PHASOR

Voltage and Current in RL circuit

for i(t) = I m cost
v( t ) i(t) C

v(t) = Im
1

1 = tan ( ) RC

1 2 R + ( ) cos( t + ) C
2

for i(t) = I m cost

v( t ) i(t)

v(t ) = I m R 2 + (L) 2 cos(t + )

= tan
1

L
R

Voltage and Current in Complex circuit

For a complex circuit the calculation of voltage and current is difficult.

EXAMPLE

R1 = 10, R2 = 8, C = 1F , L = 2 H vC (0) = 1V , i L (0) = 0.5 A

Ch. Eq. : s 2 + 6 s + 9 = 0 = ( s + 3) 2
3 t n = 3, 2 n = 6 = 1 v ( t ) = e (B1 + B2 t )

KCL AT t = 0 + dv v (0) dv (0) = 3 + C (0) i (0) = i L (0) = dt R2 dt

v (0) = 1 = B1

dv (0) = 3v (0) + B2 = 3 B2 = 6 dt
di (t ) + R1i (t ) + v (t ) = 0 dt 1 dv v (t ) d 2v dv L ( t ) + C + R + C (t ) + v (t ) = 0 1 2 R dt dt dt R2 2
1 d 2v R1 dv R1 + R2 ( t ) + + ( t ) + v (t ) = 0 2 R C L dt R LC dt 2 2

v (t ) dv i (t ) = + C (t ) R2 dt

v (t ) = e 3t (1 + 6t ); t > 0

d 2v dv ( ) + 6 (t ) + 9v (t ) = 0 t 2 dt dt

The Good News!

We do not have to find this differential equation from the circuit, nor do we have to solve it Instead, we use the concepts of phasors and complex impedances Phasors and complex impedances convert problems involving differential equations into circuit analysis problems

Phasors
A phasor is a complex number that represents the magnitude and phase of a sinusoidal voltage or current.

Imaginary Number
Imaginary number j or i is defined as j = -1 For electrical engineering j is used instead of i to avoid confusion with current i This definition is needed since there is no real number satisfy the equation x2= 1

Complex Numbers
imaginary axis y x
A

real axis

Complex number A = x + jy x is the real part y is the imaginary part z is the magnitude is the angle

Complex number representation: Rectangular Coordinates: A = x + jy Polar Coordinates: A = z Exponential A= z e j, e is natural number = 2,718

Complex Numbers
imaginary axis y x
A

real axis

Complex number A = x + jy A = z A = z e j x = z cos

y = z sin

z= x +y 1 y = tan x A = z (cos + j sin )

2 2

Complex Numbers
Im 4
A

/4 4 Im 33
A

Example: A = 4 + j4 A = 42ej/4=5.567ej/4 A = 5.567 /4 Re Example: A = 3 + j33 A = 6ej/3=6ej/3 A = 6 /3 Re

/3 3

Arithmetic With Complex Numbers

We need to be able to perform computation with complex numbers. Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Addition
iy

A+B B A x

Addition is most easily performed in rectangular coordinates: A = x + jy B = z + jw A + B = (x + z) + j(y + w) example A = 5 + j4, B = 3 + j6 A + B = 8 + j10

Subtraction
iy B A x

Subtraction is most easily performed in rectangular coordinates: A = x + jy B = z + jw A - B = (x - z) + j(y - w) example A = 5 + j4, B = 3 + j6 A B = 2 j2

A-B

Multiplication
AB iy B

Multiplication is most easily performed in polar coordinates: A = AM A B = BM A B = (AM BM) ( + ) x example A = 5e j/6, B = 3e j/3 AB = 15e j/2

Division
iy

Division is most easily performed in polar coordinates: A = AM B = BM A / B = (AM / BM) ( ) example A = 6e j/6, B = 3e j/3 A/B = 2e - j/6

B A x A/B

Important Relationship
Im

A
Re

A = z (cos + j sin ) = ze j A* = z (cos j sin ) = ze j A + A* = 2 z cos = z (e j + e j )

A*

e +e cos = 2

e +e sin = 2j

Phasors
A phasor is a complex number that represents the magnitude and phase of a sinusoid:

v(t ) = VM cos(t + )
VM V= 2

Phasors
v(t ) = VM cos(t + ) = VM
Im

(e

j t +

+e 2

( jt + )

e
e
jt +

j t + t =0

cos(t + )
Re
( jt + ) t =0

( jt + )

Phasors
v(t ) = VM cos(t + ) = VM
Im

(e

j t +

+e 2

( jt + )

e
e
jt +

j t + t =0

VM cos(t + )
Re
( jt + ) t =0

( jt + )

Phasors
v(t ) = VM cos(t + )
Im

Im/2

i (t ) = I M cos(t )
Re

Example for V and I phasor in resistor

VAC R

v(t) = Vmcos(t + ) i(t) = Vm/R cos(t + )

v(t) i(t)

Vm/2 Im /2

Example for V and I phasor in capacitor v(t) = Vmcos (t+)

VAC C

i (t ) = CVm sin(t + ) = CVm cos(t + + / 2) = I m cos(t + + / 2)

i( t)

Im 0

v(t) Vm 2 t

Im /2

Vm/2

Example for V and I phasor in capacitor Im/2 Vm/2

We can set the angle arbitrarily. Usually we set the voltage is set to be zero phase abritrary v(t) = Vmcos t
i (t ) = CVm sin t = CVm cos(t + / 2) = I m cos(t + / 2)

Im/2

Vm/2

Example for V and I phasor in inductor

Vm/2

i (t ) = I m cos t
v( t ) i(t)

v(t ) = LI m sin t
Im/2

Here we can set the voltage to be zero phase, then the phase of current will be

Vm/2

i (t ) = I m cos t
v(t ) = I m R 2 + (L) 2 cos t

Im/2

Impedance
By definition impedance (Z) is Z = V/I AC steady-state analysis using phasors allows us to express the relationship between current and voltage using a formula that looks likes Ohms law: V=IZ

Impedance (contd)
Impedance depends on the frequency . Impedance is (often) a complex number. Impedance is not a phasor (why?). Impedance allows us to use the same solution techniques for AC steady state as we use for DC steady state. Impedance in series/parallel can be combined as resistors

Impedance of resistor
VAC R

v(t) = Vmcos(t + ) i(t) = Vm/R cos(t + )

Vm/2 Im /2

Vm V 2 Z= = =R Vm I R 2

ZR = R

Impedance of capacitor
v(t) = Vmcos (t+)
VAC C

i (t ) = CVm cos(t + + / 2)
Vm / 2 V Z= = I CVm / 2( + / 2)

Im /2

Vm/2

1 1 = /2 = C j C

1 Zc = j C

Impedance of capacitor inductor

LIm /2

i (t ) = I m cos t
v( t ) i(t)

v(t ) = LI m sin t
Im/2

V LI m / 2 / 2 Z= = I I m / 20 = L / 2 = jL

ZL = jL

Impedance

ZR = R

1 Zc = jC
ZL = jL

Impedance Example:
f = 50Hz Find ZC Answer: Zc = 1/jC =2f =2 3.14 50 = 314 rad/s Zc = 1/jC=1/(j 314 106) Zc = j3184.71

+ 1F -

Symbol of Impedance

Impedance in series
Z1 Z2 ZT = Z1+ Z2

Impedance in parallel
Z1 Z2

1 1 1 = + ZT Z1 Z 2

Impedance in series example

R = 1K2 ZT = ? C = 15 F = 314

Answer: Zc = 1/jC=1/(j 314 15 106) Zc = j212.31 ZT = 1200 j212.31

Impedance in series example

R = 1K2 ZT = ?

L = 5 m = 314

Answer: ZL = jL=j 314 5 103 ZL = j1.57 ZT = 1200 + j1.57

Impedance in series example

R = 1K2 ZT = ? C = 15 F = 314 L = 5 m = 314 Zc = j212.31 ZL = j1.57

Answer: ZT = 1200 j212.31 + j1.57 = 1200 j210.74

Impedance, Resistance, and Reactance

Generally impedance consist of: The real part which is called Resistance, and The imaginary part which is called reactance

Z = R + jX
impedance Resistance reactance