LECTURE NOTES – BIOLOGY STEPS … A TC Y P ro gr a m

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TRANSPORT & EXCRETION

Revision synopsis

BLOOD
• Connective tissue (softest, mobile)
RBCs (Erythrocytes)
• Blood = plasma + corpuscles
WBCs (Leucocytes)

WBCs (Leucocytes)

* Liquid (colorless) = water (90%) + Dissolved Substances

• Proteins
• digested food
• NaCl
• CO2 + Urea
• hormones

RBCs:
• Red pigment (Haemoglobin) → responsible for red color
→ carrier of O2
• Nucleus absent
• Life span 120 days [small ∴ of absence of nucleus] ≃4 mths
• produced by Bone narrow & are made very quickly.

WBCs:
• Soldiers of body ∴ fight inflections & protect form diseases
• Phagocytic in function
• Make antibodies to fight against infection
• Spherical / irregular in shape.
• nucleus +tnt. thou shape of nucleus is different in different cells.
• +nt (Present) Lesser in no, than RBC.

Flatelets:
• formed in Bone marrow
• Nucleus absent
• Help in coagulation

Functions of Blood
(1) Carries O2 from Lungs & Body parts.
(2) Carries O2 from cells to Lungs for [Expiration]

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(3) Carries digested food from small lnlestine to Body parts.
(4) Carries hormones form Endocrine glands to target organs.
(5) Carries urea from liver to Kidneys for excretion in urine
(6) Protects body from diseases [WBCs]
(7) Regulates body temp (370 C)

Blood Clotting / Coagulation of Blood

It is a complex process in which a series of chemical reactions occur in the blood as it gets
exposed to air.

(1) Injured tissue + Platelets Thromboplastin

(exposure)

+Ca ++
(2) Prothrombin Thrombin
(present in blood) (active enzyme)

(3) Fibrinogen Fibrin (insoluble protein)

(Soluble protein
present in blood)

(4) Fibrin + RBCs Clot/ Thrombus Æ blocks the ruptured blood vessel &
from (thickmesh
of stops bleeding
fibers)

RBCs get entangled in fibrin

Blood Clot dries up leaving a fluid Plasma - fibrinogen

SERUM

Antibody:-
Protein synthesized by antigens
Present in plasma
react c foreign subs. in blood
represented by small letter a & b

Antibody:-
tnt on surface of RBCs
Act as detectors
Stimulate synthesis of antibody in blood represented by capital letters.
A&B

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Antigen (Protein) Blood vessel

• • PLASMA
• • •
• RBC
• • • • •

Antibodies (Protein)

BLOOD GROUPING

4 Blood groups in human beings

Antigen Antiobdy Normal combination of

Antigen & antibody
A A b Ab
B B b Ba
AB A&B – AB
O – a&b ab
on RBC In plasma

Antigen & Blood gp are represented in same letters

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

 Need for blood transfusion

• Loss of blood in considerable amounts from body – accidents – surgical operation
• Blood is not formed properly in body – Blood deficiency – Diseased condition

 The transfusion/transferring of blood from one person to another person is called

Blood Transfusion
(Healthy) person who dcnates blood – DONOR
(Diseased) who receves blood – RECIPIENT

 Blood Should be transfused only if the two blood groups match. Otherwise if it is not
done properly it will lead to Agglutination leads to blocking of vessels & leads to Death.

 The blood gps which mix together without agglutination are said to be COMPATIBLE
(they match)

 The blood gps which aggluturate on Mixing together are called INCOMPATIBLE

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General rule for Blood transfusion: the denor’s red cells must be compatible c the Recipients
plasma

So it concludes: Red cells contain Antigens

Plasma Contains Antibodies
So reaction always takes place bt. these two
On the basis of these we can make the compatibility & incompatibility chart of various blood
gps.

Blood gp Antigen Antibody (Compatible) Can donate to

A A b A & AB
B B a B & AB
AB A&B – AB
0 – a&b All

No antigen so it cannot be agglutinated by the blood (plasma) of any other gp.

O = universal donor
AB = universal recipient

Rh Factor: – Blood with the red cells containing an antigen called Rh factor is called Rh + ve.
The remaining are the Rh – ve
The practical importance of the same is when Rh–ve mother bears Rh+ve baby.

Mother –ve
Baby + ve] Same blood may be lost with mother’s blood circulation which then starts
producing Rh antibodies
If these antibodies reach baby’s blood they can destroy red eels of baby & make baby weak,
anaemic
In such cases, it leads to sure short terminal case in 2nd pregnancy if the blood groups
are again different.
In 2nd pregnancy
Mother blood coantins Rh Antibodies
Baby Rh + ve Agglulnation
Death of baby

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Lymphatic System consists of the following parts.

1. Lymph Capillaries
2. Larger Lymph vessels
3. Lymph nodes (Lymph glands)
4. Lymph

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Definition of Lymphatic System
A system of tiny tubes called vessels and lymph nodes in human body which transports the
liquid called lymph from the body tissues to the blood circulatory system is called system.

Features of Lymphatic System

1. Lymph capillaries: closed end capillaries
pores in lymph capillaries are bigger than ordinary capillaries

2. Lymph vessels: Capillaries join to form larger lymph vessels

3. Lymph nodes: They contain special cells Lymphocytes

They clean the lymph & protect the body from diseases

4. Lymph: It flows unidirectional (capillaries are blind)

Color: Light yellow liquid
Composition: Similar to plasma, Lack RBC

It contains
(i) Large protein molecules
(ii) digested food
(iii) germs & fragments of dead cells

Since lymph is derived from tissue fluid c remain outside the cells of the body it in called ECF.
In lymph nodes lymph is cleaned by lymphocyte c eat germs & dead cells & also make
antibodies to protect the body from disease.

Functions:
1. Carries digested fat for nutritive process
2. Protects body by buling germs with the help of lymphocytes contained in lymph nodes.
3. They also help in making antibodies
4. Help in removing waste products like dead cells.

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