarahuales de Jula a Sa Barbara/Nov, 1830. It is likely that the other collection mounted on this sheet is a further duplicate, although labelled 2140 alongside of which B.L. Robinson has commented that This 2140 is clearly a clerical error for 2143. Berlandiers 2140 was a Dyssodia. The US isolectotype has only de Tula Tampica on a hand written label, but In Mexico ad Tampico de Tamaulipas on a printed mimeographed label of which someone has made an appropriate comment. Eupatorium micranthum Less., Linnaea 5: 138 (1830), nom. illegit., non Lag., Gen. Sp. Pl. : 25 (1816) = Ageratum corymbosum Zucc. ?Eupatorium semialatum Benth., Pl. Hartw. : 76 (1841). Types: [Sequuntur plantae Guatemalenses (N. 523 ad 570), pleraeque circa Quezaltenango mensibus Novembri et Decembri lectae, tum in temperatis montanis, quam in caldis urbem inter et littus Oceani Pacici, perpauceae jam mense Octobri collectae circa Comitan ad nes Mexicanorum.] Sunil. Etiam in agro Mexicano legit. cl. Graham. Lectotype (selected here): Hartweg 523 K. (See notes in discussion as to selection of lectotype, as well as dubious synonymy.) Syntype: Graham (32) K. E. myriadenium Schauer, Linnaea 19(6): 721 (1847). Type: In Mexico, loco non designato: Aschenb.[orn] n. 358. Location of type not specied but probably B (, presumed destroyed during WWII): isotypes may exist in few herbaria but none located. Eupatorium weinmannianum Regel & Krn., Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. : 41 (1857). Type: not cited; probable isotypes K x 2. Eupatorium biceps Klotsch ex Vatke, Bot. Zeit. 30: 719 (1872), nom. nud. pro syn. Eupatorium popocatapetlense Schlchtdl. ex Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2: 99 (1881), nom. nud. Eupatorium ligustrinum DC. f. weinmannianum (Regel & Krn.) Voss, Vilm. Blumengaert., ed. 3, 1: 448 (1894). Eupatorium glaucum Hort. ex Sieb. & Voss, Vilm. Blumengaert., ed. 3, 1: 448 (1894), nom. nud. pro syn. Eupatorium erythropappum B. L.Rob., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 31: 248 (1904). Type: Mexico: Alvares, San Luis Potosi, 28 September to 3 October, 1902, Dr. Edw. Palmer, no. 200. Holotype: GH. Eupatorium ( Subimbricata) caeciliae B.L.Rob., Contr. Gray Herb. 90: 23 (1930). Type: Guatemala: mountain woods between Totonicapam and Los Encuentros, Departments Qeuzaltenango and Solol, 25 Sept. 1896, Caecilie and Eduard Seler, no. 2361. Holotype: GH. Eupatorium plethadenium Standl. & Steyerm., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser. 23: 186 (1944). Type: Guatemala: Dept. Chimaltenango: In Cupressus forest, region of Santa Elena, Cerro de Tecpm, alt. 2,4002,700 meters, December 26, 1938, Paul C. Standley 61100. Holotype: F. Eupatorium vetularum Standl. & Steyerm., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser. 23: 190 (1944). Type: Guatemala: Dept. Totonicapn: Low damp thicket, common, region of Chiu Jolm, mountains above Totonicapn, on the

road to Desconsuelo, alt. 2,8003,100 meters, January 23, 1941, Paul C. Standley 84404. Holotype: F. Ageratina caeciliae (B.L. Rob.) R. M. King & H. Rob., Phytologia 19(4): 220 (1970). Ageratina plethadenia (Standl. & Steyerm.) R. M. King & H. Rob., Phytologia 24(2): 95 (1972). Eupatorium ligustrinum DC. var. villiferum B.L. Rob., Contr. Gray Herb. n.s. 75: 10 (1925) = Ageratina saltillensis (B.L. Rob.) R. M. King & H. Rob. DESCRIPTION. Evergreen perennial shrub, or sometimes subshrub, to 1.52.7 (5) m tall and 2 m (5m) across. Stems mid-brown, well-branched and leafy in upper portion of older stems, or almost throughout if owering growth produced that year from base. Leaves opposite, petiolate, petiole 620 mm long, grooved above, lamina 25100 (150) mm long x 1535 (45) mm wide, base acute to acuminate or sometimes with auriculate basal portion to lamina on petiole, discolourous, mid-green and glossy above, lighter grey-green beneath, with very sparse (sometimes denser) adpressed eglandular hairs above and beneath, often moderately glandular-punctate, punctae sometimes ambercoloured, midrib prominent beneath and primary venation translucent green and scarcely prominent beneath, midrib and primary venation insculpate above, margins entire in lower third, coarsely and remotely serrate in upper two thirds, apices acute. Inorescences terminal on owering shoots and wellexceeding leafy portions, corymbose, 1220 cm across x 812 cm tall, branchlets opposite, each subtended by a much-reduced leaf-like bract. Capitula homogamous, discoid, pedicellate, pedicels 29 mm long, terete, moderately to densely stipitate-glandular pubescent, usually 12-bracteolate, bracteoles scale-like, linear, c. 3 mm long x 0.3 mm wide; involucre very narrowlycampanulate to cylindrical; phyllaries subimbricate and effectively biseriate, lightish green at base and pinkish-green above, outer phyllaries c. 3 mm long, glandular-punctate throughout, margins laciniate, apices long-acute, inner phyllaries 44.5 mm long, glandular punctate throughout, margins laciniate, apices acute to obtuse, laciniate; receptacle small, at, glabrous. Florets (6) 712, hermaphrodite, scented (often quite sweetly so), producing good quantities of nectar, corollas actinomorphic, 5-lobed, corolla lobes c. 1 mm long x c. 0.8 mm wide, white, mamillose inside, often sparsely glandularpunctate outside, apices acute to obtuse, corolla tube glabrous, white, 3.54 mm long x 0.4 mm diameter at base for c. 1.5 mm widening in upper part to c. 1 mm; anther cylinder partially exserted, pinkish to pinkish-purple, anther collar slightly thicker than lament and often very pale brown, laments connected to corolla tube above narrower basal tube, glabrous, apical anther appendage pinkish to whitish, broadly lanceolate, apices obtuse, basal anther appendage shortly tailed, pinkish, entire, acute; style base glabrous and somewhat swollen but not into distinct node, style shaft glabrous, style arms c. 2.5 mm long, at rst erect, becoming ascending and nally spreading, papillate in 2 lateral bands. Achenes 2.5 mm long, prismatic, body and ribs concolorous, body blackish, sparsely glandular-punctate throughout and with sparse twin-hairs on ribs, twin-hairs with unequal acute apices and scarcely

separated; carpopodium pale, cylindrical and appearing constricted above at base of achene; pappus setae 23.5 mm long, barbellate, at rst a very subtle pink turning pale brown with age, persistent and often somewhat fragile. Fig. 1. DISTRIBUTION. Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica. However, Manseld (1945) and Genders (1978) gave the origin of the species, as E. micranthum, as Chile, and Chile and Mexico, respectively. Baker (1869) suggested A native of South America, the exact country not known. and Anon (1876) a native of Brazil for E. weinmannianum. All of them were clearly in error! HABITAT. 9002600 m. Montane cloud forest (Turner 1997). ETYMOLOGY. The specic epithet was clearly given by de Candolle because of the plants leaves resembling those of Ligustrum spp. FLOWERING TIME. Pruned plants may ower between August and November or December, but the species can ower from March to May, July to September, etc., and may well ower at least three times a year. CYTOLOGY. n = 51 univalents (Turner 1997). USES. Other than as a valuable horticultural plant, this species has no documented uses, unless E. semialatum is included within its synonymy; this is discussed further below. VERNACULAR NAMES. INCENSE BUSH, WEINMANNS EUPATORIUM. One slightly wayward internet site even referred to it just as Hemp Agrimony simply because it was listed under Eupatorium; PRIVET-LEAVED HEMP AGRIMONY might have been more appropriate.

DISCUSSION. On a purely taxonomic point, it is worth commenting upon the inclusion of E. semialatum in the synonymy of Ageratina ligustrina, and the typication of the former name. Benthams account of Hartwegs collections (Bentham (1841) is sometimes misinterpreted by authors. Whilst his account is primarily based on Hartwegs collections, Bentham did include a number of other collections in his account when he declared that they were the same as Hartwegs; this is especially true of Grahams. The description of Eupatorium semialatum is one such description which, although based on Hartweg 532, actually cited an unnumbered Mexican Graham collection at the end of the protologue. Williams comments (Williams 1976) suggest that Hartweg 532 is the type, although there is no indication that he was aware of the Graham material. I do not accept this as lectotypication. The Hartweg 532 collection in K is apparently from Sunil; the Graham collection (mounted with Hartweg 532 ex Herb. Benthamianum) in K is numbered 32 on the sheet, since the collection has no label. I have selected Hartweg 523 specimen in K as the lectotype (see above).

Fig. 1. Ageratina ligustrina. A, owering capitulum; B, l.s. capitulum; C, oret; D, corolla, opened out showing attachment point of anther laments; E, anther; F, style base; G, style arm; H, achene; J, detail showing twin hair from achene; L, detail showing apical portion of pappus seta. Scale bars: A-H = 1 mm. Drawn by Margaret Tebbs from live material cultivated by the author in Reading.

The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2006.

285

I have included E. semialatum with an element of doubt in the synonymy of Ageratina ligustrina. Robinson (1926), King & Robinson (1987) and Turner (1997) were of the opinion that E. semialatum was a synonym of A. ligustrina. However, Williams (1976) expressed some doubt, recognizing two separate species, and this is to some degree supported by Lang (2001) and Lang et al. (2002), following detailed phytochemical work on sesquiterpene lactones extracted from the leaves of both taxa. Lang et al.s contention (Lang et al., 2002) was that antiplasmodially active sesquiterpene lactones (eudesmanolides), present in E. semialatum have not yet been found in A. ligustrina. In Central America leaves of the plant named as E. semialatum have been used against malaria and dysentery, as well as against other diseases and clearly the presence or absence of these chemicals in the more widespread A. ligustrina is of some interest. Apparent absence of chemicals in plant extracts is always contentious and may simply indicate exceptionally low, or trace, amounts. Whether this is enough to separate the two species will need further, more detailed, morphological investigations.
REFERENCES

Anon. (1876). Eupatorium weinmannianum. Gardeners Chronicle, n.s. 5: 5253, &g. 12. Bailey, L.H. (1939). The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. Vol. 1: AE. The Macmillan Company, New York. Baker, J.G. [& W.W. Saunders] (1869). Tab. 155. E[upatorium]. Weinmannianum. Refugium botanicum 3: tab. 155 (tab. and accompanying text). Bean, W. J. (1973). Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles. Ed. 8. (Taylor, G., Gen. Ed.). Vol. 2, DM. Murray. Bentham, G. (183957). Plantas hartwegianas imprimis mexicanas adjectis nonnullis grahamianis enumerat novasque describit [auct.] London 1839 [-1857]. [alternative title: Plantae hartwegianae] London [W. Pamplin] 1839 [-1857]. Crane, T. J. (1879). Eupatorium Weinmannianum. Gardeners Chronicle, n.s. 12: 8xx8xx. Dalyrymple, R. (1876). Eupatorium Weinmannianum (ligustrinum). Gardeners Chronicle, n.s. 5: 340. Galloway, A.A. (2000). Eupatorium. In: Cullen, J., Alexander, J.C.M., Brickell, C.D., Edmondson, J.R., Green, P.S., Heywood, V.H., Jorgensen, P.-M., Jury, S.L., Knees, S.G., Maxwell, H.S., Miller, D.M., Robson, N.K.B., Walters, S.M., & Yeo, P.F. (eds). (2000). The European Garden Flora, vol. VI Dicotyledons (Part IV): Loganiaceae to Compositae. Royal Horticultural Society & Cambridge University Press. [pp. 663666].

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Sheppard, J. (1875). Eupatorium Weinmannianum. Gardeners Chronicle, n.s. 4: 784. Standley, P.C. & J.A. Steyermark. (1944).Compositae Studies of Central American plants VI. Publications of the Field Columbian Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series. Chicago 23(4): 153191. [182191]. Sutton, J. (2001). The Plantnders guide to daisies. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. Thomas, G.S. (1992). Ornamental shrubs, climbers and bamboos. John Murray (Publishers) Ltd., London. Thurston, E. (1930). British & foreign trees and shrubs in Cornwall. Cambridge University Press, London. Turner, B.L. (1997). Eupatorieae. In: Turner, B.L , The Comps of Mexico. A systematic account of the family Asteraceae. Vol. 1. Phytologia Memoirs 11: iiv, 1272. Vatke, (1872). Notulas de stirpibus quibusdam novis vel minus cognitas. Botanische Zeitung 30(40): 715719. Voss, A. (18941896). Vilmorins Blumengrtnerei Beschreibung, Kultur und Verwendung des gesamten Panzenmaterials fur deutsche Grten. Dritte, neubearbeitete Auage, unter Mitwirkung von A. Siebert, herausgegeben von A. Voss Berlin (Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey), 2 vols. Westland, G. (1877). Winter-owering eupatoriums. The Florist and Pomologist. 2629. Williams, L.O. (1976). Eupatorium. In Nash, D.L. & Williams, L.O., Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Botany 24(12): 46104.