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An electric motor has a rotating part called the rotor and a stationary part
called the stator. Electromagnets called poles are wound on the frame called
the armature. When current is passed, the rotor rotates due to the torque
generated by the wires and the magnetic field. The rotation is transferred to a
shaft which transfers its rotation energy to any device that is attached to it.
Universal Motors
These motors can use both DC and AC current and are commonly used in
vacuum cleaners, food mixers, blenders, small power tools and hair dryers
and other appliances that operate at high speed but are not used
continuously. They are a variant of the wound DC motor and special care is
taken to cover the impedance and reluctance of AC motors. Thyristors or
stepped speed control circuits are used for continuous speed control.
DC Motors
AC Motors
Based on the type of rotor, there are two major types of motors, synchronous
motors and induction motors. The synchronous motor rotates at the
frequency of the input current or its fractions. The induction motor can turn
at lower speeds than the input frequency and is also called a squirrel cage
motor.
Gear Motors
Gear motors have an integrated gear train and the motor output is used to
drive the gears. There are two main types of gear motors AC and DC gear
motors. Other types of gear motors are: single, multiphase, servo, universal,
induction and synchronous.
Gear motors are selected by: the speed of the shaft, continuous torque,
current, output power and other specifications. Other specifications include
the gear ratio, types of gears and the maximum torque transferred at the
output shaft.
Servo Motors
Servomotors are special types of geared motors. They are compact, provide
more power and have finer controls. They use integral devices like encoders,
tachometers for feedback and accurate position control and an integral gear
train. They are used on accurate CNC machine systems. Major types of
servomotors are AC and DC.