Hopping

Frequency Hopping Network Implementation and Planning
Number/Version 0.0.2
Checked by 29 Sep 98 !y
Approved by
Page "#82$
%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning
HISTORY
Version 0.0." 0.0.2 ,a(e 2" Sep- "998 21 Sep- "998 Au(hor .aSa !y Commen(s /he 0irs( dra0( .odi0ica(ions2 /he )ho+e documen( res(ruc(uredChap(er 2.32 PC and ,/4 gains- Chap(er 5.22 !46ua+ dis(ribu(ion- /ab+e 92 'o /hresho+d *n(er0erence. Added2 %igure 7 832- %igure 7 833- %igure 5 817- %igure 5 819- %igure 5 870- /ab+e "0- /ab+e ""- /ab+e "2. Added2 'is(ory - Chap(er 2.".9- Chap(er 3.9- Chap(er 3.9."- Chap(er 3.9.9- Chap(er 3.9.5- Chap(er 3.9.8Chap(er 7."- Chap(er 7.2- Chap(er 7.9.2- Chap(er 9.3Chap(er 5."- Chap(er 5.2- Chap(er 5.9.
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CONTENTS
! INTRO"#CTION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$ "." :;N;!A< ,;SC!*P/*=N =% %!;6>;NC? '=PP*N:...........................................................................7 ".2 %!;6>;NC? '=PP*N: .=,;S..........................................................................................................9 ".3 C;<< A<<=CA/*=N............................................................................................................................8 ".1 .=@*<; A<<=CA/*=N.......................................................................................................................8 ".7 '=PP*N: S;6>;NC; N>.@;!...........................................................................................................9 ".9 .=@*<; A<<=CA/*=N *N,;4 =%%S;/...............................................................................................9 ".5 .A*= S/;P ...................................................................................................................................."0 %! THEORETIC&' PERFOR(&NCE OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2." %!;6>;NC? ,*V;!S*/?.................................................................................................................."" 2.1.1 Coherence Bandwidth.............................................................................................................11 2.1.2 Effect of Interleaving ..............................................................................................................13 2.1.3 Cyclic vs. Random Hopping Se !ences ..................................................................................1" 2.1." Sim!lated #re !ency $iversity %ains.....................................................................................1" 2.1.& Effect in Cell Coverage 'rea...................................................................................................1( 2.1.( Effect of )o*ile Speed.............................................................................................................1( 2.2 *N/;!%;!;NC; ,*V;!S*/?.............................................................................................................."9 2.3 ;%%;C/ =% P=A;! C=N/!=< AN, ,/4........................................................................................."8 +! NO,I&-S S#PPORT FOR FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* IN *S(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%. 3." @SS <;V;< *.P<;.;N/A/*=N........................................................................................................20 3.2 /'; 2N, :;N;!A/*=N @AS; S/A/*=N...........................................................................................20 3.3 /A<B %A.*<? @AS; S/A/*=N.........................................................................................................2" 3.1 P!*.;S*/;.......................................................................................................................................22 3.7 @AS; S/A/*=N C=N/!=<<;!..........................................................................................................23 3.9 NPS/4.............................................................................................................................................23 3.5 .A4*.>. C=N%*:>!A/*=NS..........................................................................................................23 3.8 !A,*= N;/A=!B %A></ .ANA:;.;N/........................................................................................21 3.+.1 ,he 2nd %eneration Base Station............................................................................................2& 3.+.2 ,al- #amily Base Stations and .rimeSite...............................................................................2& 3.9 !;S/!*C/*=NS =N /'; >SA:; =% %'.............................................................................................27 3./.1 $0 .ower Control with BB #H...............................................................................................2& 3./.2 $ownlin- $,1.........................................................................................................................2( 3./.3 E2tended Range Cell 3$E3"4$#3"4$%3&5.............................................................................2( 3./." )S Speed $etection.................................................................................................................2( 3./.& Half Rate..................................................................................................................................2( 3./.( #re !ency Sharing..................................................................................................................2( 3./.6 R,C Com*iner.........................................................................................................................2( 3./.+ 7.S41......................................................................................................................................2( /! SE'ECTIN* THE RI*HT HOPPIN* STR&TE*Y!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%0 $! FRE)#ENCY P'&NNIN* OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* NET1OR,S!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%2 7." N;/A=!B P<ANN*N: P!=C;,>!;..................................................................................................29 7.2 %!;6>;NC? P<ANN*N: P!=C;,>!; A*/' NPS/4.........................................................................30 Version 0.0.2 ,a(e Sep 29- "998 Page 3/82
%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning 7.3 %!;6>;NC? !;>S; =N %!;6>;NC? '=PP*N: N;/A=!B..............................................................33 &.3.1 Effective Re!se.........................................................................................................................3" &.3.2 #re !ency 'llocation Re!se 3R# #H only5.............................................................................3" 7.1 <=A, =N N;/A=!BS >/*<*S*N: %!AC/*=NA< <=A,*N: #!% %' =N<?$......................................37 &.".1 #re !ency 0oad.......................................................................................................................3& &.".2 Hard Bloc-ing 0oad................................................................................................................3( &.".3 #ractional 0oad.......................................................................................................................36 7.7 /!>NB*N: ;%%;C/ AN, ;%%;C/*V; !;>S;....................................................................................38 7.9 %!;6>;NC? A<<=CA/*=N S/!A/;:*;S..........................................................................................1" &.(.1 BCCH 'llocation....................................................................................................................."1 &.(.2 Selecting the Effective Re!se 3BB #H5...................................................................................."3 &.(.3 Selecting the #re !ency 'llocation Re!se and the #re !ency 0oad 3R# #H5......................."" &.(." #re !ency Sharing *y 8sing )'I9 )anagement 3R# #H only5..........................................."( &.(.& #re !ency Sharing in the Single )':list Scheme 3R# #H only5............................................&1 3! R&"IO NET1OR, P&R&(ETERS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$+ 9." PA!A.;/;!S %=! .A8<*S/ ,;%*N*/*=NS *N @SC..........................................................................73 9.2 @/S <;V;< %' !;<A/;, PA!A.;/;!S.........................................................................................77 9.3 P=A;! C=N/!=<............................................................................................................................78 9.1 'AN,=V;!......................................................................................................................................79 9.7 ,/4................................................................................................................................................90 (.&.1 8plin- $,1..............................................................................................................................(; (.&.2 $ownlin- $,1.........................................................................................................................(; 0! OPTI(IS&TION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3 5." /==<S %=! N;/A=!B .=N*/=!*N:...............................................................................................9" 5.2 BP*S %=! '=PP*N: N;/A=!B........................................................................................................9" 5.3 !46>A< *N %' N;/A=!BS..........................................................................................................91 5.1 *,<; C'ANN;< *N/;!%;!;NC; .;AS>!;.;N/.............................................................................95 5.7 C?C<*C AN, !AN,=. '=PP*N: S;6>;NC;S.................................................................................98 5.9 *N/!AC;<< 'AN,=V;!...................................................................................................................5" 5.5 P=A;! C=N/!=<............................................................................................................................5" 6.6.1 $ownlin- .ower Control with BB Hopping............................................................................62 5.8 'AN,=V;! C=N/!=<.....................................................................................................................52 5.9 'SN P<ANN*N: A*/' !AN,=. '=PP*N:......................................................................................52 4! P'&NNIN* C&SES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0+ 8." P<ANN*N: CAS; "2 S*N:<; .A8<*S/.............................................................................................53 +.1.1 #re !ency .lanning................................................................................................................63 +.1.2 )'I9 .lanning.......................................................................................................................6" 8.2 P<ANN*N: CAS; 22 !% %' A*/' %!AC/*=NA< <=A,*N: #%A! 3 C 7$..........................................55 +.2.1 $efining the #re !ency Band and the 7!m*er of #re !encies 7eeded in Each Cell............66 +.2.2 #re !ency 'llocation and 'nalysis.........................................................................................6/ 8.3 P<ANN*N: CAS; 32 !% %' A*/' %!;6>;NC? S'A!*N:................................................................80 +.3.1 #re !ency .lanning................................................................................................................+; +.3.2 )'I9 .lanning.......................................................................................................................+1 +.3.3 'nalysis....................................................................................................................................+2
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INTRO"#CTION
/he purpose o0 (his documen( is (o eDp+ain (he (heory behind (he 0re&uency hopping #%'$- ho) (he 0re&uency hopping is imp+emen(ed in NokiaEs ne()ork e+emen(s- ho) (o choose (he righ( 0re&uency hopping s(ra(egy- parame(ers re+a(ed (o %'- 0re&uency a++oca(ion procedure- ho) (o ana+yse (he &ua+i(y o0 (he ne()ork and (he op(imisa(ion process. A+so some prac(ica+ p+anning eDamp+es are presen(ed. %re&uency hopping is one o0 (he s(andardised capaci(y enhancemen( 0ea(ures in :S. sys(em. *( o00ers a signi0ican( capaci(y gain )i(hou( any cos(+y in0ras(ruc(ure re&uiremen(s. *( is a+so compa(ib+e )i(h a++ (he eDis(ing :S. mobi+e phones- since (he 0re&uency hopping suppor( has been re&uired by (he :S. speci0ica(ions 0rom (he beginning. %re&uency hopping can co8eDis( )i(h mos( o0 (he o(her capaci(y enhancemen( 0ea(ures and in many cases i( signi0ican(+y boos(s (he e00ec( o0 (hose 0ea(ures. A++ (hese 0ac(ors make 0re&uency hopping a very (emp(ing capaci(y enhancemen( so+u(ion.
+alf-"ate Network# (ual-Band-& (ual-)odeNetwork# Antenna# (own Ant. (owntilting )icro-Cell Pico-Cell & Indoor
Cell Si!e
PC (T* $+ S art Antenna# I,-
I$+
Channel-Bandwidth
Spectru
"eu#e-$actor %C&I'
Effective Network Planning
CAPACITY GAIN
Figure 5 ! Solution6 to en7ance network capacity!
*eneral "e6cription o8 Frequency Hopping
%re&uency hopping can be brie0+y de0ined as a se&uen(ia+ change o0 carrier 0re&uency on (he radio +ink be()een (he mobi+e and (he base s(a(ion. *n :S.- one carrier 0re&uency is divided in(o eigh( (ime s+o(s. ;ach (ime s+o( provides one physica+ channe+- )hich can be assigned (o one +ink be()een a mobi+e and a base s(a(ion. /he communica(ion be()een (he mobi+e and (he base s(a(ion occurs in burs(s inside (he assigned (ime s+o(. ;ach burs( +as(s abou( 755 s. Ahen 0re&uency hopping is used- (he carrier 0re&uency may be changed be()een each consecu(ive /,.A 0rame. /his means (ha( 0or each connec(ion (he change o0 (he 0re&uency may happen be()een every burs(. /his is ca++ed Slow #re !ency Hopping #S%'$- because more (han one bi( is (ransmi((ed using (he same 0re&uency. *n #ast #re !ency Hopping #%%'$- (he carrier 0re&uency is a++o)ed (o change more (han once during a bi( dura(ion- bu( (his is no( imp+emen(ed in :S..
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning A( 0irs(- (he 0re&uency hopping )as used in mi+i(ary app+ica(ions in order (o improve (he secrecy and (o make (he sys(em more robus( agains( Famming. *n ce++u+ar ne()ork- (he 0re&uency hopping a+so provides some addi(iona+ bene0i(s such as 0re&uency diversi(y and in(er0erence diversi(y. /he basic princip+e o0 0re&uency hopping is presen(ed in %igure " 82.
Call i# tran# itted through #everal fre/uencie# in order to average the interference (interference diversity) minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
$re/uenc0
$1 $2 $3
Ti e
Figure 5%! @asic 0unc(iona+i(y o0 0re&uency hopping. !% Frequency Hopping (ode6
/he re&uiremen( (ha( (he 9CCH TR: mu6t tran6mit continuou6ly in a++ (he (ime s+o(s se(s s(ric( +imi(a(ions on ho) (he 0re&uency hopping can be rea+ised in a ce++. /he curren( so+u(ions are Base*and #re !ency Hopping #@@ %'$ and Synthesised #re !ency Hopping #!% %'$. *n t7e ;a6e;and 8requency 7opping (he /!4s opera(e a( 0iDed 0re&uencies. %re&uency hopping is genera(ed by s)i(ching consecu(ive burs(s in each (ime s+o( (hrough di00eren( /!4s according (o (he assigned hopping se&uence. /he number o0 0re&uencies (o hop over is de(ermined by (he number o0 /!4s. @ecause (he 0irs( (ime s+o( o0 (he @CC' /!4 is no( a++o)ed (o hop- i( mus( be eDc+uded 0rom (he hopping se&uence. /his +eads (o (hree di00eren( hopping groups. /he 0irs( group doesnE( hop and i( inc+udes on+y (he @CC' (ime s+o(. /he second group consis(s o0 (he 0irs( (ime s+o(s o0 (he non8@CC' /!4s. /he (hird group inc+udes (ime s+o(s one (hrough seven 0rom every /!4. /his is i++us(ra(ed in %igure " 83.
RTS' . TR:5 9 TR:5% TR:5+ TR:5/ /ime s+o( 0 o0 /!482-83-81 hop over 02-03-01. % + / $ 3 0 0" 02 03 9 G @CC' (imes+o(. *( does no( hop. /ime s+o(s "...5 o0 a++ /!4s hop over #0"-02-03-01$.
'SN2
01
'SN"
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Figure 5+! @aseband hopping #@@ %'$. *n (he 6ynt7e6i6ed 8requency 7opping a++ (he /!4s eDcep( (he @CC' /!4 change (heir 0re&uency 0or every /,.A 0rame according (o (he hopping se&uence. /hus (he @CC' /!4 doesnE( hop. /he number o0 0re&uencies (o hop over is +imi(ed (o 93- )hich is (he maDimum number o0 0re&uencies in (he )o*ile 'llocation #.A$ +is( covered in Sec(ion ".1. Syn(hesised hopping is i++us(ra(ed in %igure " 81.
TRX-1
B #BCCH ti$eslot. TRX "oes not hop. Non-BCCH TRXs are hopping over the MA-list (f1,f2,f3,...,fn atta!he" to the !ell.
f1, f2, f3, fn TRX-2
. .. .
f1, f2, f3, fn
'SN"
Figure 5/! Syn(hesised hopping #!% %'$. /he bigges( +imi(a(ion in baseband hopping is (ha( (he number o0 (he hopping 0re&uencies is (he same as (he number o0 /!4s. *n syn(hesised hopping (he number o0 (he hopping 0re&uencies can be any(hing be()een (he number o0 hopping /!4s and 93. 'o)ever in syn(hesised hopping (he @CC' /!4 is +e0( comp+e(e+y ou( o0 (he hopping se&uence. /he di00erences be()een @@ and !% hopping are 0ur(her i++us(ra(ed in %igure " 87.
BB-$+
T"*-1
$1%4 BCC+' $2 $3 "$

$re/uenc0
)S doe# not #ee an0 difference
T"*-3
(ig.
)SC BSC TCS)
$1 $2 $3
Ti e
T"*-1
$15 $25 $3 BCC+ "$ BB-FH is feasible with large configurations RF-FH is viable with smaller configurations
"$-$+
T"*-2
(ig.
Figure 5$! /he di00erence be()een @@ and !% %'.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning !+ Cell &llocation
/he Cell 'llocation #CA$ is a +is( o0 a++ (he 0re&uencies a++oca(ed (o a ce++. /he CA is (ransmi((ed regu+ar+y on (he @CC'. >sua++y i( is a+so inc+uded in (he signa+ing messages (ha( command (he mobi+e (o s(ar( using a 0re&uency hopping +ogica+ channe+. /he ce++ a++oca(ion may be di00eren( 0or each ce++. *n :S. 900 (he CA +is( may inc+ude a++ (he "21 avai+ab+e 0re&uencies H:S. 01.08I. 'o)ever- (he prac(ica+ +imi( is 91- since (he .A8+is( can on+y poin( (o 91 0re&uencies (ha( are inc+uded in (he CA +is( as presen(ed in (he neD( sec(ion. /he on+y signa+ing me(hod a++o)ed in (he :S. 900 sys(ems (o (ransmi( (he CA +is( is (he Jbi( map 0K me(hod presen(ed in /ab+e ". Ta;le ! T7e 6ignalling met7od 8or tran6mitting t7e C& li6t in *S( 2.. 6y6tem! C& 6ignaling 'owe6t met7od &RFCN ;it map . 0 (a<! &RFCN range (a<! num;er o8 8requencie6 in t7e C& li6t "21 "21L
L Prac(ica+ +imi( is 91- because (he .A8+is( can on+y poin( (o 91 0re&uencies.
*n :S. "800 and :S. "900 sys(ems (he 0re&uency band is so +arge (ha( (he CA +is( canno( inc+ude a++ (he 0re&uencies avai+ab+e in a sys(em. *n (hese sys(ems (he Jbi( map 0K me(hod is no( avai+ab+e- bu( 0ive o(her me(hods can be used H,CS 01.08I H 8S/, 5I. ;ach o0 (hese me(hods has di00eren( +imi(a(ions (ha( +imi( (he maDimum 0re&uency range and (he maDimum number o0 0re&uencies. /hese signa+ing me(hods (oge(her )i(h (heir +imi(a(ions are presen(ed in /ab+e 2. *n Nokia imp+emen(a(ion t7e =aria;le ;it map and t7e $ % range signa+ing me(hods are avai+ab+e. /he CA +is( is a+)ays au(oma(ica++y genera(ed and i( inc+udes (he @CC' 0re&uency and (he 0re&uencies (ha( are de0ined 0or (he .A8+is(. Ta;le %! "i88erent 6ignalling met7od6 8or tran6mitting t7e C& li6t in *S( 4..> 2..! C& 6ignaling met7od .%/ range $ % range %$3 range %4 range =aria;le ;it map 'owe6t &RFCN 0 se+ec(ab+e se+ec(ab+e se+ec(ab+e se+ec(ab+e (a<! &RFCN (a<! num;er o8 range 8requencie6 in t7e C& li6t "021 "9 #"5 i0 A!%CN 0 is inc+uded in (he CA +is($ 7"2 "8 279 22 "28 29 ""2 ""2L
L Prac(ica+ +imi( is 91- because (he .A8+is( can on+y poin( (o 91 0re&uencies.
!/
(o;ile &llocation
/he .A is a +is( o0 hopping 0re&uencies (ransmi((ed (o a mobi+e every (ime i( is assigned (o a hopping physica+ channe+. /he .A8+is( is a subse( o0 (he CA +is(. /he .A8+is( is au(oma(ica++y genera(ed i0 (he baseband hopping is used. *0 (he ne()ork u(i+ises (he !% hopping- (he .A8+is(s have (o be genera(ed 0or each ce++ by (he ne()ork p+anner. /he .A8+is( is ab+e (o poin( (o 91 o0 (he 0re&uencies de0ined in (he CA +is(. 'o)ever- (he @CC' 0re&uency is a+so inc+uded in (he CA +is(- so (he prac(ica+ maDimum number o0 0re&uencies in (he .A8+is( is 93. /he 0re&uencies in (he .A8+is( are re&uired (o be in increasing order because o0 (he (ype o0 signa+ing used (o (rans0er (he .A8+is(.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning !$ Hopping Sequence Num;er
/he Hopping Se !ence 7!m*er #'SN$ indica(es )hich hopping se&uence o0 (he 91 avai+ab+e is se+ec(ed. /he hopping se&uence de(ermines (he order in )hich (he 0re&uencies in (he .A8+is( are (o be used. /he 'SNs " 8 93 are pseudo random se&uences used in (he random hopping )hi+e (he 'SN 0 is reserved 0or a se&uen(ia+ se&uence used in (he cyc+ic hopping. /he hopping se&uence a+gori(hm (akes !"#$%&''()% 'SN and %N as an inpu( and (he ou(pu( o0 (he hopping se&uence genera(ion is a )o*ile 'llocation Inde2 #.A*$ )hich is a number ranging 0rom 0 (o (he number o0 0re&uencies in (he .A8+is( sub(rac(ed 'ype#nit!r epartmentHere by one. /he 'SN is a ce++ speci0ic parame(er. %or (he baseband hopping ()o 'SNs eDis(s. /he Mero 'ype(our&ameHere ateHere (ime s+o(s in a @@ hopping ce++ use (he 'SN" and 'ype (he res( o0 (he (ime s+o(s 0o++o) (he 'SN2 as presen(ed in %igure " 83. A++ (he (ime s+o(s in !% hopping ce++ 0o++o) (he 'SN" as presen(ed in %igure " 81. !3 (o;ile &llocation Inde< O886et
Ahen (here is more (han one /!4 in (he @/S using (he same .A8+is( (he )o*ile 'llocation Inde2 9ffset #.A*=$ is used (o ensure (ha( each /!4 uses a+)ays an uni&ue 0re&uency. ;ach hopping /!4 is a++oca(ed a di00eren( .A*=. .A*= is added (o .A* )hen (he 0re&uency (o be used is de(ermined 0rom (he .A8+is(. ;Damp+e o0 (he hopping se&uence genera(ion is presen(ed in %igure " 89. .A*= and 'SN are (ransmi((ed (o a mobi+e (oge(her )i(h (he .A8+is(. *n Nokia so+u(ion (he .A*=o00se( is a ce++ speci0ic parame(er de0ining (he .A*=/!4 0or (he 0irs( hopping /!4 in a ce++. /he .A*=s 0or (he o(her hopping /!4s are au(oma(ica++y a++oca(ed according (o (he .A*= s(ep 8parame(er in(roduced in (he 0o++o)ing sec(ion.
$or thi# T()A fra e the output fro the algorith i# 1
$N 9 +SN GS) +opping algorith
1 1 4 )AI-T"*
T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3 )AI-T"* 6 1 2
)AI%6...N-1' 7
.A*==%%S;/ >ser de0inab+e /hese parame(ers are se( au(oma(ica++y
)A IN(E* %)AI'
N-2
N-1
)A
f1
f2
f3
f8
fN-1
fN
T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3
Figure 53! ;Damp+e o0 (he hopping se&uence genera(ion.
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'ype(our&ameHere
'ype ateHere
%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning !0 (&IO Step
/he .A*=s(ep is a Nokia speci0ic parame(er used in (he .A*= a++oca(ion (o (he /!4s. /he .A*= 0or (he 0irs( hopping /!4s in each ce++ is de0ined by (he ce++ speci0ic .A*= o00se( parame(er. .A*=s 0or (he o(her hopping /!4s are assigned by adding (he .A*= s(ep (o (he .A*= o0 (he previous hopping /!4 as presen(ed in ;&ua(ion #"."$.
)'I9,R1 # n $ = )'I9offset + )'I9step #n "$
#"."$
An eDamp+e o0 (he .A*= assignmen( is presen(ed in %igure " 85. .ore eDamp+es can be 0ound in Sec(ion 7.9.1.
Sector T"* : +SN )AIoff#etl )AI)AI- #tep
* , / 0 * , / 0 * , / 0
&on-hopping B""H 'R+ , . . , 0 &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , 1 1 2 *. &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , *, *, *0 *1
4)AI- #tep
)AI- #tep indicate# the difference ;etween the )AI-# of #ucce##ive T"*# in a cell.
Figure 50! ;Damp+e o0 (he use o0 (he .A*= re+a(ed parame(ers.
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%!
THEORETIC&' PERFOR(&NCE OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN*
%re&uency hopping is a po)er0u+ coun(ermeasure in order (o overcome (he harm0u+ e00ec(s in(roduced by (he propaga(ion channe+ and in(er0erence. /he &ua+i(y gain achieved by emp+oying 0re&uency hopping can be (raded 0or capaci(y gain by (igh(ening (he 0re&uency reuse in (he ne()ork. %! Frequency "i=er6ity
/he 0as( 0ading is a signi0ican( prob+em especia++y in (he do)n+ink direc(ion since (he mobi+es do no( emp+oy an(enna diversi(y- )hich is common+y used in base s(a(ions. %+uc(ua(ions o0 (he received signa+ s(reng(h are especia++y harm0u+ 0or (he 6low mo=ing mo;ile6 because (hey (end (o s(ay in a 0ading dip much +onger (han (he 0as(er moving mobi+es. %re&uency hopping causes (he consecu(ive burs(s (o be (ransmi((ed on di00eren( 0re&uencies. *0 (he separa(ion be()een (hese 0re&uencies is su00icien(- (he 0ading charac(eris(ics o0 (hese 0re&uencies are di00eren(. %or (he 8a6t mo=ing mo;ile6- (he consecu(ive burs(s have di00eren( 0ading charac(eris(ics even )i(hou( 0re&uency hopping- because (he spa(ia+ movemen( be()een (he consecu(ive burs(s is signi0ican( and (he +oca(ions o0 (he 0ading dips are re+a(ive+y cons(an( in mos( environmen(s. /hus (he 0re&uency diversi(y gain 0or (he 0as( moving mobi+es is no( signi0ican(. 2.1.1 Coherence Bandwidth
Coherence band)id(h represen(s a band)id(h (ha( is re&uired be()een ()o 0re&uencies in order (o ensure (ha( (heir 0ading charac(eris(ics are di00eren( enough (o provide proper+y uncorre+a(ed amp+i(udes and phases. /he coherence band)id(h depends s(rong+y on (he mean de+ay spread o0 (he environmen(. @ecause o0 (he mu+(ipa(h sca((ering- (he (ransmi((ed impu+se signa+ spreads in (ime domain be0ore i( is received. A (ypica+ signa+ de+ay enve+ope o0 a (ransmi((ed impu+se is presen(ed in %igure 2 88. /he parame(ers as de0ined in H<ee82I are
d m = tE #t $dt
0
#2."$
= t 2 E # t $dt d m 2 2 0
#2.2$
)here2 dm G mean eDcess de+ay (ime t G eDcess de+ay (ime E3 5 G signa+ po)er densi(y G de+ay spread
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elay spread . dB )ower density
%(t)
d $ean delay time
t elay time
Figure %54! /ypica+ de+ay enve+ope. /he de+ay spread is (hus de0ined as (he s(andard devia(ion o0 (he mean de+ay (ime. /he measuremen(s indica(e (ha( (he de+ay spread is high+y dependen( on (he environmen(. /ypica+ va+ues are presen(ed in /ab+e 3 H<ee89I. Ta;le +! .ean de+ay spreads
'ype of environment !pen area 6uburban area #rban area elay spread 3 s 4 .5, .57 /
/he coherence band)id(h is o0(en de0ined as (he 0re&uency separa(ion (ha( yie+ds an au(ocorre+a(ion coe00icien( va+ue o0 0.7 or +ess HPen97I. *0 (he propaga(ion environmen( is a+so (ime dependen(- (he (ime separa(ion o0 signa+s has (o be (aken in(o accoun(. /he au(ocorre+a(ion coe00icien( based on (he 0re&uency and (ime separa(ion can be )ri((en as 0o++o)s H<ee82I
2 <0 # v $ r # - $ = " + # $ 2 2
# 2.3 $
)here <0 # $ G @esse+ 0unc(ion o0 0(h order = 24 > = signa+ )ave+eng(h v G ve+oci(y o0 (he mobi+e G (ime separa(ion G de+ay spread o0 (he environmen( G 2?f> f G 0re&uency spacing Ade&ua(e coherence band)id(h- )here signa+ au(ocorre+a(ion coe00icien( be()een burs(s e&ua+s (o 0.7- can be derived 0rom ;&ua(ion #2.3$ assuming G 0 as
B@C # = 0.7$ = " . 2
# 2.1 $
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning ;&ua(ion #2.1$ can be 0u++y app+ied on+y in an idea+ case- and i( is (here0ore on+y a (heore(ica+ mode+. 'o)ever- i( gives an idea abou( ho) (he coherence band)id(h di00ers in di00eren( (ypes o0 environmen(s. *n %igure 2 89 (he au(ocorre+a(ion coe00icien( has been p+o((ed 0or severa+ di00eren( va+ues o0 de+ay spread #$ assuming G 0. *( can be seen (ha( in (he ur;an en=ironment even (he ad?acent c7annel having 6eparation o0 %.. kH@ appears (o be ade&ua(e+y uncorre+a(ed and in (he 6u;ur;an en=ironment (he channe+ separa(ion o0 /.. kH@ is ade&ua(e. *n open en=ironment6 (he channe+ separa(ion shou+d be a( +eas( 4.. kH@ corresponding (o 0our :S. carriers.
*5.
.58
.52
.5autocorrelation coefficient
delay spread (s) .5, .57 * , /
.51
.57
.50
.5/
.5,
.5*
.5. . *.. ,.. /.. 0.. 7.. 1.. -.. 2.. 8.. *... **.. *,.. *7.. */.. *0..
fre/uenc0 #pacing %k+!'
Figure %52! T7e autocorrelation coe88icient a6 a 8unction o8 carrier 6pacing!
2.1.2
Effect of Interleaving
*n :S. (he speech 0rame is (ransmi((ed over eigh( consecu(ive burs(s. /he 0as( 0ading causes burs(y bi( errors (ha( degrade (he e00iciency o0 (he convo+u(iona+ coding. /he in(er+eaving is designed (o spread (hese errors over +onger (ime. 'o)ever- (he decoding per0ormance is no( signi0ican(+y improved i0 consecu(ive burs(s are eDposed (o (he simi+ar radio channe+. *0 (he mobi+e moves 0as( enough- (he 0ading o0 successive burs(s is uncorre+a(ed due (o spa(ia+ movemen(. %re&uency hopping causes consecu(ive burs(s (o be (ransmi((ed on di00eren( 0re&uencies. *0 (hese 0re&uencies have su00icien( separa(ion (he 0ading o0 successive burs(s is uncorre+a(ed as presen(ed in Sec(ion 2.".". Since (he in(er+eaving dep(h is eigh(- (he 0re&uency diversi(y gain o0 cyc+ic hopping doesnE( signi0ican(+y improve i0 more (han eigh( 0re&uencies are used in a hopping se&uence. *n data call6A t7e interlea=ing lengt7 i6 2. /here0ore- (he gain 0or da(a ca++s compared (o speech ca++s migh( be bigger )hen more (han 8 0re&uencies are used in a hopping se&uence. /he 6ignalling c7annel6 7a=e an interlea=ing dept7 o8 8our . /he 0re&uency diversi(y gain 0or (he signa++ing channe+s is (hus sma++er.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning 2.1.3 Cyclic vs. Random Hopping Se !ences
@o(h cyc+ic and random hopping modes are avai+ab+e in :S.. *n (he cyclic mode (he 0re&uencies are changed se&uen(ia++y 0rom (he +o)es( 0re&uency (o (he highes( as de0ined in (he .A8+is(. *n random mode (he 0re&uency (o be used 0or each burs( is se+ec(ed 0rom (he .A8+is( by a prede0ined pseudo random se&uence. /his means (ha( (he same 0re&uency may be used 0or a coup+e o0 consecu(ive burs(s and (he 0re&uencies are no( used even+y in a shor( (ime sca+e. /hus- (he optimum 8requency di=er6ity gain is possib+e (o achieve on+y i0 (he cyclic 7opping is used. As (he number o0 0re&uencies becomes +arger (he di00erence be()een (he cyc+ic and (he random mode becomes sma++. 2.1." Sim!lated #re !ency $iversity %ains
*.
F:;' / F%R < /= '#/ F%R < /= F:;'/ RB%R "l *b < .3/= '#/ RB%R "l *b < .3/=
1 E;&N6 %dB'
. &o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite Nu ;er of carrier#
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Figure %5 .! Frequency di=er6ity gain o8 8requency 7opping link again6t t7ermal noi6e compared to a non57opping link!
8
F:;' / F%R < /= F:;'/ RB%R "l *b < .3,= '#/ F%R < /= '#/ RB%R "l *b < .3,=
C&Ic %dB'
. &o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite Nu ;er of carrier#
Figure %5 ! Frequency di=er6ity gain o8 8requency 7opping link again6t co5c7annel inter8erence compared to a non57opping link! /he simu+a(ions sho) a very signi0ican( gain 0or %<A/3 channe+ compared (o (he />3 channe+. /his happens because (he />3 channe+ inc+udes severa+ propaga(ion pa(hs having s(a(is(ica++y independen( 0ading condi(ions and i( is (hus providing pa(h diversi(y (ha( he+ps (o achieve (he per0ormance (arge(s even in (he non8hopping case. /he resu+(s o0 (his simu+a(ion represen( a bes( possib+e case- because (he 0ading on (he used 0re&uency channe+s is assumed uncorre+a(ed and (he cyc+ic hopping mode is used. *n rea+ +i0e- (he 0re&uencies are no( necessari+y uncorre+a(ed as eDp+ained in Sec(ion 2."." and t7e random 7opping i6 u6ed to ma<imi6e t7e inter8erence di=er6ity gain . A+so- (he presen(ed gains are no( achievab+e in up+ink direc(ion i0 a proper diversi(y recep(ion #abou( 1 d@ gain$ me(hod is a+ready in use a( base s(a(ions. According (o (he simu+a(ions- (he per0ormance o0 (he SACC' / S,CC' and /C' 0or (he cases o0 non hopping and idea+ %' as a 0unc(ion o0 C/* #according (o 07.07 (es( condi(ions and />3$ are presen(ed in (he 0o++o)ing2
Ta;le /! T7e 8requency di=er6ity gain o8 t7e S&CCH > S"CCH again6t TCH 8or t7e ca6e6 o8 non 7opping and ideal FH a6 a 8unction o8 C>IA wit7 %BFER! No FH FH &CH'#S "7d@ 8d@ S(CCH "".7d@ 8d@
*n (he non hopping mode- (he SACC' is more robus( (han (he /C'/%S- )hereas in (he %' mode (hey per0orm e&ua+. Version 0.0.2 ,a(e Sep 29- "998 Page "7/82
2.1.)
Effect in Cell Coverage (rea
*n coverage +imi(ed ce++s (he 8requency 7opping may increa6e t7e cell co=erage area because o0 (he 0re&uency diversi(y gain- bu( since (he @CC' (ime s+o( doesnE( hop- (he increased coverage area is re+evan( on+y 0or (he ongoing ca++s (ha( have been success0u++y es(ab+ished and are a++oca(ed a hopping /C'. According (o (he simu+a(ions- see /ab+e 1- (he non8hopping signa++ing channe+ #@CC' / S,CC'$ has a be((er per0ormance (han a non8hopping /C' bu( a )orse per0ormance (han a hopping /C' channe+. /here0ore- (he cell co=erage area could ;e increa6ed- bu( no( according (o (he 0u++ %' gain- bu( ;y con6idering t7e per8ormance o8 t7e 9CCH time 6lot. *n RF FH case- (he )ho+e @CC' carrier is non8hopping. /hus- (he 0re&uency diversi(y gain shou+d be considered as a quality gain in (he ce++ border area ra(her (han (he gain increasing (he ce++ service area. 2.1.* Effect of +o,ile Speed
As men(ioned ear+ier- (he 0re&uency diversi(y gain 0or (he 0as( moving mobi+es is no( signi0ican(. /he movemen( as i(se+0 causes (he same gain )hich is +os( 0rom (he 0re&uency diversi(y gain. /here0ore(he 0as( moving mobi+es ge( (he same gain (han (he s+o) moving ones- (he gain Fus( comes more or +ess 0rom (he moving as i(se+0. *n :S.- (he speed o0 Po)er Con(ro+ #PC$ is s+o). Ahen moving 0as(- (he PC canno( 0o++o) anymore (he s+o) 0ading dips so e00icien(+y. /here0ore- (he 0as( moving mobi+es migh( +oose in PC gain. A+so (he 'andover #'=$ per0ormance may be degraded )i(h high speed. %!% Inter8erence "i=er6ity
*n a conven(iona+ non57opping ne()ork- each ca++ is (ransmi((ed on a sing+e 0iDed 0re&uency. /his means (ha( (he in(er0erence si(ua(ion in a ne()ork is a+so &ui(e s(ab+e. Some ca++s may eDperience very +i((+e in(er0erence and (he o(her ca++s may be in(er0ered severe+y. Severe in(er0erence can be avoided by a handover- bu( (he probabi+i(y o0 0inding an in(er0erence 0ree channe+ decreases as (he ne()ork +oad increases. *n a non8hopping ne()ork- (he in(er0erence (ends (o be con(inuous- so (ha( (he same in(er0erence source a00ec(s severa+ consecu(ive burs(s. *0 (his in(er0erence is s(rong enough i( may +ead (o a corrup(ion o0 severa+ consecu(ive burs(s. /he error correc(ion measures used in :S. can no( usua++y (o+era(e severa+ corrup(ed burs(s in a speech 0rame and (hus (hese 0rames are +ike+y (o be erased causing signi0ican( de(eriora(ion in speech &ua+i(y. *n random 7opping ne()ork- (he in(er0erence sources vary 0rom burs( (o burs(. /hus- (he in(er0erence (ends (o ge( averaged over a++ (he ca++s in (he ne()ork. As a conse&uence- (he in(er0erence a00ec(ing each ca++ in (he ne()ork has a +o)er s(andard devia(ion around i(s mean va+ue. /his e00ec( is i++us(ra(ed in %igure 2 8"2. Ano(her advan(age o0 random 0re&uency hopping is (ha( (he severe+y in(er0ered burs(s occur random+y. @ecause o0 (his- (he probabi+i(y o0 severa+ consecu(ive corrup(ed burs(s and erased 0rames decreases.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning No $+ 8

Average C&I %dB'
/. ,7 Average C&I %dB' ,. *7 *. 7 .
/. ,7
$+ 8 8% 8+ 8 8% 8 8+
8%
8% 8+
,. *7 *. 7 .
8+
&=e
!"#$%&''()%
"all * "all , "all /
'ype#nit!r epartmentHere 'ype(our&ameHere
"all *
"all ,
"all /
Figure %5 %! Inter8erence a=eraging ;etween u6er6 in a random 8requency 7opping network!
'ype ateHere
*n order (o use (he avai+ab+e 0re&uency spec(rum e00icien(+y- (he 0re&uencies are reused in a ne()ork. /he su00icien( dis(ance be()een (he ce++s using (he same 0re&uency depends on (he minimum C/* ra(io (o+era(ed by (he sys(em- (he surrounding environmen( and (he ne()ork (opo+ogy. *n prac(ice (he minimum reuse 0or a non8hopping macro ce++s is abou( "2. /his means (ha( (he same 0re&uency may be used in every "2(h ce++. @ecause (he in(er0erence +eve+s 0or each user vary considerab+y- a +arge in(er0erence margin has (o be inc+uded (o guaran(ee su00icien( &ua+i(y 0or each user in (he ne()ork. Ahen (he random 0re&uency hopping is emp+oyed (he devia(ion o0 in(er0erence +eve+ is decreased as i++us(ra(ed in %igure 2 8"2. /his means (ha( t7e inter8erence margin used in (he 0re&uency p+anning can ;e reduced a++o)ing (he usage o0 (igh(er 0re&uency reuse as i++us(ra(ed in %igure 2 8"3.
Field strenght 6erving carrier worst interference average strongest interference interference margin
average wea>est interference no FH FH with improved quality FH with tighter frequency reuse
Figure %5 +! /he gain o0 0re&uency hopping. 'o) big is (he in(er0erence diversi(y gain is a subFec( 0or a 0ur(her s(udy.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning %!+ E88ect o8 Power Control and "T:
@o(h (he power control and t7e "T: are s(andard :S. 0ea(ures- )hich are de6igned to minimi6e t7e inter8ering tran6mi66ion )hen possib+e. /hey are bo(h manda(ory 0ea(ures in (he mobi+e (ermina+s- bu( i( is up (o (he ne()ork opera(or (o decide )he(her (o use (hem or no(. ,/4 preven(s unnecessary (ransmissions )hen (here is no need (o (rans0er in0orma(ion. Po)er con(ro+ is used (o op(imise (he (ransmi((ed signa+ s(reng(h so (ha( (he signa+ s(reng(h a( (he receiver is s(i++ ade&ua(e. /he bo(h 0ea(ures can be indi=idually ac(iva(ed 8or uplink and downlink. =pera(ors have been )ide+y using bo(h 0ea(ures in #' direction main+y in order to ma<imi6e t7e ;attery li8e in mobi+es. *n a non57opping network (hese 0ea(ures provide some quality gain 0or some users- bu( (his gain canno( be (rans0erred e00ec(ive+y (o increased capaci(y- since (he maDimum in(er0erence eDperienced by each user is +ike+y (o remain (he same. A+so (he po)er con(ro+ mechanism doesnE( 0unc(ion op(ima++y because (he in(er0erence sources are s(ab+e causing chain e00ec(s )here (he increase o0 (ransmission po)er o0 one (ransmi((er causes )orse &ua+i(y in (he in(er0ered receiver- )hich in (urn causes (he po)er increase in ano(her (ransmi((er and so on. /his means (ha(- 0or eDamp+e- one mobi+e +oca(ed in a coverage +imi(ed area may severe+y +imi( (he possibi+i(y o0 severa+ o(her (ransmi((ers (o reduce (heir po)er. *n a random 7opping network (he &ua+i(y gain provided by bo(h 0ea(ures can be e00icien(+y eDp+oi(ed (o capacity gain because (he gain is more e&ua++y dis(ribu(ed among (he users. Since (he (ypica+ speech ac(ivi(y 0ac(or #a+so ca++ed ,/4 0ac(or$ is +ess (han 0.7- ,/4 e00ec(ive+y cu(s (he ne()ork +oad in ha+0 )hen i( is used. *n a so0( b+ocking +imi(ed ne()ork (his means (ha( (he ,/4 can (heore(ica++y provide up (o "00N capaci(y increase. A+so- (he po)er con(ro+ )orks more e00icien(+y because each user has many in(er0erence sources. /hus- i0 one in(er0erer increases i(s po)er- (he e00ec( on (he &ua+i(y o0 (he connec(ion is no( serious+y a00ec(ed. *n 0ac(- i( is probab+e (ha( some o(her in(er0erers are decreasing (heir po)ers a( (he same (ime. /hus- (he sys(em is more s(ab+e and chaining e00ec(s men(ioned ear+ier do no( occur 0re&uen(+y. /he simu+a(ed gain 0or po)er con(ro+ and ,/4 )i(h di00eren( mobi+e speeds can be seen in (he 0o++o)ing %igure 2 8"1.
"eu#e 3&=5 T, 3k &h GAIN< *50 dB ,5/ dB /5- dB "eu#e 3&=5 T, >6k &h GAIN< *5. dB ,5/ dB /57 dB
PC on (T* on PC on5 (T* on
PC on (T* on PC on5 (T* on C&I i prove ent
Figure %5 /! T7e 6imulated gain o8 PC and "T: wit7 FH!
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning ,/4 has some e00ec( on (he R:)ual di6tri;ution. Norma++y (he @;! is averaged over (he dura(ion o0 one SACC' 0rame +as(ing 0.18 seconds and consis(ing o0 "01 /,.A 0rames. 'o)ever- 0our o0 (hese /,.A 0rames are used 0or measuremen(s- so (ha( on+y "00 burs(s are ac(ua++y (ransmi((ed and received. Ahen ,/4 is in use and (here is no speech ac(ivi(y- on+y (he burs(s (ransmi((ing (he si+ence descrip(or 0rame #S*,80rame$ and (he SACC' are (ransmi((ed. Ahen (here are periods o0 no speech ac(ivi(y- (he @;! is es(ima(ed over Fus( (he burs(s carrying (he si+ence descrip(or 0rame and (he SACC'. /his inc+udes on+y "2 burs(s over )hich (he @;! is averaged #sub &ua+i(y$. /his means (ha( (he @;! ge(s averaged much more e00ec(ive+y )hen ,/4 is no( used yie+ding (o a &ua+i(y dis(ribu(ion )here (he propor(ion o0 modera(e &ua+i(y va+ues is enhanced. /he 6u; quality di6tri;ution is )ider (han (he 0u++ &ua+i(y dis(ribu(ion- meaning (ha( more good and ;ad quality samp+es are eDperienced. /he di00erences be()een 0u++ and sub &ua+i(y dis(ribu(ions are +arges( in 0re&uency hopping ne()orks u(i+ising low 8requency allocation reu6e- since in (ha( kind o0 ne()orks (he in(er0erence si(ua(ion may be very di00eren( 0rom burs( (o burs(. A coup+e o0 severe+y in(er0ered burs(s may cause very ;ad quality 0or (he sub &ua+i(y samp+e )hen (hey happen (o occur in (he se( o0 "2 burs(s over )hich (he sub &ua+i(y is de(ermined. /he 0u++ &ua+i(y samp+e o0 (he same (ime period has probab+y on+y modera(e &ua+i(y de(eriora(ion because o0 (he be((er averaging o0 @;! over "00 burs(s. /he di00erences be()een 0u++ and sub &ua+i(y dis(ribu(ions can be seen in %igure 2 8"7. *n a rea+ ne()ork u(i+ising ,/4 (he &ua+i(y dis(ribu(ion is a miD(ure o0 0u++ and sub &ua+i(y samp+es. /he propor(ions o0 0u++ and sub samp+es depend on (he speech ac(ivi(y 0ac(or a+so kno)n as (he ,/4 0ac(or. /he di00erences in (he @;! averaging processes cause signi0ican( di00erences in (he !46>A< dis(ribu(ions. /hese di00erences shou+d be (aken in(o accoun( )hen (he !46>A< dis(ribu(ions o0 ne()orks u(i+ising and no( u(i+ising ,/4 are compared.
1&1 reu#e 1> fre/#
0.5.. =
/75.. =
/.5.. =
,75.. =
,.5.. =
R@? full R@? sub
*75.. =
*.5.. =
75.. =
.5.. = ?. ?* ?, ?/ ?0 ?7 ?1 ?-
Figure %5 $! T7e di6tri;ution o8 normal R:)ual and 6u;R:)ual =alue6 in a 8requency 7opping network! /he +imi(a(ions in (he usage o0 ,< PC and ,/4 can be seen in Chap(ers 3.9." and 3.9.2.
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!"#$%&''()% %re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning 'ype#nit!r epartmentHere 'ype(our&ameHere 'ype ateHere NO,I&-S S#PPORT FOR FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* IN *S(
+!
/he suppor( 0or 0re&uency hopping is a s(andard 0ea(ure o0 Nokia Base Station S!*:System #@SS$. *n (his chap(er (he 0re&uency hopping suppor( o0 di00eren( base s(a(ion genera(ions and (he @SC are described. A+so (he curren( and upcoming 0re&uency hopping suppor( o0 NokiaEs radio ne()ork p+anning (oo+ NPS/4 is presen(ed. +! 9SS 'e=el Implementation
*n :S. on+y (he @SS is responsib+e o0 (he imp+emen(a(ion o0 0re&uency hopping. /he 7etwor- S!*: System #NSS$ inc+uding (he )o*ile Switching Centre #.SC$ is no( invo+ved in i(. /he 9peration and )aintenance Centre #=.C$ is invo+ved in managing (he %' re+a(ed parame(ers- bu( (heir managemen( in (he =.C doesnE( di00er 0rom any o(her ce++ +eve+ parame(er. /he 0au+( managemen( in (he =.C o0 a 0re&uency hopping ne()ork is iden(ica+ (o (ha( o0 a non8hopping ne()ork. /he primary ne()ork e+emen(s in :S. are presen(ed in %igure 3 8"9.
@SS
9SC (S 9TS
A;i# interface A interface
NSS
(SC
9TS O(C
Figure +5 3! /he primary ne()ork e+emen(s in :S..
+!%
T7e %nd *eneration 9a6e Station
/he second genera(ion base s(a(ion 6upport6 only ;a6e;and 7opping. /he main 0unc(iona+ b+ocks in (he second genera(ion @/S considering 0re&uency hopping are (he #rame 8nits #%>$- (he #re !ency Hopping 8nit #%6'>$ and (he Carrier 8nits #C>$ HNok99I. /he 0rame uni( per0orms a++ (he con(ro+ and (he baseband 0unc(ions 0or 0rames o0 up (o 8 0u++ ra(e or "9 ha+0 ra(e +ogica+ channe+s. ;ach carrier uni( con(ains a (ransmi((er and ()o receivers. /he main 0unc(ion o0 (he (ransmi((er is (o conver( (he digi(a+ da(a 0rom (he 0rame uni( in(o a modu+a(ed carrier signa+. /he receiver is responsib+e 0or (he do)n conversion 0rom (he !% 0re&uency band (o baseband 0o++o)ed by A/, conversion and seria+ising * and 6 signa+s and sending (hem (o (he demodu+a(ion par( in (he corresponding 0rame uni( HNok97I. /he number o0 0rame uni(s and carrier uni(s corresponds (o (he number o0 ins(a++ed /!4s in (he @/S.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning /he 0re&uency hopping connec(s (he 0rame uni(s and (he carrier uni(s as i++us(ra(ed in %igure 3 8"5. /he hopping 0unc(ion is rea+ised by mu+(ip+eDing baseband digi(a+ bi( s(reams be()een (he 0rame uni(s and (he carrier uni(s. /he mu+(ip+eDing is done according (o (he hopping se&uence- )hich is ca+cu+a(ed in %6'>. /he hopping uni( is common 0or (he @/SO a++ (he sec(ors o0 a @/S use (he same %6'>. /he F)H# can ;e duplicated 8or relia;ility or because o0 di=er6ity reception. *0 (he diversi(y is no( used- (he o(her %6'> ac(s as a ho( redundancy- )hich means (ha( i( is au(oma(ica++y (aken in(o opera(ion i0 (he o(her %6'> 0ai+s. Ahen diversi(y recep(ion is used- (he o(her %6'> is used 0or carrying (he signa+ 0rom (he diversi(y receiver. %>" %>2 %>3 % 6 ' > C>" C>2 C>3
%>"2
C>"2
Figure +5 0! Functional unit6 8or 8requency 7opping in %nd generation 9TS! /he %6'> is capab+e o0 suppor(ing a maDimum o0 "2 hopping groups a( a (ime. /his is su00icien( as in (hree sec(or con0igura(ion (he number o0 hopping groups used is nine #inc+uding (he non8hopping Mero (ime s+o(s on (he @CC' carriers$. @o(h random and cyc+ic hopping modes are suppor(ed bu( no( simu+(aneous+y- meaning (ha( a++ (he sec(ors under (he same @/S mus( use ei(her cyc+ic or random hopping se&uences. Ai(h random hopping (he hopping se&uence numbers #"893$ can be se+ec(ed 0ree+y 0or each hopping group. /he (iming o0 sec(ors is derived 0rom a common c+ock uni(- so (he di00eren( sec(ors are 0rame8 and bi(8synchronised enab+ing (he use o0 synchronous handovers. Conse&uen(+y- (he hopping se&uences are synchronised as )e++. T7e com;iner6 used in (he 2nd genera(ion @/Ss limit t7e minimum c7annel 6pacing to 3.. kH@P +!+ Talk Family 9a6e Station
/he /a+k 0ami+y base s(a(ions are capa;le o8 bo(h ;a6e;and 7opping and RF 7opping. @aseband hopping imp+emen(a(ion is s+igh(+y di00eren( compared (o (he imp+emen(a(ion on (he 2nd genera(ion base s(a(ion. %unc(iona+i(y inside one /!4 is divided be()een burs( +eve+ opera(ions #;6,SP$ and b+ock +eve+ opera(ions #C',SP$. /he burs( +eve+ opera(ions cover a++ (he opera(ions done 0or a sing+e burs(- such as ciphering/deciphering- e&ua+isa(ion- bi( de(ec(ion- diversi(y combining e(c. /he b+ock +eve+ opera(ions dea+ )i(h b+ocks o0 in0orma(ion- such as a speech b+ock or a signa+ing b+ock. /hese opera(ions inc+ude in(er+eaving/dein(er+eaving- b+ock coding/decoding e(c. /he baseband hopping in(er0ace resides be()een (his +ogica+ division. %',SP is a digi(a+ signa+ processor dedica(ed (o con(ro++ing (he 0re&uency hopping opera(ion. *n ;a6e;and 7opping (he %',SP con(ro+s (he in0orma(ion (rans0er be()een (he ;6,SP and (he C',SP rea+ising (he 0re&uency hopping as i++us(ra(ed in %igure 3 8"8. /he %@>S is a ()o8)ay para++e+ bus dedica(ed 0or (his purpose and dimensioned (o suppor( a maDimum o0 "2 /!4s. Version 0.0.2 ,a(e Sep 29- "998 Page 2"/82
%',SP
/!4"C',SP /!42C',SP /!43C',SP /!4"2C',SP % @ > S
/!4";6,SP /!42;6,SP /!43;6,SP /!4"2;6,SP
Figure +5 4! 9a6e;and 7opping implementation in t7e Talk 8amily ;a6e 6tation6! Ai(h RF 7opping (he %@>S is a+so used- bu( (he connec(ions are a+)ays made one8(o8one. %or eDamp+e- (he ;6,SP o0 /!4" is a+)ays connec(ed (o (he C',SP o0 /!4". /he %@>S is (hen used 0or sending (he !% channe+ number 0rom (he %',SP (o be used on (he neD( (ime s+o(. /)o syn(hesiser banks are used- )hi+e one is in use (he o(her is being (uned (o (he 0re&uency used in (he neD( (ime s+o(. ,e+ivery o0 channe+ numbers 0rom %@>S (o syn(hesisers is done by hard)are. !% hopping and @@ hopping canno( be used simu+(aneous+y. /his means (ha( all t7e 6ector6 under t7e 6ame Base Station Control #!nction C9CFD mu6t u6e t7e 6ame 7opping met7od - i0 any. 'o)ever- 6ome 6ector6 may ;e 7opping w7ile ot7er6 remain non57opping . /he used combiner (ype may a+so res(ric( (he possibi+i(y o0 u(i+ising !% hopping. *0 Remote &!ned Com,iners #!/C$ are used- (he RF 7opping cannot ;e u6ed. /his is because (he !/C is based on (uneab+e cavi(ies- )hich canno( be re(uned dynamica++y according (o (he used hopping se&uence. T7e minimum c7annel 6pacing w7en RTC i6 u6ed i6 3.. kH@ . /he o(her combiner op(ion 0or (he /a+k 0ami+y base s(a(ions is (he )ide band 'ntenna #ilter E !ipment #A%;$. A%; suppor(s bo(h @@ and !% hopping and (here are no minimum channe+ spacing re&uiremen(s. +!/ PrimeSite
PrimeSi(e is a sma++ high+y in(egra(ed base s(a(ion based on (he /a+k 0ami+y (echno+ogy. *( con(ains on+y one /!4 and (he hard)are is reduced- so (ha( (he %@>S have been removed and (he 0unc(ions o0 %',SP have been in(egra(ed (o (he C',SP. /he RF 7opping can be imp+emen(ed by connec(ing ()o or more PrimeSi(es (oge(her as a mu+(i8 /!4 con0igura(ion. *n (his case (he 0irs( PrimeSi(e provides (he @CC' carrier and is (hus in a non8 hopping mode- )hereas (he o(her connec(ed PrimeSi(es are hopping according (o (he hopping se&uence.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning /he 99 7opping is a+so possib+e (o arrange )i(h (he PrimeSi(es by using proper(ies o0 !% hopping. /his pseudo8@@ hopping appears ou()ards simi+ar (o (he pure @@8hopping. Pseudo8@@ hopping is possib+e )hen ()o or more PrimeSi(es have been connec(ed 0or a mu+(i8/!4 con0igura(ion. /he PrimeSi(e is ab+e (o (ransmi( (he 0irs( (ime s+o( #!/S< 0$ by using a di00eren( 0re&uency (han (he o(her (ime s+o(s. /he pseudo8@@ hopping is rea+ised by (ransmi((ing (he !/S< 0 on (he @CC' /!4 on one 0iDed 0re&uency and (he o(her (ime s+o(s by using a 0re&uency de(ermined according (o (he hopping se&uence. /he o(her /!4s use (he 'SN" 0or (he !/S< 0s and 'SN2 0or (he !/S<s "85 as described in Sec(ion ".2. /he number o0 0re&uencies in (he pseudo8@@ hopping e&ua+s (he number o0 connec(ed PrimeSi(es 0or !/S<s "85 and one +ess 0or (he !/S< 0. A dummy signa+ is sen( on (he @CC' 0re&uency in (he non8ac(ive /C' (ime s+o(s. +!$ 9a6e Station Controller
/he @SC 0unc(iona+i(y re+a(ed (o 0re&uency hopping is imp+emen(ed by so0()are. /here are no hard)are dependencies. /he 0re&uency hopping managemen( in (he @SC is &ui(e simp+e. /he main princip+e is (ha( (he @SC is hand+ing +ogica+ channe+s on (he ce++s under i(s con(ro+. /he +ogica+ channe+s may (hen be assigned on (he 0re&uency hopping physica+ channe+s- bu( (hey are provided by (he base s(a(ions. /he basic re&uiremen( 0or (he @SC is (o hand+e (he addi(iona+ parame(ers #.A.A*= and 'SN$ needed (o de0ine a hopping +ogica+ channe+. /he parame(ers are s(ored in (he BSS Radio 7etwor- Config!ration $ata*ase #@S,A/A$ in (he @SC- main(ained by (he 9peration and )aintenance #=Q.$ so0()are. /he radio resource managemen( doesnE( kno) abou( 0re&uency hopping. *( a++oca(es (he +ogica+ channe+s as usua+. /he hopping re+a(ed parame(ers are a((ached +a(er by (he A bis in(er0ace program b+ock- )hich reads (he needed hopping re+a(ed parame(ers 0rom (he da(abase. /he parame(ers de0ining a 0re&uency hopping channe+ are (hen a((ached (o Abis and Air in(er0ace signa+ing messages. *n Abis and Air in(er0ace radio resource managemen( signa+ing (he 0re&uency hopping is a00ec(ing (he C'ANN;<RAC/*VA/*=N #Abis$*..;,*A/;RASS*:N.;N/ #Air$ASS*:N.;N/RC=..AN, #Air$ and 'AN,=V;!RC=..AN, #Air$ messages. +!3 NPS>:
NPS/4 is an in(egra(ed so0()are package 0or (he ce++u+ar ne()ork p+anning deve+oped by Nokia. See more de(ai+s o0 (he %' suppor( and (he p+anning and 0re&uency a++oca(ion process in Chap(ers 7." and 7.2. +!0 (a<imum Con8iguration6
.aDimum @/S con0igura(ions are presen(ed in /ab+e 7.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Ta;le $! (a<imum 9TS con8iguration6 in di88erent 9SS 6o8tware relea6e6!
BSS ? BTS t0pe 2nd generation omni sectorised Talk fa il0 omni sectorised Pri e Site sectorised BSS @ 2nd generation omni sectorised Talk fa il0 omni sectorised Pri e Site sectorised BSS A 2nd generation omni sectorised Talk fa il0 omni sectorised Pri e Site sectorised "ombiner type "TC %BB $+' *. 'R+s 0B0B0 'R+s "TC %BB $+' 1 'R+s 1B1B1 'R+s Standard %BB 9 "$ $+' nCy 'R+s *) "TC %BB $+' *. 'R+s 0B0B0 'R+s "TC %BB $+' 1 'R+s 1B1B1 'R+s Standard %BB 9 "$ $+' nCy 'R+s *) "TC %BB $+' *. 'R+s 0B0B0 'R+s "TC %BB $+' *, 'R+s *,B*,B*, 'R+s Standard %BB 9 "$ $+' nCy 'R+s *) ;ntennasAcell (polarisation B"Fs diversity used) "ombiner type * * * , * * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' 0 'R+s 0B0B0 'R+s * * * * ;ntennasAcell (polarisation B"Fs diversity used)
* * * ,
* * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' *, 'R+s *,B*,B*, 'R+s * / / /
* * * ,
* * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' *, 'R+s *,B*,B*, 'R+s * / / /
"$ /he amoun( o0 sec(ors is no( +imi(edO even each /!4 can be a sec(or o0 i(s o)n. .aD. "9 /!4s per @C% are a++o)ed. /hey can be 0ree+y divided in(o sec(ors o0 di00eren( siMes. =n+y ru+e is (ha( nLy mus( be +ess (han or e&ua+ (o "9.
+!4
Radio Network Fault (anagement
/he radio ne()ork con0igura(ion managemen( in (he @SC de(ermines (he recovery ac(ions in abnorma+ si(ua(ions in (he @SS radio ne()ork- such as 0au+(s- 0au+( cance+s and ini(ia+isa(ions. /he recovery ac(ions are eDecu(ed i0 errors occur in (he 0unc(iona+ b+ocks o0 (he @/S- such as (he carrier uni(- (he 0rame uni(- (he (ranceiver- 0unc(iona+ b+ocks common (o (he )ho+e ce++ or (he 0unc(iona+ b+ocks common (o (he )ho+e @/S si(e. *n addi(ion (o (his- (he recovery op(ions are eDecu(ed i0 (he ,8 channe+ o0 (he Abis in(er0ace 0ai+s or i0 (here are 0ai+ures de(ec(ed by (he ca++ con(ro+ o0 (he @SC in (he connec(ion )i(h (he radio channe+ a++oca(ion procedure. /he recovery ac(ions are de(ermined based on (he (ype o0 (he 0au+(y 0unc(iona+ b+ock and (hey are based on (he radio 0aci+i(ies con0igured (o (he 0au+(y b+ock.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning 3.-.1 &he 2nd %eneration Base Station
A 8rame unit 8ault may be ei(her in(erna+ or eD(erna+. /he in(erna+ 0au+( cou+d be caused- 0or eDamp+e- by a %> hard)are ma+0unc(ion and (he eD(erna+ 0au+( cou+d happen- 0or eDamp+e- because o0 a +os( <AP,8+ink (o (he /!4. *n bo(h cases (he recovery procedure is simi+ar. /he procedure is as 0o++o)s2 ". /he @/S a+arms (he @SC or (he @SC de(ec(s a non80unc(iona+ <AP,8+ink. 2. /he @SC c+ears a++ (he ca++s (ha( are a++oca(ed (o (hose Abis circui(s corresponding (o (he 0au+(y /!4. Ca++s on (he o(her /!4s proceed norma++y. 3. /he @SC b+ocks (he 0au+(y 0rame uni( in order no( (o a++o) ne) (ra00ic 0or (he A bis circui(s corresponding (o i(. /he ca++s on (he o(her /!4s can proceed norma++y and (he hopping parame(ers can be +e0( un(ouchedbecause a++ (he carrier uni(s are s(i++ 0unc(ioning. /he mobi+es on (he ce++ can s(i++ hop over a++ (he 0re&uencies origina++y a++oca(ed (o (ha( ce++. *n case o0 a carrier unit 8ault one (ranceiver doesnE( )ork proper+y. /hus- one o0 (he 0re&uencies in (he hopping se&uence canno( be (ransmi((ed and/or received proper+y. *n (his case (he procedure is as 0o++o)s2 ". /he @/S a+arms (he @SC. 2. /he @SC b+ocks a++ (he /!4s o0 (he ce++ 0or a )hi+e. /his causes c+earing o0 a++ (he ongoing ca++s on (ha( ce++. 3. /he @SC ca+cu+a(es ne) hopping parame(ers inc+uding a ne) $;-list in )hich (he 0re&uency o0 (he 0au+(y C> is removed. 1. /he @SC unb+ocks (he /!4s (ha( have 0unc(ioning C>s and (he ne) hopping parame(ers are (rans0erred (o (he @/S. 7. /he @SC a++o)s ne) (ra00ic 0or (he 0unc(ioning /!4s. 3.-.2 &al. #amily Base Stations and /rimeSite
*n a case o0 @@ hopping (he procedure is simi+ar (o (he carrier uni( 0au+( in (he 2nd genera(ion @/S as described in (he previous sec(ion. *0 (he @/S is !% hopping- (he recovery procedure is simi+ar (o (he 0rame uni( 0au+( in (he 2nd genera(ion @/S as described in (he previous sec(ion. +!2 3.0.1 Re6triction6 on t7e #6age o8 FH $1 /ower Control with BB #H
*n @@ %' (he @CC' carrier is invo+ved in (he hopping se&uence. /he @CC' carrier is a+)ays sen( in (he do)n+ink direc(ion )i(h (he maDimum po)er de0ined 0or (he ce++. Ahen (he PC is used in (he o(her (han @CC' carrier- (here is a big di00erence in (he sen( / received po)er be()een (he carriers. /he gain con(ro+ o0 some mobi+es canno( 0o++o) so big and sudden changes in (he received po)er. /here0ore- i( is recommended (o re6trict t7e PC range in "' direction to .5 $ d9 wit7 99 FH.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning 3.0.2 $ownlin. $&2
@aseband hopping combined )i(h do)n+ink ,/4 causes prob+ems in (he mobi+e s(a(ions- because in (he si+en( phase (he dummy 0rames are sen( on (he @CC' 0re&uency causing ma+0unc(ion in (he mobi+e s(a(ions. ;/S* has approved a so+u(ion (o so+ve (he prob+em and i( is imp+emen(ed in Nokia @SS. /he so+u(ion is (o use a specia+ (raining se&uence code in (he dummy burs( bu( i( does no( guaran(ee (ha( a++ mobi+e s(a(ion mode+s o0 di00eren( manu0ac(urers are )orking error 0ree. 3.0.3 E3tended Range Cell 4$E3"'$#3"'$%3)5
=n+y !% hopping is suppor(ed- and on+y 0or (he /!4s serving (he norma+ coverage area. /he /!4s serving (he eD(ended coverage area canno( hop. 3.0." +S Speed $etection
/he speed de(ec(ion a+gori(hm in (he @/S )orks on+y 0or non8hopping channe+s. *n a case o0 0re&uency hopping (he speed in0orma(ion in (he .easuremen( !esu+( message 0rom @/S (o @SC is se( (o va+ue Snon8va+idS indica(ing (ha( speed in0orma(ion is no( avai+ab+e 0rom (ha( par(icu+ar ce++. 3.0.) Half Rate
/he in(er+eaving dep(h o0 (he /C'/'S is 0our ins(ead o0 eigh( as i( is in /C'/%S. @ecause (he in(er+eaving has a signi0ican( e00ec( on (he success0u+ error correc(ion o0 (he speech 0rame- especia++y on (he 0re&uency hopping ne()orks u(i+ising +o) 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse and 0rac(iona+ +oading(he per0ormance o0 0re&uency hopping may be reduced. /he use o0 cyc+ic hopping )i(h even number o0 hopping 0re&uencies shou+d be avoided in ne()orks u(i+ising ha+0 ra(e. Since (he ha+0 ra(e channe+ is (ransmi((ed on every o(her /,.A 0rame- (he usage o0 cyc+ic hopping )i(h even number o0 0re&uencies means (ha( one ha+0 ra(e connec(ion uses on+y ha+0 o0 (he 0re&uencies. /his prob+em doesnE( occur i0 random hopping se&uences are used. 3.0.* #re !ency Sharing
/he basic re&uiremen( in 0re&uency sharing #"/" reuse- 3/3 reuse$ is (ha( (he cell6 at one 6ite 7a=e to ;e controlled ;y t7e 6ame 9CF - so (ha( (hey are 0rame synchronised. Ai(h (he curren( Nokia e&uipmen( (his re&uiremen( +imi(s t7e ma<imum TR: con8iguration to % TR:6 per 6ite. 3.0.6 R&C Com,iner
*n (he 2nd genera(ion and /a+k %ami+y base s(a(ions- (he !/C combiners have (he +imi(a(ion o0 (he minimum channe+ spacing o0 900 k'M. 3.0.7/S'2
NPS>: +!% and (he o+der versions donE( suppor( 0re&uency a++oca(ion 0or a 0rac(iona+ +oaded ne()ork #G more 0re&uencies (han /!4s$. NPS/4 3.2 can es(ima(e (he &ua+i(y o0 (he 0rac(iona+ +oaded 0re&uency p+an. NPS>: +!+ can make (he channe+ a++oca(ion 0or a 0rac(iona+ +oaded ne()ork.
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/!
SE'ECTIN* THE RI*HT HOPPIN* STR&TE*Y
/he goa+ in (he se+ec(ion o0 (he hopping s(ra(egy is (o maDimise (he e00ec(iveness o0 0re&uency hopping in order (o achieve a ma<imum capacity and>or quality gain. /he basic re&uiremen( 0or (he maDimum %' gain is (o make sure (ha( eac7 cell 7a6 a 6u88icient num;er o8 8requencie6 in t7e 7opping 6equence. ;&ua++y impor(an( is (ha( a good 0re&uency p+an minimising (he in(er0erence can be produced. /he 9TS 7ardware may severe+y re6trict (he possibi+i(ies. Second genera(ion base s(a(ions are on+y capab+e o0 @@ hopping. /he /a+k 0ami+y #3rd gen$ base s(a(ions suppor( a+so !% hopping- bu( on+y i0 )ide band combiners #A%;$ are used. /he ma<imum TR: con8iguration6 )hich can be used )i(h di00eren( hopping modes #combiners$ and hopping schemes #maDimum /!4 amoun(s under (he same @C%$ can easi+y become a+so res(ric(ing 0ac(ors. /he amount o8 antenna6 and an(enna 0eeder ca;le6 can be a +imi(ing 0ac(or. Ai(h A%; combinerabou( (hree (imes more an(ennas are re&uired (han )i(h !/C combiner. /he u(i+isa(ion o0 !% hopping is pre0erab+e i0 downlink power control is used. *n @@ hopping (he ,< PC causes drama(ic changes in ,< 0ie+d s(reng(h as some o0 (he burs(s are (ransmi((ed by (he 0u++ po)er @CC' /!4 and (he res( o0 (he burs(s by +o) po)er /!4s. /he mobi+e receivers canno( (o+era(e &uick changes o0 0ie+d s(reng(h resu+(ing (o poor ,< &ua+i(y. /o avoid (his prob+em (he maDimum po)er reduc(ion 0or ,< PC in conFunc(ion )i(h @@ hopping shou+d be +imi(ed (o "0 C "7 d@. /his +imi(a(ion is +ike+y (o reduce (he achievab+e gain 0rom ,< PC. As in conven(iona+ ne()ork- (he success0u+ imp+emen(a(ion o0 !% hopping )i(h 0rac(iona+ +oading re&uires a good 0re&uency p+an (ha( minimises (he in(er0erence in (he ne()ork. >sua++y (he bes( resu+(s can be achieved )i(h a he+p o0 a 0re&uency a++oca(ion (oo+. 'o)ever- (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion is no( possib+e 0or 0rac(iona++y +oaded ne()orks i0 (he 8requency allocation tool doesnE( 6upport 0rac(iona+ +oading. %or NPS/4 (his suppor( is avai+ab+e in version 3.3. /here is- ho)ever- one specia+ case o0 !% hopping )i(h 0rac(iona+ +oading (ha( doesnE( re&uire any 0re&uency p+anning a( a++. *n (his 6ingle )A-li#t 6c7eme a++ (he 0re&uencies are a++oca(ed (o every ce++ so (ha( (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse is ". *n many cases (his scheme may no( provide (he bes( possib+e gains- bu( (he gain compared (o a non8hopping ne()ork is s(i++ signi0ican( as veri0ied in a (ria+ (ha( )as conduc(ed in a rea+ ne()ork. *0 (he 0re&uency band is eD(reme+y +imi(ed- (he app+ica(ion o0 a sing+e $;-list may be (he on+y sensib+e )ay (o imp+emen( %'- because i( a+)ays provides (he maDimum number o0 0re&uencies (o hop over in every ce++. Ano(her possibi+i(y is (o u(i+ise 8requency 67aring arrangemen(. *n (his scheme a++ (he ce++s o0 one si(e share (he same $;-list in a con(ro++ed manner so (ha( in(er0erence be()een (he ce++s o0 (he same si(e can be avoided. %re&uency sharing makes i( possib+e (o have enough hopping 0re&uencies in every ce++ )i(hou( a need (o u(i+ise 0rac(iona+ +oading. /hus- (he 0re&uency p+anning is possib+e )i(h (oo+s (ha( donE( suppor( 0rac(iona+ +oading. /he main 0ac(ors a00ec(ing (he decision o0 (he 0re&uency hopping s(ra(egy are presen(ed in %igure 1 8"9.
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BTS generation /rd gen5 only Co ;iner t0pe & A ount of antenna# ;F% Ea#0 planning preferred over aBi u capacit0 (es
,nd gen5 BB $+ u#ed on the cell# having ore than 2 T"*# aB ? T"* & cell with "TC or 12 T"* with A$E &o )aBi u gain fro (E PC re/uired (es Planning tool #upport# $+ and fractional loading (es "$ $+ with fre/uenc0 #haring %no fractional loading' aB 12 T"* & #iteC %under the #a e BC$' &o (es "$ $+ with fre/uenc0 allocation reu#e 3 D > aB 12 T"* & cell
R'"
&o )in T"* configuration &o , 'R+Acell
/ 'R+Acell or more
"$ $+ with fre/uenc0 allocation reu#e 1 %7#ingle )A li#t #che e' aB 12 T"* & #iteC %under the #a e BC$'
F712 T"*#&#ite configuration# (es
Figure /5 2! %+o) char( 0or hopping s(ra(egy decision.
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$!
FRE)#ENCY P'&NNIN* OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN* NET1OR,S
%re&uency hopping re&uires some ne) considera(ions in (he 0re&uency p+anning process. /his is especia++y impor(an( i0 (he !% hopping )i(h 0rac(iona+ +oading is used. /he 0re&uency p+anning o0 0rac(iona++y +oaded ne()orks re&uires specia+ a((en(ion (o (he +oad con(ro+. =n (he o(her hand- (he !% hopping a++o)s some ne) p+anning concep(s +ike 0re&uency sharing and (he con(ro+ over 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse )hi+e (he e00ec(ive reuse in (he ne()ork remains (he same. 'arge TR: con8iguration6 make ;a6e;and 7opping 0easib+e. *n order (o achieve a proper 0re&uency hopping gain- a minimum o8 t7ree TR:6 in a ce++ shou+d be used )i(h (he baseband hopping H/un95I. /he bene0i( o0 (he baseband hopping is (ha( (he /C's +oca(ed on (he @CC' /!4 are inc+uded in (he 0re&uency hopping se&uence. /he @CC' 0re&uencies have a high 0re&uency reuse in order (o guaran(ee a success0u+ signa+ing and a 0as( decoding o0 (he base s(a(ion iden(i0ica(ion code. *( is bene0icia+ (o have (his in(er0erence 0ree @CC' 0re&uency inc+uded in (he hopping se&uencebecause i( is +ike+y (o improve (he &ua+i(y o0 recep(ion on (he hopping +ogica+ channe+s. *n 0re&uency planning poin( o8 vie)- (he p+anning o0 a ;a6e;and 7opping ne()ork di00ers +ess (han (he p+anning o0 a !% hopping ne()ork 0rom (he p+anning o0 a con=entional non8hopping ne()ork. /he main di00erence is (ha( (he 0rac(iona+ +oading is no( possib+e )hen (he baseband hopping is used. @ecause o0 (his- i( is possib+e (o use (he conven(iona+ 8requency planning tool6 )hen p+anning (he baseband hopping ne()ork. 'o)ever- because o0 (he in(er0erence and 0re&uency diversi(y gains+o)er C/* ra(ios and (here0ore sma++er 0re&uency reuse dis(ances can be a++o)ed in (he baseband hopping ne()ork compared (o a non8hopping ne()ork. $! Network Planning Procedure
/he ne()ork p+anning and moni(oring process 8or a ;a6e;and 8requency 7opping network is basica++y t7e 6ame t7an 8or a non57opping network . /he p+anning o0 an RF 7opping network can be a little more comple<- i0 (he maDimum capaci(y is )an(ed (o ge( ou( 0rom (he ne()ork. /he sui(ab+e 0re&uency a++oca(ion scheme have (o be se+ec(ed and (he 0re&uency +oad mus( be e&ua+iMed (o guaran(ee an e&ua+ &ua+i(y dis(ribu(ion. *0 a (igh( 0re&uency a++oca(ion scheme has been chosen (hen (he e6timation o8 t7e 6u;?ecti=e 6peec7 quality can become a more cha++enging (ask compared (o a non8hopping ne()ork. Ahen %' is used (he !46ua+ dis(ribu(ion is no( anymore comparab+e (o (he non8hopping ne()ork. NPS/4 is an in(egra(ed so0()are package 0or (he ce++u+ar ne()ork p+anning deve+oped by Nokia. *( provides (he basic (oo+s 0or coverage predic(ion- 0re&uency a++oca(ion and in(er0erence ana+ysis. /he propaga(ion mode+ing is based on digi(a+ maps presen(ing bo(h (he (errain (ype in0orma(ion and (he heigh( da(a o0 (he (arge( area. Avai+ab+e propaga(ion mode+s inc+ude =kumura8'a(a- uu+8Nyho+mAa+0ish8*kegami and a ray8(racing mode+. /he ray8(racing mode+ is speci0ica++y 0or microce++ p+anning and i( is avai+ab+e in NPS/4 version 3.2. NPS>: =er6ion6 ;e8ore =er6ion +!% don-t include any 8requency 7opping 6peci8ic 6upport . Ne) versions ca++ed NPS/4 3.2 and 3.3 have some ne) 0unc(iona+i(ies (o make (he 0re&uency p+anning and (he &ua+i(y ana+ysis an easier (ask- see Chap(er 7.2.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Figure $5%.! Network planning and monitoring proce66!
Capacit0 Capacit0Planning Planning &)6+ &)6+ &etdim &etdim & &D D &$6A,... &$6A,... )onitoring )onitoring & &D D
&)6A+ &)6A+/5/ /5/ $re/uenc0 $re/uenc0Planning Planning
)lan%dit )lan%dit " "D D Para Para eter eterPlanning Planning
$!%
Frequency Planning Procedure wit7 NPS>:
NPS/4 versions be0ore version 3.2 donE( inc+ude any 0re&uency hopping speci0ic suppor(. 'o)eversince (he 0re&uency hopping doesnE( a00ec( (he propaga(ion- (he co=erage planning phase i6 not di88erent )hen p+anning 0re&uency hopping ne()orks compared (o non8hopping ne()orks. *n coverage +imi(ed ce++s (he 0re&uency hopping increases (he ce++ coverage area because o0 (he 0re&uency diversi(y gain. Since (he @CC' (ime s+o( doesnE( hop- (he increa6ed co=erage area mus( be dimensioned according to t7e per8ormance o8 9CCH time 6lot ins(ead o0 hopping /C's- see Chap(er 2.".7. %or (his reason- (he 0re&uency diversi(y gain shou+d be considered as a &ua+i(y gain in (he ce++ border area ra(her (han a gain increasing (he ce++ service area. For t7e planning o8 ;a6e;and 7opping network6 t7e traditional 8requency allocation and inter8erence analy6i6 tool6 are al6o 6u88icient! ,ue (o (he 0re&uency diversi(y and in(er0erence diversi(y gains (he hopping a++o)s some)ha( )orse C/* ra(ios compared (o a non8hopping ne()ork. /his can be (aken in(o accoun( )hen se((ing parame(ers 0or (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion (oo+ +eading (o a (igh(er 0re&uency p+an. Ahen ana+ysing (he resu+(ing p+an- higher in(er0erence +eve+s can be (o+era(ed. Frequency 7opping 6peci8ic planning tool 6upport i6 needed w7en RF 7opping wit7 8ractional loading i6 u6ed! %rac(iona+ +oading means (ha( a ce++ is a++oca(ed )i(h more 0re&uencies (han (here are /!4s. /he quality prediction tool in NPS>: +!% es(ima(es (he do)n+ink !46>A< 0or every piDe+ in (he )ork area. /hese va+ues can be disp+ayed in (he digi(a+ map using di00eren( co+ours 0or par(icu+ar !46>A< +eve+s. %rom (he map over+ay (he areas po(en(ia++y su00ering 0rom in(er0erence can be easi+y iden(i0ied. /o make (he comparison be()een di00eren( p+ans easier- a s(a(is(ics )indo) is a+so imp+emen(ed. /his )indo) presen(s (he dis(ribu(ion o0 predic(ed !46>A< va+ues in (he )ork area.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning /he predic(ion is based on (he C/* ra(io (ha( is ca+cu+a(ed by using (he 0ie+d s(reng(hs o0 (he serving carrier and (he in(er0ering carriers. /he corresponding Bit Error Ratio #@;!$ is de(ermined 0rom (he ca+cu+a(ed C/* ra(io. /he ca+cu+a(ions (ake (he ,/4 0ac(or and (he +oad 0ac(or in(o accoun( )here appropria(e. Ahen (he @;! 0or (he piDe+ is ca+cu+a(ed i( is conver(ed (o !46>A< va+ue according (o (he mapping speci0ied in :S. speci0ica(ions H:S. 07.08I. /he inpu( parame(ers needed 0or (he ca+cu+a(ion are (he 0re&uencies a++oca(ed 0or (he ce++s- (he ,/4 0ac(or and (he b+ocking probabi+i(y 0or each ce++. @o(h ;a6e ;and and RF 7opping mode6 are 6upported . Note- (ha( (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion 0or a 0rac(iona+ +oaded ne()ork is no( suppor(ed in NPS/4 3.2.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Figure $5% ! ;Damp+e ou(pu( 0rom (he !46>A< predic(ion (oo+.
Figure $5%%! !46>A< s(a(is(ics )indo).
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning NPS>: +!+ )i++ inc+ude a ne) 0re&uency a++oca(ion (oo+- )hich is capab+e o0 a++oca(ing 0re&uencies u(i+ising +o) 0re&uency reuse and 0rac(iona+ +oading. A+so (he .A*= .anagemen( can be (aken in(o a use. /he .A +is( +eng(hs can be de0ined manua++y in ce++ basis- or NPS/4 can de0ine (hem au(oma(ica++y by a cer(ain cri(eria. A0(er (he .A +is( +eng(h has been chosen (he a++oca(ion a+gori(hm (ries (o produce an op(ima+ a++oca(ion. *n high in(er0ered areas +onger .A +is( +eng(hs can be (ried (o average (he in(er0erence. A+so (he ne()ork simu+a(or o0 NPS/4 3.3 inc+udes a suppor( 0or %'.
Capacit0 Capacit0 e#ti e#ti ation5 ation5 cell cell;a#i# ;a#i# Spectru Spectru and and+G +G con#traint# con#traint#
$re/uenc0 $re/uenc0 re/uire re/uire ent# ent# Planning Planning concept concept deci#ion deci#ion
Net(i & NPS&*

E#ti E#ti ation ationof of needed needednu nu ;er ;er of offre/uencie# fre/uencie#
-)C & C(G & N(G

Hualit0 Hualit0Anal0#i# Anal0#i# Auto Auto atic atic Para Para eter etertuning tuning
NPS&* 3.3
Coverage Coveragedata data Interference Interference Cali;ration Cali;rationTool Tool Neigh;our Neigh;ourcell cell ea#ure ea#ure ent# ent#with with GPA GPAtool tool Auto Auto atic aticinterferer interferer generation generationfor forI,I,-
Interference Interference atriB atriB generation generation
Planning Planningof ofother other para eter# para eter#
$re/uenc0 $re/uenc0 Allocation Allocation
Figure $5%+! Frequency allocation procedure!
$!+
Frequency Reu6e on Frequency Hopping Network
Since (he 0re&uency band is a+)ays +imi(ed- (he 0re&uencies have (o be reused in (he ne()ork. As (he reuse dis(ance becomes sma++er- (here are more 0re&uencies avai+ab+e 0or each ce++. @ecause each /!4 in a ce++ re&uires a uni&ue 0re&uency- (he capaci(y po(en(ia+ o0 a ce++ is increased- as (here are more 0re&uencies avai+ab+e 0or each ce++. 'o)ever- )hen (he reuse dis(ance becomes sma++ enougha++ (he 0re&uencies avai+ab+e 0or (he ce++ canno( be u(i+ised because o0 (oo severe in(er0erence in (he ce++ border areas. %or a conven(iona+ non8hopping ne()ork (his is (he prac(ica+ 0re&uency reuse +imi(. /he @@ hopping ne()ork has (his same +imi(- bu( because o0 0re&uency hopping gain- some)ha( +o)er reuse dis(ances are a++o)ed be0ore (he &ua+i(y reaches (he minimum accep(ab+e +imi(. /he advan(age o0 !% hopping is (ha( (he 0re&uency reuse dis(ance can be se( as +o) as )an(ed. /his can be done- because a !% hopping ce++ can use more 0re&uencies (han (here are /!4s ins(a++ed. /his means (ha( (he used 0re&uencies are on+y 0rac(iona++y +oaded as presen(ed in Sec(ion 7.1.3. %or a 0rac(iona++y +oaded !% hopping ne()ork- ()o reuse 0igures have (o be de0ined. /hese are e88ecti=e reu6e and 8requency allocation reu6e. /hey are presen(ed in (he 0o++o)ing sec(ions.
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).3.1
Effective Re!se
/he e00ec(ive reuse is essen(ia++y (he same as (he conven(iona+ 0re&uency reuse dis(ance. *( is ca+cu+a(ed as
Reff = 7 fre
s,9,
7 ,R1ave
# 7." $
)here2 Reff G e00ec(ive reuse 7fre s,9, G (o(a+ number o0 used 0re&uencies 7,R1ave G average number o0 /!4s in a ce++ Since (he e00ec(ive reuse (akes (he ac(ua+ number o0 0re&uencies (oge(her )i(h (he number o0 /!4s in(o accoun(- i( can be a+so used as a capaci(y indeD- provided (ha( (he /!4s can be +oaded a( +eas( (o (he hard b+ocking +imi( as presen(ed in Sec(ion 7.1.2. /he sma++er (he e00ec(ive reuse- (he higher (he capaci(y in (erms o0 (he number o0 /C's provided by one 0re&uency in (he ne()ork. ).3.2 #re !ency (llocation Re!se 4R# #H only5
%re&uency a++oca(ion reuse indica(es ho) c+ose+y (he 0re&uencies are ac(ua++y reused in a ne()ork. /hus- i( indica(es (he severi(y o0 a )ors( case C/* in (he ce++ border. *( is ca+cu+a(ed as
#'R = 7 fre 7 fre
s,9, s / )'
# 7.2 $
w7ereE #'R G 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse 7fre s,9, G (o(a+ number o0 used 0re&uencies 7fre s4)' G average number o0 0re&uencies in $;-lists *0 (he ne()ork doesnE( u(i+ise 0rac(iona+ +oading- (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse is (he same as (he e00ec(ive reuse. ;Damp+e o0 (he reuse ca+cu+a(ions 0or (he 0rac(iona++y +oaded !% hopping ne()ork is presen(ed in %igure 7 821.
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$re/uenc0 Allocation "eu#e Effective "eu#e
EBa ple<
3 3 1 1 2
Total : of fre/# 7 36
2 3 1 2
16 fre/uencie# & cell 8 T"*I# & cell
$A" 7 36&16 7 3 Eff.reu#e 7 36&8 7@.>
1&3
Effective "eu#e 7 Total : of fre/uencie#& Nu ;er of T"*# per cell
$re/uenc0 Allocation "eu#e 7 Total : of fre/uencie# & : of fre/uencie# in )AE

Figure $5%/! ;Damp+e o0 reuse ca+cu+a(ions.
$!/
'oad on Network6 #tili6ing Fractional 'oading CRF FH onlyD
=ne o0 (he mos( essen(ia+ parame(ers o0 (he 0rac(iona++y +oaded !% hopping ne()ork is (he +oad. /he +oad on (he 0re&uencies is (he mos( impor(an( one since i( de(ermines (he probabi+i(y o0 co++isions. Co++ision means (ha( (he serving ce++ and an in(er0ering ce++ are (ransmi((ing a( (he same 0re&uency a( (he same (ime so (ha( (he po(en(ia+ in(er0erence becomes rea+i(y. ).".1 #re !ency 1oad
Ahen designing a ne()ork )i(h +o) 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse- (he in(er0erence sources are very c+ose. ;ven a neighboring ce++ may be an in(er0erer by sharing a( +eas( some o0 (he 0re&uencies. *n (ha( kind o0 si(ua(ions (he C/* is very +o) )hen (he co++isions occur. *n order (o guaran(ee an ade&ua(e &ua+i(y- (he co++ision probabi+i(y has (o be made +o). /he c+oser (he in(er0erers- (he more in0re&uen( (he co++isions mus( be in order (o main(ain a proper &ua+i(y. /he co++ision probabi+i(y depends on (he +oad o0 (he hopping 0re&uencies ca++ed a 0re&uency +oad. /he 0re&uency +oad describes (he probabi+i(y (ha( a 0re&uency channe+ is used 0or (ransmission a( one ce++ a( one (ime. /he 8requency load is a produc( o0 ()o o(her +oads2 (he average busy hour /C' occupancy- )hich shou+d in mos( cases be e&ua+ (o (he 7ard ;locking load (ha( is presen(ed in Sec(ion 7.1.2- and (he 8ractional load (ha( is presen(ed in Sec(ion 7.1.3. /he 0re&uency +oad can be )ri((en as
0 fre = 0 H@ 0 frac -
# 7.3 $
)here2 0fre G 0re&uency +oad 0H@ G (he busy hour average hard b+ocking +oad 0frac G 0rac(iona+ +oad
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning ;ach 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse corresponds (o a di00eren( C/* a( (he ce++ border- (hus re&uiring a di00eren( maDimum a++o)ed 0re&uency +oad in order (o keep (he co++ision probabi+i(y +o) enough. ).".2 Hard Bloc.ing 1oad
'ard b+ocking means (ha( a++ (he avai+ab+e (ra00ic channe+s in (he ce++ are in use and a++ (he ne) ca++ a((emp(s 0ai+ because o0 (he +ack o0 avai+ab+e (ra00ic channe+s. *0 i( is assumed (ha( (he ca++ a((emp(s occur random+y- (hen (he number o0 ca++ a((emp(s in a (ime in(erva+ is Poisson dis(ribu(ed. *0 (he ca++ a((emp(s are Poisson dis(ribu(ed and (he +eng(h o0 (he ca++s is eDponen(ia++y dis(ribu(ed- (hen (he hard b+ocking probabi+i(y #(ha( is a+so kno)n as (he grade o0 service$ can be ca+cu+a(ed by using (he ;r+ang @ 0ormu+a
, 7 ,CH 7 ,CH P B = 7 ,CH ,n n =0 n P

whereA B G hard b+ocking probabi+i(y , G o00ered (ra00ic #;r+$ 7 G number o0 /C's in (he ce++
,CH
# 7.1 $
*n order no( (o eDceed (he prede0ined hard b+ocking probabi+i(y- (he average busy hour /C' occupancy may no( eDceed (he (hresho+d de0ined by (he o00ered (ra00ic a( (he desired b+ocking probabi+i(y and (he number o0 /C's. Ahen de(ermining (he hard b+ocking +oad- on+y (he non8@CC' /!4s shou+d be considered as i++us(ra(ed in %igure 7 827. /ha(Es because (he @CC' /!4 is non8 hopping in !% hopping ce++ and (he ca+cu+a(ion o0 (he +oads is on+y re+evan( in so0( b+ocking +imi(ed ne()ork. Curren(+y so0( b+ocking +imi(ed @@ hopping ne()orks shou+d no( be designed because o0 (he +ack o0 (he ga(ekeeper a+gori(hm- )hich prohibi(s (he ini(ia+isa(ion o0 ne) ca++s i0 (he +oad in (he ne()ork is abou( (o eDceed (he +oad (hresho+d a( (he so0( b+ocking +imi(. /he hard b+ocking +oad is ca+cu+a(ed as
0H@ = ,hop,CH 7 hop,CH
# 7.7 $
)here2 0 G hard b+ocking +oad , G average number o0 used /C's in (he busy hour 7 G (o(a+ number o0 /C's in (he hopping /!4s
H@ hop,CH hop,CH
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Eoad on the BCC+ T"* not con#idered5 #ince the BCC+ fre/uencie# are planned #eparatel0
@> J
2> J
T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3 T"*-8
B""H '"H '"H '"H
6 ""H 6 ""H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H '"H
f1 f25f35f8 f35f85f2 f85f25f3
'"H '"H '"H
'"H '"H '"H
Active #lot#
E pt0 #lot#
Figure $5%$! 'ard b+ocking +oad o0 57N on !% hopping /!4s. /he average busy hour /C' +oad- as de0ined in ;&ua(ion #7.7$- can be used as (he maDimum /C' occupancy. *n rea+i(y- (here are (imes )hen (he /C' occupancy is over (he busy hour average 0H@. 'o)ever (his happens random+y and since (he 0H@ +imi( is an average (here is abou( an e&ua+ (ime in )hich (he +oad is +ess (han (he 0H@. *0 (he o00ered (ra00ic is Poisson dis(ribu(ed- (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion can be &ui(e sa0e+y dimensioned by using (he 0H@ as (he maDimum /C' occupancy. *n an environmen( )here (he o00ered (ra00ic is kno)n no( (o be random+y genera(ed- a higher 0igure shou+d be used.
).".3
#ractional 1oad
%rac(iona+ +oading means (ha( (he ce++ has been a++oca(ed more 0re&uencies (han (here are /!4s as i++us(ra(ed in %igure 7 829. /his is on+y possib+e 0or !% hopping /!4s. /he 0rac(iona+ +oading is very use0u+ )hen (he number o0 /!4s is +o). @y u(i+ising 0rac(iona+ +oading- i( is possib+e (o provide enough 0re&uencies (o hop over #(o ge( %' gain$ (o even a ce++ )i(h Fus( one hopping /!4. %rac(iona+ +oad can be ca+cu+a(ed as
0 frac = 7 ,R1 7 fre s / cell
# 7.9 $
w7ereE 0frac G 0rac(iona+ +oad 7,R1 G number o0 /!4s in a ce++ 7fre s4cell G number o0 0re&uencies a++oca(ed (o a ce++ #$;-list +eng(h$
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T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3 T"*-8
B""H
f1 f25 f35 f85 f>5 f? f25 f35 f85 f>5 f? f25 f35 f85 f>5 f?
Active #lot#
E pt0 #lot#
$rac. load 7 3&> 7 6.?
Figure $5%3! %rac(iona+ +oad o0 0.9. *n a so0( b+ocking +imi(ed ne()ork (he 0rac(iona+ +oad is used (o (une (he 0re&uency +oad do)n (o a desired +eve+- )hich is de(ermined by (he used 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse. $!$ Trunking E88ect and E88ecti=e Reu6e
%or Poisson dis(ribu(ed ca++ a((emp(s- i( is charac(eris(ic (ha( (he hard b+ocking +oad providing (he same b+ocking probabi+i(y increases as (he number o0 (ra00ic channe+s increases as presen(ed in %igure 7 825. /his is ca++ed (runking e00ec(. %or a hard b+ocking +imi(ed ne()ork (his is a rea+ gain since (he ne()ork is ab+e (o serve more (ra00ic )i(h (he same grade o0 service and (he same e00ec(ive reuse. 'o)ever- 0or a so0( b+ocking +imi(ed ne()ork u(i+ising 0rac(iona+ +oading (he (runking e00ec( doesnE( provide any gain. As (he hard b+ocking +oad increases- (he 0rac(iona+ +oad mus( be decreased in order (o keep (he 0re&uency +oad and (hus (he co++ision probabi+i(y accep(ab+e. ,ecreasing (he 0rac(iona+ +oad is done by adding more 0re&uencies (han /!4s (o (he ce++s. /his has a direc( e00ec( on (he e00ec(ive reuse. /he e00ec(ive reuse can be re)ri((en as
Reff = 7 fre
s,9,
7 ,R1
7 fre 7 fre
s,9, s / )'
7 fre
s / )'
7 ,R1
#'R . 0 frac
# 7.5 $
;&ua(ion #7.5$ sho)s (he 0iDed re+a(ion be()een (he e00ec(ive and 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuses and (he 0rac(iona+ +oad. /he re&uired increase in (he e00ec(ive reuse in a so0( b+ocking +imi(ed ne()ork as (he (runking e00iciency increases is presen(ed in %igure 7 828. *( shou+d be no(ed (ha( a+(hough (he e00ec(ive reuse increases- (he number o0 0re&uencies re&uired (o hand+e a cer(ain amoun( o0 (ra00ic s(ays cons(an(. /he e00ec(ive reuse doesnE( (ake (he (runking e00iciency in(o accoun(.
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*..5. =
8.5. =
2.5. = TC+ occupanc0 at the hard ;locking li it
-.5. =
1.5. = Hard bloc>ing prob5 7= 7.5. = Hard bloc>ing prob5 ,= Hard bloc>ing prob5 *= 0.5. =
/.5. =
,.5. =
*.5. =
.5. = *8 ,, ,2 /* /0 0/ 77 72 1-8 2, 22 8* 80 Nu ;er of TC+K# *.. * 0 *. */ *1 ,7 /0. 01 08 7, 1* 10 -. -/ -1 27 8-
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Figure $5%0! Average busy hour /C' occupancy a( (he hard b+ocking +imi(.
*,
**
*.
effective reu#e
F;R * (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load -37= (trialed)) F;R * (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load -37= (trialed)) F;R /517 (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (trialed)) F;R /517 (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (trialed)) F;R / (,= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (simulated)) F;R / (*= Bloc>ing3 Freq5load /.= (simulated))
7 , / 0 7 1 T"*K#&cell 2 8 *. ** *,
Figure $5%4! Increa6e o8 required e88ecti=e reu6e on a 6o8t ;locking limited network due to t7e ;etter trunking e88iciency on ;igger cell con8iguration6!
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$!3
Frequency &llocation Strategie6
Ahen preparing 0or a 0re&uency a++oca(ion- some decisions have (o be made concerning (he )an(ed 8requency allocation reu6e and t7e corre6ponding 8requency load . A+so- i( mus( be decided )he(her (o use a separa(e 0re&uency band 0or (he @CC' carriers or use a common band 0or bo(h (he @CC' and (he norma+ /C' /!4s. ).*.1 BCCH (llocation
/he @CC' carriers are specia+ in a sense (ha( (he (ransmission (o (he do)n+ink direc(ion is cons(an( and a+)ays ac(ive on (hem. /here are ()o basic approaches in (he @CC' a++oca(ion. /he @CC' 0re&uencies may be a++oca(ed 0rom a 6eparate dedicated 8requency ;and or (he 0re&uencies 0or (he @CC' /!4s and (he /C' /!4s #/!4s no( carrying (he @CC'$ may be a++oca(ed 0rom one common ;and. @o(h approaches have been simu+a(ed 0or 0re&uency hopping ne()ork in HBro95I. *n (his simu+a(ion(he used 0re&uency band )as 25 0re&uencies corresponding (o 7.1 .'M. %or t7e dedicated ;and 6trategy "2 0re&uencies )ere dedica(ed (o (he @CC' /!4s and (he remaining "7 0re&uencies )ere used as /C' 0re&uencies- )hich )ere a++oca(ed by using a s+o) 'daptive Channel 'llocation #ACA$ a+gori(hm presen(ed in HA+m99I. *n (he common ;and ca6e- (he @CC' 0re&uencies )ere 0irs( a++oca(ed by using a reuse o0 25. /he ACA a+gori(hm )as (hen used (o se+ec( (he /C' 0re&uencies 0or each ce++. /he @CC' 0re&uencies )ere no( changed during (his procedure. *n bo(h cases (hree di00eren( /!4 con0igura(ions )ere simu+a(ed. /he ce++s had 3- 1 or 7 /C' /!4s depending on (he case. *n every case- (he average reuse is (he same in bo(h s(ra(egies- so (he resu+(s are easi+y comparab+e. *n (he simu+a(ion- (he signa+ po)ers )ere averaged over a period o0 0.18 seconds. ,uring (his perioda++ (he 0re&uencies in (he hopping se&uence have been used severa+ (imes. /hus- (he 0as( 0ading can be assumed (o have been removed by averaging. /he s+o) 0ading )as assumed (o be cons(an( over (he averaging period. @o(h- (he co8channe+ and (he adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence )ere considered. /he simu+a(ed hopping mode )as random @@ hopping. %re&uency diversi(y e00ec( )as no( considered. /he used in(er0erence +imi(ed ne()ork consis(ed o0 "08 ce++s in (hree sec(orised con0igura(ion having a radius o0 " km. /he mobi+es )ere random+y genera(ed and s(a(ic. Po)er con(ro+ and ,/4 )ere used in (he bo(h direc(ions. /he sys(em per0ormance )as measured by de(ermining (he "0 percen( C!m!lative $istri*!tion #!nction #C,%$ va+ue o0 (he C/* ra(io. /he +oad measure )as de0ined as (he number o0 served users per ce++ using (he (ime s+o( one. /he up+ink per0ormance as a 0unc(ion o0 served (ra00ic is presen(ed in %igure 7 829. *( can be seen (ha( (he common band s(ra(egy per0orms be((er. /he improvemen( is "82 d@. /he more uni0orm reuse provided by (he common band s(ra(egy is more e00ec(ive- because (he con(inuous (ransmission on (he @CC' /!4s is on+y emp+oyed in do)n+ink direc(ion. /he @CC' reuse o0 "2 0orces (he reuse on (he /C' /!4s (o be very (igh(. /his is unnecessary in up+ink direc(ion since (he +oad is abou( (he same on (he @CC' and /C' /!4s. T7e common ;and 6trategy i6 ;etter w7en t7e uplink i6 con6idered. 'o)ever- t7e uplink i6 not u6ually t7e limiting link in in(er0erence +imi(ed ne()orkssince an(enna diversi(y is norma++y u(i+ised a( base s(a(ions.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning /he do)n+ink per0ormance on (he /C' /!4s as a 0unc(ion o0 served (ra00ic is presen(ed in %igure 7 830. %or a downlink direction t7e dedicated ;and6 6trategy i6 6uperior . /he improvemen( is on (he order o0 "87 d@ depending on (he (ra00ic +oad. /he degrada(ion o0 (he C/* ra(io is &ui(e s+o) as (he (ra00ic +oad increases in common bands case. /his indica(es (ha( (he @CC' (ransmi((ers are (he main in(er0erence source. *( )as a+so sho)n in addi(iona+ simu+a(ions (ha( (he per0ormance gain 8rom t7e power control and t7e "T: in t7e common ;and 6y6tem6 were 6maller (han in corresponding dedica(ed band sys(ems. /his happensbecause (he @CC' 0re&uencies- )hich are (he domina(ing in(er0erence source- canno( u(i+ise (he PC or (he ,/4. /he do)n+ink per0ormance on (he @CC' /!4s as a 0unc(ion o0 served (ra00ic is presen(ed in %igure 7 83". /he do)n+ink per0ormance on (he @CC' /!4s is impor(an(- because (he ca++ ini(ia+isa(ion a+)ays s(ar(s on (he @CC' 0re&uency and (he @CC' 0re&uencies have (o be c+ean enough (o guaran(ee success0u+ decoding o0 (he ce++ iden(i0ica(ion 0or handover purposes. /he common band s(ra(egy per0orms c+ear+y be((er )hen (he +oad is sma++. As (he +oad increases on (he in(er0ering /C' /!4s- (he per0ormance degrades rapid+y. /he dedica(ed bands s(ra(egy provides a very s(ab+e behavior as (he (ra00ic +oad doesnE( have any e00ec( on (he per0ormance. *n (he dedica(ed band case (he C/* o0 (he @CC' 0re&uencies in (he do)n+ink direc(ion is eDc+usive+y de(ermined by (he used 0re&uency reuse on (he @CC' /!4s. 9ecau6e o8 t7e 6ta;le and ea6ily predicta;le ;e7a=ior on t7e 9CCH 8requencie6 in t7e downlink directionA t7e dedicated ;and6 6trategy i6 pre8era;le . Figure $5%2! >< C/* a( (he "0 N +eve+.
Figure $5+.! ,< C/* a( (he "0 N +eve+.
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Figure $5+ ! ,< C/* a( (he "0 N +eve+ on (he @CC' 0re&uency. S(i++ one- no( common used me(hod is (o use separa(e bu( no( con(inuous band 0or (he @CC' 0re&uencies. %or eDamp+e- every 1(h 0re&uency is a++oca(ed 0or @CC'. /hus- adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence is avoided be()een @CC' 0re&uencies. =n (he o(her hand- /C' band causes adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence 0or (he @CC' 0re&uencies and vice versa- bu( (he in(er0erence migh( no( be (oo signi0ican(.
B""H
'"H B""H B '"H
edicated band "ommon band edicated mi@ed band
B""H
'"H
Figure $5+%! "i88erent 9CCH allocation 6trategie6!
).*.2
Selecting the Effective Re!se 4BB #H5
Ai(h @@ hopping- (he 0rac(iona+ +oading canno( be u(i+ised and (he num;er o8 7opping 8requencie6 i6 alway6 t7e 6ame a6 t7e num;er o8 TR:6 in a cell - eDcep( 0or /C's on (he Mero (ime s+o(s- )hich a+)ays have one hopping 0re&uency +ess (han (he o(her /C's. /hus- in a @@ hopping ne()ork (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse a+)ays e&ua+s (he e00ec(ive reuse in (he ne()ork. Since 0re&uency and in(er0erence diversi(y gains signi0ican(+y depend on (he number o0 hopping 0re&uencies- i( is recommended (o have a( lea6t t7ree 7opping 8requencie6 a6 a minimum con8iguration. *0 (he ce++ /!4 con0igura(ions are sma++er (han (ha(- @@ %' is no( recommended (o be used. *n (ha( case- !% %' or *>= migh( o00er a be((er so+u(ion (o increase (he capaci(y.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning @e0ore making (he ac(ua+ 0re&uency p+an by using (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion (oo+ +ike NPS/4- an es(ima(ion o0 (he minimum e00ec(ive reuse migh( be needed- 0or eDamp+e in (endering phase. /he 0o++o)ing %igure 7 833 gives an es(ima(ion o0 an app+icab+e reuse compared (o (he si(ua(ion be0ore imp+emen(ing @@ %'. %or eDamp+e- i0 )e have in (he non8hopping ne()ork reuse "7- a0(er imp+emen(ing @@ %' )i(h 1 /!4 average con0igura(ion per ce++- )e end up (o reuse 9. /he bigger is (he /!4 con0igura(ion- (he sma++er reuse )e can use- since (he reuse is dependen( on (he number o0 hopping 0re&uencies #G/!4s )i(h @@ %'$.
$9& %ffective Reuses with different 'R+ configurations in BB FH case ,. *2 *1 *0 *, *. 2 1 0 , . / 1 8 *, *7 *2 !riginal reuse
&ew reuse
&o FH / 'R+ 0 'R+ 7 'R+ 1 'R+
Figure $5++! E88ecti=e reu6e a8ter implementing 99 FH!
).*.3
Selecting the #re !ency (llocation Re!se and the #re !ency 1oad 4R# #H5
*0 (he !% hopping is used- (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse has a grea( impac( on (he re&uired 0rac(iona+ +oad and (hus- on (he number o0 0re&uencies a++oca(ed (o each ce++. Ai(h @@ hopping- (he 0rac(iona+ +oading canno( be u(i+ised and (he number o0 hopping 0re&uencies is a+)ays (he same as (he number o0 /!4s in a ce++- eDcep( 0or /C's on (he Mero (ime s+o(s- )hich a+)ays have one hopping 0re&uency +ess (han (he o(her /C's. /hus- in a @@ hopping ne()ork (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse a+)ays e&ua+s (he e00ec(ive reuse in (he ne()ork.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Since 0re&uency and in(er0erence diversi(y gains signi0ican(+y depend on (he number o0 hopping 0re&uencies- i( is impor(an( (o ensure (ha( each ce++ has enough hopping 0re&uencies. *0 (he ce++ /!4 con0igura(ions are sma++- RF 7opping wit7 8ractional loading makes i( possib+e (o s(i++ pro=ide 6u88icient num;er o8 7opping 8requencie6 to t7e cell6 even wit7 6mall TR: con8iguration6. %rac(iona+ +oading reduces (he average channe+ u(i+isa(ion in (he ne()ork- (hus reducing (he probabi+i(y (ha( in(er0erence )i++ occur- making i( possib+e (o signi0ican(+y decrease (he 0re&uency reuse dis(ance. /he average channe+ u(i+isa(ion is a+so kno)n as 0re&uency +oad as eDp+ained in Sec(ion 7.1.". /he re+a(ionship be()een (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse dis(ance and (he corresponding maDimum 0re&uency +oad is i++us(ra(ed in %igure 7 831.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 8 2 8 2 2 8 2 8 1 > @ 2 3 ? 1 @ 2 8 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
3 1 2
3 1 2
3 1 2
3 1 3
1 3 1
3 1 3
2 8 3
1 > @
$A"
Worsening C/I at the cell border
Increasing collision probability
)aB. fre/uenc0 load
AJ
36J
86LJ
@6LJ
Figure $5+/! Relation67ip ;etween 8requency allocation reu6e and ma<imum allowed 8requency load in t7e network! A good approach is 0irs( (o determine t7e num;er o8 8requencie6 to 7op o=er in eac7 cell . /o maDimise (he 0re&uency and in(er0erence diversi(y gains- i( is recommended (o use at lea6t 8our 8requencie6 in (&5li6t6. /his is +ike+y (o re&uire 0rac(iona+ +oading- especia++y i0 (he /!4 con0igura(ions in (he ce++s are sma++. %rac(iona+ +oading means (ha( (he 0re&uencies are no( con(inuous+y used- )hich a++o)s (he reuse o0 (he same 0re&uency c+oser. /hus- as (he 0rac(iona+ +oad decreases- (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse mus( be (igh(ened (o main(ain (he same e00ec(ive reuse. /he re+a(ion be()een (he e00ec(ive reuse- 0rac(iona+ +oad and (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse is presen(ed in ;&ua(ion #7.3$. 'o)ever- i( is bene0icia+ (o avoid big di00erences in (he 0re&uency +oads caused by each ce++. I8 t7e 8requency load acro66 t7e network i6 kept relati=ely con6tant t7en t7e inter8erence will ;e di6tri;uted more e=enly in t7e network.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning *n prac(ice- (he ne()ork +ayou( and (he surrounding environmen( have a signi0ican( e00ec( on (he highes( possib+e 0re&uency +oad. 'igh+y irregu+ar ne()ork +ayou( makes i( very di00icu+( (o 0ind a good 0re&uency a++oca(ion (ha( minimises in(er0erence in a++ par(s o0 (he ne()ork. *n (ha( case- i( migh( be necessary (o res(ric( (he maDimum 0re&uency +oad in order (o keep in(er0erence accep(ab+e. :enera++y- in dense propaga(ion environmen(s such as microce++s- (he pa(h +oss s+ope is s(eeper. /his na(ura++y reduces in(er0erence as (he dis(an( in(er0erers are a((enua(ed more. /hus- in (hese cases some)ha( higher 0re&uency +oad may be possib+e. /his doesnE( necessari+y app+y (o 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse o0 "- since in (ha( case (he )ors( in(er0erers are (he c+oses( neighbors. =n (he ce++ border (he in(er0erence coming 0rom (he neighboring ce++ a((enua(es Fus( as much as (he signa+ 0rom (he serving ce++ regard+ess o0 (he pa(h +oss s+ope. @ecause o0 (his- i( is no( possib+e (o ob(ain signi0ican( gain 0rom increased pa(h +oss s+ope and i( migh( no( be possib+e (o increase (he 0re&uency +oad. T7e recommended approac7 i6 to 6tart wit7 a low 8requency load and t7en increa6e it gradually until t7e quality t7re67old i6 reac7ed! *mpor(an( is a+so (o ensure (ha( (he e00ec(ive reuse is no( (oo +o) (o ensure a good &ua+i(y. /he 0o++o)ing /ab+e con(ains an eDamp+e o0 choosing (he righ( %.A. reuse scheme (o give (he bes( capaci(y gain. As can be seen- (he bes( capaci(y is go( )i(h (he %.A. reuses 287. T7e minimum e88ecti=e reu6e and ma<imum 8requency load =alue6 are 6till under 8urt7er con6ideration! T7ey mig7t ;e too optimi6tic 8or 6ome en=ironment6F Ta;le 3! 'imit6 8or t7e e88ecti=e reu6e and t7e 8requency load =alue6 wit7 di88erent
)aB. $re/. load 2= ,.= /.= 0.= 7.= 77= 1.= 17= -.= Traffic %Erl' */50 *152 *152 *152 *152 *750 *050 */5*/5* TC+# ,* ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,/ ,, ,* ,. %@ampleE ,* frequencies $.A. reu#e )A li#t length )in. Eff. reu#e * ,*5. 257 , *.57 -57 / -5. 0 75/ 157 7 05, -57 1 /57 257 /5. *.57 2 ,51 *, 8 ,5/ */
8requency allocation reu6e6!
).*."
#re !ency Sharing ,y 8sing +(I9 +anagement 4R# #H only5
/he .A*= managemen( makes i( possib+e (o share (he same .A8+is( be()een (he ce++s o0 (he same !% hopping si(e )i(hou( co8 or adFacen( channe+ co++isions. /his can be done by u(i+ising (he user de0inab+e .A*=o00se( and .A*=s(ep parame(ers presen(ed in Sec(ions ".9 and ".5. (&IOOFFSET 7elp6 to a=oid t7e inter8erence ;etween t7e cell6 in6ide t7e 6iteA w7erea6A (&IO STEP a=oid6 t7e inter8erence in6ide t7e cell! /he ce++ +eve+ .A*=o00se( parame(er de0ines (he .A*=s 0or (he 0irs( /!4s in each ce++. /he remaining /!4s are given .A*=s according (o (he ;&ua(ion #3."$. *n Nokia imp+emen(a(ion (he de0au+( .A*=s(ep is "- bu( i( )i++ be adFus(ab+e a0(er (he @SC so0()are re+ease S5. /he 0re&uency sharing makes i( possib+e 0or a ce++ (o hop over a++ (he 0re&uencies a++oca(ed (o (ha( si(e as presen(ed in %igure 7 837. A++ (he ce++s on a si(e share (he same .A8+is(. /hus- in a case o0 a (hree sec(orised si(e- (he si(e can be a++oca(ed (hree (imes +ess 0re&uencies and s(i++ (he number o0 0re&uencies (o hop over in a ce++ remains (he same. Since +ess 0re&uencies are needed per si(e- (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse dis(ance can be bigger. /he bigger reuse dis(ance +eads (o +ess in(er0erence- so (he 0rac(iona+ +oading is no( necessari+y needed. Version 0.0.2 ,a(e Sep 29- "998 Page 19/82
)A-li#t< 3 ?
3 2
= =
1
3
3 2 1
3 3
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3 2 1
T()A fra e n-1
T()A fra e n
T()A fra e n41
Figure $5+$! /he princip+e o0 0re&uency sharing. 'o)ever- (here are some re&uiremen(s (ha( have (o be 0u+0i++ed. %irs( o0 a++- (he basic re&uiremen( is (ha( (he cell6 at one 6ite 7a=e to ;e controlled ;y t7e 6ame 9CF - so (ha( (hey are 0rame synchronised. Ai(h (he curren( Nokia e&uipmen( (his re&uiremen( +imi(s t7e ma<imum TR: con8iguration to % TR:6 per 6ite. T7e num;er o8 8requencie6 #.A8+is( +eng(h$ have (o be at lea6t equal #e&ua+ i0 0rac(iona+ +oading is no( (o be used$ to t7e total num;er o8 TR:6 in t7e 6ite . *0 (he .A*=s(ep parame(er is more (han oneeven more 0re&uencies are needed. /he re&uiremen( can be 0ormu+a(ed as 0o++o)s
min 7 fre
s / site
= 7 ,R1 / site )'I9step -
#7.8$
w7ereE min 7 G minimum number o0 0re&uencies needed 0or a si(e 7 G (o(a+ number o0 /!4s on a si(e )'I9step G (he va+ue o0 (he .A*=s(ep parame(er
fre s4site ,R14site
*n ;&ua(ion #7.8$ i( is assumed (ha( (he .A*= separa(ion be()een (he ce++s is e&ua+ (o (he used .A*=s(ep. *n (ha( case- (he .A*=o00se( parame(ers are a++oca(ed as 0o++o)s
)'I9celln = )'I9step 7 ,R1 / celli i =" n "
#7.9$
)here2 )'I9offset n G .A*=o00se( 0or (he n (h ce++ in a si(e )'I9step G (he va+ue o0 (he .A*=s(ep parame(er Version 0.0.2 ,a(e Sep 29- "998 Page 15/82
%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning 7

,R14cell i
G number o0 /!4s in i (h ce++

fre s
*0 (he number o0 0re&uencies is +ess (han min. 7 - (hen co8 or adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence migh( occur. ;Damp+e o0 (his is presen(ed in %igure 7 835. *n a norma+ 0re&uency sharing arrangemen( A t7e goal i6 to minimi6e t7e num;er o8 8requencie6 needed per 6ite - so (ha( (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse dis(ance can be kep( high. %or (his reason- (he .A*= s(ep shou+d be norma++y ". /his shou+d be (aken in(o accoun( in (he 0re&uency p+anning process- because an in(race++ adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence shou+d no( be a++o)ed. Since (he 0re&uencies have (o be in (he increasing order in (he .A8+is(- (he +is( may no( con(ain adFacen( channe+s i0 (he .A*=s(ep is ". T7e cell6 at one 6ite 7a=e to u6e t7e 6ame HSN! Ot7erwi6eA co5c7annel inter8erence ;etween t7e cell6 will occur! Howe=erA t7e HSN6 67ould ;e di88erent in inter8ering 6ite6 in order to en6ure t7e inter8erence di=er6ity! &n e<ample o8 a correct parameter a66ignment 8or 8requency 67aring i6 illu6trated in Figure $ 5+3!
%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA%
* 1 * 1
1 4 1 ,
2 8 2 1
3 10 3 1
+ 15 + 2
, 20 , 3
1*
11
12
13
1+
1,
1-
. 2
/ *
0 2
1* 3
11 +
12 ,
13 1
1+ ,
1, 2
1+
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 3 * 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 + ,
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
T&MA-4RAM'3 -5 * 1 2 3 bcch frequency 1... 4 20 4 4 8 1 8 8 bcch frequency 2 ... 10 4 10 10 bcch frequency 3 ... 15 8 15 15 20 10 20 20 1 15 1 1
+ 8 10 15 20 1 4
, 10 15 20 1 4 8
4 8 10 15 20 1
. 8 10 15 20 1 4
/ 1 4 8 10 15 20
0 8 10 15 20 1 4
1* 10 15 20 1 4 8
11 15 20 1 4 8 10
12 20 1 4 8 10 15
13 4 8 10 15 20 1
1+ 20 1 4 8 10 15
1, 8 10 15 20 1 4
115 20 1 4 8 10
Figure $5+3! ;Damp+e o0 0re&uency sharing )hen .A*=s(ep is ".

%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA% * 1 * 1 1 4 1 1 2 8 2 1 3 10 3 1 + 15 + 2 , . / 0 1* 11 12 13 1+ 1, 1-
, 3
. +
/ *
0 2
1* 3
11 *
12 1
13 1
1+ 1
1, +
1+
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 3 * 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 + ,
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
+ 8 10 15 1 4 8
, 10 15 1 4 8 10
10 15 1 4 8 10
. 15 1 4 8 10 15
/ 1 4 8 10 15 1
0 8 10 15 1 4 8
1* 10 15 1 4 8 10
11 1 4 8 10 15 1
12 4 8 10 15 1 4
13 4 8 10 15 1 4
1+ 4 8 10 15 1 4
1, 15 1 4 8 10 15
115 1 4 8 10 15
Figure $5+0! E<ample o8 8requency 67aring w7en t7e 6ite i6 allocated wit7 too 8ew 8requencie6 and co5c7annel inter8erence ;etween 6ector6 e<i6t6!
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Since (he ce++s on (he same si(e share (he same 0re&uencies- a++ (he hopping 0re&uencies are (ransmi((ed in every ce++ on (he same si(e. /his has (o be (aken in(o accoun( )hen (he 0re&uency p+anning is done. /his can be mode+ed in NPS/4 3.2 or o+der by u(i+ising po)er dividers so (ha( (he si(e has on+y one ce++ having as many /!4s as (here are non8@CC' /!4s in a++ (he sec(ors o0 (he ac(ua+ si(e. /he ce++ is dis(ribu(ed (o mu+(ip+e an(ennas 0orming mu+(ip+e sec(ors by using po)er dividers. Specia+ care has (o be (aken (o compensa(e (he +osses o0 po)er divider. *n 0re&uency a++oca(ion phase one common in(er0erence probabi+i(y is de(ermined 0or (he en(ire si(e and (he si(e is (hen a++oca(ed one common se( o0 0re&uencies (ha( 0orm (he .A8+is(. /o avoid in(er0erence- (he minimum channe+ separa(ion has (o be a( +eas( ". Since each ce++ has i(s o)n @CC'- (he @CC' a++oca(ion has (o be done separa(e+y )i(hou( (he po)er divider arrangemen(. Simu+a(ion resu+(s o0 (he per0ormance o0 a ne()ork u(i+ising 0re&uency sharing have been presen(ed in HNie98I. *n (his simu+a(ion- (he ne()ork u(i+ising 0re&uency sharing a( a nomina+ reuse o0 3/9 )as compared (o (he !% hopping ne()ork using "/3 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse a( 33 N 0re&uency +oad. /he reuse on (he @CC' carriers )as 1/"2 in bo(h cases. /he served (ra00ic )as a+so (he same in bo(h cases. /he simu+a(ed ne()ork consis(ed o0 18 38sec(orised si(es. Po)er con(ro+ )as u(i+ised in ,< direc(ion- bu( (he ,/4 )as no( ac(iva(ed. ,o)n+ink %;! s(a(is(ics repor(ed by each mobi+e every 0.18 seconds 0rom (he non8@CC' carriers )ere co++ec(ed 0or ana+ysis. .obi+e speeds o0 3 km/h and 70 km/h )ere simu+a(ed. /he resu+(ing cumu+a(ive densi(y 0unc(ions o0 ,< %;! have been presen(ed in %igure 7 838 and %igure 7 839. *n bo(h mobi+e speeds- (he per0ormance o0 (he ()o simu+a(ed arrangemen(s is very simi+ar un(i+ (he %;! ge(s c+ose (o "0 N. %or (he mobi+e speed o0 3 km/h (he percen(age o0 %;! samp+es indica(ing %;! above "7 N is 2 N 0or (he 0re&uency sharing case and 3 N 0or (he "/3 reuse case. %or (he mobi+e speed o0 70 km/h- (he corresponding va+ues are abou( "." N and ".7 B! T7e di88erence in 8a=or o8 8requency 67aring i6 clear - a+(hough no( drama(ic. 'o)ever- as higher %;! percen(ages are s(udied- (he di00erence ge(s bigger. T7e e88ect o8 t7e mo;ile 6peed on (he %;! dis(ribu(ion can be c+ear+y seen. As (he speed increases (o 70 km/h- (he share o0 bo(h (he +o) %;! percen(ages and (he high %;! percen(ages increases. T7e 7ig7er mo;ile 6peed pro=ide6 ;etter per8ormance again6t 8a6t 8ading . /his increases (he propor(ion o0 +o) %;!. /he higher speed a+so means (ha( (he changes caused by s+o) 0ading are 0as(er and t7e a;ility o8 power control to compen6ate t7e 8luctuation6 o8 6ignal 6trengt7 i6 reduced. /his a+ong )i(h (he re+a(ive+y s+o) handover a+gori(hm causes (he propor(ion o0 high %;! (o increase a( (he higher mobi+e speeds. 'o)ever- (he mobi+e speed doesnE( have signi0ican( e00ec( on (he re+a(ive per0ormance o0 (he ne()ork u(i+ising 0re&uency sharing. *( may be conc+uded according (o (his simu+a(ion (ha( (he 0re&uency sharing provides be((er &ua+i(y compared (o (he "/3 reuse case.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Figure $5+4! C,% o0 ,< %;! 0or a mobi+e speed o0 3 km/h.
* B""H reuse 0A*,3 '"H reuse *A/ B""H reuse < 0A*,3 '"H reuse < /A8 by using $;9!-management * B""H reuse 0A*,3 '"H reuse *A/ .5* B""H reuse < 0A*,3 '"H reuse < /A8 by using $;9!-management
C($
.5*
.5.*
C($ .5.* . .5* .5, .5/ .50 .57 $E" .51 .5.52 .58 * .5..* . .5* .5, .5/ .50 .57 $E" .51 .5.52 .58 *
.5..*
Figure $5+2! C,% o0 ,< %;! 0or a mobi+e speed o0 70 km/h.
).*.)
#re !ency Sharing in the Single +(:list Scheme 4R# #H only5
%re&uency sharing can a+so be used (o rea+ise (he usage o0 on+y one (&5li6t in t7e ne()orks u(i+ising 6ectori6ed ;a6e 6tation con8iguration6. *n (he sing+e .A8+is( scheme a++ (he ce++s use (he same se( o0 0re&uencies. *0 (he ce++s in one si(e use (he same .A8+is(s )i(hou( (he 0re&uency sharing 0unc(iona+i(yoccasiona+ co8channe+ co++isions )i++ happen be()een (he ce++s o0 one si(e. Ahen 0re&uency sharing is used- i( can be ensured (ha( no unnecessary co8 or adFacen( channe+ co++isions )i++ occur provided (ha( (he ce++s on (he same si(e use (he same 'SN. Ahen (he sing+e .A8+is( scheme is emp+oyed- a continuou6 8requency ;and i6 u6ually allocated (o (he ce++s. *n order (o avoid in(race++ adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence- (he (&IO6tep 67ould ;e 6et to at lea6t %. Pre0erab+y- even bigger s(ep shou+d be used- especia++y i0 up+ink po)er con(ro+ is no( in use. @ecause in(er0erence be()een (he ce++s o0 (he same si(e is much +ess +ike+y (o occur (han in(race++ in(er0erence- a 6maller c7annel 6eparation can ;e u6ed ;etween t7e cell6 o8 t7e 6ame 6ite . Conse&uen(+y- (he number o0 needed 0re&uencies is reduced. Ahen (his possibi+i(y is (aken in(o accoun(- (he ;&ua(ion #7.8$ can be re)ri((en in more genera+ 0orm as 0o++o)s
min 7 fre
s / site
= ( 7 ,R1 / site 7 cell / site ) )'I9step + 7 cell / site S -
#7."0$
)here2 min 7 G minimum number o0 0re&uencies needed 0or a si(e 7 G (o(a+ number o0 /!4s on a si(e )'I9step G (he va+ue o0 (he .A*=s(ep parame(er 7 G (o(a+ number o0 ce++s in (he si(e S G .A*= separa(ion be()een ce++s
fre s4site ,R14site cell4site
A good approach is (o se( (he .A*=s(ep as high as possib+e. 'o)ever- i( shou+d be checked (ha( (he re&uiremen( presen(ed in ;&ua(ion #7."0$ is s(i++ 0u+0i++ed. An eDamp+e o0 a good .A*= p+an is presen(ed in %igure 7 810. *n (his eDamp+e- (he .A*= separa(ion be()een ce++s is 2 and (he .A*= s(ep is se( (o i(s maDimum va+ue- )hich is 3 in (his case. *0 a .A*= s(ep o0 1 )ou+d have been used ins(eadcons(an( adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence )ou+d have occurred be()een (he second /!4 o0 sec(or one and (he 0our(h /!4 o0 sec(or (hree as sho)n in %igure 7 81".
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%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA% * 1 * * 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 + 5 + 2 , 6 , 11 7 + . 8 . * / 9 / / 0 10 0 0 1* 11 1* 3 11 12 11 12 12 13 12 / 13 14 13 / 1+ 15 1+ 1* 1, 1-
1, -
1/
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 2 * 3 2 1 2 , 3 1 2 . 1* 13
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
+ 3 6 8 10 13 1
, 12 15 2 4 7 10
5 8 10 12 15 3
. 1 4 6 8 11 14
/ 9 12 14 1 4 7
0 10 13 15 2 5 8
1* 4 7 9 11 14 2
11 13 1 3 5 8 11
12 9 12 14 1 4 7
13 9 12 14 1 4 7
1+ 11 14 1 3 6 9
1, 7 10 12 14 2 5
19 12 14 1 4 7
Figure $5/.! E<ample o8 8requency 67aring w7en (&5li6t con6i6t6 o8 con6ecuti=e 8requencie6 and (&IO6tep i6 6et to +!
%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA% * 1 * * 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 + 5 + 2 , 6 , 11 7 + . 8 . * / 9 / / 0 10 0 0 1* 11 1* 3 11 12 11 12 12 13 12 / 13 14 13 / 1+ 15 1+ 1* 1, 1-
1, -
1/
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 2 * + 2 1 2 3 1 2 / 12 1-
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
+ 3 7 9 11 15 4
, 12 1 3 5 9 13
5 9 11 13 2 6
. 1 5 7 9 13 2
/ 9 13 15 2 6 10
0 10 14 1 3 7 11
1* 4 8 10 12 1 5
11 13 2 4 6 10 14
12 9 13 15 2 6 10
13 9 13 15 2 6 10
1+ 11 15 2 4 8 12
1, 7 11 13 15 4 8
19 13 15 2 6 10
Figure $5/ ! E<ample o8 too 8ew 8requencie6 compared to t7e 6i@e o8 t7e (&IO6tep! =0(en- i( is possib+e (o achieve higher in(race++ 0re&uency separa(ions- by using bigger .A*= s(ep and by no( de0ining (he .A*=o00se( parame(ers in increasing order. *0 (his approach is used- (he ;&ua(ions #5.8$ 8 #5."0$ are no( va+id anymore. *ns(ead- each con0igura(ion shou+d be eva+ua(ed case by case. An eDamp+e o0 (his approach is presen(ed in %igure 7 812. *n (his eDamp+e- (he used .A*=s(ep is 9 and (he re&uired .A*= separa(ion be()een ce++s is 2. Compared (o (he eDamp+e in %igure 7 810- a bigger .A*=s(ep can no) be used )hi+e (he number o0 re&uired 0re&uencies is s(i++ (he same.
%N&'X N() MA12%3T1) T&MA MA% * 1 * * 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 + 5 + 2 , 6 , 11 7 + . 8 . * / 9 / / 0 10 0 0 1* 11 1* 3 11 12 11 12 12 13 12 / 13 14 13 / 1+ 15 1+ 1* 1, 1-
1, -
1/
3'CT(R MA-2%3T H3N MA%( 1 1 2 2 / 2 1 2 + 3 1 2 * 12
TRX 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 +
+ 5 11 7 3 9 15
, 14 5 1 12 3 9
7 13 9 5 11 2
. 3 9 5 1 7 13
/ 11 2 13 9 15 6
0 12 3 14 10 1 7
1* 6 12 8 4 10 1
11 15 6 2 13 4 10
12 11 2 13 9 15 6
13 11 2 13 9 15 6
1+ 13 4 15 11 2 8
1, 9 15 11 7 13 4
111 2 13 9 15 6
Figure $5/%! ;Damp+e o0 cus(omised .A*= a++oca(ion.
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3!
R&"IO NET1OR, P&R&(ETERS
/he @SS radio ne()ork parame(ers re+a(ed (o 0re&uency hopping are presen(ed in /ab+e 5. Ta;le 0! FH related 9SS radio network parameter6! =bFec(
.A .A .A @/S @/S @/S @/S
Parame(er
%re&uency *den(i0ica(ion o0 .A8+is( /ype o0 .A8+is( @/S is hopping #'=P$ 'opping se&uence number " #'SN"$ 'opping se&uence number 2 #'SN2$ .A*= o00se(
,escrip(ion
.A8+is(. >sed )i(h !% %' @/S- maD. 93 0re&uencies per +is(. @CC' 0re&uency mus( no( be inc+uded in (he +is(. .A8+is( iden(i0ica(ion number in a @SC #" 8 "28$. %re&uency band o0 (he .A8+is( #:S.900- :S."800- :S."900$. /he hopping mode o0 (he @/S #@@- !% or N$. 'opping se&uence number o0 (he hopping group ". *n @@ %' 0or (he 0 (ime s+o(s eDcep( (he @CC' (ime s+o( and in !% %' a++ (he (ime s+o(s o0 hopping /!4s #0 8 93$. 'opping se&uence number o0 (he hopping group 2. %or (he (ime s+o(s "85. @@ %' on+y #0 8 93$. ,e0ines (he .A*= 0or (he 0irs( /!4 in (he ce++ #0 8 92$. A++o)s (he sharing o0 (he same .A8+is( be()een mu+(ip+e sec(ors o0 one @/S )i(hou( in(rasi(e co++isions. Sec(ors mus( be under (he same @C%. !e+evan( in !% %' on+y. ,e0ines (he s(ep siMe (ha( is used )hen (he .A*= is ca+cu+a(ed 0or (he /!4s in (he ce++. !e+evan( in !% %' on+y. #Avai+ab+e in 9SS0$ .A8+is( id number iden(i0ying (he .A8+is( (ha( is a++oca(ed (o (ha( @/S. !e+evan( in !% %' on+y. Assign a 0re&uency (o a /!4 #:S.900 " 8 "21- 957 8 "023O :S."800 7"2 8 887O :S."900 3"3 8 8"0$
@/S @/S /!4
.A*= s(ep *den(i0ica(ion o0 .A8+is( %re&uency #%!;6$
/o de0ine a 9957opping cell (he 0o++o)ing parame(ers have (o be se(2 @/S hopping mode #'=P$ G @@ 'opping se&uence number " #'SN"$ G 0..93 #0 0or cyc+ic hopping and "..93 0or random se&uences$ 'opping se&uence number 2 #'SN2$ G 0..93 #0 0or cyc+ic hopping and "..93 0or random se&uences$ #in mos( cases 'SN" may e&ua+ 'SN2$ %iDed 0re&uencies 0or each /!4 #%!;6$ /o de0ine a RF57opping cell (he 0o++o)ing parame(ers have (o be se(2 .A8+is(- .A8+is( *, and .A8+is( (ype mus( be de0ined in @SC #maD. 93 0re&uencies$ @/S hopping mode #'=P$ G !% 'opping se&uence number " #'SN"$ G 0..93 #0 0or cyc+ic hopping and "..93 0or random se&uences$ .A*= o00se( G 0..92 .A*= s(ep G 0..92 #avai+ab+e in @SS5$ .A8+is( *, used by (he @/S G 0.."28 E2amples of )'I9 offset and )'I9 step definitions are presented in Chapter +. 3! Parameter6 8or (&5li6t "e8inition6 in 9SC
$obile ;llocation Frequency :ist3 used with RF hopping B'63
)A-li#t escriptionE
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ma@5 1/ frequencies5 $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;) G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5, before 60 Dhen B'6 is loc>ed3 if used in a RF hopping B'6 B""H frequency must not be included in the list5 frequency *55*,0 and 8-755*.,/ (G6$) 7*,55227 ( "6) 7*,552*. ( "6*8) %B%3%B'3%B9 Frequencies *55*,0 and 8-755*.,/ (G6$) 7*,55227 ( "6) 7*,552*. ( "6*8) $;: )arameter Dindow frequency .55*.,/ *E* 9dentification of a $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist in a B6"5 $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;) G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5, before 60 Read only 9dentification of mobile allocation frequency list *55*,2 %B%3%BR3%B'3%B93%?; $;: 9 *55*,2 $;: )arameter Dindow obFectHinstance 6tring up to *. characters *E*
!bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE )A-li#t I( escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE T0pe of )A-li#t escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE
Frequency band of the list5 'he band is either G6$3 "6*8 band5 $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist ($;) G6$ .05.2 *.575,5*,3G6$ .75., 15,5, before 60 Read only type of the mobile allocation frequency list G6$3 "63 "6*8 %B%3%B9 Frequency Band in #se G6$3 "6 *2..3 )"6 *8.. $;: )arameter Dindow freqHbandHinHuse .55/ G6$ (.)3 "6 *2.. (*)3 )"6 *8.. (,)
"6 or
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3!%
9TS 'e=el FH Related Parameter6

ode 'he hopping mode of the B'65 RF and BB hopping cannot be active simultaneously at the same site (B"F)5 B'6 G6$ .05.2 *.575,57 before 60 B'6 site types %,*A F*, and %07A F07E when B'6 is loc>ed B'6 site type %/0A F/0E when B"F and B'6 are loc>ed B'6 site type %,*A F*, does not support RF hopping5 B'6 hopping mode (H!)) BB baseband hopping is used RF radio frequency hopping is used & hopping is not used %?"3%?%3%?! Hopping $ode &on-hopping3 Baseband3 RF B'6 )arameter Dindow hoppingHmode .55, &on-hopping (.)3 Baseband (*)3 RF (,)
BTS hopping escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE
RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE
+opping #e/uence nu ;er 1 escriptionE H6&* is used in the frequency hopping sequence generation algorithm and it is located in the Frequency Hopping 6ystem * (time slots . e@cept B""H time slot)5 !bFect classE B'6 G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,573G6$ .75., 15,5, !ptionE ReleaseE before 60 $odificationE Dhen B'6 is loc>ed RestrictionE "hec> that either cyclic or random hopping is used in the whole site (,nd gen B'6)5 )arameter is only used with BB and RF hopping5 6ee parameter B'6 hopping mode5 $$: nameE hopping sequence number * (H6&*) $$: rangeE . cyclic hopping *551/ random hopping $$: defaultE . $$: commandE %?"3%?%3%?! &$6 G#9 nameE H6&-* &$6 G#9 rangeE .551/ &$6 G#9 dialog nameE B'6 )arameter Dindow &$6 B nameE hsn &$6 B rangeE .551/ &$6 B mappingE *E* +opping #e/uence nu ;er 2 escriptionE H6&, is used in the frequency hopping sequence generation algorithm and it is located in the Frequency Hopping 6ystem , (time slots *--)5 !bFect classE B'6 G6$ referenceE G6$ .05.2 *.575,573G6$ .75., 15,5, !ptionE -
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ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE )AI- off#et escriptionE before 60 Dhen B'6 is loc>ed "hec> that either cyclic or random hopping is used in the whole site (,nd gen B'6)5 )arameter is used only with BB hopping5 6ee parameter B'6 hopping mode5 hopping sequence number , (H6&,) . cyclic hopping *551/ random hopping . %?"3%?%3%?! H6&-, .551/ B'6 )arameter Dindow hsn .551/ *E* 'he parameter sets the $;9! offset which is the lowest $;9! in the cell5 Dith $;9! offset it is possible to use the same $; frequency list for two or more sectors of the site without collisions5 B'6 &o ref5 61 'he parameter can be modified only when the B'6 is loc>ed or not RF hopping5 $;9! offset ($!) .551, . %?;3%?!3%F! $;9! !ffset .551, B'6 )arameter Dindow maioHoffset .551, *E* 'he parameter sets the $;9! step5 B'6 &o ref5 6!n-:ine $;9! step ($6) *551, * %?;3%?!3%F! $;9! 6tep *551, B'6 )arameter Dindow maioHstep .551, *E* !)'9!&;: (Fle@ible $;9! management)
!bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE )AI- #tep escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ ReferenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE &oteE
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)A-li#t u#ed ;0 BTS escriptionE !bFect classE G6$ referenceE !ptionE ReleaseE $odificationE RestrictionE $$: nameE $$: rangeE $$: defaultE $$: commandE &$6 G#9 nameE &$6 G#9 rangeE &$6 G#9 dialog nameE &$6 B nameE &$6 B rangeE &$6 B mappingE
'he parameter defines the mobile allocation frequency list to which the B'6 will be attached5 Relevant when RF hopping is used5 6ee chapter $obile ;llocation Frequency :ist5 B'6 &o ref5 before 60 9f B'6 is RF hopping3 then B'6 must be loc>ed mobile allocation frequency list ($;:) .55*,2 (the value . detaches the B'6 from any mobile allocation frequency list) &o $;-list attached %?;3%?! #sed $obile ;llocation &ot ;ssignedI ;ssigned 9 (*55*,2) B'6 )arameter Dindow usedHmobileHallocHlistHid .55*,2 ;ssigned 9 (*55*,2)3 &ot ;ssigned (.)
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning 3!+ Power Control Ta;le 4! E<ample PC parameter6 8or RF FH network!
G"-,P General E*PEANATI-N %nable B'6 pow er control $in time interval betw een )"Js )ow er increase step siKe )ow er decrease step siKe B6 t@ ma@ pw r preattenuation optional ave #: signal quality (B%R)4 .5, = ave #: signal quality (B%R) L .50 = optional B'6 pow er range ;veraging w indow s $6 )ow er optimisation after H! $a@ attenuation $in attenuation H3 NA)E pow er"trl%nabled pow er"ontrol9nterval pow er9ncr6tepsiKe pow erRed6tepsiKe rf$a@)ow erReduction pw r ecr:imitBand. pw r ecr:imitBand, pw r ecr?ualFactor ms)w r!pt:ev bs'@)w r$in bs'@)w r$a@ pc;veraging:ev : w eighting pc;veraging:ev#: w eighting pc;veraging?ual : w eighting pc;veraging?ual#: w eighting 'hresholds pc:ow er'hresholds:ev : p@ n@ pc:ow er'hresholds:ev#: p@ n@ pc:ow er'hresholds?ual : p@ n@ pc:ow er'hresholds?ual#: p@ n@ pc#pper'hresholds:ev : p@ n@ pc#pper'hresholds:ev#: p@ n@ pc#pper'hresholds?ual : p@ n@ pc#pper'hresholds?ual#: p@ n@ . . . . . -**. . . * * * * * * * * -**. * * -**. * * . * * . * * -**. * * -**. * * . * * . * * (es . "ANGE A 555 ,30 or 1 , or 0 555 555 555 555 A 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 555 *, /2 /2 /2 * -0-A & /. /. /, / /, / /, / /, / -0/, /, -0/, /, /, /, /, /, -0/, /, -0/, /, /, /, /, /, dBm dBm dBm dBm 6;""H 6;""H 6;""H dBm dB dB 6;""H &o /* sec dB dB dB dB dB dB ,NIT Setting (es * , , . /2 ,. 2 * --8 /. . * * * * * * * * -*.* * * -*.* * * 0 * * 0 * * -0* * -0* * * * * * * *
ave #: signal quality (B%R) .5, = - .50 = pw r ecr:imitBand*
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3!/
G"-,P
Hando=er
E*PEANATI-N ;veraging window siKe for adF cells &umber of Kero results allowed ;dF cells averagingE 1 best or /, H3 NA)E averagingDindow6iKe;dF"ell number!fMeroResults all;dFacent"ells;veraged enaFast;ve"all6etup enaFast;veHo enaFast;ve)" min9ntBetween#nsuccHo;ttempt min9ntBetweenHoReq ho)eriod)BG' Ho)eriod#mbrella enable9ntraHo9nterf#: enable9ntraHo9nterf : enable)wrBudgetHandover enable#mbrellaHandover enable$6 istance)rocess enable6 ""HHandover "AN ,NIT Setting GE * 555 /, 6;""H 2 . 555 (es (es (es (es . . . . (es (es (es (es (es (es A A A A &o &o &o &o sec sec &o &o &o (es / 7 1 1 (es (es (es &o &o (es dB dB dB (es 0 / . 1 * 1 * * * * * *. 0 -87 * * dBm -87 * * 7 / 0 7 / 0 dBm -27 * * dBm -27 * * '; 1/
/ab+e 9. ;Damp+e '= parame(ers 0or %' ne()ork u(i+ising aggressive po)er con(ro+.
;veraging adFacent cells ;veraging $ethod
$inimum 9ntervals )eriodic Handovers H! types allowed
555 /. 555 /.
555 1/ 6;""H 555 1/ 6;""H A A A A A A &o &o &o &o &o &o
$argins
%nable H! margin for :ev and ?ual
enableHo$argin:ev?ual ho$argin)BG' ho$argin:ev ho$argin?ual
(es A &o -,0 555 1/ -,0 -,0 * * * * * * * * * * 555 ,0 555 ,0
;veraging windows and weighting values
ho;veraging:ev : weighting ho;veraging:ev#: weighting ho;veraging?ual : weighting ho;veraging?ual#: weighting ms istance;veraging)aram ms6peed;veraging
555 /, 6;""H 555 / 555 /, 6;""H 555 555 555 / / / 555 /, 6;""H 555 /, 6;""H 555 /, 6;""H 555 /, 6;""H dBm
'hresholds
ho'hresholds:ev : p@ n@ ho'hresholds:ev#: p@ n@ ho'hresholds?ual : p@ n@ ho'hresholds?ual#: p@ n@ ho'hresholds9nterference : p@ n@ ho'hresholds9nterference#: p@ n@ ms istanceHo'hreshold)aram
-**. 555 -0* 555 /, * * * . * * . * * * * * * . 555 /, 555 /, 555 /, 555 555 /, 555 /, 555 555 /, 555 /, 555 /, 555 /, 555 /, 555 /, 555 1/ -**. 555 -0-
-**. 555 -0-
-**. 555 -0-
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p@ n@ * * 555 /, 555 /, * *
3!$ *.).1
"T: 8plin. $&2
/he s(a(us o0 (he up+ink ,/4 can be de0ined in misce++aneous 9TS parameter6 in 9SC. /he mode o0 (he .S 0or using (he discon(inuous (ransmission #,/4$ can be se+ec(ed in ,/4 parame(er as 0o++o)ing2 . % 8 .S may use ,/4 8 .S sha++ use ,/4 8 .S sha++ no( use ,/4.
/he de8ault 0or (he parame(er is - meaning (ha( (he mobi+e have (o use ,/4. =n+y a 0e) opera(ors in (he )or+d use (he va+ue 0- )here (he de0au+( se((ing o0 (he mobi+e chooses (he up+ink ,/4 mode. *.).2 $ownlin. $&2
/he s(a(us o0 (he do)n+ink ,/4 can be de0ined in 9TS parameter6 o0 (SC. /his "T: parameter can receive one o0 (he 0o++o)ing va+ues2 ON OFF C ,o)n+ink ,/4 enab+ed by .SC C ,o)n+ink ,/4 disab+ed by .SC.
/he curren( de8ault va+ue 0or (he parame(er is OFF! *0 (he ac(iva(ion o0 (he do)n+ink ,/4 doesnE( cause any specia+ harm 0or (he 0unc(ioning o0 (he ne()ork- (he usage o0 (he ,/4 0unc(ion is recommendab+e. 'ere is one eDamp+e o0 @/S parame(ers in .SC inc+uding ,/4 0unc(ion2 ,4 220 ,42D08<A@ "9908""8" "0228279 N>.@;! 00179 *S C!;A/;, N>.@;! <AC #C*$ #!T$ #/A$ #,/4$ 28 200001 200003 2<=CB;, 28 2000 2=%% - e(cU
@AS; /!ANSC;*V;! S/A/*=N @/S3 @SC NA.; 2 8 <A NA.; 2<A!;A3 C;<< *,;N/*/? @/S A,.*N*S/!A/*V; S/A/; !=>/*N: T=N; /A!*%% A!;A ,=AN<*NB ,/4 ,*SA@<;, @? .SC
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0!
0!
OPTI(IS&TION
Tool6 8or Network (onitoring
/he 0o++o)ing (oo+s 0or eDamp+e can be used 0or moni(oring (he &ua+i(y and (he (ra00ic o0 (he ne()ork2 Cell "octor version "."8.1" or +a(er in N.S/2000. /he (oo+ eD(rac(s da(a in (eD( 0orma( 0rom (he da(abase. N"1 can be used 0or 6ua+i(y / (ra00ic moni(oring. *( uses (he da(abase o0 N.S/2000. TI( / TO( moni(oring SA can be used 0or indoor / ou(door drive (es(s A specia+ ,< %;! moni(oring (oo+ can be used in(erna++y- consis(ing o0 a Nokia 8""0i )i(h SAa +ap(op )i(h %.=N and pos(processing SA ;ricsson /;.S moni(oring (oo+ can be used 0or (he norma+ drive (es(s and ,< %;! moni(oring 0!% ,PI6 8or Hopping Network
/he BP*s (o ana+yse (he per0ormance and (he &ua+i(y o0 (he ne()ork are basica++y (he same (han in (he non8hopping ne()ork. =n+y (he R:)#&' and "rop Call Rate measures di00er 0rom (he non8 hopping case. Aorse !46>A< can be (o+era(ed )hen %' is used. ,rop ca++ ra(e doesnE( nei(her corre+a(e direc(+y (o (he &ua+i(y- since )i(h %' (he drop ca++ ra(e (ends (o s(ay +o) even(hough (he subFec(ive speech &ua+i(y )ere no( anymore accep(ab+e. Ne) &ua+i(y measures are under deve+opmen( and in (es(ing phase (o measure (he subFec(ive speech &ua+i(y more accura(e+y. *n (he 0o++o)ing /ab+e- (he norma+ 9SS and NSS le=el ,PI6 are presen(ed. T7e6e ,PI6 are more in8ormational t7an Nokia-6 o88icial =alue6F Ai(h %'- (he cri(eria 0or (he cumu+a(ive uplink and downlink quality di6tri;ution cou+d be (he 0o++o)ing2 Ta;le .! ,PI6 8or t7e uplink and t7e downlink R:)#&' di6tri;ution! @SS re+a(ed indica(ors >p+ink &ua+i(y dis(ribu(ion ,o)n+ink &ua+i(y dis(ribu(ion Shor( (erm cri(eria 0U7- 97N 0U7- 97N <ong (erm cri(eria 0U7- 98N 0U7- 98N
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Ta;le ! 9SS and NSS related ,PI6!
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BSS Related Indicators Short criteria term Long criteria term
'"H ;vailability N=O3 ,0h 87 88C 6 ""H 6uccess Ratio N=O3 87 8,0h 6uccess Ratio N=O3 '"H 87 8,0h 6etup 6uccess Rate N=O3 "all 8. 87 ,0h 6 ""H Bloc>ing N=O3 cell .57 .5, BH "all Bloc>ing N=O3 cell '"H 7 , BH H! Bloc>ing N=O3 cell '"H 'B 'B BH ;ccess Grant Bloc>ing N=O3 cell . . BH '"H rop Ratio N=O3 7 / ,0h "umulative #: ?uality distribution3 .P 03 87 .P 03 82 ,0h = 03 87 = 03 82 "umulative : ?uality distribution3 .P .P ,0h = 'B = 'B ;verage 9nterference Band3 ,0h "ontrolled !utgoing H! 6uccess N=O3 B6" 8/ 8,0h "ontrolled !utgoing H! 6uccess N=O 3 $6" 8. 87 ,0h "ell H! 6uccess N=O3 9ntra 81 88 ,0h of B'6s %@ceeding 7= Bloc>ing in BH N=O3 Ratio ,0h 6uccess Rate3 6$6 87 82 C&ote3 ,0h obFects which are :oc>ed by #ser are counted as non available and will reduce the availability value5
9ntra $6" H! 6uccess Ratio N=O $6" H! 6uccess Ratio 9nter N=O )aging 6uccess Ratio N=O 'echnically 6uccessful "alls N=O "GR ;vailability N=O $6" )6'& "GR ;vailability N=O "GR ;vailability N=O ;-if Q$6 "GR ;vailability N=O $6" "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH )6'& "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH ;-if Q$6 "GR Bloc>ing N=O3 BH Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Home 6ubscriber 9ntra N=O Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Roaming 6ubscriber 9ntra N=O Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Home 6ubscriber 9nter N=O Q:R :# 6uccess Ratio for Roaming 6ubscriber 9nter N=O )eriodic :# 6uccess Ratio N=O Home 6ubscriber :# 6uccess ratio when visiting ):$& different Home 6ubscriber :# 6uccess ratio when coming from different ):$& Home
NSS Related Indicators
Short criteria term

8* 27 'B 'B *.. *.. *.. *.. * * * * 8881 8. 8'B 'B
Long criteria term

81 80 'B 'B *.. *.. *.. *.. .5* .5* .5* .5* 88 88 82 87 88 'B 'B
General
&umber of alarmsStatistics per &etwor> %lement3 e@c5 transmission &umber of transmission alarms per node "ustomer complaints of &D problems complaints of "ustomer billing
Criteria
%>i %>i 4 *A*... subscriberAday 4 *A*... subscriberAyear
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0!+
R:)#&' in FH Network6
Frequency 7opping cau6e6 some c7ange6 in t7e R:)#&' di6tri;ution. A+so- (here are some di00erences in a )ay (he !46>A< dis(ribu(ion shou+d be in(erpre(ed. T7e #rame Eras!re Ratio #%;!$ is a ra(io o0 discarded speech 0rames compared (o a++ (he received speech 0rames. A speech 0rame is genera++y discarded i0 a0(er (he decoding and error correc(ion process any o0 (he ca(egory "a bi(s is 0ound (o be changed based on (he (hree pari(y bi(s 0o++o)ing (hem in a speech 0rame. he FER is a measure o0 ho) success0u++y (he speech 0rame )as received a0(er (he error correc(ion process and i( is (hus a be((er indica(ion o0 (he subFec(ive speech &ua+i(y compared (o (he !46>A< )hich gives an es(ima(e o0 (he +ink &ua+i(y in (erms o0 @;!. /he !46>A< doesnE( indica(e ho) (he bi( errors )ere dis(ribu(ed in a speech 0rame. /he bi( error dis(ribu(ion a00ec(s (he abi+i(y o0 (he channe+ decoding (o correc( (he errors. /he 0o++o)ing (ab+e gives an idea o0 (he corre+a(ion be()een !46>A< and %;! and be()een subFec(ive speech &ua+i(y and di00eren( %;! c+asses. Ta;le %! R:)#&' =6! FER compari6on according to t7e la;oratory te6t6!
6ubFective quality3 laboratory tests 6teady qualityAF%R value (fast mobile or frequency hopping) R+qual .-0 7 1 F%R . - 0= 0 - *7= *7 - /7= L/7=
good slightly degraded degraded useless
good slightly degraded degraded useless
T7e relation o8 downlink FER and R:)#&' )as measured during a %' (ria+. /he re+a(ion is c+ear+y di00eren( in (he hopping case compared (o (he non8hopping case. /he dis(ribu(ions o0 %;! in each !46>A< c+ass are presen(ed in %igure 5 813 and %igure 5 811. =ne c+ear observa(ion can be madeO in (he non8hopping case (here are signi0ican( amoun( o0 samp+es indica(ing de(eriora(ed &ua+i(y #%;!V"0N$ in !46>A< c+ass 7 )hi+e in (he hopping case (he signi0ican( &ua+i(y de(eriora(ion #%;!V"0N$ happens in !46>A< c+ass 9. /hus- i( may be conc+uded (ha( in (he 0re&uency hopping ne()orks signi0ican( &ua+i(y de(eriora(ion s(ar(s a( !46>A< c+ass 9 )hi+e in non8hopping ne()ork (his happens a( !46>A< c+ass 7. /his di00erence is a conse&uence o0 in(er0erence and 0re&uency diversi(ies (ha( a00ec( (he 0re&uency hopping ne()ork. @ecause o0 (hese e00ec(s- (he in(er0erence or +o) signa+ s(reng(h (end (o occur random+y- )hi+e in a non8hopping ne()ork i( is probab+e (ha( in(er0erence or +o) 0ie+d s(reng(h )i++ a00ec( severa+ consecu(ive burs(s making i( harder 0or (he error correc(ion (o ac(ua++y correc( errors. /he success0u+ error correc(ion +eads (o +ess erased 0rames and (hus improves (he %;!. Version 0.0.2 ,a(e Sep 29- "998 Page 91/82
(E $E" & "*H,AE %No hopping'
*..5.. = 8.5.. = 2.5.. = -.5.. = 1.5.. = 7.5.. = 0.5.. = /.5.. = ,.5.. = *.5.. = .5.. = R.-*R R*-7R R7-*.R R*.*7R ?. R*7*..R ?* ?, ?/ ?0 "*H,AE ?1 ?7 ?-
$E" J
Figure 05/+! (ea6ured relation o8 FER and R:)#&' in a non57opping ca6e!

(E $E" & "*H,AE %ave 3.? hopping carrier# & cell'
*..5.. = 8.5.. = 2.5.. = -.5.. = 1.5.. = 7.5.. = 0.5.. = /.5.. = ,.5.. = *.5.. = .5.. = R.-*R R*-7R R7-*.R R*.*7R ?. R*7*..R ?* ?, ?/ ?0 "*H,AE ?1 ?7 ?-
$E" J
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Figure 05//! (ea6ured relation o8 FER and R:)#&' in 8requency 7opping ca6e! /his improvemen( o0 %;! means (ha( (he higher !46>A< va+ues may be a++o)ed in a 0re&uency hopping ne()ork. !46>A< (hresho+ds are used in (he handover and po)er con(ro+ decisions. @ecause o0 (he improvemen( in (he re+a(ive recep(ion per0ormance on (he !46>A< c+asses 189- (he !46>A< (hresho+ds a00ec(ing handover and po)er con(ro+ decisions shou+d be se( higher in a ne()ork using 0re&uency hopping ne()ork. In a 8requency 7opping network R:)#&' cla66e6 .5$ are indicating good quality! /ypica++y- (he share o0 (he R:)#&' cla66e6 3 and 0 may increa6e a8ter FH i6 6witc7ed on- even i0 no o(her changes have been made. /his may seem (o be surprising since i( is eDpec(ed (ha( 0re&uency hopping improves (he ne()ork &ua+i(y. 'o)ever- in mos( cases (he &ua+i(y is ac(ua++y improved- bu( (he improvemen( is more visib+e in (he ca++ success ra(io. /he improved (o+erance agains( in(er0erence and +o) 0ie+d s(reng(h in %' ne()ork means (ha( i( is +ess +ike+y (ha( (he decoding o0 SACC' 0rames 0ai+s causing incremen( in (he radio +ink (imeou( coun(er. /hus- it i6 le66 likely t7at a call i6 dropped ;ecau6e o8 t7e radio link timeout . *ns(ead- (he ca++s genera(ing high !46>A< samp+es (end (o s(ay on. /his may +ead (o increase in (he share o0 !46>A< 985. 'o)ever- a( (he same (ime (he ca++ success ra(e is signi0ican(+y improved. *n (he %igure 5 817- (here are presen(ed some (ria+ resu+(s o0 a ,< !46>A< dis(ribu(ion )i(h di00eren( 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse pa((erns. As can be seen 0rom (he 0igures- (he (igh(er (he reuse becomes- (he +ess samp+es 0a++ in &ua+i(y c+ass 0 and more samp+es 0a++ in &ua+i(y c+asses "89. /hereEs bigger di00erence in do)n+ink (han in up+ink direc(ion.
(E "*H,AE (i#tri;ution
*..5.. 8.5.. 2.5.. -.5.. Percentage %J' 1.5.. 7.5.. 0.5.. /.5.. ,.5.. *.5.. .5.. q. q* q, q/ q0 q7 q1 qHualit0 Cla##e# &o FH *A/ pure *A/ heuristic *A*
Figure 05/$! "' R:)#&' di6tri;ution o8 a trial wit7 di88erent 8requency allocation reu6e pattern6 Cno FHA > A >+ 8i<edA >+ 7euri6tic allocationD
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,E "*H,AE (i#tri;ution
*..5.. 8.5.. 2.5.. -.5.. Percentage %J' 1.5.. 7.5.. 0.5.. /.5.. ,.5.. *.5.. .5.. q. q* q, q/ q0 q7 q1 qHualit0 Cla##e# &o FH *A/ pure *A/ heuristic *A*
Figure 05/3! #' R:)#&' di6tri;ution o8 a trial wit7 di88erent 8requency allocation reu6e pattern6 Cno FHA > A >+ 8i<edA >+ 7euri6tic allocationD %re&uency hopping 0orces each ca++ (o use a++ (he 0re&uencies in (he hopping se&uence. *0 some o0 (hose 0re&uencies are more in(er0ered (han o(hers- i( may happen (ha( a0(er %' is s)i(ched on (he &ua+i(y o0 (he ca++s su00ers. 17en FH i6 not u6edA t7e call6 tend to ;e allocated to t7e TR:6 u6ing inter8erence 8ree carrier6 #(he /!4 and (he (ime s+o( are se+ec(ed based on (he >< id+e channe+ in(er0erence measuremen($. ;specia++y ou(side (he busy hours- i( is probab+e (ha( (ime s+o(s are a+)ays avai+ab+e on (he /!4s having in(er0erence 0ree carriers. Frequency 7opping 8orce6 all t7e call6 to u6e all t7e 8requencie6 in t7e 7opping 6equence! /his means (ha( (he in(er0ered 0re&uencies are a+)ays used as much as (he in(er0erence 0ree 0re&uencies. /his is +ike+y (o +ead (o )orse &ua+i(y ou(side (he busy hours. ,uring (he busy hours in a non8hopping case- some o0 (he ca++s have (o be a++oca(ed (o a /!4 using in(er0ered 0re&uency- because in(er0erence 0ree /!4s may be 0u++. /hese ca++s are +ike+y (o eDperience signi0ican(+y )orse &ua+i(y. /he 0re&uency hopping (ends (o average (he &ua+i(y- so in (he 0re&uency hopping case a++ (he ca++s eDperience average &ua+i(y ins(ead o0 some very high &ua+i(y ca++s and some very +o) &ua+i(y ca++s. *( is (hus impor(an( (o compare on+y busy hour s(a(is(ics and (o keep in mind (ha( (he in(er0erence prob+ems may no( sho) up ou(side (he busy hours in (he non8hopping case- )hi+e in (he %' case (he e00ec( o0 in(er0erence is a+)ays presen(. NoteF *n @@ %' and !% %' case (he 0re&uency speci0ic !46>A< canno( be measured anymore. /he &ua+i(y is averaged over (he hopping se&uence. 0!/ Idle C7annel Inter8erence (ea6urement
Ahen a ne) ca++ is es(ab+ished or a handover is per0ormed- (he @SC se+ec(s (he /!4 and (he (ime s+o( 0or (he (ra00ic channe+ based on (he id+e channe+ in(er0erence measuremen(s. T7e 8requency 7opping 7a6 a 6igni8icant e88ect on t7e idle c7annel inter8erence mea6urement re6ult6!
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Ahen (he 0re&uency hopping is used- (he 0re&uency o0 a hopping +ogica+ channe+ is changed abou( 2"5 (imes in a second. /he 0re&uency o0 (he id+e (ime s+o(s changes according (o (he same se&uence. In a case o0 (he random 7opping- (his means (ha( (he mea6ured idle c7annel inter8erence i6 likely to ;e t7e 6ame 8or all t7e TR:6 t7at u6e t7e 6ame (&5li6t . *0 (he in(er0erence is averaged over more (han one SACC' 0rame- (he averaging e00ec( is even s(ronger. 'o)ever- norma++y (he in(er0erers are mobi+es +oca(ed in in(er0ering ce++s. *n (his case- (here are probab+y di88erence6 in (he mea6ured idle c7annel inter8erence6 ;etween di88erent time 6lot6 in t7e cell . /his happensbecause (he in(er0ering mobi+es are on+y (ransmi((ing during (he (ime s+o( (ha( has been a++oca(ed (o (hem. /his is i++us(ra(ed in %igure 5 815. *0 (he cyclic 7opping se&uence is used- (here migh( occur di88erence6 on (he mea6ured idle c7annel inter8erence le=el6 ;etween t7e TR:6 on (he same (ime s+o( as eDp+ained in (he 0o++o)ing sec(ion.
9dle channel interference level :ow
/!4 " !/S<
"
/!4 2
f15 f25 f3
High
/!4 3
Pa(h +oss (o (he in(er0ered @/S
Inter8ering mo;ile6 u6ing t7e 6ame 8requencie6E f15 f25 f3
/imes+o( W
Figure 05/0! *d+e channe+ in(er0erence in a case o0 (he random !% hopping. 0!$ Cyclic and Random Hopping Sequence6
*0 (he cyclic hopping mode is used- (he in(er0erence caused by a mobi+e is no( necessari+y spread even+y on a++ (he hopping /!4s as can be seen in %igure 5 818. *0 (he random hopping se&uences are used- in(er0erence is a+)ays even+y spread on a++ (he /!4s using (he same .A8+is( as presen(ed in %igure 5 819. /he dis(ribu(ion o0 in(er0erence presen(ed in (his sec(ion is (he same 0or bo(h uplink and downlink direc(ions.
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Ba#e #tation
' $; frames
1 frequencies
** *7 *2 * 0 ** *7 *2 * 0 *7 *2 * 0 ** *2 * 0 ** *7 * 0 ** *7 *2 0 ** *7 *2 * ** *7 *2 * 0 ** *7 *2 * 0 *7 *2 * 0 ** *2 * 0 ** *7 * 0 ** *7 *2 0 ** *7 *2 * ** *7 *2 * 0 ** *7 *2 * 0 *7 *2 * 0 ** *2 * 0 ** *7
'R+ * 'R+ , 'R+ / 'R+ 0 'R+ 7 'R+ 1
* 0 ** *7 *2
0 ** *7 *2 *
)o;ile
* 2 *7 * 2 *7
interference
* 2 *7 * 2 *7 * 2 *7
/ frequencies
* 2 *7
Figure 05/4! E<ample o8 inter8erence di6tri;ution in one cyclic 7opping ca6e!

Ba#e #tation
' $; frames
'R+ * 'R+ , 'R+ / 'R+ 0 'R+ 7 'R+ 1
7 1 * , / 0
, / 0 7 1 *
* , / 0 7 1
0 7 1 * , /
* , / 0 7 1
1 * , / 0 7
* , / 0 7 1
0 7 1 * , /
/ 0 7 1 * ,
0 7 1 * , /
, / 0 7 1 *
7 1 * , / 0
7 1 * , / 0
0 7 1 * , /
/ 0 7 1 * ,
0 7 1 * , /
* , / 0 7 1
, / 0 7 1 *
* , / 0 7 1
1 * , / 0 7
/ 0 7 1 * ,
, / 0 7 1 *
, / 0 7 1 *
1 * , / 0 7
1 frequencies
)o;ile
/ 7 * * , * 0 , 1
interference
/ / 0 * , / / * 1 , , 7 / 7 7
1 frequencies
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Figure 05/2! Inter8erence di6tri;ution w7en random 7opping 6equence6 are u6ed! /he dra)back o0 (he cyc+ic hopping is (ha( (he in(er0erence coming 0rom one in(er0erer may a00ec( on+y some o0 (he /!4s as seen in %igure 5 818. /his +imi(s (he number o0 in(er0erers and compromises (he in(er0erence diversi(y. %or (his reason- it i6 recommended t7at cyclic 7opping 6equence6 are not u6ed in t7e area6 w7ere t7e network i6 inter8erence limited .
C0clic< 9n the areas where the interference is &!' a problem (low traffic areas)
"ando < 9n the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic areas)
Figure 05$.! *uide to c7oo6e ;etween cyclic and random 7opping 6equence6! %re&uency hopping makes i( possib+e (o change (he in(er0erence sources 0or each /,.A 0rame. /he resu+( o0 (his is a bene0icia+ e00ec( ca++ed in(er0erence diversi(y- )hich )as presen(ed in Sec(ion 2.".9. /he more di00eren( in(er0erers (he +ink has- (he be((er in(er0erence is averaged and (he be((er (he in(er0erence diversi(y gain. /ime division used in (he :S. sys(ems +imi(s (he in(er0erence diversi(y. @ecause o0 (he /,.A princip+e- (he in(er0erence diversi(y is on+y possib+e among (he mobi+es (ha( share (he same (ime ins(an( 0or (ransmission. 'o)ever- (he base s(a(ions (ha( are +oca(ed on di00eren( si(es- are no( usua++y synchronised. /his means (ha( (he (ime s+o(s may be par(ia++y over+apping each o(her as presen(ed in %igure 5 87". /hus- (he in(er0erence 0rom one in(er0ering ce++ may consis( ()o in(er0erence sources #mobi+es$ in up+ink direc(ion or ()o di00eren( po)er +eve+s in do)n+ink direc(ion i0 do)n+ink po)er con(ro+ is used. /his enhances in(er0erence diversi(y. /he degree o0 over+apping in non8synchronised ne()ork is random bu( cons(an( be()een any non8synchronised ce++ pair and i( may be any(hing be()een 70 N and "00 N as presen(ed in %igure 5 872.
!/S<
"
"
Serving ce++
*n(er0ering ce++
0
!/S<
"
"
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Figure 05$ ! *n(er0erence 0rom non8synchronised ce++.
Serving ce++
7.= 7.= *..=
*n(er0ering ce++
Figure 05$%! T7e two e<treme ca6e6E $. B and .. B o=erlapping o8 ;ur6t6!
0!3
Intracell Hando=er
/he +ack o0 synchronisa(ion has a posi(ive e00ec( on (he in(er0erence diversi(y. 'o)ever- in(er0erence is s(i++ averaged on+y be()een (he mobi+es sharing (he same (ime ins(an( 0or (ransmission. @ecause o0 (his- (he in(race++ handover (o ano(her (ime s+o( changes (he in(er0erence sources and is 0easib+e i0 (he overa++ in(er0erence si(ua(ion in (he (arge( (ime s+o( is be((er. "uring ;u6y 7our6 )hen (he (ra00ic in (he ne()ork is a( (he maDimum- i( is +ike+y (ha( (here are no signi0ican(+y be((er (ime s+o(s avai+ab+e. /hus- 6igni8icant gain can not ;e accompli67ed by in(race++ handover (o ano(her (ime s+o(. Norma++y (he in(race++ handover is (riggered by poor !46>A<. *n order (o avoid unnecessary in(race++ handovers- t7e R:)#&' t7re67old 8or intracell 7ando=er 67ould ;e 6et so 7ig7 (ha( (he handover is no( a((emp(ed be0ore (he &ua+i(y o0 (he ca++ is serious+y (hrea(ened. ;Damp+e '= parame(ers are presen(ed in /ab+e 9. 0!0 Power Control
Po)er con(ro+ has been 0ound (o improve (he &ua+i(y in %' ne()orks and (hus- i( i6 recommended to ;e u6ed in ;ot7 #' and "' direction6 . Po)er con(ro+ is (he mos( e00ec(ive )hen (he used /4 po)er +eve+ is kep( as +o) as possib+e )hi+e s(i++ main(aining an accep(ab+e +ink &ua+i(y. /o achieve (his- a 0as( and main+y !46>A< driven po)er con(ro+ is recommended. *n order (o make (he PC as 0as( as possib+e- (he measuremen( averaging in @/S shou+d be disab+ed and aggre66i=e power control parameter6 shou+d be used. ;Damp+e PC parame(ers are presen(ed in /ab+e 8.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning 6.6.1 $ownlin. /ower Control with BB Hopping
*n (he baseband hopping (he @CC' /!4 is inc+uded in (he hopping se&uence. /his means (ha( occasiona++y some burs(s are (ransmi((ed by (he @CC' /!4 using (he (ime s+o(s 0rom " (o 5. /he :S. speci0ica(ions re&uire (ha( (he @CC' /!4 mus( (ransmi( con(inuous+y and a+)ays a( (he 0u++ po)er. /his is re&uired- because (he @CC' 0re&uencies are used in (he do)n+ink +eve+ measuremen(s o0 (he neighboring ce++s by (he mobi+es. Conse&uen(+y- i0 (he do)n+ink po)er con(ro+ is used- (he do)n+ink signa+ +eve+ may 0+uc(ua(e drama(ica++y since (he @CC' /!4 is no( using (he po)er con(ro+. /his may cause serious prob+ems in (he mobi+e receiver i0 (he mobi+e is +oca(ed c+ose (o (he ce++ si(e. /o avoid such prob+ems- (he ma<imum ;a6e 6tation power decrea6e C;6T<Power(inD 67ould ;e limited to . 5 $ d9 w7en downlink power control i6 u6ed toget7er wit7 ;a6e;and 7opping. 0!4 Hando=er Control
Since %' and an aggressive po)er con(ro+ cause signi0ican( changes in (he !46>A< dis(ribu(ion(he !46>A< (hresho+ds (riggering handovers have (o be adFus(ed according+y. Norma++y- t7e R:)#&' t7re67old6 7a=e to ;e increa6ed ;y or % cla66e6 #!46>A< 1 8V !46>A< 7$. A+so (he HO 6peed shou+d be 8a6t enoug7 ;ut s(i++ 6lower t7an t7e PC 6peed - (o ensure (ha( (he PC )i++ become (riggered be0ore '=. An eDamp+e o0 '= parame(ers 0or %' ne()orks u(i+ising aggressive po)er con(ro+ are presen(ed in /ab+e 9. 0!2 HSN Planning wit7 Random Hopping
/he 'SN de0ines (he used %' se&uence. /he 'SN va+ue 0 means cyc+ic hopping and (he va+ues 0rom " (o 93 mean di00eren( random hopping se&uences. *n random hopping case- t7e 6ame HSN6 67ould ;e u6ed in di88erent cell6 in6ide t7e 6ite . /hus- i0 a common .A +is( is shared inside (he si(e- (he 0re&uency co++isions can be avoided. Neig7;oring 6ite6 shou+d u6e di88erent HSN6- especia++y (hose si(es- )hich use common 0re&uencies. *( ensures (he co++isions (o happen random+y be()een (he si(es.
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4!
4!
P'&NNIN* C&SES
Planning Ca6e E Single (&5li6t
*n (his eDamp+e a sing+e .A8+is( imp+emen(a(ion is p+anned 0or a sma++ ne()ork consis(ing o0 5 si(es and "9 sec(orised ce++s. /he bene0i( in sing+e .A8+is( imp+emen(a(ion is (ha( no 0re&uency p+anning is re&uired- because each ce++ has (he same .A8+is( con(aining a++ (he a++oca(ed 0re&uencies. Since 0rac(iona+ +oading is re&uired- only RF 7opping can ;e u6ed. *n order (o avoid in(er0erence be()een (he ce++s o0 (he same si(e- a (&IO plan i6 made 0or each si(e. T7e num;er o8 TR:6 can ;e ma<imum % TR:6 per 6ite. -.1.1 #re !ency /lanning
A+(hough ac(ua+ 0re&uency p+an is no( needed- i( mus( be checked (ha( (he used 0re&uency band is su00icien( (o provide accep(ab+e &ua+i(y. A+so in some cases (he di00erences in ce++ +eve+ (ra00ic dis(ribu(ions may re&uire (ha( some 0re&uencies are reserved (o be used on+y in (he high+y +oaded ce++s.
Site ; B "
% F
Cell * , * * , / * , / * , * , / * ,
T"* count , / 0 0 0 / / 0 , / 0 0 / 0 0 /
Figure 45$+! Ne()ork +ayou( and /!4 con0igura(ions. /he @CC' 0re&uency p+an is made separa(e+y and i( is no( considered here. =n (he average (here are 2.1 hopping /!4s per ce++ in (he eDamp+e ne()ork. 2" 0re&uencies are (o be a++oca(ed (o (he hopping /!4s. /he e00ec(ive reuse on (he 0re&uency hopping /!4s can be ca+cu+a(ed by using ;&ua(ion #7."$ as 0o++o)s2
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Reff = 2" = 8.8 2 .1
;00ec(ive reuse o0 8.8 is reasonab+e 0or 0re&uency hopping ne()ork and i( can be eDpec(ed (ha( (he ne()ork )i++ have good &ua+i(y- see /ab+e 9. *n order (o keep (he co++ision probabi+i(y +o) enough- i( is recommended (ha( (he average 0re&uency +oad caused by each ce++ in (he ne()ork doesnE( eDceed 8 N. /he +oad dis(ribu(ion in (he ne()ork is ca+cu+a(ed by using ;&ua(ions #7.3$- #7.1$ and #7.7$. 'ere- a+so (he @CC' /!4 is inc+uded in (he (ra00ic es(ima(ions.
Traffic at Nu ;er of $ractional $re/uenc0 2J ;locking ti e #lot# +G load load load 852 *1 1*50 = 052 = ,58 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = 852 *1 1*50 = 052 = ,58 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = ,/5/, -05* = *05/ = *.51 = *151 ,0 185/ = 857 = 151 =
Figure 45$/! <oad ca+cu+a(ions. /he average 0re&uency +oad in (he ne()ork is 8." N. /his is accep(ab+e- because i( is on+y very s+igh(+y above (he 8 N recommenda(ion. /he maDimum 0re&uency +oad is "0.9 N. /his doesnE( eDceed (he average 0re&uency +oad signi0ican(+y. *0 (he maDimum 0re&uency +oad eDceeded "3 N 8"1 N- i( migh( make sense (o reserve some eD(ra 0re&uencies (ha( )ou+d be used on+y on (he high+y +oaded ce++s. @y doing (his- (he 0re&uency +oad dis(ribu(ion in (he ne()ork can be kep( more even. Ce++s causing high 0re&uency +oads (end (o de(eriora(e (he &ua+i(y in (he neighboring ce++s. -.1.2 +(I9 /lanning
Since a++ (he ce++s o0 a sec(orised si(e are usua++y con(ro++ed by (he same @C%- (hey are 0rame synchronised. /his means (ha( (he /,.A 0rame number is a+)ays (he same in (he sec(ors o0 one si(e. Since (he hopping se&uence is derived 0rom (he 'SN and (he /,.A 0rame number- (he synchronisa(ion makes i( possib+e avoid in(er0erence be()een (he sec(ors o0 one si(e. To pre=ent intra 6ite and intra cell inter8erence (he 0o++o)ing re&uiremen(s have (o be 0u+0i++ed2
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning A++ (he sec(ors o0 one si(e have (o con(ro++ed by (he same @C% A++ (he sec(ors o0 one si(e have (o use (he same 'SN .A*= p+anning have (o be proper+y made
*n order (o guaran(ee in(er0erence diversi(y- a di00eren( 'SN shou+d be used in (he di00eren( si(es +oca(ed in (he same area. .A*= p+anning shou+d be done 0or each si(e. /he 'SN parame(er has (o be de0ined 0or each si(e and .A*=o00se( and .A*=s(ep 0or each ce++. /hese parame(ers and (heir 0unc(iona+i(y are presen(ed in Sec(ion ". (&IO6tep de8ine6 t7e c7annel 6eparation ;etween t7e TR:6 o8 t7e 6ame cell . *( is (hus used (o guarantee t7at intra cell inter8erence doe6n-t occur! (&IO o886et i6 u6ed to control t7e c7annel 6eparation6 ;etween t7e 6ector6 o8 t7e 6ame 6ite . 'o)ever- .A*=o00see( doesnE( direc(+y de0ine (he channe+ separa(ion be()een (he ce++s. *ns(ead i( de0ines (he .A*= o0 (he 0irs( hopping /!4 o0 (he ce++. A( 0irs( i( shou+d be checked (ha( proper channe+ separa(ions are possib+e )i(h a++oca(ed 0re&uency band. /he minimum re&uiremen( 0or c7annel 6eparation ;etween 6ector6 is ". 'o)ever- in order (o avoid cons(an( adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence be()een (he sec(ors o0 (he same si(e- a separa(ion o8 % i6 7ig7ly recommended. *n order (o avoid in(ra ce++ in(er0erence A t7e c7annel 6eparation ;etween t7e TR:6 o8 t7e 6ame cell 67ould ;e at lea6t %. Pre0erab+y (he separa(ion shou+d be 3 or moreespecia++y i0 >< po)er con(ro+ is no( used. *n (his case (he goa+ is (o have a minimum channe+ separa(ion o0 2 be()een (he sec(ors and 3 be()een (he /!4s o0 (he same ce++. /o check i0 (ha( is possib+e )i(h (he curren( 0re&uency band o0 2" carriers- ;&ua(ion #7."0$ is used. /he si(e (o be inves(iga(ed is (he si(e )i(h bigges( /!4 con0igura(ions (ha( is in (his case si(e C having 3 sec(ors and 8 hopping /!4s.
min 7 fre
s / site
= ( 7 ,R1 / site 7 cell / site ) )'I9step + 7 cell / site S
#8 3$ 3 + 3 2 = 2"
As a resu+(- i( can be seen (ha( (he 0re&uency band o0 2" carriers is Fus( enough (o a++o) (he imp+emen(a(ion o0 )an(ed channe+ separa(ions even in (he si(e )i(h (he bigges( /!4 con0igura(ions. /he .A*= p+an is no) made 0or (he Si(e C by using .A*= s(ep 3 and by se+ec(ing (he .A*=o00se( parame(ers 0or (he sec(ors so (ha( (he channe+ #G.A*=$ separa(ion o0 2 is rea+ised be()een (he sec(ors. ;Damp+e .A*= p+ans are presen(ed in (he 0o++o)ing pic(ures.
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)AI- -ff#et determines the $;9! of the fir#t hopping 'R+ in each sector
$;9 value for each ' $; frame is calculated by B'6 and $6 by using H6& and ' $; frame number
6ite "
'he sectors share the #a e +SN $;9!s for the rest of the hopping 'R+s are determined by adding )AI- Step to the $;9! of the previous hopping 'R+
'ransmitted frequencies for each 'R+ during each ' $; frame &o co- or adFacent channel interference between sectors
Figure 45$$! ;Damp+e o0 .A*= p+anning.
6ite
6ite F
6ite G
Figure 45$3! ;Damp+e .A*= p+ans.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning Ta;le +! Parameter6 8or eac7 cell in t7e e<ample network! Site Cell ; B " * , * * , / * , / * , * , / * , T"* count , / 0 0 0 / / 0 , / 0 0 / 0 0 / +SN , , 7 1 1 1 0 0 / / / * * )AI-off#et )AI-#tep . 2 . . 2 *1 . 2 *1 . 2 . 2 */ . 2 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
% F
*0 more /!4s are +a(er added- i( shou+d me made sure (ha( (he .A*= p+an 0or (ha( si(e is s(i++ va+id. %ai+ure (o do so may +ead (o con(inuous co8 or adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence be()een (he /!4s o0 (he si(e. 4!% Planning Ca6e %E RF FH wit7 Fractional 'oading CF&R + G $D
/he ne()ork in (his case is (he same as in (he 0irs( p+anning case. /he goa+ is (o achieve (he highes( capaci(y by emp+oying very (igh( 0re&uency reuse. <o) e00ec(ive 0re&uency reuse is possib+e because each ce++ has enough 0re&uencies in (he hopping se&uence (o provide good 0re&uency hopping gain and (he usage o0 0re&uencies can be p+anned so (ha( (he )ors( po(en(ia+ in(er0erers do no( use (he same 0re&uency. A+so power control i6 (o be u6ed ;ot7 in uplink and in downlink. /he (arge( 8requency allocation reu6e i6 ;etween + and $- meaning (ha( (he 0re&uencies are repea(ed in every 3 (o 7 ce++s. /his makes i( possib+e (o avoid in(er0erence be()een (he s(ronges( in(er0erers. /he 0re&uency a++oca(ion can be done by u(i+ising a 0re&uency a++oca(ion (oo+ (ha( suppor(s !% hopping )i(h 0rac(iona+ +oading- such as NPS/4 3.3. -.2.1 $efining the #re !ency Band and the 7!m,er of #re !encies 7eeded in Each Cell
/he @CC' 0re&uency p+an is made separa(e+y and i( is no( considered here. =n (he average (here are 2.1 hopping /!4s per ce++ in (he eDamp+e ne()ork. *n order (o end up )i(h an e00ec(ive reuse o0 8- "9 0re&uencies are (o be a++oca(ed (o (he hopping /!4s. /he e00ec(ive reuse on (he 0re&uency hopping /!4s can be ca+cu+a(ed by using ;&ua(ion #7."$ as 0o++o)s2
Reff = "9 = 5.9 2.1
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning ;00ec(ive reuse o0 5.9 is &ui(e +o)- bu( i( can be eDpec(ed (ha( )i(h imp+emen(a(ion o0 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse o0 3 (o 7 (he ne()ork )i++ have accep(ab+e &ua+i(y provided (ha( (he ne()ork mode+ in (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion (oo+ is accura(e. 'o)ever- (he minimum achievab+e reuse a+so depends very much on (he environmen( and (he ne()ork +ayou(. %or eDamp+e- i0 (he an(ennas in (he urban environmen( are +oca(ed (oo high so (ha( (he iso+a(ion be()een (he in(er0ering ce++s provided by (he surrounding environmen( is no( eDp+oi(ed- a higher e00ec(ive reuse may have (o be used in order (o main(ain good &ua+i(y. &6 a rule o8 t7um;A t7e 8requency load cau6ed ;y eac7 cell 67ould range 8rom +. B to $. B a6 t7e 8requency allocation reu6e range6 8rom + to $A see Ta;le 3! /his is used as a basis )hen (he number o0 0re&uencies (o be a++oca(ed in each ce++ is de0ined. *n (he 0o++o)ing 0igure- .A8+is( +eng(h de0ini(ions are made 0or (he eDamp+e ne()ork. A+so (he @CC' /!4 is inc+uded in (he (ra00ic ca+cu+a(ion.
Si te ; B " Ce l l * , * * , / * , / * , * , / * , T"* count , / 0 0 0 / / 0 , / 0 0 / 0 0 /
% F
%ffective reuse < *8 frequencies A ,50 hopping 'R+s per cell < -58
!S !S
Frequency allocation reuse < *8 frequencies A 058 FH freqs per cell < /58
;verage frequency load /05* = (ma@5 /-5* =) !S
Figure 45$0! <oad and reuse ca+cu+a(ions. *n (his eDamp+e- (he .A8+is( +eng(hs )ere se+ec(ed so (ha( (he 8requency load caused by each ce++ 0a++s ;etween +. B and /. B! 'o)ever- (he minimum +eng(h )as 3 in order (o guaran(ee su00icien( %' gains. /he resu+(ing average .A8+is( +eng(h is 1.9 carriers per ce++. /he 8requency allocation reu6e can no) be ca+cu+a(ed by using ;&ua(ion #7.2$ as 0o++o)s2
#'R = "9 = 3.9 1.9
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning T7e a=erage 8requency load i6 +/! B . *n mos( cases (his shou+d provide +o) enough co++ision probabi+i(y 0or a ne()ork having a 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse 3.9. Ac(ua++y- i( migh( even be possib+e (o reduce (he 0re&uency band a +i((+e bi(. Ai(h "5 carriers (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse )ou+d reduce (o 3.15. /his )ou+d ma(ch (he ru+e o0 (humb per0ec(+y- as )e )ou+d no) have a 0re&uency +oad o0 31." N and 0re&uency a++oca(ion reuse 3.15. /he e00ec(ive reuse )i(h "5 carriers )ou+d be 5.". Ahe(her (he &ua+i(y )i++ s(i++ be accep(ab+e depends on (he &ua+i(y o0 (he 0re&uency p+an as )e++ as (he ne()ork +ayou( and surrounding environmen(. -.2.2 #re !ency (llocation and (nalysis
No)- once (he number o0 0re&uencies (o be a++oca(ed 0or each ce++ is de0ined- (he a++oca(ion shou+d be per0ormed )i(h he+p o0 an 8requency allocation tool (ha( suppor(s 0rac(iona+ +oading and is ab+e (o minimise (he in(er0erence in (he ne()ork such as NPS>: +!+. /he a++oca(ion parame(ers can be simi+ar as in (he norma+ non8hopping case. /he minimum c7annel 6eparation ;etween t7e 8requencie6 in t7e (&5li6t 67ould ;e at lea6t one carrier in order (o avoid in(race++ adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence. Pre0erab+y (he separa(ion o0 ()o shou+d be used un+ess (ha( re&uiremen( signi0ican(+y degrades (he a++oca(ion resu+( #Gincreases (he resu+(ing va+ue o0 (he cos( 0unc(ion$. 'o)ever- i0 (he 0rac(iona+ +oad on a ce++ is 70 N or +ess- (hen i( is advan(ageous (o a++o) con6ecuti=e 8requencie6 in t7e (&5li6t and 6et t7e (&IO 6tep parameter to % in (ha( ce++. /he .A*=s(ep o0 2 ensures (ha( adFacen( carriers are no( used a( (he same (ime. /hus- adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence is preven(ed. /he remova+ o0 (he in(ra ce++ channe+ separa(ion re&uiremen( makes i( possib+e 0or (he a++oca(ion (oo+ (o 0ind a be((er a++oca(ion (ha( minimises (he in(er0erence more e00ec(ive+y. /he di00erence can be so signi0ican(- (ha( i( migh( make sense (o de+ibera(e+y 0orce (he 0rac(iona+ +oad (o 70 N or +ess so (ha( (he in(race++ separa(ion re&uiremen( can be removed. An eDamp+e o0 ho) in(ra ce++ adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence is avoided is presen(ed in (he 0o++o)ing 0igure.
"onsecutive carriers allowed in the $; lists
Fractional load in every sector is 7.= or less (fractional load < $;:Hlength A &bH'R+)
$;9!step is set to ,
&o intra cell adFacent channel interferenceT
Figure 45$4! ;Damp+e o0 .A*= p+anning.
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%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning AdFacen( channe+s may be a++o)ed be()een (he sec(ors o0 (he same si(e especia++y i0 a++ o0 (hem are no( adFacen( (o each o(her. /he in(er0erence diversi(y and 0rac(iona+ +oading ensures (ha( even i0 adFacen( channe+ in(er0erence occurs- i( )onE( be con(inuous and (hus i(s e00ec( on (he &ua+i(y is reduced. Since 0re&uency sharing is no( used in (his case- all t7e cell6 in one area u6ing t7e 6ame 8requency ;and 67ould 7a=e a di88erent HSN in order to ma<imi6e inter8erence di=er6ity. Since 0rac(iona+ +oading is used- i( is very di00icu+( (o ana+yMe (he 0re&uency p+an )i(h conven(iona+ C/* ana+ysis. *ns(ead- more advanced ana+ysis (oo+ such as (he R:)#&' analy6i6 tool avai+ab+e in NPS>: +!% and +!+ shou+d be used. /he !46>A< (oo+ es(ima(es (he (ypica+ !46>A< 0or every piDe+ on (he digi(a+ map. *( 6upport6 8requency 7opping and 8ractional loading . /he !46>A< ana+ysis (oo+ is 6uita;le 8or comparing di00eren( 0re&uency a++oca(ions and 0or 8inding t7e location6 o8 po66i;le inter8erence 6pot6 )here (he &ua+i(y is +ike+y (o be (he )ors(. 'o)ever- t7e R:)#&' analy6i6 tool i6 6en6iti=e to t7e 8ractional loadingF /he +o)er (he 0rac(iona+ +oad- (he be((er &ua+i(y seem (o be predic(ed even )hen i( is +ike+y (ha( (he &ua+i(y in rea+i(y shou+d be )orse. @ecause o0 (his(he (oo+ is on+y sui(ab+e (o ana+ysing di00eren( 0re&uency p+ans )hi+e (he 0rac(iona+ +oading #G.A8+is( +eng(hs$ remain (he same. *( shou+d a+so be no(ed (ha( (he indica(ed !46>A< doesnE( necessari+y correspond (o (he ac(ua+ measured !46>A< bu( is s(i++ gives an indica(ion o0 (he overa++ &ua+i(y o0 (he 0re&uency p+an and (he +oca(ions o0 (he probab+e in(er0erence areas. 4!+ Planning Ca6e +E RF FH wit7 Frequency S7aring
/he ne()ork in (his case is (he same as in (he 0irs( p+anning case. /he 0re&uency sharing arrangemen( makes i( possib+e (o use %' )i(h su00icien( number 0re&uencies in (he hopping se&uence even )i(h sma++ /!4 con0igura(ions )i(hou( need (o u(i+ise 0rac(iona+ +oading (ha( re&uires specia+ p+anning (oo+ suppor(. Since (his is !% hopping- do)n+ink po)er con(ro+ can a+so be 0u++y u(i+ised. -.3.1 #re !ency /lanning
*n (his scheme all t7e 6ector6 o8 t7e 6ame 6ite u6e a common (&5li6t! Fractional loading i6 not utili6ed- since i( is usua++y possib+e (o ge( a su00icien( number o0 0re&uencies in (he hopping se&uence even )i(hou( i(. /he bene0i( is (ha( (he 0re&uency p+anning can be accomp+ished by using con=entional 8requency planning tool6 (ha( donE( suppor( 0rac(iona+ +oading. Since 0rac(iona+ +oading is no( used- each (&5li6t will 7a=e a6 many 8requencie6 a6 (here are 7opping TR:6 in a++ (he sec(ors o8 each 6ite. /he @CC' 0re&uencies are p+anned norma++y. %rom (he in(er0erence poin( o0 vie) (he 0re&uency sharing e00ec(ive+y combines a++ (he sec(ors in(o one vir(ua+ ce++ (ha( covers (he combined coverage area o0 a++ (he sec(ors in (ha( si(e. /his can be mode+ed in (he p+anning (oo+ #NPS/4 3.2 or o+der$ by crea(ing one vir(ua+ ce++ 0or each si(e and by (ransmi((ing (his ce++ (hrough mu+(ip+e direc(iona+ an(ennas 0or eDamp+e by using po)er divider 0ea(ure in (he p+anning (oo+. *( shou+d be made sure (ha( no po)er dividing +osses are inc+uded since in (he rea+i(y (here are no po)er sp+i((ers. ;ach o0 (hese vir(ua+ ce++s shou+d have as many /!4s as (here are hopping /!4s in a++ (he sec(ors o0 (ha( si(e. As a resu+(- i( is no) possib+e (o crea(e an in(er0erence ma(riD (ha( describes ho) much (he si(es in(er0ere each o(her. *n order (o avoid in(race++ in(er0erence- (he channe+ separa(ion shou+d be se( (o a( +eas( 2. /he 0re&uency a++oca(ion can be no) per0ormed norma++y- resu+(ing in one common .A8+is( 0or each si(e.
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Site ; B "
% F
Ce l l * , * * , / * , / * , * , / * ,
T"*
count , / 0 0 0 / / 0 , / 0 0 / 0 0 /
Figure 45$2! Network layout and t7e calculation o8 t7e needed (&5li6t lengt76!
-.3.2
+(I9 /lanning
(&IO planning i6 needed in order (o avoid mu(ua+ in(er0erence be()een (he sec(ors o0 (he same si(e. Since (he sec(ors o0 (he same si(e use (he same .A8+is(- (here )i++ be co8channe+ in(er0erence be()een (hose sec(ors un+ess .A*= p+anning is proper+y done. /o preven( in(ra si(e and in(ra ce++ in(er0erence (he 0o++o)ing re&uiremen(s have (o be 0u+0i++ed2 A++ (he sec(ors o0 one si(e have (o con(ro++ed by (he same @C% A++ (he sec(ors o0 one si(e have (o use (he same 'SN .A*= p+anning have (o be proper+y made
*n order (o guaran(ee in(er0erence diversi(y- a di88erent HSN 67ould ;e u6ed in t7e di88erent 6ite6 located in t7e 6ame area. .A*= p+anning is simp+e in (his case. .A*= S(ep shou+d be se( (o " in every sec(or and .A*= =00se( mus( be se+ec(ed 0or each sec(or so (ha( (he .A*=s o0 (he hopping /!4s in one si(e )i++ be in consecu(ive order.
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Frequencies for the $; list are planned with help of frequency planning tool5 $inimum separation is ,5
$;9!6tep is 1
'he sectors share the #a e +SN
$;9!offset for each sector is set so that the $;9!s for 'R+s are in con#ecutive order
Figure 453.! ;Damp+e o0 .A*= p+anning.
-.3.3
(nalysis
Since 0rac(iona+ +oading is no( used- conven(iona+ C/* ana+ysis is possib+e. 'o)ever- (he same vir(ua+ ce++ )i(h po)er dividers Cse(up (ha( )as used in (he 0re&uency a++oca(ion phase mus( be used in (he ana+ysis. A+(erna(ive op(ion is (o use (he !46>A< ana+ysis (oo+ o0 NPS/4 3.2. Since i( is no( possib+e (o (ake (he bene0i(s o0 .A*= managemen( in(o accoun( #Gno in(er0erence be()een (he ce++s o0 (he same si(e$simi+ar se(up as in (he C/* ana+ysis has (o be used.
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Hopping

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Hopping

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Frequency Hopping Network Implementation and Planning

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning

PC (T* $+ S art Antenna# I,-

Effective Network Planning

*eneral "e6cription o8 Frequency Hopping

,a(e Sep 29- "998

Figure 5%! @asic 0unc(iona+i(y o0 0re&uency hopping. !% Frequency Hopping (ode6

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning

f1, f2, f3, fn TRX-2

f1, f2, f3, fn

$1%4 BCC+' $2 $3 "$

)S doe# not #ee an0 difference

Figure 5$! /he di00erence be()een @@ and !% %'.

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning !+ Cell &llocation

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning !$ Hopping Sequence Num;er

$N 9 +SN GS) +opping algorith

.A*==%%S;/ >ser de0inab+e /hese parame(ers are se( au(oma(ica++y

T"*-1 T"*-2 T"*-3

Figure 53! ;Damp+e o0 (he hopping se&uence genera(ion.

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning !0 (&IO Step

&on-hopping B""H 'R+ , . . , 0 &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , 1 1 2 *. &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , *, *, *0 *1

Figure 50! ;Damp+e o0 (he use o0 (he .A*= re+a(ed parame(ers.

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning

THEORETIC&' PERFOR(&NCE OF FRE)#ENCY HOPPIN*

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning

d $ean delay time

,a(e Sep 29- "998

delay spread (s) .5, .57 * , /

fre/uenc0 #pacing %k+!'

Figure %52! T7e autocorrelation coe88icient a6 a 8unction o8 carrier 6pacing!

,a(e Sep 29- "998

. &o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite Nu ;er of carrier#

,a(e Sep 29- "998

. &o hop , / 0 7 1 2 9nfinite Nu ;er of carrier#

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning

Effect in Cell Coverage (rea

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning No $+ 8

/. ,7 Average C&I %dB' ,. *7 *. 7 .

'ype#nit!r epartmentHere 'ype(our&ameHere

Figure %5 %! Inter8erence a=eraging ;etween u6er6 in a random 8requency 7opping network!

,a(e Sep 29- "998

PC on (T* on PC on5 (T* on

PC on (T* on PC on5 (T* on C&I i prove ent

Figure %5 /! T7e 6imulated gain o8 PC and "T: wit7 FH!

,a(e Sep 29- "998

R@? full R@? sub

,a(e Sep 29- "998

Figure +5 3! /he primary ne()ork e+emen(s in :S..

T7e %nd *eneration 9a6e Station

,a(e Sep 29- "998

%re&uency 'opping Ne()ork *mp+emen(a(ion and P+anning

/!4"C',SP /!42C',SP /!43C',SP /!4"2C',SP % @ > S

/!4";6,SP /!42;6,SP /!43;6,SP /!4"2;6,SP

T"-1 T"-2 T"*-3

&on-hopping B""H 'R+ , . . , 0 &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , 1 1 2 . &on-hopping B""H 'R+ , , , 0 *1

/. ,7 Average C&I %dB' ,. 7 . 7 .

* * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' , 'R+s ,B,B, 'R+s * / / /

* * * * A$E %BB 9 "$ $+' , 'R+s ,B,B, 'R+s * / / /

SE'ECTIN* THE RIHT HOPPIN STR&TE*Y

T"-1 T"-2 T"-3 T"-8

T"-1 T"-2 T"-3 T"-8

.5. = 8 ,, ,2 / /0 0/ 77 72 1-8 2, 22 8* 80 Nu ;er of TC+K# .. 0 . / 1 ,7 /0. 01 08 7, 1 10 -. -/ -1 27 8-