Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego Wydzia Humanistyczny Instytut Neofilologii i Lingwistyki Stosowanej

Amatorskie tumaczenia internetoweprba analizy

Robin Jesse
nr albumu 61163

Praca licencjacka napisana pod kierunkiem dr Michaa Borodo Katedra Filologii Angielskiej

Bydgoszcz 2012

Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz Institute of Modern Languages and Applied Linguistics

Amateur Internet Translation: An Attempt at Analysis

Robin Jesse
nr albumu 61163

Supervisor: Dr Micha Borodo Department of English

Bydgoszcz 2012

Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter 1. User-generated translation .................................................................................. 6 1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Notion of User-generated Translation .............................................................................. 6 1.3. The development of modern User-generated Translation ................................................ 7 1.4. Crowdsourcing as an example of User-generated Translation in Web 2.0 ...................... 9 1.5. Legality and ethics of UGT ............................................................................................ 11 1.6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2. The translation of news ....................................................................................... 14 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.2. History of news translation and news agencies .............................................................. 14 2.3. Globalization in modern journalism ............................................................................... 16 2.4. Trust and morality in translation and journalism ............................................................ 20 2.5. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3. The analysis of amateur translation based on Arsenal London fan websites .................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.2. Different approaches to the same source text by different amateur internet translators .................................................................................................................................. 24 3.3. Mistakes made by translators and their analysis ............................................................. 28 3.4. Adjusting to the convention of the Polish language in amateur journalism. .................. 31 3.5. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 33 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 35 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 37

Introduction

Gorge Borrow, a famous writer and traveller once said that translation is at best an echo. What if the echo is produced by those who are not trained to deal with that issue? The usage of amateur translation is gaining popularity especially on the Internet where basic technical acquirement is enough to start sharing your ideas with an enormous number of people. Amateur translation in this environment is taking a vital role. However, lack of scholar attention made me consider discussing that branch of translation studies which will develop together with the advancement of technology and concepts such as Web 2.0 and crowdsourcing. I will discuss those concepts in this work illustrating constant changes and maybe a beginning of a new turn in translation. The first chapter will deal with User-generated translation. I will provide information about the history and the notion of that concept. Furthermore the paper will deal with the notion of legality in the User-generated translation which being crucial for every amateur translator is very controversial issue. The example of crowdsourcing as a new type of translation will also be given and localised in the environment of the Web 2.0. That interesting idea of the new generation of the Internet users who are no longer only readers, but also creators of the space for sharing their opinions. The translations of news is the notion discussed in the second chapter. It is hard to talk about that concept without joining it with the history of news agencies which were first professionally organised institutions dealing with news translation. Showing how they developed and how the issue of globalisation is connected with the news translation is another part of the chapter. There are also attempts of analysing the morality and trust for those who are translating the news or are called international journalists (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009, 118). The final part of the paper will be devoted to the analyses of amateur translation based on specific examples Arsenal Football Club fan websites. The information about mistakes made by amateur translators, fans of football, will be given. Moreover, I will point out different approaches to the same source text made by two different websites

5 translating the same pieces of news and try to find examples of adjusting of their translation to the convention of Polish language. The paper will analyse the situation of a reader to whom the information is provided as many receivers of the target text are fully dependent only on a piece of news translated by amateurs. I will also try to answer the question whether amateur translation is needed in our modern society and whether the websites created by the amateur should be treated as a trustworthy source of information.

Chapter 1. User-generated Translation

1.1. Introduction It cannot be denied that the development in digital technology improved the speed of providing information. At the same time fast translation is needed for those, who can not use language of source text. From the audience's point of view, the rise of the digital era has brought possibilities to access numerous pieces of information. That need, together with the birth of localization in the early 1980s, started the new era in translation which may be called digital age (O`Hagan & Ashworth 2002). Rapid spread of the modern technologies such as the Internet opened a new chapter for translators, who had to incorporate their work into many digital products such as software. The concept of localization was later defined by Reinhard Schaler as the linguistic and cultural adaptation of digital content to the requirements and locale of a foreign market, and the provision of services and technologies for the management of multilingualism across the digital global information flow (Schaler 2009, 157). The concept of localization is often discussed by academic community, however not much has been written on the topic of User-generated Translation which may be seen as a mistake as amateur translation market is constantly spreading.

1.2. Notion of User-generated Translation The term User-generated Translation or UGT was firstly used by Minako O`Hagan who claimed that it may be defined as a wide range of translation, carried out based on free user participation in digital media space where translation is undertaken by unspecified self-selected individuals(O`Hagan 2009, 97). We may then claimed that each speaker of foreign language can be the User specified by O`Hagan as:
Somebody who voluntarily acts as a remediator of a linguistically inaccessible products and direct producer of Translation on the basis o their knowledge of the given language as well as that of a particular media content or genre spurred by their substantial interest in topic (O`Hagan 2009, 27).

In that context it may be claimed that every person with basic language knowledge who gained also awareness of specific topic may be named a translator if only one creates and edits the translation via online platform. Taking that into consideration we may agree with Scott Karp, editor of Publishing 2.0 who points out that the word user,
once defined audience but has now become an unmerited synonym for publisher (as cited in Perrino 2009, 62). All that together builds a concept of a User-generated Translation as the translation created by volunteers for a wide group of receivers, who became users by reading the translation and the possibility to interact with it. However, it is important to see the danger of UGT as it is issue of the individual morality and knowledge of a translator, to whom the receiver of the information needs to trust. Nevertheless considering the increasing number of user-development translation published on the Internet and the potential gained by users this topic should receive more attention from scholars as well as professional translators.

1.3. The development of modern User-generated Translation It is hard to place the beginning of non-professional translation in specific time period as for many years people who translated documents in a concept of sharing information were not reported. What is more, the User-generated Translation in a new notion, however the concept of translation for which the translator in not receiving salary is much older. The first non-professional translations reported are fan-produced, animated Japanese comic books called manga and movies known as anime. In the 1980s first fan clubs were established who later in the 1990s, with the use of computers and unprofessional software, translated Japanese comic books and animations and published it in the developing Internet sharing it with an increasing numbers of user all over the world (Cintaz and Sanchez 2006, 37). It is hard to claim that it is the only part of development of amateur translation in the twentieth century as according to O`Hagan many fan groups, not only those connected with Japanese culture, adopted possibilities given by the Internet. The Web was used as a collaboration tool, showed a collective presence and led to formatting global fan cultures (as cited in O`Hagan 2009, 99). As a result, the role of people who until this moment were only receiver of the culture changed as now they were active users named as prosumers (O`Hagan 2009, 99) who at the same time are consumers and producers. The given example of Japanese anime movies is a perfect example and can be illustrated with the following excerpt:

Fan translation fits well in a category of prosumers where potential consumers of translations double as translation producers. Fanproduced subtitles for anime, called fansubs, are circulated worldwide in media spaces. This UGT is produced chiefly by fans for fans( O`Hagan 2009, 99).

The concept of looking for proper, authentic translation from the beginning of UGT was the original motivation for those who took part in fan translation. However, at the beginning it was much more complicated process than nowadays as in 1980s there were no digital recorders and all the data had to be published on VHS tapes which was both expensive and time consuming (O`Hagan 2009, 100). Nowadays thanks to digital production, freeware software and the Internet as the main communication environment challenge for users is less complicated and although the technology developed the desire of proper translations stays the same. Although it is hard to predict the quality of fan translations, O`Hagan pointed out that it is likely for non-professionals to produce a proper translation:

Collaboration afforded by technology allows fans to form purposeful task groups to undertake a project and achieve a production often in a manner comparable to professional production in terms of the workflow process and the timeframe(O`Hagan 2009, 101)

It may be claimed that with the help of the chat rooms, dictionaries and their knowledge on specific genre and topic users may translate culture-specific message or text in very accurate way. What is also important- thanks to working in specific topic-connected groups amateur translators may be very fast. Furthermore, translators taking part in nonprofessional projects do not need external motivation as they willingly undertake a translation project without remuneration, indicating a strong motivation factor and domain-knowledge possessed by fans may in some cases compensate for the lack of formal translator training (O`Hagan 2009, 102). However important the training may be considered we must understand that UGT is produced by amateurs and for amateurs and for many cultural groups it is the only opportunity to take part in the culture from a foreign tradition which they admire.

9 Deeming the fact that non-professional fan translators have specific topic-related knowledge and taking for the fact that the level of English in foreign societies is increasing the User-generated Translation seem to be the type of translation gaining popularity among modern users of the Internet. The main danger is the fact that it may be impossible to verify both the authorship and the quality of translation which may result in miscommunication which is translation biggest venture.

1.4. Crowdsourcing as an example of User-generated Translation in Web 2.0 The spread of communication networks and the more active role of user in the Internet development of new electronic environment one in which individuals are free to take a more active role than was possible in the industrial information economy of the twentieth century (as cited in Perrino 2009, 58). In 2005 Tim O`Reilly defined that situation as Web 2.0 which was more interactive than before thanks to many social portals (Facebook), online shops (Allegro), encyclopedias (Wikipedia) or websites providing users with the opportunity to share data in an easy way which changed users` possibilities. According to Perrino:

In the so-called Web 1.0 environment, the ability to manage online content required a relatively high level of technical expertise, elevated costs, and considerable time spans. Today, publishing ones work on the Internet is made easy by intuitive platforms and high-speed connections. A blog can be opened for free in a matter of minutes, and uploading audiovisual material and pictures does not require advanced skills. But Web 2.0 is not only about accessing and sharing information it is also about generating ideas and putting them into practice in an environment that trusts collective intelligence. (Perrino 2009, 58)

It can be claimed that the term Web 2.0 is dealing with accessing, producing and sharing information as well as creating social networks and putting users into primary position as their idea may now be easily shared via the Internet. Furthermore, the environment of Web 2.0 provides the opportunity to collaborate for translators who, no matter professionals or amateurs, can share their concepts and consult their ideas with other users all over the world. The Internet is the most important medium of the 21st

10 century and UGT as a part of that modern medium will develop as most users not only read and observe it, but also take active part during interactions which is claimed to be the most important part of Web 2.0. However controversial UGT may be when it comes to legality, there is one specific branch which is a fully-legal amateur translation. It is called crowdsourcing and according to Reinhard Schaler it is an example of emerging localization frameworks that are no longer focused on predominantly commercial concerns (Schaler 2009, 161). The concept involves outsourcing by a group of people who are not trained to translate to take part in translating by using the form of an open call and the name for that type of localization was proposed by the author of Wired magazine Jeff Howe in 2006 (Schaler 2009, 161). The author explains that the concept is a example of shaping our culture by dynamic spread of UGT (O`Hagan 2009, 111). One of the first, and on the same time the biggest companies who launched crowsourcing project was Facebook, which in 2007 let users translate selected parts of their website into different languages, which was a evidence for those who could not imagine a UGT made for a mass scale. Until 2008 Facebook already involved more than 30,000 users in the project containing translation into 16 languages (O`Hagan 2009, 112). Thanks to users` enthusiasm and possibility to evaluate the concept of crowdsourcing was both fast and efficient as users could easily choose the best translation. The motivation to use crowdsourcing given by Facebook was not cost saving but possibilities for the users to choose their own environment with democratic methods. Furthermore, the users felt more attached to the website in which translating process they took part. As a result Facebook was localized in a culture specific way in the concept of purposeful task at the same time widening the number of users who were both translators and reviewers. It is also valid, that users had specific knowledge about the website, not like professional translators who had never used Facebook before and they could find specific, proper for each culture translations (O`Hagan 2009, 111-113). Facebook was the first example of a huge crowdsourcing project which was controversial from the beginning as many translators do not agree with the fact that activists and non-professionals should take part in translating important data without proper training. As a result, a group called Translators against Crowdsourcing for Commercial Bussiness was started (O`Hagan 2009, 114). It is suggested that that reaction was an example of lack of understanding of crowdsourcing being a part of new technological era among professional translators (as cited in O`Hagan 2009, 114). The

11 author compares it to first rebel of many translators against Computer-assisted Translation which was said to be threat for those translator, who were not familiar with technology. The development of CAT suggests that crowdsourcing may shake the profession of translator especially if users taking part in crowdsourcing projects will be qualified and full of energy towards their work.

1.5. Legality and ethics of UGT According to media entrepreneur, Andrew Keen the democratization of the medium is polluting the information environment and downgrading cultural institutions as those who are important in the specific field of translation should gain as much education and experience as possible (Perrino 2009, 59). The author suggests that the position of those who took proper education should not be equivalent to amateurs as an established translation agency should provide professional translation which will be much better than the one given by an amateur translator. Furthermore, a person who is not a scholar and a professional does not have to keep the reputation as the Internet is a place of nicknames and being anonymous which according to Perrino is one of the biggest problems as the impossibility of verifying the effective authorship of online content is arguably one of the most criticized aspects of todays Internet (Perrino 2009, 60). The Internet is a place of free speech not only for professionals but also for experts alike and uncertain information and untraceable sources are used at times. The situation may cause a misunderstanding in translation or simply providing a text by an amateur who is not knowledgeable enough to consider him as a trustworthy activist. We should also discuss the notion about legality of the UGT. The development of the UGT is very rapid and the notion is rather new but according to Cintaz and Sanchez we may divide the moral history of UGT into two stages. According to authors until half of 1990s many authors and companies treated amateur translation as a positive phenomenon. We may observe that on an example of first fansubs translation. Very few companies translated them from Japanese into English as both in Great Britain and USA and what is more only limited titles were translated. Moreover, there were some countries like Italy where anime were subject of censorship. Another problem was the fact that due to violent content many materials were not translated and localized into European languages (Cintaz and Sanchez 2006, 43-44). As a result, many anime movies were translated into different languages by bilingual fans who took their time to translate different materials. That process popularized anime all over the world.

12 According to Cintaz and Sanchez both copyright holders and fans were pleased by with amateur translation as fans all over the world had access to their favorite material in their native language. What is more, that phenomenon gave free promotion of the titles published by amateur translators into other countries before official translation took place. That situations was a kind of gentleman`s agreement (Cintaz and Sanchez 2006, 44). According to unofficial rules of translators, they stopped translating and distributing the materials in the moment in which particular anime, program or series had been licensed for official distribution as amateur translators knew that commercial translated materials were both technologically and linguistically of better quality. As popularity of anime and other user-generated content is raising for the last years and the development of the Internet and computer technologies made usergenerated translation much easier to produce. Furthermore, more and more people create their own translations with the enormous number of people using their language skills and thanks to the Internet can create and publish their own translations of different content. However, the rising popularity of user generated translation during last ten years is said to be damaging for the owners of copyrights all over the world. According to Cintaz and Sanchez there are several factors behind the change of that attitude. The first is the fact that media and anime market spread and now there is a huge market of legally translated materials in each language. Secondly, due to development of the market the free promotion which is said to be user-generated translation is no longer needed for publishers. What is more the black market of translation is growing as many amateur translators and groups try to sell their amateur translated product for price lower then translations with copyrights, however the quality of the translation is very controversial. Moreover, as the user-generated translation is growing wider among different genres, including films many distributors of movies find user-generated phenomenon nothing more than illegal piracy (Cintaz and Sanchez 2006, 45). In 2003 the first head on confrontation between amateur translators and distributors took place as long awaited TV series titled Ninja Scroll was released. The publication of official version should stop fan translators to translate the title. However it did not stop as it was expected which started legal process. (Cintaz and Sanchez 2006, 45) The problem of unlicensed User-generated Translation is very controversial as the unclear copyrights law and different approaches of companies creates very foggy, unclear issue. Some companies may find the fan-translated versions as a promotion, for

13 others it is violation of their rights. Being very useful, amateur translations without buying copyrights of original version is still illegal procedure.

1.6. Conclusion However interesting the notion of the User-generated Translation may be due to lack of scholarly attention it cannot be considered as a mass phenomenon. But for a number of people who devote their skills and time to translation for other users it should be claimed as vast, important and still developing branch of translation. Amateurs who create translations are now not only working on their own, but also join groups, cooperate and create translations based on their topic-related knowledge. They work without financial gain only due their satisfaction and for other fans who share the same passion for specific topic no matter is it sport, movies or specific sub-culture. However exciting and potentially beneficial for masses user-generated translation may be, the artificers must keep in mind that distance between legal user-generated translation and abusing copyrights is very small and the international rules should be passed as the concept is rapidly developing and without specific rules the world of user-generated translation may change into chaotic, non-informative, incomprehensive gibberish.

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Chapter 2. The translation of news

2.1. Introduction From the beginning of the modern media the difference between translators and journalists started to disappear. The concept of news translation is very complicated as on the one hand using a source text and creating a target text based on it suggests that that process may be named as translation. However, the target text may vary on many levels, from cultural context to language difference. It should also be remembered that a modern journalist often uses a number of sources to create one text. While news are nowadays everyday routine for masses, the picture of producing and translating them still remains clouded as very little attention has been paid to the role of translation in this changing media landscape, despite evidence that it is having a significant impact (Soong 2006). In this chapter I will provide the theoretical background of news translations and different concepts connected with this topic. 2.2. History of news translation and news agencies According to Bielsa and Bassnett modern journalism as it is known nowadays developed in 19th century when everyday press started to gain regular readers. beginning with 1836, when Emile Girardin gave rise to Le Presse, the first information-based and non-political, newspaper with a low price on account of advertisements. However, this newspaper may be considered as a protoplast, as only after creating Le Petit Journal almost thirty years later, in 1863, the popular press started to gain popularity across Paris. In 1870 Le Petit Journal printed almost 600,000 copies and in 1886 it reached one million of issues (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009, 38). We can observe the similar development of British cheap daily press as the market was opened to new titles such as Daily Telegraph, The Times and Daily Mail which developed in London. The development of press together with the need of gaining information from other

countries transformed the structure of media companies as many translation agencies focused on translating information. According to Bielsa and Basnett The new

15 mercantile character of factual information is nowhere more visible than in the relation of the news agencies, commercial organizations which were set up by experienced businessmen to gather and sell information when it became a valuable commodity (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009, 38). The news agencies history started in France in the 1830s with opening of Bureau Havas.
Charles Havas opened Bureau Havas, which translated foreign newspapers for the French media, in 1832. In 1835 his translation agency was transformed into the first news agency, Agence Havas, now gathering its own news as well as translating articles published by the foreign press. From the beginning, Havas used widely the developing telegraphic network, acquiring the monopoly of nongovernmental telegraphy in France. Its news started to appear in the newspapers in 1853 under the title Dpches tlgraphiques prives and covered especially foreign news, although they did not become generalized until several decades later. Meanwhile, Julius Reuter, who worked as sub-editor in Agence Havas in 1848, started his own agency in London in 1851(Bielsa na Bassnett 2009, 38).

One may claim that those translation agencies were first to be called news agencies as they focused on providing information translated from other countries press. The reason of that is the fact that readers wanted to gain information not only from their country but also other European nations as the development of technology and telegraph all over the world contributed to press improvement. Local newspapers could now publish news taken from different parts of the world, especially from both British and French colonies. Both international economics and politics were topics which had to be translated and published in short time which is also pointed out by Bielsa and Bassnett:
The demand for fast and reliable information from all over the globe was not only related to the need for an up to date knowledge of world events generated by the new press of information, but also to the political and economic developments of modern globalization (which David Held et al. roughly situate between 1850 and 1945), a period marked by the enormous acceleration of the spread and entrenchment of global networks and flows, under the control of European powers (Held et al., 1999: 421). Under the Western empires, global political and military relations expanded and the intensity of international links

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in areas like trade, investment and migration greatly increased. (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009, 42).

Considering those aspects the use of a telegraph led to the establishment of global infrastructure for communication After the Second World War news agencies continued to spread over Europe as until 1971 Reuters opened new offices in Hamburg, Berlin, Frankfurt and Bonn. In 1984 that most powerful British news agency opened television company named Visnews renamed later, in 1992, to Reuters Television which are now together with Associated Press Television two biggest global news producers (Bielsa na Bassnett 2009, 49-50). Jerry Palmer pointed that News translation occurs primarily (but not exclusively) at the point where news crosses national boundaries; this is because of the traditional association linking news media with the nation state and national language (Palmer, 2009, 365). With the birth of different media, the increase of information spread and transnational languages usage development there were many studies of the language of news but most of them ignored the translator, who may have impact on public opinion with the style of translating and interpreting of different target texts. However, from the nineteenth century and the telegraph invention to satellite transmission and the Internet the communication technologies developed in such a rapid way that fast sharing and translating information was, and still is, the key to media success. The development of the media, translation and technology made people look for regularly updated information from all over the world. For the last twenty years the part of providing information known as visual news (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2009, 53), to which category we include television and the Internet, gained on popularity making information spread fast and efficient as it uses both text and audio-visual communication. The Internet is now, just like the telegraph in 19th century, revolutionizing the field of global news and further development of both speed and quality of news translation may be visible in next decades. 2.3. Globalization in modern journalism Although language takes important part in the phenomenon of globalization, the

linguistic aspect of that phenomenon did not receive as much attention as areas such as economics or politics. Even Bielsa And Bassnett pointed out that:

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Globalization is generally associated with the shrinking of our world and the possibility of instant communication across the globe.

Widespread metaphors of accelerated mobility, such as those of flows and of the information superhighway, only serve to emphasize this, creating an image of the world as a network of highly interconnected places in which space ceases to be significant. The present focus of globalization theory on mobility and deterritorialization has obscured the complexities involved in overcoming cultural and linguistic barriers, and made the role of translation in global communications invisible (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2009, 18).

However, because of the development of the global media international companies nowadays rely on translators more than ever. The information from different countries has to be translated both accurately and fast, as it usually decides on the success of one company.

The news agencies are responding to the erosion of the distinction between wholesale news producers and retailers introduced by the channels of continuous information by addressing their news directly to the public through the internet, which has become an important medium for the integration of text and audio-visual communication (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2009, 55).

Bielsa and Bassnett excerpt the inseparable relationship between international information flows and news agencies as well as other institutions. From the early 1850s, the European cable network developed and was frequently used by media. At the same time news agencies had to respond for the demand for news from other continents. The first to develop the net of sending was Reuters, which in 1859 started sending news from China and India although in the beginning it took nearly two months to receive news from Beijing to Great Britain. By 1861 Reuters had regular news bulletins from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Later a cooperation with United States developed and this led to the 1862 news exchange agreement between Reuters and the Associated Press of New York, and London. That placed Reuters in the privileged position as the only valuable channel supplying American news to Europe. Until 1880 all British possessions in Asia and Africa were linked with London, which made it

18 informational capital city of Europe. Later offices were opened in important capitals in news markets. Until 1861 Reuters claimed agents in most of European capitals and as well as cities in India, Japan, Australia China, and New Zealand. The upraising agencies evolved a global net for news gathering and distribution, which brought distant events to newspaper in a fast and accurate way (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2009, 41-42). Nowadays, news agencies are according to Oliver Boyd-Barrett defined as agents of globalization (Boyd-Barrett 2000, 5) and therefore globalization without them could not take place. Huge news agencies are the first to gather and interpret information from different branches of public life from the world of economics to culture. According to Newmark there are four universal medial issues that every news translator should consider while translating non-literaly text which should be a text that is prima facie logical, factually accurate, ethically sound, and elegantly written (Newmark, 2003, 58). Newmark suggests that logical translation should be outside of culture and ideology. No matter how correct this concept seems to be, many times it may be hard to achieve as due to localization theories many journalists and translators try to make their texts acceptable and easy-to-read for target society. Sometimes they also change information to adopt source text which is considered to be a mistake by Newmark who claims that in non-literary texts, facts and events have to be accurate(Newmark 2003, 59). Furthermore, we can observe different concept presented by Bielsa and Bassnett who suggest that journalists need to view the source text not as a finished product, but as the basis for the elaboration of a new text which will convey the information required to new readers with maximum efficiency (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009, 84). This concept, even though it may be theoretically proper for news agencies in many situations is getting less important than seeking for sensation and manipulating facts. However, Palmer assumed that when journalism for retail media is made, the piece of news is contextualize to be incorporated in the original composition. According to Palmer agencies are also under pressure of client organization:

Agency reports, however, are usually restricted to the event being reported, intended as they are for incorporation into the reports put out by a wide variety of client organizations. Reports produced by commercial, transnational agencies carefully use terminology which is as neutral as possible, as client organizations may have very

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different cultural or political affiliations. The editorial policies of government owned agencies, or activist organizations, as well as the language used in their reports, commonly reflect the policy of the controlling organization. These factors impact upon translation strategies.(Palmer 2009, 188)

The fragment suggests that text may be manipulated and changed by agencies who work for particular client organization which may result in publishing selective information. According to Palmer only direct usage for what is called retail media, where there is no time for manipulating and the information is given in a pure form. This may be problematic especially in Arabic countries or China, were it is popular first to translate local dialect into one, popularly used language which is then once again translated into ultimate target language by second interpreter- that process may efface important part of information (Palmer 2009, 189). Newmark also suggests that a valid text must first be rid of misprints, gaps, grammatical and lexical errors, inadvertent repetitions, redundancies, uncoordinated and ponderous paragraphs (Newmark 2009, 59). The text translated to different media must be accurate and informative as it is the basic concept of translating news. The availability of changes during news translation is much smaller than while translating fiction or poems as the translator adapts specific information given which should not be changed. The result of inappropriate translator work may be commented by another authors thought which points out that the material may exist in several, divergent versions:

When President Ahmedinejad of Iran was quoted in English language media as saying that Israel should be wiped off the map, this quotation was taken from versions of a speech published in Farsi by the official Iranian Government news agency on 26 October 2005. During the following hours, three translations of this speech were widely circulated among international and transnational media; one was done by the Farsi section of the BBC Monitoring department, one by correspondents of the New York Times working in Teheran, and one by the proIsraeli, US based monitoring organization MEMRI (Middle East Media Research Institute). The translations differed in

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significant ways (Steele 2006) and have since been heavily contested (Norouzi 2007). (Palmer, 2009, 189)

Palmer saw the main problem in the fact that there were several English language translation made by Iranian news agency which was confusing as authors using English language had to use only partial translations made by Iranian agencies and provided by bilingual workers of local news agencies summaries (Palmer 2009, 189). Moreover, the situation presented above may result in disinformation and communication problems for the information recipients as well as chaos in global contacts between nations. The translation of news nowadays became important in the conflict-ridden world. Sometimes news translators and interpreters are crucial for information about fighting nations or political problems. Translation is generally said to be a means of communication in cultural understanding and many people do not realize that it may be sometimes abused as a powerful tool. Moreover, translators and interpreters produce translations that may be elements of conflict and manipulate them since every piece of news depends on translators who are responsible for the translated texts which provide our knowledge about the world and which may lead to many dangerous misunderstandings. This problem is visible especially in modern, free of barriers journalism, which is based on translations.

2.4. Trust and morality in translation and journalism In the last few years news translation was based not only on translators, but also networks of foreign correspondents, working for news agencies, stories shaped for chosen audiences. This sometimes results in the creation of completely new texts, which are hard to classify as it is hard to decide whether they are still translations or already journalist texts. The domination of languages like English globally means that power in the sociopolitical arena is possessed by international journalists. What we should do, therefore, is to be more aware of the manipulative processes that are used to attract our attention and to raise questions about the extent to which a translator can use his own interpretation in another cultural context. What is more, the word translator, when referring to news translation, is not a person who works during the process of transferring the information but also the one, who changes it, and adds some contexts. This point of view helps to explain why journalists and translators not only have much in common, but also are often one person, who prefers to be referred to as an

21 international journalists (Bielsa and Basnett 2009, 118). The process of gathering and converting information from one culture into another cultural context may have some elements of interlingua exchange, however, when it comes to news and reports the focus is mainly on pure information. It is more on the transporting of information in a way aimed to specific, target readership. Nevertheless, where there is an existing original text situation is different than when a person is preparing ones own report. One of the first theoreticians who worked on ethics of translation was French translator Antoine Berman, who in 1984 produced Lpreuve de l tranger: Culture et traduction dans lAllemagne romantique later translated to English in 1992 in which he critiqued translation of a source text based on translating on a ethnocentric and hypertextual level. He commented on that type of translation as a one, which loses its essential aim- proper information. He suggested that foreign reader should not be given a translation based on his culture but he should be provided with the text showing cultural differences and real original meaning (Inghilleri 2009, 100). A similar rule should be implicated to translating news as according to Bielsa and Bassnett We need to believe in the veracity of the accounts provided by those men and women around the world who supply us with information about the events that shape our lives, and when such information is proven to be false, we are outraged (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009, 117). A most important target in the transmission of news is that it should be truthful. The newspapers reader or a viewer of the television channel should be given honest reports with a proper cultural background. Cultural aspect, however, creates a problem as different countries work with different news conventions. Furthermore, even in one country we can find different style of publishing and editing news as there are not only different conventions operating at different terrains, but there are differences in style and expectations from specific employer or target group. However, regardless is the piece of news written or spoken the most important issue for translator is still to provide a truthful communicate, as according to Weston:

In both cases the meaning of a communication is being transferred as accurately as possible from one language to another. That being so, and despite the different input and output media, the translation process what actually happens (but not necessarily either the practical or the psychological methods whereby the process is

22
achieved) must surely be describable in identical terms in both cases. (Weston 2003, 142)

Many theorists claim that spreading the news is not only about what information is given but also how it is presented. According to Montgomery the authentic talk (Weston 2003, 121) in public sphere depends on gestures, the context in which the talk is made and system of different signs used. What is interesting, according to Westons observation neither the authority of the speaker nor any sense of a source being somehow authorized that will determine whether a broadcast will be perceived as truthful, but rather it is the nature and the manner of the talk itself that makes for compelling testimony (as cited in Weston 2003, 121). The next vital issue is theatreatricalizing the news (Weston 2003, 122) According to Weston many translators and journalist often manipulate responses and reactions according to their needs, as a result the consignee may be given very subjective form of an interview or piece of news. That is used most often in press as translators/journalists need to add things, as mimics, tone of voice and body language which can not be visible. According to Weston in such cases with a real-life exchange being written up as though it were a piece of theatre. This strategy, which is not very common, raises important questions about the assessment of veracity. (Weston 2003, 202) This tactics as it is considered to be less authentic and every form of a dramatic text like this needs to be given a critical attention. Interviews written in this way can be accompanied with additional texts to be read as a part of play. The given concept illustrates another problem, as according to Weston both the translator and the journalist should always be trustworthy as they give their opinion to the receiver of information. What if the translator knows the piece of news is translating is false? According to Newmark, the translator and writer should be loyal to the truth, neither to the reader, nor to the author. However, Weston suggest that the translator is only a person who translates and should reproduce in the TL as accurate as possible an equivalent of the content and form of the SL text, having regard, where legitimate choices of nomenclature or style arise, to the function of the original (Weston 2009, 149). He claims that the translator has no moral right to change the author`s point of view as translating that should not consider moral rights, but only be morally neutral and translate what is there (Weston 2009, 149) as in the different way it would be misinterpretation of a source text.

23 Moreover, Weston points out that the translator should not be a person taking special care for the audience as at all events, one cannot proceed on the assumption that readers require a nanny to make sure they are not fooled or offended (Weston 2009, 149). A situation like this may be seen as a censorship and treated as an attack for the free media as a person who interrupts into other peoples text is said to be a censor instead of being a translator. In news it might be true as changing the information given from other place by a translator may start chaotic and false information spread. The concept of theatreatricalizing the news is also mentioned by Bielsa and Bassnett:
It is also the case that truth, appropriateness and sincerity are culturally determined, and are therefore variable. What passes as appropriate in one context may be deemed utterly inappropriate in another, but it is only through translation that such disparities emerge. (Bielsa and Bassnett 2009, 138)

The authors do not consider the concept as big danger yet, they point out that because of cultural background or specific target group some translations may be inappropriate and sometimes localization of the piece of news is needed

2.5. Conclusion The analyses of the current translation and journalism ethics research reveal the complex nature of the problem. We perceive that trust is focused mainly on the translator and global journalist and the reasons behind their actions. The theoretical background shows textual ideas such as fidelity and gives prominence to the notions of responsibility and truth. This however goes beyond the linguistic part of the text and emphasizes the impact of the text on the social background . It is not only for a translation to be truthful, it must also meet clients expectations and in many situations still struggles with censorship. Are the ethical values and norms given by Newmark better than those proposed by Weston? Should the translation of news be part of translation studies or journalism? Finally, are recipients of news aware of manipulations which take place within the media? Those questions need to be deeply analysed as certain rules should be given and followed by those who share information with millions all over the world.

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Chapter 3. The analysis of amateur translation based on Arsenal London fan websites

3.1. Introduction As it was suggested in the previous chapters despite its important role in global news, translation is still considered as a background-positioned part of the process of providing information and the international media. It seems, however, that because of many international websites and the constant need of information localization the concept of a translator who can be also treated as a journalist has changed. A translator of a piece of news has a significant impact on the point of view of the reader which can be presented while analyzing the same source text and two target texts. The situation like this takes place while translating the same articles to rival newspapers, TV programs or Internet websites writing on the same topics. Taking that into consideration, I decided to analyze articles and news posted on www.arsenal.com translated on two different Polish Arsenal Football Club fan websites which are www.gunnners.com.pl and www.kanonierzy.com. There are many similarities between these portals- both publish information descanting British football club Arsenal London FC taken from English websites and press which are translated by amateurs- usually young (under twenty five years) fans of this particular club. Both websites were launched before year 2000 which makes them one of the oldest sport websites in Poland. Together they have more than 20 thousand documented users (consumers) and 700,000 entries per month (average of November 2009-January 2011). The www.gunners.com.pl website is reported by the editor-in-chief to be in top 5 of Google search in the World. On the other hand the different concepts of translation are used and that provides very interesting phenomenon to compare.

3.2. Different approaches to the same source text by different amateur internet translators Amateur translations are very specific as usually they are made by people fully devoted to their mission who try to share their passion with others. However, because there are no universal laws for all of them usually each website or translators group has its own

25 rules. Despite being trustworthily which should be most important for all translators, different websites and translators follow different regimes which may be interesting, but as well confusing for the readers looking for reliable information. Even portals dedicated to football have very individual styles of translations Starting with the article We had the performance and not the result posted on arsenal.com from the beginning we can find out that translators decided not only to translate, but also interpret it in their own way on www.kanonierzy.com the article is titled Pomeczowa wypowied Wengera although the journalist on gunners.com.pl website decided to title the news as Wenger: Manchester przyjecha po 0:0. Although, the different heading may be seen as a way to attract the readers attention the whole translated text shows enormous differences in authors` approach. One of the first dissimilarities is the strategies of translating- one of the Internet volunteers decided to be as accurate and precise as possible while the other changed not only graphical side but also the content which by many may be seen as an error especially because the source text is a direct quotation of one person. This can be illustrated with the following excerpts:
It was harsh. I hoped for a second that it would be two yellows because the game was fair. It was not very physical or a game full of hate, it was a respectful game. Both teams were committed but I hoped yellow and we got red.

This passage was translated at kanonierzy.com as:

To byo zbyt surowe. Przez chwil mylaem, e obaj pikarze dostan po tej kartce. Nie by to jaki bardzo fizyczny mecz, peen nienawici - wrcz przeciwnie, pikarze traktowali si z szacunkiem. Oba zespoy gray z wielkim zaangaowaniem, wic liczyem na ty kartonik, a nie od razu czerwony.

The first problem faced by the translator is the meaning of the statement It was harshone decided that it is related to referees reaction on a foul, while it should be applicable to foul itself. What is more, the translator added zbyt which can not be found in original text. As a result the whole paragraph changes its meaning. Despite the

26 beginning the translator decided not to publish the excerpt () because the game was fair as it may be seen as a copy of later part- it was a respectful game. At gunners.com.pl the same piece of press conference is translated as:
To byo ostre zagranie. Miaem nadziej ze skoczy si tylko na dwch tych kratkach i uwaam ze byoby to sprawiedliwe. Mecz nie by bardzo fizyczny czy peen nienawici. Rywale si szanowali i grali fair. Uwaam e sdzia troszk si popieszy z pokazanie m czerwonych kartek

We can observe the translator deciding to add his own point of view to the material which is a direct quotation from press conference and, as a result more emotions that were not given by the author of the words are added in last clause. That situation makes an article implausible as translation of quotation should be translated as literal as possible. According to the rules of the editorial staff from gunners.com.pl a situation like this should not take place, as according to newsman code of gunners.com.pl Quotations of a person should be translated as literally and accurately as possible. The translator was against not only interior website rules but also the main concept of translation- providing correct information. What is more we can find more mistakes like this in the same text:
On Fabregas being frustrated Of course Cesc is upset because he wants to win the game. He doesnt go out there to play a draw he goes out there to win and every time he does not win I can tell you he is very frustrated. But we are all [frustrated] tonight. I dont blame my team. I think I would more encourage them to keep playing like we do and win more games than we draw.

The quote was translated by gunners.com.pl volunteer as :

O frustracji Fabregasa po meczu: Oczywicie Cesc moe by niezadowolony, chcia dzi wygra. Ale wie te dobrze e nie zawsze mona zdobywa trzy punkty. Dzi wszyscy bylimy sfrustrowani. Nie wini mojego zespou, zagrali dzi

27
bardzo dobre spotkanie. Na pewno wyjdziemy po tym spotkaniu bardziej podbudowani by w kolejnych meczach odnosi zwycistwa.

Here the loose idea of translating is even more visible as once again the reader can find the sentence which is only the translator`s belief added to quoted pronouncement. The words: He doesnt go out there to play a draw he goes out there to win and every time he does not win I can tell you he is very frustrated. were taken out from the text and replaced by words: Ale wie te dobrze e nie zawsze mona zdobywa trzy punkty. once again we can see the translators misuse. One decided that the original quotation was not interesting enough and he added his own opinion about the situation.

Moreover, that information is much different from the one placed in the original text where we can find words showing frustration and disappointment while the transcribers version is more likely to express a kind of understanding and humility to losing a game. Again, according to the rules giving to every translator volunteering in editorial board (News is not and subjective article. The editor should not put his own feelings into it. ) we can treat this part as a mistake due to the fact that there are some very subjective words added to the content. At the same time kanonierzy.com editor posted as following:

O frustracji Fabregasa... Cesc by zdenerwowany, poniewa za wszelk cen chcia wygra to spotkanie. Nie jest to typ pikarza, ktrego zadowala remis. Mog wam powiedzie, e za kadym razem, kiedy nie zgarniamy trzech punktw, to jest bardzo sfrustrowany. Ale nie tylko on. Nie wini mojej druyny za ten rezultat. Zachcam im natomiast do dalszej takiej gry, wtedy bdziemy wicej wygrywa ni remisowa.

Again we can see totally different way of creating translations as the translator from kanonierzy.com decided to form his text in a very emotional way, which can be found in changing upset usually translated as smutny, from original text into zdenerwowany and using additional words like za wszelk cen. The translator also decided to leave the word tonight, which changes the meaning of the whole sentence as while reading his translation it seems the person is permanently frustrated after all the lost games, while the original text is showing only frustration after this,

28 particular match. He also decided to change the meaning of next short but vital sentence by omitting a subject and changing word order which changes the meaning for more mysterious and not giving particular feelings of the mentioned group.

3.3. Mistakes made by translators and their analysis Taking into consideration another press conference clause we can find different problems, mainly connected with lack of knowledge about English grammar rules and vocabulary. The fragments taken from the article Wenger: It was important to have a response show how vital the knowledge of English grammar rules are for every translator. Moreover, we can find another problem than that given earlier. Here, the translator is giving word-to-word translation, which often makes the text very hard to read for Polish recipient. This may be exceplified with the following excerpt:

We have lost Van Persie so for Bendtner and Chamakh to score is very important, they now have a level of confidence that we need to be successful in the big games. You need your strikers to take any chance and tonight Bendtner did that very well.

The above was translated and posted on www.gunners.com.pl as:

Stracilimy Van Persiego, wic Bendtner i Chamakh s wani, aby zdobywa bramki, maj teraz poziom zaufania i musimy odnosi sukcesy w wielkich meczach. Potrzebujesz napastnika aby prbowa swoich szans i dzi Bendtner wykorzysta to znakomicie.

The translator seems to be overwhelmed by the complexity of that short paragraph and as a result he made mistakes in some of crucial parts of the text. Foremost of problematic terms is the part ()they now have a level of confidence that we need to be successful in the big games, where confidence should be translated as pewno siebie instead of zaufanie. What is more, the term that we need is translated as musimy odnosi zaufanie which makes the whole sentence totally different from the English version. The last sentence is also very difficult to follow because of the lack of localization into Polish. The two sentences may be translated in more clear and

29 communicative way, without so many mistakes in the most important parts of the text. It may be translated as follows: Stracilimy Robina Van Persie, wic bramki zdobywane przez Bendtnera i Chamakha s bardzo wane. Obydwaj prezentuj obecnie taki poziom pewnoci siebie, jaki bdzie nam potrzebny by odnosi sukcesy w wielkich meczach. Wymagasz od napastnika by wykorzystywa wszystkie sytuacje i dzi Bendtner robi to bardzo dobrze.

There are numerous mistakes like this in whole translated article which can be found in piece of quotation where Arsenal manager reports about the opponent team quality:

I give them credit for always trying to play, I said that to their manager. They tried to play football and they did that in a very positive way. They are on a long unbeaten run in League One as well, so overall they have done very well.

The above was interpretered as:

Zawsze daj im kredyt, aby mogli sprbowa pogra, powiedziaem ich menaderowi. Prbowali gra pik i robili to w bardzo dobrym stylu. S najduej niepokonanym zespoem w League One, tak wic oglnie sprawili dobre wraenie.

From the beginning we can see how one vital linguistic unit can change the meaning of words given by somebody. The improper translation of word credit (the meaning should be a reputation of good quality, a source of honor and respect instead of just Polish kredyt) makes the meaning different and suggesting giving some more possibilities for the opposite team and not playing fully concentrated, we can even claim that it is suggesting dishonoring the challengers and showing superiority. Furthermore, the last clause includes the Polish interpreter ideas which, even if true, should be characterized by additional information usually used by editors for example Polish przyp. red. przypis redakcji as without it must be considered as a mistake and abuse. Taking into

30 consideration all the mistranslated parts it may be claimed that proper translation should be as follows: Szanuj ich za to, e zawsze staraj si gra i przekazaem to ich trenerowi. Prbowali gra w pik i robili to w bardzo dobrym stylu. W League One (angielski odpowiednik polskiej drugiej ligi- przyp. red.) rwnie maj dug pass bez poraki tak wic podsumowujc- sprawili si bardzo dobrze.

Another problem very often observed on translated internet sites is the problem with English grammatical forms. This, as well as the lack of vocabulary knowledge may result in various mistranslations of a text, a perfect example of which may be seen in following two fragments:

We need Chamakh with the games we have in front of us. He had a great start to the season until the end of November and after he had a little bit of burn-out. Now he looks, even in training, to be coming back. For a while he looked very tired but now it is good for him he has scored. Potrzebujemy Chamakha w grach, ktre s przed nami. Mia dobry pocztek sezonu do koca listopada, a potem troszk si wypali. Teraz wyglda, nawet na treningach, e powrci do formy. Na chwile wydaje si by zmczony, lecz teraz dobrze mu to zrobi na st rzelanie bramek.

The last line seems to be a perfect example of misunderstanding that resultes from the lack of grammar knowledge- using bad time reference made the quotation meaningless. Looking at the translation one might suggest that it was made by a machine because it is word-to-word translation without taking into consideration the basic grammar rules and logical view. We may claim that the proper translation could be: Przez pewien okres wyglda na zmczonego lecz to, e strzeli bramk jest dla niego kolejnym plusem. Another quotation with similar problems is found several lines later:

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He has played four or five games in the Premier League since the start of the season, thats why I took him off after 60 minutes. For me he looked sharp on the ball, had good acceleration and power. Rozegra cztery, pi gier w Premier League przed pocztkiem sezonu, to dlatego go zdjem po 60 minutach. Szuka piki, mia dobre przyspieszenie i si.

We can see how bad translation of the word since decided on the context of the whole clause. The translator used since as a form suggesting time before some point in the past (The start of Premier League) while it should put pressure at a subsequent time and due to that mistake the sense of the whole paragraph is disordered. We may claim that the translator`s deficiency of knowledge about the language could not be compensated by the knowledge about football, as in every translation the knowledge about the specific topic is important, but the knowledge of even the most banal rules may be the key to proper translation.

3.4. Adjusting to the convention of the Polish language in amateur journalism. Another crucial aspect for journalists who translate information from foreign news bulletins is localization. In the translation of an article titled Arshavin- Criticism dented my confidence posted on the Polish website www.gunners.com.pl we can find paragraph from the original version which is as follows: Andrey Arshavin puts his mid-season dip down to two factors: a loss of form and media criticism. This was translated as: Andriej Arszawin poda dwie przyczyny wyranego "doka" przeywanego w poowie biecego sezonu: sabsz form sportow i ostr krytyk mediw. The given topic sentence, which summarizes the article, is informative and supplements with the main concept of the whole content, which is extremely valid due to the way of presentation of the piece of news as the website graphical concept determines to show the title and one sentence of each piece of news. If the reader wants to read more, one ought to enter the subsite. Due to that, the first sentence should be the most informative part of the article. However, the writer decided to transform the main idea into his own abstract. It appears as quoted: Andriej Arszawin jest pogodzony z sytuacj walki o swoje miejsce w pierwszym skadzie oraz uwaa, e krytyka mediw wzmaga w nim lepsz gr. One thought about other rule provided by

32 www.gunners.com.pl editors which states that It is suggested that a writer should use own creativity when it comes to introducing the topic. Regrettably, this creativity made the main concept of the article different than it should be as the article is mainly dedicated to the reasons of player`s worse sport form than results of described situation, as suggested in www.gunners.com.pl topic sentence. Also the translation of a quotation is mistranslated as:

I think it was a combination, my form and they [the media] chased me a little bit as well," said Arshavin. "Normally everyone expects something more from me and that is good to hear, because only from good players does someone expects something.

The above excerpt was transcribed into Polish as Media troch mnie krytykoway, moj gr powiedzia pikarz. Kady oczekiwa czego wicej ode mnie. To jest dobre dla pikarzy. To nas motywuje. That shows enormous compression as the original quotation has 43 words while the Polish equivalent only 22. Because of that one of two reasons given by the interviewed person is not translated and again the translator concept changed the meaning of original words which should not take place according to rules found in the newsman code. Another interesting issue is the spelling of a Russian footballer`s name- Andriey Arshavin (originally- written in Cyrillic). The representatives of both websites decided to change the spelling to Polish one- the decision made due to fact that Russian is a Slavic language similar when it comes to pronunciation to Polish, and English spelling is made only to make non-English surname easier for English language users. Although it is controversial, both editors decided that the similarities of Russian and Polish languages make it more natural to use Polish equivalent than using English spelling of Russian name on Polish website. It is a perfect example of localizing proper nouns which makes the text more familiar to Polish reader. That type of localization is popular and used on many surnames for example Bulgarian Dymitar Berbatov- in English (Bulgarian origin- ) and Dymityr Berbatow (in Polish), Andrey Schevchenkho or Shevcenko (in English) and Andriej Szewczenko ( in Polish), names for example Mikael Essien (French) and Micheal Essien (English) or placesStadio Olimpico (Italian) and Olimpic Stadium (English).

33 We can also find some problems with cultural background in some translations, for example in the news Fabregas - The creative king of Europe we may find a fragment:
Opta revealed this week that the Gunners captain creates a chance from open play on average every 29 minutes. That's the best rate from any player in the continent's leading five divisions.

Which can be found on Polish websites as:

Wedug statystyk, kapitan Arsenalu jest najbardziej kreatywnym pikarzem w Europie. Taki wanie zaszczytny tytu zosta przyznany Ceskowi Fabregasowi przez Opta. Warto wspomnie, e konkurentami Hiszpana byli wszyscy rodkowi pomocnicy z piciu najsilniejszych europejskich lig. Nasz maestro rodka pola otwiera swoim kolegom drog do bramki rednio co 29 minut, co jest najlepszym wynikiem na starym kontynencie.

As a fan website www.gunners.com.pl decided to not only inform, but also praise Fabregas, which is reasonable. Unfortunately Opta as a organization well-known in Great Britain is not as popular among Polish football fans, which results in the news being useless without additional information about the aims and activities of Opta. A note with important information about that organization gathering and broadcasting sport information and statistics to clubs and sponsors should be added so that readers need not to find it on their own which may be problematic at times.

3.5 Conclusion All things considered expose exactly how the translator`s persuasion and style of translating may influence target text and, as a result, receivers judgments. A situation like this may hit especially readers who can not use source text language. As a result, they may be not only confused by different information taken from the same source but also start to think about the translator and the websites on which ones text is published as untrustworthy. What is more the translator`s deficiency of knowledge about the language itself can not be compensated by the knowledge about particular topic, as in every translation the knowledge about the given topic is important, but the knowledge

34 of even the most basic rules may be the key to proper translation. Translating even short simple piece of news is liable labor, as the original words are given to a translator and one should do everything not to change their meaning as the Internet became a place of seeking for information for many people who depend on proper translations.

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Conclusion

Contemporary translation scholars have started to discuss to the issue of news translation as well as amateur translation, which for some years had been an unenviable subject in translation studies. Due to the fact that I observe numerous mistakes on amateur websites, I decided to discuss the notion of the amateur Internet translation and try to analyse this notion. I gave the example of Arsenal London Football Club as an English club, whose fan I am, due to the fact it is one of the most recognisable clubs with few different fan websites. I tried to show the development of amateur translation from mangas and fansubs which were the beginning of that notion to User-generated Translation and present different concepts which are part of this constantly developing subject. Along with that, I presented how news translation is shaping our perspective and how the information flow changed from sending the first international piece of news until the era of the Internet translation. I gave examples of popular websites and problems they must face in the era devoted to seeking for fast and trustworthy information. Translation is a pivotal player in struggles for fast information and despite its vital role international journalism or simply news translation is still underestimated among scholars and those who receive the final information via different media, which are now fully dependent on translators` work. Despite the importance of internet and amateur translation which are constantly spreading both of those did not receive attention from scholars. Maybe because many scholars see translation purely in commercial terms? Those who use an amateur Internet translation as a source of knowledge should be curious as due to possibilities of modern technology the Internet in full of pseudo-translators who despite their knowledge about a particular topic and passion to what they try to do are lacking knowledge about the basic rules of the language which leads to disinformation. Finally, as it was presented in the given examples one should remember that the fact that website is popular does not need to mean that the quality of the translation is the best as because of advertisement even

36 those websites which are not translated adequately be promoted and popular among users. The topic of Amateur Internet Translation is very vast and scholars should consider analyzing it and trying to establish some rules for those, who translate content for readers, known also as user in the Web 2.0 concept, as nowadays the Internet is a basic source of information for most of people all over the world. Amateur translators should do whatever they can to propose the best possible translations as the information provided is the most important part of translators` labour. Bill Gates said that the Internet is becoming town square for the global village of tomorrow and in this concept one may find amateur Internet translation as a volunteers in the middle of that town square. If they are helpful and well prepared they are useful, but if not they can cause disorientation among the narrow paths of the Internet.

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