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(et
B " mass
b"# i'e'
DM sys Dt =)
Consider a system and a fi*ed% nondeformin$ control volume as s own (Coincident at an instant of time t)
&ystem
V
Control +olume
V
t + t
t - t
dV t cv
/ dA . CS V n
"
CV dV - Constant
-)
w ere
= m
for uniform flow over a #ro0ected area A% ( V ) 1seful analysis ti#s for Mass Conservation
Ne$ative () for flow entering the CV 2ositive (.) for flow leaving the CV
dV CV t
-)
= AV (V ! avera$e value)
E-. # Fi ed and !on-deforming Control +olume "ir flows steadily between two sections in a lon$% strai$ t
#ortion of 46in' inside diameter #i#e as indicated in fi$ure' T e uniformly distributed tem#erature and #ressure at eac section are $iven' 7f t e avera$e air velocity (nonuniform velocity distribution) at section (2) is 1))) ft8s% calculate t e average air velocity at section (1)' (ol') Necessary Eq'! T e continuity equation%
dV CV t
/ dA - ) V n . CS
(&teady flow
dV =) t CV
!onuniform velocity distribution at (1) and (2) E*#ress t e Equation usin$ t e "verage velocity
or
V1 =
2 V 1 2
(Com#ressible "ir
p2T1 V2 p1T2
Constant)
p = RT
E-. . Moving and !on-deforming Control +olume "n air#lane moves forward at a s#eed of :;1 9m8 as s own' T e frontal inta9e area of t e 0et en$ine is )'<) m 2 and t e enterin$ air density is )';3= 9$8m3' " stationary observer determines t at relative to t e eart % t e 0et en$ine e* aust $ases move away from t e en$ine wit a s#eed of 1)5) 9m8 ' T e en$ine e* aust area is )'55< m 2% and t e e* aust $as density is )'515 9$8m3' Estimate t e mass flo+rate of fuel into t e en$ine in 9$8 '
dV CV t
/ dA W n . CS
w ere W
= V Vcv
! ,elative velocity
- (+elocity of t e e* aust air - 1)5) 9m8 ) ? (+elocity of #lane - ? :;1 9m8 ) - 2)21 9m8 (From left to ri$ t)
C.f. /#eforming0 and movin1 Control Volume ! C an$e in volume si@e A Control surface movement
dV CV t
. CS
/ dA W n
)! &till a##licable
a)
dV ) t CV
b) CS
/ dA W n
sys
CS
/ dA V V n
(1)
"
!ect
= FE*ternal
"
!ect
D Dt
sys
V dV
i'e'
D Dt
sys
V dV
F sys
(2)
(inear momentum of Fluid (Mass D +elocity) Consider a system and a fi*ed% nondeformin$ control volume
/ dA - F V V n . Contents of coincident C+ CS
Control +olume analysis for 3inear Momentum Conservation &te# 1' C oose t e a##ro#riate C+'
&te# 2' Craw a free6body dia$ram' i'e' Find all forces actin$ on t e c osen C+
dV % t CV
w ere
/ / +v/ V = ui ! + %&
&te# 5' 1se t e boundary conditions to determine t e velocity on C& (inlets and outlets% etc') E-. # Fi ed and non-deforming control volume! "s s own in Fi$ure% a ori@ontal 0et of water e*its a no@@le wit a uniform s#eed of V1 1) ft8s% stri9es a vane% and is turned t rou$ an an$le . Cetermine t e anchorin1 force needed to old t e vane stationary' Ne$lect $ravity and viscous effects $
"
FA"
and
FA$ !
/ dA - F$ . CS %V n
= FA$
w ere T en%
V1 =V2
p1 = p2 = )
$1 = $ 2
since V1 =V2
Finally%
FA" = FA$ = ) (No anc orin$ force) Note' a) 7f = ) (Flat vane)% FA" = FA$ ! Ne$ative b) 7f =:) (Eet!)% c) 7f =1<) (+ertical vane)% FA" ! Ne$ative A FA$ - )
E-. .. &nertially moving' nondeforming control volume! " vane on w eels moves wit constant velocity V) w en a stream of water avin$ a no@@le e*it velocity of V1 is turned by t e vane as indicated in fi$ure' Cetermine t e ma$nitude and direction of t e force% F % e*erted by t e stream of water on t e vane surface' T e s#eed of t e water 0et leavin$ t e no@@le is 1)) ft8s% and t e vane is movin$ to t e ri$ t wit a constant s#eed of 2) ft8s'
Case of an Finertial0& /moving0% nondeformin$ control volume 6 Coincident at an initial time ,eynolds trans#ort t eorem (C a#' 4)% D / dA V W n V d V V d V . CS CV sys t Dt w ere W
= V Vcv
! ,elative velocity
T en% linear momentum equationG / dA W n V dV . V F Contents of coincident C+ - CS t CV / dA ( W +VCV ) dV . (W +VCV ) W n - t CS CV (since 7nertial C+ Constant VCV &teady flow) 7n addition%
/ dA - W / dA . VCV / dA W n W n CS (W +VCV )W n CS CS
- F Contents of coincident C+
Bac9 to t e #roblem% ( R$ )! ,eaction of vane (E*ertin$ on t e C+) alon$ " and $ ( E*ertin$ force by 0et% F = R ) %% ! Fluid Hei$ t wit in C+
R"
T en linear momentum equations% / dA n CS W" W " 6 com#'! / dA CS W$ W n $ 6 com#'! (i) Boundary conditions% "t section (1)% "t section (2)
W" =W1 % W$ = )
R" R$ %%
/ = W1 n A W / = W2 A V n
(ii) For sim#licity% ne$lect viscous effect and elevation ($ravity) effect% t en Bernoulli eq' between sections (1) A (2)
W1 = W2
w ere
W1 =V1 V)
(ee E-. #!
A1 = A2
(ee E-. #!