CHI-SQUARE PRACTICE PROBLEMS (Answers are also on this page at the otto!" 1. A po#er-$ealing !

a%hine is s&ppose$ to $eal %ar$s at ran$o!' as i( (ro! an in(inite $e%#) In a test' *o& %o&nte$ +,-- %ar$s' an$ o ser.e$ the (ollowing/ Spa$es Hearts 2ia!on$s Cl& s 0-0 010-34,

Co&l$ it e that the s&its are e5&all* li#el*6 Or are these $is%repan%ies too !&%h to e ran$o!6 2. Sa!e as e(ore' &t this ti!e 7o#ers are in%l&$e$' an$ *o& %o&nte$ +,,1 %ar$s' with these res&lts/ Spa$es Hearts 2ia!on$s Cl& s 9o#ers 0-0 010-38, :1

a) How !an* 7o#ers wo&l$ *o& e;pe%t o&t o( +,,1 ran$o! %ar$s6 How !an* o( ea%h s&it6 ) Is it possi le that the %ar$s are reall* ran$o!6 Or are the $is%repan%ies too large6 3.A genetics engineer was attempting to cross a tiger and a cheetah. She predicted a phenotypic outcome of the traits she was observing to be in the following ratio 4 stripes only: 3 spots only: 9 both stripes and spots. When the cross was performed and she counted the individuals she found 5 with stripes only! 4" with spots only and #5 with both. According to the $hi%s&uare test! did she get the predicted outcome'

4. (n the garden pea! yellow cotyledon color is dominant to green! and inflated pod shape is dominant to the constricted form. $onsidering both of these traits )ointly in self% fertili*ed dihybrids! the

progeny appeared in the following numbers: "93 green! inflated "#4 yellow constricted 55+ yellow! inflated +" green! constricted ,o these genes assort independently' Support your answer using $hi%s&uare analysis.

ANSWERS +)
expected expected observed (percent) (counts) 404 0.25 400 420 0.25 400 400 0.25 400 376 0.25 400 chi-squarecritica" va"uez 0.200 1.000 0.000 -1.200 2.4!0 7.!15

Co!p&te ea%h < (ro! its own row as (o ser.e$-e;pe%te$"=s5rt(e;pe%te$") Be s&re to &se the %o&nts in this (or!&la' not the per%entages) The %hi-s5&are statisti% is the s&! o( the s5&ares o( the <-.al&es) The n&! er o( $egrees o( (ree$o! is 3 (n&! er o( %ategories !in&s +") The %riti%al .al&e is (ro! a ta le *o&>ll ha.e on the e;a! (&sing ? -)-8") 1)
expected expected observed (percent) (counts) 404 0.2407 400.1 420 0.2407 400.1 400 0.2407 400.1 356 0.2407 400.1 !2 0.0370 61.6 1662 1662 chi-squarecritica" va"uez 0.1#4 0.##4 -0.006 -2.205 2.606

12.6!0 #.4!!

This ti!e' the %hi-s5&are statisti% (+1),:" is a o.e the ?-)-8 %riti%al .al&e' so *o& %o&l$ re7e%t the n&ll h*pothesis an$ $e%lare that the %ar$s are not ran$o!) The pro le! is %learl* that there are too !an* 7o#ers at the e;pense o( %l& s @ *o& %an see that (ro! the < statisti%s) 3. A genetics engineer was attempting to cross a tiger and a cheetah. She predicted a phenotypic outcome of the traits she was observing to be in the following ratio 4 stripes only: 3 spots only: 9 both stripes and spots. When the cross was performed and she counted the individuals she found 5 with stripes only! 4" with spots only and #5 with both. According to the $hi%s&uare test! did she get the predicted outcome' $hi%s&uare - (O-E"1=E 2)A) Bal&e + 3):0+ 1 8)CC+ 3 4):+8 Set &p a ta le to #eep tra%# o( the %al%&lations/

E;pe%te$ ratio 0 stripes 3 spots C stripes=spots +, total

O ser.e$ D 80+ :8 +4, total

E;pe%te$ D 00 33 CC +4, total

O-E , : -+0 - total

(O-E"1 3, ,0 +C,

(O-E"1=E -):1 +)C0 +)C: S&! ? 0)40

4."+ / "0+ - e1pected 2 of stripes - 44 3."+ / "0+ - e1pected 2 of spots - 33 9."+ / "0+ - e1pected 2 stripes.spots - 99 ,egrees of 3reedom - 3 % " - 4 53 different characteristics % stripes! spots! or both6 Since 4.04 is less than 5.99"! ( can accept the null hypothesis put forward by the engineer. 0)" Eenes assort in$epen$entl* (are FOT on the sa!e %hro!oso!e an$ FOT lin#e$" i( the* (ollow the C/3/3/+ r&le (on the +, s5&are P&nnett s5&are" res&lting (ro! a $ih* ri$ %ross) In this $ih* ri$ %ross/

O ser.e$ E;pe%te$

88, 88C

+:0 +:,

+C3 +:,

,+ ,1

The total o ser.e$ is CC0' so I (o&n$ the e;pe%te$ .al&es as so/ C=+,? ;=CC0 3=+,? ;=CC0 +=+,? ;=CC0 ;? 88C ;? +:, ;? ,1

Chi s5&are? G(88,-88C"2 /559] + [ (184-186)2/186] + [ (193-186)2/ 186] + [(61-62)2/62] = (0.016) = 0.312 df= 3 p value from table at 0.05 is 7.815 My calculated value is much lower than the p value from the table, so we cannot reject the null hypothesis. The genes assort independently according to a 9:3:3:1 ratio and are not on the same chromosome. + ( 0.02) + ( 0.26) + (0.016)