ONE-SCHOOL.

NET
Short Notes: Form 4 Chemistry Short Notes: Form 4 Chemistry
Chemical Formulae and Equation Chemical Formulae and Equation

Calculation Calculation

Summary Summary








molar volume
molar volume
molar mass
Avogadro Constant
Number of
particles
Mole of
particles
Mass of particle
(in gram)
Avogadro Constant molar mass
Volume of
Gas
For Solid, liquid or gas

mass of subtance
number of mole =
molar mass


Molar mass =RAM/RMM/RFM in gram
For gas (only)

volume of gas
number of mole =
molar volme


Molar volume =24dm
3
at room temperature
Molar volume =22.4dm
3
at s.t.p.

For Solution

MV
number of mole =
1000


M =molarity
V =Volume of solution in cm
3

For quantity of particle(atom,molecule,ion)

23
quantity of particle
number of mole =
6.02 10

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Chemical Formula

Cation (Positive Ions)

Ion Symbol Ion Symbol Ion Symbol
Potassium K
+
Calcium Ca
2+
Aluminium Al
3+

Sodium Na
+
Magnesium
Mg
2+

Iron (III) Fe
3+

Lithium Li
+
Zinc
Zn
2+

Chromium(III) Cr
3+

Hydrogen H
+
Barium
Ba
2+


Argentums(I) Ag
+
Iron (II)
Fe
2+


Mercury(I) Hg
+
Tin (II)
Sn
2+


Ammonium NH
4
+
Lead(II)
Pb
2+


Copper(II)
Cu
2+


Manganese(II)
Mn
2+



Anion (Negative Ions)

Ion Symbol Ion Symbol Ion Symbol
Oxide
O
2-

Hydroxide
OH
-

Ethanoate
CH
3
COO
-

Fluoride
F
-

Sulphate
SO
4
2-

Manganate(VII)
MnO
4
-

Chloride
Cl
-

Nitrate
NO
3
-

Dichromate(VI)
Cr
2
O
7
2-

Bromide
Br
-

Carbonate
CO
3
2-

Phosphate
PO
4
3-

Iodide
I
-



Thiosulphate
S
2
O
3
2-


Formulae for Certain Molecule

Karbon monoxide CO Ammonia NH
3

Carbon dioxide CO
2
water H
2
O
Nitrogen monoxide NO Hydrogen chloride HCl
Nitrogen dioxide NO
2
Tetrachloromethane CCl
4

Sulphur dioxide SO
2
Glucose C
6
H
12
O
6

Sulphur trioxide SO
3
Hydrogen bromide HBr
Fluorine F
2
Hydrogen iodide HI
Bromine Br
2
Hydrogen sulphide H
2
S
Chlorine Cl
2
Ethanol C
2
H
5
OH
Iodine I
2
Ethanoic Acid CH
3
COOH



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Periodic Table
Reaction of Group 1 Elements

1. Reaction with Oxygen
The entire group 1 metal can react with oxygen to form metal oxide.
4Li +O
2
2Li
2
O
4Na +O
2
2Na
2
O
4K +O
2
2K
2
O

The metal oxide of group 1 elements can dissolve in water to form alkali (hydroxide) solution
Li
2
O +H
2
O 2LiOH
Na
2
O +H
2
O 2NaOH
K
2
O +H
2
O 2KOH

2. Reaction with halogen (Chlorine)
2Li +Cl
2
2LiCl
2Na +Cl
2
2NaCl
2K +Cl
2
2KCl

3. Reaction with water
The entire group 1 metal can react with water to produce alkali (hydroxide) solution and hydrogen gas.
2Li +2H
2
O 2LiOH +H
2

2Na +2H
2
O 2NaOH +H
2

2K +2H
2
O 2KOH +H
2


Reaction of Group 17 Elements

1. React with water
Cl
2
+H
2
O HCl +HOCl
Br
2
+H
2
O HBr +HOBr
I
2
+H
2
O HI +HOI

2. React with Sodium Hydroxide
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H
2
O
Br
2
+ 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H
2
O
I
2
+ 2NaOH NaI + NaOI + H
2
O

3. React with Iron
3Cl
2
+2Fe 2FeCl
3

3Br
2
+2Fe 2FeBr
3

3I
2
+2Fe 2FeI
3


Preparation of Chlorine Gas
2KMnO
4
+16HCl 2KCl +2MnCl
2
+5Cl
2
+8H
2
O
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Electrochemistry

Electrolyte

Ionisation of Electrolyte
Ionisation of Molten Compound
PbBr
2
Pb
2+
+Br
-

NaCl Na
+
+Cl
-

Al
2
O
3
2Al
3+
+3O
2-


Ionisation of Aqueous Solution

NaCl Na
+
+Cl
-

H
2
O H
+
+OH
-



HCl H
+
+Cl
-

H
2
O H
+
+OH
-



CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+SO
4
2-

H
2
O H
+
+OH
-



Discharge of Positive Ion Discharge of Negative Ion
Na
+
+e Na
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.

Al
3+
+3e Al
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.

Pb
2+
+2e Pb
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.

Cu
2+
+2e Cu
Observation:
Brown deposit is formed.

Ag
+
+e Ag
Observation:
Silver deposit is formed.

2H
+
+2e H
2

Observation:
Gas bubble is formed. A pop sound is produced
when a lighted splinter is placed near the mouth of
the test tube.
2Cl
-
Cl
2
+2e
Observation:
Bubbles of pungent yellowish green gas are
produced. The gas turns moist litmus paper to red
and then bleaches it.

2Br
-
Br
2
+2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Brown colour gas is produced.

Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed.

2I
-
I
2
+2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Brown colour gas is produced.

Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed. The solution turns
blue when a few drops of starch solution is added in.

4OH
-
O
2
+2H
2
O +4e
Observation:
Gas bubble is formed. Gas produces light up a
wooden splinter.



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Acid and Base
Ionisation of Acid

Hydrochloric Acid
HCl H
+
+Cl
-

HCl +H
2
O H
3
O
+
+Cl
-


Nitric Acid
HNO
3
H
+
+NO
3
-

HNO
3
+H
2
O H
3
O
+
+NO
3
-





Sulphuric Acid
H
2
SO
4
H
+
+SO
4
2-

H
2
SO
4
+2H
2
O 2H
3
O
+
+SO
4
2-



Ethanoic Acid
CH
3
COOH H
+
+CH
3
COO
-

CH
3
COOH +H
2
O H
3
O
+
+CH
3
COO
-


Chemical Properties of Acid

Acid + Reactive Metal Salt + H
2

Example:
2HCl +Zn ZnCl
2
+H
2

6HNO
3
+2Fe 2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+3H
2

H
2
SO
4
+Pb PbSO
4
+H
2

6CH
3
COOH +2Al 2Al(CH
3
COO)
3
+3H
2


Acid + Metal Oxide Salt + H
2
O
Example:
2HCl +ZnO ZnCl
2
+H
2
O
2HNO
3
+MgO Mg(NO
3
)
2
+H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+CuO CuSO
4
+H
2
O
2CH
3
COOH +Na
2
O 2CH
3
COO
-
Na
+
+H
2
O

Acid + Metal Hydroxide Salt + H
2
O
Example:
2HCl +Ca(OH)
2
CaCl
2
+2H
2
O
HNO
3
+NaOH NaNO
3
+H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+2NH
4
OH (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+2H
2
O or H
2
SO
4
+2NH
3
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

CH
3
COOH +KOH CH
3
COO
-
K
+
+H
2
O

Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Example:
2HCl +ZnCO
3
ZnCl
2
+CO
2
+H
2
O
2HNO
3
+CaCO
3
Ca(NO
3
)
2
+CO
2
+H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SO
4
+CO
2
+H
2
O
2CH
3
COOH +MgCO
3
Mg(CH
3
COO)
2
+CO
2
+H
2
O
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Salt
Solubility of Salt

Salt Solubility
Salt of potassium, sodium and ammonium All are soluble in water
Salt of nitrate All are soluble in water
Salt of sulphate Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead sulphate
(Ba) Barium sulphate
(Ca) Calcium sulphate
Salt of chloride Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead chloride
(Ag) silver chloride
(Hg) mercury chloride
Salt of carbonate Mostly insoluble in water except:
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
Oxide and Hydroxide Solubility
Oxide Mostly insoluble in water except: K
2
O and Na
2
O.
Hydroxide Mostly insoluble in water except: NH
4
OH, KOH and NaOH

Preparation of Salt

Preparation of Soluble Salt

Salt of Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium

Acid +Alkali Salt +Water

Example: Preparation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

HCl +NaOH NaCl +H
2
O


Salt of non-Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium

Acid +Reactive metal Salt +Hydrogen Gas
Acid +Metal Oxide Salt +Water
Acid +Metal Carbonate Salt +Water +Carbon Dioxide

Example: Preparation of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO
4
)

H
2
SO
4
+Zn ZnSO
4
+H
2

H
2
SO
4
+ZnO ZnSO
4
+H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+ZnCO
3
ZnSO
4
+H
2
O +CO
2



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Preparation of Insoluble Salt

Ionic Precipitation
Insoluble salts can be made by double decomposition. This involves mixing a solution that contains its
positive ions with another solution that contains its negative ions.

Example: Preparation of Silver Nitrate
AgNO
3

(aq)
+NaCl
(aq)
AgCl
(s)
+NaNO
3

(aq)

Ag
+

(aq)
+C1
-

(aq)
AgCl
(s)
(ionic equation)


Colour of Salt

Salt or metal oxide Solid Aqueous solution
Salt of:
Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, zinc,
Lead, ammonium

Chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate
White Colourless
Salt of Copper(II).-
Copper(II) Carbonate Green Insoluble
Copper(II) sulphate, Copper(II) nitrate, Copper(II)
chloride
Blue Blue
Copper(II) oxide Black Insoluble
Salt of Iron (II)
Iron(II) sulphate; Iron(II) nitrate; Iron(ID chloride
Green Green
Salt of Iron (III).
Iron(III) sulphate; Iron(III) nitrate; Iron(III)
chloride
Brown Brown
Lead Iodide
Yellow Insoluble
Lead Chloride
White Insoluble
Zink oxide Yellow when it is hot and
white when it is cold.
Insoluble
Lead(II) oxide- Brown when it is hot and
yellow when it is cold.
Insoluble
Magnesium oxide, Aluminium oxide White Insoluble
Potassium oxide, Sodium oxide, Calcium oxide White Colourless

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Heating effect on Salt
Heating
Effect
CO
3
2-
NO
3
-
SO
4
2-
Cl
-
Most Probably
Release CO2
Most Probably
Release NO2
Most Probably
Release SO3
Most Probably
No effect

Heating Effect on Carbonate Salt
Carbonate Salt Equation of The Reaction
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Not decomposible
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate
Aluminium carbonate
Zinc carbonate
Iron (III) carbonate
Lead(II) carbonate
Copper(II) carbonate
CaCO
3
CaO +CO
2

MgCO
3
MgO +CO
2

Al
2
(CO
3
)
3
Al
2
O
3
+3CO
2

ZnCO
3
ZnO +CO
2

Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+3CO
2

PbCO
3
PbO +CO
2

CuCO
3
CuO +CO
2


Mercury(II) carbonate
Silver(I) carbonate

2HgCO
3
2Hg +2CO
2
+O
2

2Ag
2
CO
3
4Ag +2CO
2
+O
2


Ammonium carbonate
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
NH
3
+CO
2
+H
2
O


Heating Effect on Nitrate Salt
Nitrate Salt Equation of The Reaction
Potassium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
2KNO
3
2KNO
2
+O
2

2NaNO
3
2NaNO
2
+O
2

Calcium nitrate
Magnesium nitrate
Aluminium nitrate
Zink nitrate
Iron (III) nitrate
Lead(II) nitrate
Copper(II) nitrate
2Ca(NO
3
)
2
2CaO +4NO
2
+O
2

Mg(NO
3
)
2
2MgO +4NO
2
+O
2

4Al(NO
3
)
3
2Al
2
O
3
+12NO
2
+3O
2

Zn(NO
3
)
2
2ZnO +4NO
2
+O
2

4Fe(NO
3
)
3
2Fe
2
O
3
+12NO
2
+3O
2

Pb(NO
3
)
2
2PbO +4NO
2
+O
2

Cu(NO
3
)
2
2CuO +4NO
2
+O
2

Mercury(II) nitrate
Silver(I) nitrate

Hg(NO
3
)
2
Hg +2NO
2
+O
2

2AgNO
3
2Ag +2NO
2
+O
2

Ammonium nitrate
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
O +2H
2
O
[NOTES: Nitrogen dioxide, NO
2
is acidic gas and is brown in colour.]
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Heating effect on sulphate salt The heating effect on chloride salts
Most sulphate salts do not decompose by heat. Only
certain sulphate salts are decomposed by heat when
heated strongly.
Zinc sulphate, Copper (II) sulphate, Iron (III)
sulphate
ZnSO
4
ZnO +SO
3

CuSO
4
CuO +SO
3

2Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+SO
2
+SO
3


Ammonium sulphate
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
2NH
3
+H
2
SO
4

All chloride salts are not decomposable by heat
except ammonium chloride.
Example:

NH
4
Cl NH
3
+HCl


Identification of Gases
Gasses Characteristics
Oxygen Rekindle glowing splinter.
Hydrogen Explode with a pop sound when brought close to a lighted splinter.
Carbon Dioxide Turns lime water chalky.
Chlorine Bleach moist litmus paper.
Ammonia Pungent smell.
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue.
Produces white fume when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric Acid.
Sulphur Dioxide Pungent smell.
Bleach the purple colour of potassium manganate(VII).
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Nitrogen Dioxide Pungent smell.
Brown in colour.
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.

Qualitative analysis
Identification of Anions (Negative ions)
Diluted HCl or
diluted HNO
3
or
diluted H
2
SO
4

BaCl (aq) or Ba(NO
3
)
2

(aq) follow by diluted
HCl/HNO
3

AgNO
3
follow by
diluted HNO
3
.
Brown Ring Test
( + FeSO
4
(aq ) +
concentratedH
2
SO
4

CO
3
2-
Carbon Dioxide is
released.
White precipitate is
formed. It is soluble in
diluted HCl/HNO
3


White precipitate is
formed. It is soluble in
diluted HNO
3

-
SO
4
2-
-
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT soluble
in diluted HCl/HNO
3


- -
Cl
-
- -
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT
soluble in diluted
HNO
3

-
NO
3
-
- - -
Formation of Brown
Ring
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Idendification of cation

NaOH(ak) NH
3
(ak) HCl or NaCl
H
2
SO
4
or
Na
2
SO
4

Na
2
CO
3
KI
Na
+


Ca
2+

White
precipitate.

White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.

Mg
2+

White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.

White
precipitate is
produced.

Al
3+

White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
.

White
precipitate is
produced.

Zn
2+

White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NH
3

solution.

White
precipitate is
produced.

Pb
2+

White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in hot
water
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Yellow
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in hot
water
Fe
2+

Dirty green
precipitate is
produced.
Dirty green
precipitate is
produced.

Green
precipitate is
produced.

Fe
3+

Red brown
precipitate is
produced.
Red brown
precipitate is
produced.

Brown
precipitate is
produced.
A red brown
solution formed.
Cu
2+

Blue precipitate
is produced.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
Dissolve in
excess NH
3

solution and
form a blue
solution.

Blue precipitate
is produced.
White
precipitate form
in brown
solution
NH
4
+



=No changes is observed
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Distibguish Iron(II) and Iron(III)

Reagent Observation Ion presents
Light blue precipitate Fe
2+
Solution of potassium hecxacianoferate(II)
Dark Blue precipitate Fe
3+

Dark blue precipitate Fe
2+
Solution of potassium hecxacianoferate(III)
Greenish brown solution Fe
3+

Pinkish solution Fe
2+
Solution of potassium Thiocyanate(II)
Blood red solution Fe
3+


Manufactured Substances in Industry

Contact Process (Making Sulphuric Acid)

Stage 1: Formation of SO
2

Combustion of Sulphur
S
(s)
+O
2
(g) SO
2

(g)

or
Heating of metal sulphide such as lead(II) sulphide
2PbS
(s)
+3O
2(g)
2PbO
(s)
+2SO
2(g)

or
Combustion of hiydrogen sulphide
2H
2
S
(g)
+3O
2(g)
2SO
2(g)
+2H
2
O
(ce)


Stage 2: Formation of SO
3

2SO
2

(g)
+O
2

(g)
2SO
3

(g)

Catalyst: vanadium(V) oxide
Temperature: 450C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres

Stage 3 Formation of oleum H
2
S
2
O
7


SO
3(g)
+H
2
SO
4(aq)
H
2
S
2
O
7(l)


Stage 4:Formation of Sulphuric acid

H
2
S
2
0
7

(1)
+H
2
O
(1)
2H
2
SO
4(aq)









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Haber Process (Making Ammonia)

Sources of the raw material
Hydrogen 1. Reaction between steam and heated coke
H
2
O +C CO +H
2

2. Reaction between steam and natural gas.
2H
2
O + CH
4
CO
2
+4H
2

Nitrogen From distillation of liquid air.

The reaction
1. Ammonia is made by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen:
N
2
(g) +3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g); H =-92 kJ mo1
-1

Catalyst: Iron
Promoter: Aluminium oxide
Temperature: 450 C
Pressure: 200-1000 atm



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