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Published in IET Power Electronics Received on 2nd November 2008 Revised on 18th January 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0316

ISSN 1755-4535

An efcient algorithm for generalised single-phase converter

V. Agarwal S. Gupta
MNNIT, Allahabad, India E-mail: vineeta@mnnit.ac.in

Abstract: This paper describes the various common converters and illustrates the working principle of single phase matrix converter that shows a single topology capable of performing all function required in basic converter. An algorithm is developed that enables a single-phase matrix converter (SPMC) to perform functions of a generalised single phase power electronics converter such as acting as a frequency changer, rectier, inverter and chopper. This reduces the need for new converter hardware. The algorithm is implemented on computer simulation software Orcad Capture CIS version 9.1. Simulation results are presented for all ve types of converters with a control input variable that decides the 1) type of converter and 2) type of output waveform. The simulated results verify the working and operation of a generalised converter based on SPMC.

Introduction

Converter comes in various topologies for various functions such as frequency changer, rectier, inverter and chopper [1]. Fully controlled frequency changers based on cycloconverter arrangement are similar in topology to those of single-phase matrix converter (SPMC) topology [2]. Operation and maintenance of converters requires expertise to be developed and hence costly manpower. The use of matrix converter (MC) in the future reduces the need of learning on the many varying converter topology that is now the subject of active research [3]. The MC is an advanced circuit topology that offers many advantages such as the ability to regenerate energy back to the utility, sinusoidal input and output current and a controllable input current displacement factor [4]. It has the potential of affording an all silicon solution for AC AC conversion, removing the need for reactive energy storage components used in conventional rectier inverter-based systems [5]. The topology was rst proposed by Gyugyi in 1976. Previous published studies mainly dealt with three-phase circuit topologies [6]. The SPMC was rst realised by Zuckerberger [7]. It has been shown that the SPMC could be used to operate as a direct AC AC single-phase 138 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009

converter [8], DC chopper [9], rectier [10] and inverter [11] operation. MC in the three-phase variant is widely researched whereas the SPMC has very little attention while offering possibilities of very wide application [12]. In this paper an algorithm is developed that enables a SPMC to perform all functions of a generalised singlephase power electronics converter only by changing the input parameters. This reduces the requirement of new hardware to design a particular converter. The input is based on either a DC or an AC supply synthesising both in the form of DC or AC output using well-known pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques [13, 14]. The switching algorithm is then implemented in computer simulation models to illustrate its basic behaviour. Results of simulations are presented to verify that the proposed technique is feasible. Simple resistive load is initially used to reduce the complexities of the circuit.

Single-phase matrix converter

Fig. 1a shows a SPMC that requires four bi-directional switches capable of blocking voltage and conducting current in both directions. In the absence of bidirectional switch module, the common emitter anti-parallel insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), with diode pair as shown in IET Power Electron., 2010, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, pp. 138 145 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0316

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Figure 1 Single-phase matrix converter

a Basic circuit b Common emitter IGBT conguration

Figure 2 Inverter operation

a For positive output b For negative output

Figure 4 Modulation techniques

a SPWM b MPWM

The output can be synthesised by suitable toggling of the matrix switches subject to the conditions that ensure that switches do not short circuit the voltage sources, and do not open circuit the current sources. The advantage of this approach is that, it can be developed to any kind of input (AC or DC) and produces any output (AC or DC). Thus, say, if input is DC, then for an inverter operation for positive half output switches S1a and S4a will conduct while for negative output switches S2a and S3a will conduct as shown in Figs. 2a and b, respectively. Similarly if input is AC then there are four switching states that can be explained with cyclo-converter operation shown in Fig. 3. For positive input cycle if the output is positive switches S1a and S4a will conduct whereas for negative input cycle if the output is positive switches S3b and S2b will conduct as shown in Fig. 3a. The negative half output of cyclo converter is obtained by conduction of switches S2a and S3a and switches S4b and S1b as shown in Fig. 3b. Of the various types of modulation technique the PWM implementation is chosen for its simplicity, where the AC 139

Figure 3 Cyclo-converter operation

a For positive output b For negative output

Fig. 1b is used. The diodes provide reverse blocking capability to the switch module. The IGBT were used because of its high switching capabilities and high current carrying capacities desirable for high-power applications. IET Power Electron., 2010, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, pp. 138 145 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0316

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output uses the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), whereas the DC output is synthesised using the simple multiple pulse width modulation (MPWM). The standard SPWM and MPWM operation principles can be illustrated with Figs. 4a and b, respectively.

Proposed algorithm

Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of the algorithm to synthesise a particular converter from a generalised SPMC. Initially, some basic signals are required to synthesise any converter from the generalised SPMC. These signals are generated in basic signal generator block. A particular converter is selected in a block selection of converter and input supply. Depending on the converter the requirement of input supply is decided that may be either DC or AC. For example for chopper and inverter operation the input supply will be DC whereas for other converters it will be AC. Once a converter and supply are selected, the next step is to generate the trigger pulses for that converter. The trigger signals for a particular converter operation are synthesised in a logical operator block. Output of logical operator is fed to generalised SPMC through isolating and driver circuit. The detail of each block is explained in the following sections.

3.1 Basic signal generator

Fig. 6 shows the block diagram for the generation of basic signals and Fig. 7 shows these signals. First signal X1, which is a triangular wave, is generated by the block triangular wave generator, the frequency of which decides the harmonics content in output waveform. Other signals are generated by comparing this triangular wave either with sine wave of input frequency or sine wave having frequency multiplied or divided by an integer N or with DC reference voltage depending upon converter operation. Here N is any integer that decides the output frequency of inverter, cyclo inverter or cyclo converter. The signal X2 is positive cycle SPWM which is generated by comparing positive cycle of sine wave having frequency N fi with generated triangular wave. Similarly, signal X3 is generated by comparing negative cycle of sine wave of frequency N fi , with triangular wave.

Figure 6 Block diagram for the generation of basic signals Basic signal X4 is 50 Hz positive cycle SPWM which is generated by comparing positive cycle of 50 Hz sine wave with triangular wave and signal X5 is 50 Hz negative cycle SPWM, generated by comparing negative cycle of 50 Hz sine wave with triangular wave. Signals X6 and X7 are positive cycle square wave and negative cycle square wave of frequency N fi , respectively, obtained by comparing positive cycle and negative cycle of N fi Hz sine wave, respectively, with ground voltage. Similarly, signals X8 and X9 are positive cycle square wave and negative cycle square wave of 50 Hz, respectively, obtained by comparing positive cycle and negative cycle of 50 Hz sine wave, respectively, with ground voltage. Basic signal X10 is PWM wave which is generated by comparing by triangular wave with DC reference voltage. Signals X11 and X12 are positive cycle square wave and negative cycle square wave of frequency fi/N, respectively, obtained by comparing positive cycle and negative cycle of fi/N Hz sine wave, respectively, with ground voltage.

3.2 Selection of converter and supply

Selection of a particular converter is realised by a combinational circuit shown in Fig. 8. This combinational circuit will work in accordance to a 3 8 decoder with eight separate output channels (Y0, Y1, . . ., Y7), one for each converter. A particular converter is selected by taking a 3 bit input word ABC from user and decoding it by a 3 8 decoder according to the truth table shown in Table 1. For example IET Power Electron., 2010, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, pp. 138 145 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0316

Figure 5 Block diagram of the algorithm 140 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009

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Figure 7 Basic signals

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Table 2 Logical expression of triggering pulse for different converter operation Converter cyclo inverter (100 Hz) Conducting switches S1a, S4a S2a, S3a S2b, S3b S1b, S4b inverter (100 Hz) S1a, S4a S2a, S3a rectier S1a, S4a S2b, S3b chopper (rst quadrant) Figure 8 Decoder circuit if A 1, B 1 and C 1, the output line Y7 will be high whereas all other lines will be low. So converter function connected to Y7 output line will be enabled. For generalised converter operation two types of supply are taken as source, rst is DC source and the other is singlephase 50 Hz AC. Based on the converter operation one of the supply is selected as source. One IGBT is connected in series with each input source. Triggering of particular IGBT will select the input source for converter operation. From Table 2 it can be seen that for chopper and inverter operation converter enabling signal (Y5 and Y7) is required and at the same time input source voltage required will be DC. Selection of DC supply is done by logical operator signal YDC Y 5 Y 7, where YDC is the gate signal applied to an IGBT switch S5a that is connected in series with DC source as shown in Fig. 9. cyclo converter (25 Hz) S1a, S4a S1a, S4a S2b, S3b S2a, S3a S1b, S4b Logical operation Y 4 X2 X8 Y 4 X2 X8 Y 4 X3 X9 Y 4 X3 X9 Y7 X6 Y7 X7 Y6 X4 Y6 X5 Y5 X10 Y3 X11 X4 Y3 X11 X5 Y3 X12 X4 Y3 X12 X5

The selection of AC supply is done by logical operator signal YAC Y 5 Y 7, where YAC is again the gate signal applied to an IGBT switch S5b which is connected in series with AC source in Fig. 9. These two gate signals are connected to IGBTs through isolation and driver circuit.

3.3 Logical operator

After generation of basic signals, the output control signals for a particular converter operation are synthesised in logical operator. For example to enable the function of cyclo inverter in generalised converter, rst output signal Y4 of the decoder has to be made high whereas rest of the signals will be low. Y4 is made high according to Table 1 of combinational circuit (A 1, B 0 and C 0). To

Table 1 Truth table for decoder A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Selected output Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Figure 9 Generalised power circuit of SMPC with two input sources IET Power Electron., 2010, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, pp. 138 145 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0316

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Figure 12 Simulated results for rectier operation Thus, for example for single quadrant chopper operation only two switches S1a and S4a will conduct whereas for cyclo-converter or cyclo-inverter operation all the eight switches will be in conducting state depending upon the trigger pulses fed to respective switch. Figure 10 Firing sequence for cyclo-inverter operation trigger IGBTs for cyclo-inverter operation, signals are generated by operating the logical operators on the basic signal as illustrated in third column of Table 2 and shown in Fig. 10. First the basic signals X2 and X3 are ANDed with signal X8 to generate the trigger pulses for IGBTs S1a, S4a and S2a, S3a, respectively, and basic signals X2 and X3 are ANDed with signal X9 to generate the trigger pulses for IGBTs S2b, S3b and S1b, S4b, respectively.

Simulation results

Orcad Capture, version 9.1, software and its facilities are used to model the SPMC loaded with resistive load. The results of simulation are reported for ve types of converter representing the output voltage synthesised using PWM/ SPWM technique. Simulation results are obtained for

3.4 Isolation and driver circuit

The pulses produced after logical operation are usually at low power level. They may not be able to trigger the devices into conduction if fed directly. These pulses are therefore boosted to high power level by a driver circuit. The amplied pulses are isolated using opto-coupler 4N35 and fed to the gate of respective IGBT.

Figure 13 Simulated results for chopper operation

3.5 Power circuit

The power circuit is shown in Fig. 1 where appropriate switches will conduct according to the selected converter.

Figure 11 Simulated results for inverter operation IET Power Electron., 2010, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, pp. 138 145 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0316

Figure 14 Simulated results for cyclo-converter operation 143

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converter. The simulated results verify the working operation of generalised converter based on SPMC.

References

[1] WHEELER P., CLARE J., EMPRINGHAM L. , APAP M. , BLAND M. : Matrix converters, Power Eng. J., 2002, 16, pp. 273 282 [2] IDRIS Z., HAMZAH M.K. , OMAR A.M.: Implementation of single-phase matrix converter as a direct AC AC converter synthesized using sinusoidal pulse width modulation with passive load condition. Proc. IEEE Sixth International Conference PEDS 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2005, pp. 1536 1541 [3] NOOR S.Z.M., HAMZAH M.K. , ABIDIN A.F.: Modelling and simulation of a DC chopper using single phase matrix converter topology. Proc. IEEE Sixth Int. Conf. PEDS 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2005, pp. 827 832 [4] FIRDAUS S., HAMZAH M.K.: Modelling and simulation of a single-phase AC AC matrix converter using SPWM. Proc. Student Conf. Research and Development, SCOReD 2002, July 2002, pp. 286 289 [5] WHEELER P.W., CLARE J.C., EMPRINGHAM L., BLAND M., KERRIS K.G.: Matrix converters, IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., 2004, 10, pp. 59 65 [6]
WHEELER P.W. , RODRIGUEZ J. , CLARE J.C. , EMPRINGHAM L. ,

Figure 15 Simulated results for cyclo-inverter operation these ve converters by selecting the input parameters which decide the input supply and type of converter. Fig. 11 shows the switching pattern for SPMC operated as inverter and the output voltage across the load for an output frequency of 100 Hz. Fig. 12 shows the switching pattern of SPMC as rectier operation and the output voltage across the load. Fig. 13 shows the output waveforms when SPMC is used as chopper in single quadrant. Implementation of SPMC as a cyclo converter requires different bi-directional switching arrangements depending on the desired output frequency. The magnitude of the output voltage is controlled by SPWM, but the frequency of the output depends on the switching algorithm. Fig. 14 shows the input, output and switching waveforms when SPMC is used as cyclo converter for an output frequency of 25 Hz. Fig. 15 shows the input, output and switching waveforms when SPMC is used as cyclo inverter for an output frequency of 100 Hz.

Matrix converters: a technology review, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2002, 9, (2), pp. 276 282 [7] ZUCKERBERGER A., WEINSTOCK D., ALEXANDROVITZ A.: Singlephase matrix converter, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., 1997, 144, (4), pp. 235 240 [8] IDRIS Z., HAMZAH M.K., SAIDON M.F.: Implementation of singlephase matrix converter as a direct AC AC converter with commutation strategies. Proc. 37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC06, 1822 June 2006, pp. 17 [9] IDRIS Z., NOOR S.Z.M. , HAMZAH M.K.: Safe commutation strategy in single-phase matrix converter. Proc. IEEE Sixth Int. Conf. PEDS 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2005, pp. 886 891 [10] BAHAROM R., HASIM A.S.A., HAMZAH M.K., OMAR M.F.: A new single-phase controlled rectier using single-phase matrix converter. Proc. First Int. Power and Energy Conf. PECon 2006, Putrajaya, Malaysia, November 2006, pp. 453 459 [11] HAMZAH M.K., NOOR S.Z.M., SHUKOR S.F.A.: A new single-phase inverter using single-phase matrix converter topology. Proc. First Int. Power and Energy Conf. PECon 2006, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 2829 November 2006, pp. 459464 IET Power Electron., 2010, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, pp. 138 145 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0316

WEINSTEIN A.:

Conclusions

An algorithm has been developed that enables a SPMC which can perform the function of rectier, inverter, chopper, cyclo converter and cyclo inverter. The particular converter is decided by the input parameter fed to the decoder circuit. This leads to design the SPMC with identical switches in mass production thus reducing the cost. The output frequency of frequency changer is decided by a parameter N. The output waveform has been synthesised using either the MPWM or SPWM depending on the type of converter. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in computer simulation models using Orcad Capture simulation tool to illustrate its basic behaviour. Simulation results are presented for ve types of converters using three bit input parameter that decides the type of 144 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009

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[12] LETTL J., FLIGL S. : PWM strategy applied to realized matrix converter system. Proc. PIERS Proc, Prague, Czech Republic, 27 30 August 2007, pp. 122 126 [13] IDRIS Z., HAMZAH M.K.: Implementation of a new singlephase cyclo-converter based on single-phase matrix converter topology using sinusoidal pulse width modulation with passive load condition. Proc. IEEE Sixth Int. Conf. PEDS 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2005, pp. 827 832 [14] HANAFI H.M., IDRIS Z., HAMZAH M.K., SAPARON A.: Modelling & simulation of single-phase matrix converter a frequency changer with sinusoidal pulse width modulation using MATLAB/Simulink. Proc. First Int. Power and Energy Conf. PECon 2006, Putrajaya, Malaysia, November 2006, pp. 482486

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