NARRATION. TYPES OF NARRATION The following types of narration can be foun in a te!

t" a#$o%o iegetic & when the story is retol fro% the first person point of 'iew. b#$etero iegetic & when the story is retol fro% the thir person point of 'iew. c#Auto iegetic & when the narrator is also the protagonist of the te!t. Characteristics of Narrative Modes (#E!planatory Se)uence & use of present tense to e!press general truths* technical wor s* shifts fro% theory to e!e%ples + efinition followe of e!e%ples#. The intention of the author" ,to e!plain,to analyse a pheno%enon,to be un erstoo ,to facilitate un erstan ing. It can be boun in articles an school te!t boo.s. /#0escripti'e Se)uence & use of past or present tenses* place %ar.ers. If the escription is %a e in ti%e* there are te%peral %ar.ers. Sen1orial perception is i%portant. Focali1ation +point of 'iew# The intention of the,to escribe- to create an i%age of what the rea er can2t see*but coul i%agine,a place or a character* an ob3ect* a lan scape* an action e'ent* a situation *a concept* a proce ure. The %oo is often sugeste by escripti'e etails. It can be foun in no'els* stories* fairytales* sport reports* ictionary efinitions* tourist gui e* instructions to use an apparatus. Si%ilies an %etaphors are use in escriptions. 4#Narrati'e Se)uence & use of Past In efinite* Perfect* 5ontinuous* Future in the Past* $istorical Present* te%poral an space %ar.ers. Presence of a lot of actions e'ents* characters* a narrator* a point of 'iew. The intention of the suthor" ,to retell real or i%aginary facts an e'ents,%a.e a presentation of e'ents. It can be foun in no'els* stories* legen s* fabules* fairytales* historic te!ts* iaries. It usually has the structure of Freitag2s Pyra%i . 6#Argu%entati'e Se)uence & states an opinion about a particular sub3ect. Ai%es to persua e the rea er to accept an opinion. The opinion is supporte by facts an e!e%ples. 7se of persuasi'e techni)ues" or er of infor%ation* loa e language* argu%ent for or agains fre)uent use %ar.ers of ti%e* space* concession* a ition* contrast etc. 7se of parallel construction* repetition of .ey,wor s. 8#9onologue Se)uence & speech e!pressing thoughts of a character alone in a poe%* play* story* no'el. 7se of first person singular. :#0ialogue Se)uence & a con'ersation between characters. In a story or no'el )uotation %ar.s+;<#- a new paragraph usually in icates a change of spea.er. A play epen s entirely on ialogue an actions. =uatation %ar.s aren2t use in the script which is the printe 'ersion of a play.

N.>. The sa%e e!tract %ay contain successi'ely %ore types of se)uences* thus in a no'el coul be foun escripti'e passages an then narrati'e ones. So%eti%es it is ifficult to istinguish the%. Freitags Piramid Prologue & presentation of the characters place an ti%e of action. Intrigue & the reason the following e'ents happen. 0e'elop%ent of the actions & the conflict increases in intensity. 5li%a! & the highest point of interest an suspance in the story. Resolution of the action & the actions that lea towar s the outco%e of the conflict. Outco%e & the solution of the conflict. Epilogue & a itional facts about the future of the characters.

The Theme The%e" +( wor # I ea" +a sentence# 9essage" +4,6 sentances# The the%e is the insi e about life an hu%an e!perience that an author e!presses in a wor.. The the%e e!presses the author2s opinion or raises a )uestion about hu%an nature or %eaning of hu%an e!perience. At ti%es* the author2s the%e %ay not confir% or agree with your own belie'es. E'en then* if s.illfully written* the story will ha'e a the%e that illu%inates so%e aspect of true hu%an e!perience. A long wor.* e. g. a no'el* %ay contain not 3ust one the%e* but se'eral. The %ain the%e of a wor. is calle hyperthe%e. Other less i%portant the%e are calle hypothe%es. A story has a stated (explicite) the%e when its author e!presses the wor.2s %ain isea irectly. e. g. 0orothy2s state%ent in ;?i1ar of O@< * that <there is no place li.e ho%e< plainly tells us the the%e of the wor." E'erything we %ight want can be foun at ho%e & within oursel'es. An implied (implicite) the%e is one that is gra ually re'eale to the rea er through the other ele%ents of the wor.. ?e can usually fin the story2s i%plie the%e by as.ing the following )uestions" (#?hat i eas about life oes the story2s title sugestsA /#?hat o particular e'ents an conflicts re'eal about life in generalA 4#?hat %ight the characters with their personality trai s tell us about peopleA 6#?hat 'iew of the worl o the ti%e an place of the action offer usA 8#?hat oes seeing the e'ents an characters fro% this particular point of 'iew tell us about lifeA :#?as the author2s purpose in putting these ele%ents together to say so%ething about life in general or to present one special sort of person an 'iew of lifeA

The Conflict 5onflictis a struggle between forces in the story or a tension of so%e sort or a proble% that the story perhaps will sol'e. 5onflict are eighet e!ternal or internal. An e!ternal conflict ta.es place when a person or a group struggles against another person or group or a non,hu%an force. An internal conflict is a struggle that occurs within a person2s %in . Such a conflict %ay in'ol'e / opposing belie'es feelings or loyalties. So%eti%es an internal conflict causes a person to ta.e ra%atic action* while in other cases the struggle goes on )uietly insi e. There are ifferent types of e!ternal conflict" (.9an 's %an & a character %ainly faces challenges brought on by other people. /.9an 's society & the %ain source of conflict is social tra itions an concepts. 4.9an 's nature & a character is place against forces of nature. 6.9an 's supernatural & a character is place against supernatural forces. 8.9an 's Bo & a character against Bo . :.9a 's %achine & a character against %achine.