Projection of Lines and Planes Using Auxiliary Planes Lecture - 5

Auxiliary Planes
Horizontal Plane (H.P.), Vertical Plane (V.P.) and the Profile Plane (P.P.) are referred to as principal planes Projections on the principal planes are called as principal views Additional views called auxiliary views are obtained by projecting on planes called auxiliary planes. Auxiliary views help to convey additional information not conveyed by the principal views (e.g. true shape of a surface inclined to two or more principal planes) Sometimes auxiliary planes provide an easier method to solve problems involving projection Finding the true length of a line Finding the inclination of the line with the H.P and the V.P. Finding the shortest distance between two lines Finding the true shape of a plane object
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Types of Auxiliary Planes

Auxiliary Vertical Plane (A.V.P.) It is perpendicular to the H.P. and inclined to the V.P. Projection on A.V.P. is called auxiliary front view Auxiliary front view and the front view have a common dimension (height) Auxiliary Inclined Plane (A.I.P.) It is perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined to the H.P. Projection on A.V.P. is called auxiliary top view Auxiliary top view and the top view have a common dimension (depth)

A.V.P. V.P. A a o x a y y 1 o1 a 1

90o

H.P.

x1

V.P. a A o x a y y1 o
1

A.I.P. a1

H.P.

x1
3

Projection of a Point on the A.V.P.

A.V.P. is perpendicular to the H.P. and inclined to the V.P.

A.V.P. V.P. V.P. a o x a H.P.

Height is preserved

a 1

a x

y y1 o1 o a H.P. x1 l(ao) = l(a1o1)

Auxiliary Front View

90o

y y1 A.V.P. a 1

x1

o1

Auxiliary front view is drawn by rotating the auxiliary vertical plane about the line x1y1

Projection of a Point on the A.I.P.

A.I.P. is perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined to the H.P.

y1

A.I.P. V.P. a o x A y x1 a H.P. H.P.

Depth is preserved

y1 V.P. a A.I.P. a1

Auxiliary Top View

a1 o1

o1 x o a y x1

l(ao) = l(a1o1)

Auxiliary top view is drawn by rotating the auxiliary inclined plane about the line x1y1

Profile Plane
Profile Plane (P.P.): Principal Plane which is perpendicular to both the H.P. and the V.P.

x1 o1 P.P. y y1 Auxiliary Top View l(ao) = l(a1o1) a1

a V.P.

o1 a A y V.P. o x a H.P.

a1 P.P.

o H.P. a a

o2 x

V.P.
Auxiliary Front View

o H.P. a

y y1 l(ao) = l(a1o2) P.P. o2 x1 a 1 6

Important Points to Remember

The auxiliary top view of a point lies on a line drawn through the front view, perpendicular to the new reference line x1y1 and at a distance from it, equal to the distance of the first top view from own reference line xy The auxiliary front view of a point lies on a line drawn through the top view, perpendicular to the new reference line x1y1 and at a distance from it, equal to the distance of the first front view from own reference line xy The distances of all the front views of the same point (projected from the same top view) from their respective reference lines are equal The distances of all the top views of the same point (projected from the same front view) from their respective reference lines are equal

Projection of a Line Parallel to H.P. on the A.V.P.

A.V.P. is perpendicular to the H.P. and inclined to the V.P.

A.V.P. V.P. a o x b a b y y1 o2 o1 H.P.

Height is preserved

b 1 a 1 x x1

V.P. a b y y1 o2 b 1 a 1 A.V.P.
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o a

b o1

H.P. l(ao) = l(a1o1) l(bb) = l(b1o2)

x1

Auxiliary front view is drawn by rotating the auxiliary vertical plane about the line x1y1 .The true length of the line is seen in the A.V.P.

Projection of a Line Parallel to V.P. on the A.I.P.

A.I.P. is perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined to the H.P.

x1

b V.P. o2 o1 a1 y y1 o o a b x H.P. a A

A.I.P. b1

V.P. a x o

x1 o2 b1

A.I.P.

o1 y o 1 a y 1 a b H.P.

Depth is preserved

Auxiliary top view is drawn by rotating the auxiliary inclined plane about the line x1y1 . The true length of the line is seen in the A.I.P

l(ao) = l(a1o1) l(bo) = l(b1o2)

Projections of a line inclined to both H.P. and the V.P.

b

V.P. x

y
a b

H.P.

The top view and the front view are inclined to the xy line The length of the line in the top view and the front view is less than the true length and are the apparent angle of inclination with the H.P. and the V.P. and are greater than the true angles of inclination
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To find the True Length and True Angle of Inclination with the H.P. () b
Given: The front view and top view of the line AB
The true length of line can be observed by looking perpendicular to it Line should be projected on a plane parallel to it D2

a x x1 a1
H.P. V.P. True length 90o
Construct a plane parallel to the top view i.e. ab (A.V.P) This is represented by x1y1. Draw projectors from a and b b perpendicular to x1y1. Locate a1 using a and b1 using b i.e. by1 transferring the height dimension

D1

D1

b y1
Auxiliary front view
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D2

To find the True Length and True Angle of Inclination with the V.P. () b
1

Given: The front view and top view of the line AB

The true length of line can be observed by looking perpendicular to it Line should be projected on a plane parallel to it True length V.P. D3

Auxiliary top view

D4

y1 b

a1 a x

x1

H.P.

D3

a
D4

Construct a plane parallel to the front view i.e. ab (A.I.P) This is represented by x1y1. Draw projectors from a and b perpendicular to x1y1. Locate a1 using a and b1 using b i.e. by transferring the depth dimension

b
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To Determine the Shortest Distance Between a Line and the XY Line

Given the front view and the top of a line AB, determine the shortest distance between the line and the xy line x
1

b1
90o

a x b y o

m a1

The shortest segment is perpendicular to both the xy line and line AB. The profile plane is perpendicular to the xy line. Hence the shortest segment is parallel to profile plane. Therefore l(om) is the true length

l(om) is the required length

a y1
To determine the shortest distance between any two non-intersection lines, it is necessary to find the point view of one of the lines. In the above example o is the point view of the xy line
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To Find the Point View (Point Projection) of a Line

Given: The front view and top view of the line AB
D1

a1
D3

True length

x1 a

x2 b1 90o D3
Point view of line AB D2 y 2

a1 b1

A point view must always follow the true length view

x
D1

b a b

y1 y
D2

-A line will show up as a point on a projection plane which is perpendicular to the line -The perpendicular plane to the line is found by first finding the true length view of the line. -Then a plane is constructed which is perpendicular to the true length view. This plane is perpendicular to the line and is represented by x2 y2 - Draw a projection line from a1 , b1 and transfer distance D3 to locate a1 and b1 . This is the point view of the line AB
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To Find the Shortest Distance Between a Line and a Point

Given: The front view and top view of the line AB and point P
D1

a1

-Draw the true length view of the line AB a1 b1 -Obtain the projection of the point P p1 90o D3 a p1 in the same view D2 D5 -The segment which is perpendicular p D5 to the line from the point P, will y1 b x appear perpendicular in this view as y y 2 True D4 the true length of line AB is seen D1 Distance -Draw a plane perpendicular to the p D2 a true length view. This is represented by x2y2 b -Locate the point view of line AB The shortest distance between a given point -Since the segment from the point to and a given line is measured along the the line is parallel to x2y2 , its perpendicular drawn from the point to the line projection in the other view will show Lines that are perpendicular will have their its true length. This is the distance projections shown perpendicular in a of the point P from the line AB 15 view showing either or both lines in true length

x1

True length 90o D4

x2

b1

D3

To Find the Edge View of an Oblique Plane

Given: The front view and top view of plane ABC Edge view of a plane is obtained by looking at the plane with the direction of viewing parallel to the plane x1 To the find the edge view of ABC b1 D
2

b d a c

90o D1 D3

a1 d 1 c1

y1 y

x
D1 D3 D2

c d b

we need to find a plane perpendicular to it A plane which is perpendicular to the true length view of a line is perpendicular to the plane containing the line Therefore construct a line ad which is a true length view. Do this by drawing a line ad parallel to the xy in the other view. Then construct a plane perpendicular to true length view. This is represented by x1y1. Draw projectors from a, b and c perpendicular x1y1 . Locate points a1, b1 and c1 by transferring the depth dimensions. This is the edge view of the plane ABC
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To Find the Shortest Distance from a Point to an Oblique Plane

Given: The front view and top view of plane ABC and a point P The shortest distance is measured along the perpendicular from the point to the plane The perpendicular is seen in any edge view of the plane x1 b1 D
2

Shortest distance between a point and a plane

b d a p x
D1 D2 D4

90o

a1 d 1
D1 90o D3 c1

p1
D4 -Find the edge view of a plane -Locate point P in the same view, i,e. p1 -Draw a perpendicular from p1 to the plane. This is the shortest distance from the line to the plane
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c y1 y
D3

c d b

a p

To Determine the True Shape and Size of an Oblique Plane

Given: The front view and top view of plane ABC The true shape and size of a plane can be seen by viewing in the direction perpendicular to the plane and projecting the plane on a plane parallel to it x1 b1 D2 x2 D
4

b d a c

90o D5 D6 D1 D3

a1 d 1 c1 y2
D6 D5

D4

b1

True Shape

y1

a1 c1

x
D1 D3 D2

y c d b

Locate the edge view of the plane Draw a plane parallel to the edge view. This is represented by the reference line x2y2 Draw projectors from points a1 , b1 and c1 perpendicular to x2y2. Transfer the distances from the front view measured from the x1y1 line. This is basically equivalent to projecting ABC on a plane parallel to it 18 This represents the true shape of the plane

To Find the Angle Between Two Intersecting Planes

Given: The front view and top view of two intersecting planes, ABC and ABD b a c 90o x
D1 D2
-The angle of intersection can be seen on a plane perpendicular to both the planes -The two planes will appear as two intersecting lines with the angle between them equal to the angle between the planes -To find a plane perpendicular to both the planes, find a plane perpendicular to the intersection line -This is done by finding the true length view of the intersection line. -Then a plane is constructed perpendicular to the true length view. This is represented by x1 y1 -Draw projectors from a, b c and d perpendicular x1y1 . Locate points a1, b1 c1 and d1 by transferring the depth dimensions. This gives the edge views of the planes ABC and ADC. The angle can now be measured
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x1
D2 D1

y y1
D3

a1 c1

b1

D3

a b d

d1 c

In this particular figure as ac, the line of intersection, is parallel to the xy line, ac is the true length view of the line

Important Points to Remember

When one view of a line is parallel to a reference line, the other view represents the true length A line will appear as a point when it projected on a plane perpendicular to it The shortest distance between a given point and a given line is measured along the perpendicular drawn from the point to the line Lines that are perpendicular in space will have their projections perpendicular in any view which shows either or both of the lines in true lengths When a line is perpendicular to a plane, it is perpendicular to every line in that plane The shortest distance between a plane and a point is measured along the perpendicular from the point to the plane. The perpendicular is seen in any edge view of the plane A plane figure will be seen as a line when it is projected on a plane perpendicular to it A plane which is perpendicular to the projection showing the true length of a line is perpendicular to the line A plane which is perpendicular to the true length view of the line, is perpendicular to plane containing that line Projection of a plane figure on a plane parallel to it will show its true size and shape Edge view of a plane is obtained by looking at the plane with the direction of viewing parallel to the plane The angle of intersection between two lines can be seen on a plane parallel to the plane containing the two lines The angle of intersection of two planes can be seen on a plane perpendicular to 20 both the planes

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END

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