Phuc Thi Le PHIL 1000-016 TR, 8:30 am-9:50 am Professor: Alexa !

er I"raile#s$% 11&5&13

PHILOSOPHER: SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA THE BUDDHA (560-480 BC)

'u!!ha li#e! i (e)al !uri * +he 6+h +o ,+h ce +ur% '-.- earl% %ears +he 'u!!ha /as 0or , 1i!!har+ha 2au+ama /as a )ri ce of 1ha$h%a cla I !ia i 6+h ce +ur% '-.- His fa+her /as a $i * of a I !ia Tri0e3s +he 1ha$%as- His mo+her !ie! se#e s !a% af+er *i#i * 0ir+h +o him- La+er a hol% ma )re!ic+e! +ha+ +he %ou * 1i!!har+ha /oul! ei+her 0e a *rea+ $i *, mili+ar% lea!er or 0e a *rea+ s)iri+ual lea!er- Accor!i * +o +ra!i+io al cul+ure 'u!!ha ha! +o marrie! a+ 16 %ears ol!The $i * /as se)ara+e his so from +he /orl! ou+si!e i or!er +o raise 'u!!ha i ro%al ease, a ! )ushe! him li#i * his life i his o/ $i *!om- La+e 40s +he )ri ce #e +ure! ou+ +he )alace, he e cou +ere! +he sic$ ess )eo)le, )oor )eo)le, ol! )eo)le, a ! !ea+h )eo)le- He $e)+ +hi $i * a0ou+ /h% )eo)le ha#e +o sufferi * +he )ai life- He s+ar+e! +hi $ a0ou+ 5 /ha+ is +he mea i * of +he life67- He !eci!e! +o lea#e his $i *!om a ! +ra#elle! +o +he real life- He !eci!e! +o s+a% alo * /i+h +he life ou+si!e of his $i *!om i )ur)ose +o fi ! +he a s/er for +his 0i* 8ues+io - He +rie! so ma % !iffere +

/a%s +o fi ! +he a s/er for his 8ues+io - Ho/e#er, +he% !i! o+ hel) him fi*ure ou+- Af+er ,0 !a%s he !i! o+ !ri $ a ! ea+ a %+hi *- He /as almos+ !%i * i +he s+ar#a+io - 9 e la!% hel)e! him ou+ a ! *a#e for him some *oa+ee mil$ +o /a$e u)- The he u !ers+oo! +he +ru+hs of +he life- He ha! +o ma$e a choice 0e+/ee +/o /a%s +o *o: 1- :aha%a a ; a 0i* circle of life 4- Hi a%a a ; a small circle of life The% are +/o o))osi+e !irec+io s- <i all%, 'u!!ha !eci!e! +o re=ec+ Hi a%a a, a ! +he res+ of his life follo/e! :aha%a a- I+ /as his *oal5All, I ha#e reali"e! +ha+ all se +ie + 0ei *s )osses 'u!!ha a+ure- The reaso s +ha+ +he% ca o+ 0e +he e li*h+e e!, are !ue +o +heir a++achme + +o

!harma,7 sai! 1ha$%amu i 'u!!ha- The firs+ +hi * he *o+ from his )hiloso)h% +ha+ +rie! +o li0era+e himself from all +he sufferi * li#i * a huma life- The follo/i * of +he fou !a+io of 'u!!hism, 5'u!!ha7 i+ mea s 5a/a$e e!7, /h% 'u!!hism +au*h+ us +ha+ 'u!!ha mea s 5a/a$e e!7, 0ecause +he life ee!s +he cessa+io of sufferi *- 'u!!ha sho/ us ho/ +o elimi a+e! sufferi *, firs+ /e ha#e +o fi ! +he )ai i our mi ! a ! +rea+ +hem a0solu+el%- His me+ho! is o+hi * com)are! e#e me!ical, )s%cholo*ical, a ! )h%sicia His firs+ )hiloso)h% lec+ure is +he <our (o0le Tru+hs: >harma

1- ?ha+ is +he mea i * of life6 The i si*h+ of +he life is >u$$ha- >u$$ha mea s sufferi *, )ai , +em)orar% life- This life al/a%s has a )ro0lem, +rou0le, a ! sorro/The 0i* )ro0lem of huma is 5/a +i * more7 more 0eau+iful, hi*her )osi+io , a ! more +hi *s- Those are +he reaso s %ou i oce + )ush

%ourself !ee)l% i a!!i+io al sufferi *- 'u!!ha +au*h+ us +o fi*h+ our emo+io , s+ru**le /i+h %our o/ life +o *e+ ou+ +he sufferi * life4- The +ru+h of ori*i al of >u$$ha: Ta ha, samu!a%a, a- Ta ha: *ree! 0- Trishma: selfish ess <rom @aA a ! @0A: I si!e our mi !s al/a%s ha#e ma % !iffere ce of cra#i *, +hose are cra#i * for +he se se of )leasures, cra#i * for +he !omi a+e o#er o+hers, misu !ers+a !i * a0ou+ +he ha))i ess, a ! cra#i * o+ +o 0e )ai ful feeli *s- The% are +he roo+ of +he sufferi *3- The cessa+io of >u$$ha: iro!ha, a a++a ?e ee! +o co +rol our emo+io , a ! s+o) a!!ic+ excessi#e )leasures- ?e ha#e +o fi*ure ou+ +he cause of +he sufferi * i si!e oursel#es- ?e ha#e +o !e#elo) +he u !ers+a !i * +he four+h o0le +ru+hs- I +he +hir! o0le +ru+h, /e lear ho/ +o sa% %es +o +he o0le +ru+h- The sou ! is eas% +o follo/i * +he o0le +ru+hs, 0u+ +he% are reall% o+- B#er%+hi * has +o 0e )rac+ical a ! s+ro * mi ! +o carr% ou+ for self-

,- The /a% +o e ! of >u$$ha: (ir#a a, A ica The )a+h of li0era+io from sufferi *, a ! se)ara+e from )ai ful feeli *s, a ! also li0era+e from +oo much )leasure i +his /orl!- The four+h o0le +ru+h also !escri0es +he (o0le Bi*h+fol! )a+h- The four+h o0le +ru+h sho/s for us a0ou+ ho/ +o com)le+e +he ex+i c+io of +he sufferi * i si!e i+self- The ei*h+fol! o0le )a+h i clu!es: a- Ri*h+ u !ers+a !i *: 1amma- >i++hi .om)le+e or )erfec+ #isio of +he a+ure reali+%, u !ers+a !i * +he four+h o0le +ru+hs, ma$i * +he *oals or )ur)oses 0- Ri*h+ as)ira+io : 1amma-sa $a))a Li0era+io from %our hear+ +o %our mi !, also co +rolli * %our +hou*h+, ma a*e %our i!eas, a ! free %our mi ! /he %ou are feel %our mi ! clea i * c- Ri*h+ effor+: 1amma-#a%ama The )erfec+io com)le+e effor+ or sur#i#i * i or!er +o co +rol %our emo+io s, +r% +o cha *e %our o/ #i+ali+% i +his /orl! if %ou are i /ors+ si+ua+io , a ! also so +o reach +he 0es+ e#olu+io !- Ri*h+ co !uc+: 1amma-Camma +a .o +rol %ourself, co +rol %our ac+io , a ! le+3s free +he ri*h+ ac+io - The e+hical fou !a+io of +he life 0ase! o +he fi#e moral co ce)+s: 1- >o o+ $ill,

4- >o o+ s+eal, 3- >o o+ commi+ a!ul+er%, ,- >o o+ use !ru*s, 5- >o o+ s)rea! o#er *ossi)se- Ri*h+ s)eech: 1amma-#aca The )erfec+e! s)eech mea s reall% careful /ha+ %ou /a + +o sa%, i+ also !o o+ hur+ o+hers feeli *s, +he s)eech from %our +ru+hs come ou+f- Ri*h+ li#elihoo!: 1amma- A=i#a The ri*h+ ac+io /he %ou are sur#i#al a ! !eal /i+h o+hers i +he socie+% a ! %our commu i+%, i+ is calle! +he ri*h+ li#elihoo!- Ho/ ma++er +o +he si+ua+io %ou *o+, %ou ha#e +o ac+ o %our e+hical ac+io *- Ri*h+ +hou*h+: 1amma-1a+i Cee) %our mi ! 5ri*h+ mi !ful ess7, +hrou*hou+ +he ri*h+ +hou*h+ a0ou+ +hi *s, )eo)le, a ! e #iro me +- Ri*h+ +hou*h+ of reali+%, !o o+ i* ore +he fac+ual se seh- Ri*h+ co ce +ra+io : 1amma-1ama!hi Li0era+e %our mi ! from issue )ro0lem i life, co ce +ra+io of %our mi ! i em)+% s)ar$- >ee) me!i+a+io i +hose s)ar$s, )rac+ical +hou*h+ ou+ %ourself co +rolli *, 1ama!hi is +he e li*h+e me + of 'u!!hahoo!Buddha ph !"#"ph$ a%"u& &h'(( )ha'a)&(' #& )# "* (+ #&(,)(: There are sufferi *, im)erma e ce, a ! +he co ce)+ of o u i8ue self- If /e +al$ a0ou+ +he sufferi *, i+ is hu*e +o)ic- The 0e*i i * of essa% /e !i! +al$

+he four+h o0les +ru+h i+ i clu!es sufferi * 0u+ /e =us+ +al$ i *e eral !efi i+io of sufferi *- (o/ /e +al$ more !e+ails a0ou+ sufferi *1ufferi * mea s sic$ ess, ol! a*e, lo eli ess, )oor life, 0ore!om of life, rich life, hur+i * from lo#e, a ! e#er% emo+io or *e eral feeli * i +he life- ?he /e ha#e 0ee *i#e 0ir+h i +his /or!, i+ mea s /e ha#e +o suffer +his lifeLooser-=ealous-/i er @+he )erso is =ealous +o o+her, i+ mea s %ou )ush

%ourself i +he sufferi *-u ha))%A 1 a$e 0i+e +i*er- +i*er ea+ chic$e - chic$e 0i+e s a$e @i+ is a circle of sufferi *, $illi * for sur#i#eA Im)erma e ce mea s e#er%+hi * or a % su0=ec+ /ill cha *e o s+o)Li$e %our 0o!% al/a%s cha *e follo/i * %our a*es- Li$e +he rela+io shi) come a ! *o, li$e %our a++i+u!e cha *e, e#er%+hi * is o+ s+a0le'ir+hD!ea+h @i+ is a )ar+ of )rocess e#olu+io a+ureA

Eou *Dol! @ o0o!% is %ou * fore#er, i+ is a )ar+ of su0=ec+ cha *i *AThe co ce)+ of o u i8ue self: af+er +he !ea+h of our 0o!%, !oes o+ ma$e a rei car a+io , 0u+ co +i ue +o exis+ /i+hou+ 0o!%, as a )ure s)iri+ual e +i+%D'u!!ha +au*h+ us re=ec+e! +he Hi !u co ce)+Dcha *i * selfD cha *i * co !i+io sDa s+a+e of s)iri+ual 'lissBuddh #- a,d .a , #-:

The% are similari+ies o li0era+io #isio s, @aA- 'u!!hism: +he )a+h of li0era+io i 'u!!hism *oes +hrou*h *oo! co !uc+ a ! *oo!s !ee!s as me +io e! i four+h o0les, ei*h+fol! o0le )a+h, fi#e )erce)+io s a ! o+her moral co !uc+s- @0A- Fai ism: +he )a+h of li0era+io i Fai ism is +o follo/ ri*h+ )erce)+io , ri*h+ $ o/le!*e a ! ri*h+ co !uc+- 9 e has +o o#ercome +he /orl!l% !esires a ! feeli *s +o a++ai li0era+io or +o 0ecome a )erfec+ soul9+her/ise, +he% are !iffere + a0ou+ soul, @aA- 'u!!hism: soul is a i !i#i!uali+% +ha+ !oes exis+ i )la + a ! a imals, 0u+ o+ i o -li#i * or

i a ima+e +hi *s- @0A- Fai ism: soul is )rese + i e#er% a ima+e a ! i a ima+e o0=ec+ of +he u i#erse i clu!i * i+s eleme +-ear+h, /a+er, /i !, fire, a ! airT'ad & ",a! Buddh #- a,d Ph !"#"ph )a! Ta" #-: These are +/o eas+er )hiloso)hies )romo+e i here +l% !iffere + #isio s +o li#i *1- 'u!!his+: life is charac+eri"e! 0% sufferi *, /hich ca 0e o#ercome 0% follo/i * +he >harma +au*h+ 0% +he 'u!!ha4- Taois+: reco* i"e G sufferi * as o e as)ec+ of +he a+ural )rocess a ! i+ see i+ o+ as some+hi * +o 0e co 8uere! 0u+ ra+her some+hi * +o acce)+ i or!er +o a++ai harmo % /i+h +he Tao3- The% ha#e o))osi * #ie/s of +he #alue of $ o/le!*e:

@aA- 'u!!hism: +he /ea)o of $ o/le!*e )ro#i!es +he $e% +o o#ercomi * >u$$ha- Reco* i+io a ! u !ers+a !i * of four o0le +ru+hs a ! +he Bi*h+fol! )a+h /ill free +he !isci)le from sufferi *@0A- Taois+: $ o/le!*e is *o++e a o+her hi !ra ce +o a++ai i * harmo % /i+h +he Tao- I +he 0oo$ of Tao, Tao-T"u su**es+e! +ha+ 5+he reaso i+ is !ifficul+ fo +he )eo)le +o li#e i )eace, 0ecause of +oo much $ o/le!*e-7 I reall% lo#e 'u!!his+ )hiloso)h%- I com)le+el% a*ree /i+h +he 'u!!ha3s )hiloso)h% a0ou+ +he <our (o0le Tru+hs- I also a*ree /i+h his i!ea of +he Bi*h+fol! Pa+h- I reall% /a + +o follo/ his i!eas a0ou+ morali+%- Ho/e#er, I +hi $ +ha+ i+ is #er% !ifficul+ +o follo/ all of +he rules of 'u!!hism- I /ill +r% +he 0es+ +ha+ I ca for m% fa#ori+e )hiloso)her-

B %! "/'aph$: Alla , Foh - HA 'asic 'u!!hism 2ui!e: The Bi*h+-<ol! Pa+h-H A Basic Buddhism Guide: The Eight-Fold Path- 'u!!ha >harma B!uca+io Associa+io a ! 'u!!ha(e+, -!- ?e0- 41 (o#- 4013Ha%es, 'ria F- 5'u!!his+ Philoso)h%-7 Buddhist Philosophy- A*e of +he 1a*e, 9c+- 4004- ?e0- 41

(o#- 4013 1i!eri+s, :ar$- H'u!!ha-H Stanford University- 1+a for! I i#ersi+%, 1J <e04011- ?e0- 41 (o#4013HThe <our (o0le Tru+hs-H BB !e"s- ''., 1J (o#- 4009- ?e0- 18 (o#- 4013-

H?i+hi Bach of Is Is a Li*h+-H #eart-to-#eart-Teaching$org- (-)-, 4013- ?e044 (o#- 4013-