BHM Book

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jyef=um;a&;Xme/ vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD
P.O Box: 83, Mae Sot, 63110, Tak Province, Thailand.
email: information@dpns.org
http://www.dpnsburmese.org
6
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onfEiS w fh òyid ef uf ar#mv f ihx
f m;ovdk jzpfrvmbJ txufv}l uD;rsm;. &mxl;tm%m wnf
+rJa&;twGuf vufatmufukd Edik x hf ufp;D eif; tjypfyckH sr/_ wm0efr,lr/_ t&m&St d csi;f csi;f
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qif;&Jusyfwnf;r_udk cHpm;ae=u&I oem;u±k%moufcJh&ojzihf u|efawmfwyf&if;rSL;
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfwGif tpGrf;ukef jznfhqnf;ay;cJhrdygonf?odk@&mwGif óud;eDpepfjzihf
txufucsKyfuidk af er_a=umihf aumif;&maumif;a=umif;udk vGwv f yfpmG vkyyf ikd cf iG rfh &bJ
xdxda&mufa&muf rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhyg? ‚if;tjyif “jynfolcspfaom wyfrawmf” tpm;
“jynfolESpfaom wyfrawmf” jzpfaeonfudk pdwfraumif;pGm }uHKawG@ae&ygonf?
“jynfo@l wyfrawmf”f jzpf&rnft h pm; “jynfo@l owfrawmf” {uefppfppf trSeyf if jzpfaeyg
onf? vuf&w dS yfrawmfwiG f atmufajctqifh jzpfysuóf uHawG@ae&r_reS o f r#ukd (NCUB)
EdkifiHa&;tHwkr_aumfrwDrSxkwfa0cJhaom “wyfrawmftwGif;rS jzpf&yfrSefrsm;” pmtkyf
wGif u|efawmfwifjycJh+yD;jzpfygonf?
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yGefcJh+yD;jzpfwJh bk&m;om; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;eJ@ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ &ifqdk@zG,f&m
toufcE<may;vSL&if; jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaeonfudk rsdK;qufopf
vli,frsm;tm;vHk; od&Sd+yD; ppftm%m&SifpepfcsKyf+idrf;a&;twGuf qufvuf wdkufyGJ0if
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7
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atmifjrifcJhygonf? wyfrawmfY wdkufyGJtawG@tóuHrsm;udk t&m&Sdi,fb0rSmuwnf;
uyif rsm;pGm&&SdcJhum axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@rSL; wm0eftjyif ppfOD;pD;rSL; (wwd,wef;)/
ppfOD;pD;rSL; ('kwd,wef;) ESihf wyf&if;rSL;wm0efrsm;ukdyg xrf;aqmifcJh+yD; etzu ay;
tyfaomta&;}uD;wm0efrsm;ukv d nf; xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf? Tod@k a&;om;wifjy&mwGif
pma&;oltaejzihf ,cktcsdefwGif vHkòcHa&;b0tmrcHcsufr&Sdao;I emrnf&if;ukd
azmfjycGihfrðyEdkifjcif;tm; em;vnfcGihfv$wfay;apvdkygonf? Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;
twGuf tultnDay;=uolrsm;tm;vH;k udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&adS =umif; rSww f rf;wifvydk g
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8
rmwdum
pOf ta=umif;t&m pmrsuEf mS
1? ed'gef; (bk&m;om;/ ausmif;om;/ ppfom;) 11
tcef;}uD; (1)
ausmif;om;
2? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ESifh r[mausmif;om; 15
3? qJAif;ef*sLvdkifed'gef; 17
4? &efukefwuUodkvf 20
5? ESdyfuGyfr_=um;u qufwdkufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; 23
6? 1988 ck ta&;tcif;tp ausmif;om;awGu 26
7? rqvtpdk;&ðywfuscJhwJh atmifjrifr_ 29
8? ‘‘pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;’’ ausmif;om;pdwf"mwfrsm; 32
9? avScGufcsnf;usef tvHrvSJ 35
tcef;}uD; (2)
ppfom;
10? ppftm%m&SifESifhppfwyf 43
11? jynfol@wyfrawmfom; tppftrSefrsm; 45
12? a¹rGa¹rGcsif;ajcjrif 49
13? tm%m&Sifudk ðzwfcszdk@ óud;pm;cJhwJh ppfwyft&m&Sd 51
14? trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;eJ@ AkdvfcifnGef@ 54
15? rsdK;qufopfwyfrª;rsm;&JŒ ordkif;ay;wm0ef 57
tcef;}uD; (3)
bk&m;om;
16? bk&m;om;eJ@ jA[Rpdk&fw&m; 63
17? om;oHk;om;eJ@ vSywJhyef;csDum; 67
18? yxrt}udrf ywWeduUKZ…KeuH oydwfuHaqmifyGJ 69
19? oydwfuHtusdK;quf 71
9
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20? 'kwd,t}udrf ywWeduUKZ…KeuH oydwfuHaqmifyGJ 74

tcef;}uD; (4)
Edkifatmifzdr,fh etz
21? e0wOuUÏ&JŒ Zmwfodrf;yGJ 79
22? nausmif; (odk@r[kwf) nmausmif; 81
23? pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm; 83
tcef;}uD; (5)
etz&JŒ National Defense Strategy
24? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; 91
25? q&m'um/ ausmif;'um pDrHcsuf 97
26? ighavSigxdk; aròrdŒa&mufa&muf/ 100
ighjrif;igpdkif; =uyfajy;a&mufa&muf
tcef;}uD;(6)/
tom;xJu‘‘avmuf’’
27? tpraumif;wJh }uHhzGH@eJ@ udk,fawG@ jzpfpOf 105
28? tqdyfyifa&avmif; 107
29? ociftm;& u|efyg;0 109
30? a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh }uHhzGH@xdyfwdkufawG@qHkjcif; 111
31? t=urf;zufr_usL;vGefvmwJh}uHhzGH@ 113
32? rif;om;acgif;aqmif;ay;xm;wJh bDvl; 115
33? ppftm%m&Sif&JŒvufudkifwkwf 116
34? zsufjrif; 118
35? etz&JŒ enf;y&d,m,f pifòydiftzGJ@i,frsm; 119
36? jynfol@csOfzwf tjrpfjzwf 120
tcef;}uD; (7)
a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;ESifh etz&JŒ AsL[m
37? jrefrmhwyfrawmf&JŒ toHk;cscHb0 125
38? ed*;kH csKyf? 127
10
ed'ge;f
om;oHk;om;
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm “awmfoHk;awmf” &Sdw,fqdkwJhta=umif; yxrqHk;

xkwfa0wJh pmtkyfrSm wifjycJh+yD;wJhaemuf ,ckwzef jrefrmjynfrSm ppftm%m&SifawG
a=umuf&GHŒwJh “om;oHk;om;” &Sdw,fqdkwm wifjyygr,f? tJ'D ppftm%m&Sifwpfpk
a=umuf&ŒHG wJh om;oH;k om;qkw
d muawmh bk&m;om; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ ausmif;om;
rsm;eJ@ ppfom;rsm;bJ jzpf=uygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh tm%m&Sifqef@usifr_
ta&;tcif;v_y&f mS ;r_trsm;pk[m tqkyd gom;oH;k om;wd@k yg0ifcjhJ cif;a=umihf ppftm%m&Siaf wG
wkefv_yfacsmufcsm; jzpfcJh=u&ygw,f? 'gwifruao;bJ om;oHk;om;[m jynfolvlxkeJ@
vufwGJ+yD;awmh tpkd;&tzGJ@ qufwdkuf ðzwfcsEdkifwJhtxd tpGrf;xufjrufvSygw,f?
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 1962 rwfv(2) &ufae@up+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tm%modrf;cJh&mrS
11
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ppftm%m&Siaf cwftqufquf rqv/ e0w/ etzwk@d widk f om;oH;k om; OD;aqmifyg0if

v_yf&Sm;cJhwJh tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; ta&;tcif;}uD;awG qufwkduf ay:aygufcJhygw,f?
txift&Sm; jzpfcJh&wJh ta&;tcif;awGudk wifjy&r,fqdk&if yxrOD;qHk; 1962 Zlvdkifv
(7) &ufae@rmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ “qJAif;*sLvdik ”f vd@k vo l rd sm;cJw
h hJ wuUov kd of r*~ taqmuf
tOD; rkid ;f eJ@òzcd cJG &H +y;D ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; aoqH;k '%f&m& zrf;qD;cH&aom ausmif;om;
tHºk urG _ ta&;tcif;/ 1963ckEpS rf mS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;ausmif;om;qENjyyG/J 1967 ckEpS f
Zlvikd vf rSmjzpfymG ;cJw h hJ w±kw-f Arm ta&;tcif;/ 1969ckEpS f u|e;f qG,t f m;upm;yGaJ wmf
t"du¶k%f;/ 1970 &efukefwuUodkvf a&$&wk v_yf&Sm;r_/ 1974ckESpf ZGefv (6)&ufae@
tvkyform; ta&;tcif;/ 1974ckESpf 'DZifbmv(5)&ufae@ OD;oef@psmye ausmif;om;
ta&;tcif;/ 1976ckEpS f rwfv(23) &ufae@ r_id ;f &mjynht f a&;awmfy/kH 1976ckEpS f Zlvidk v f
(20) &ufae@ Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rihef @J tzG@J tm%modr;f &ef }upH nfre_ @J Adv k cf sKy}f u;D wifO;D tm;
odvsufESifh xdefcsefr_jzifh ta&;,lwJhjzpfpOf/ 1988ckESpf 'Drdkua&pD vlxktHkºuGr_ ta&;
awmfyHk}uD;/ 1990 bk&m;om;oHCmawmfrsm;. ywWeduUKZ…e oydwfuHaqmifyGJ/ 1991eJ@
1996 ckEpS af wGrmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ &efuek w
f uUov kd f ausmif;om;tHkºuGr_ta&;tcif;/ 1995
&efukef wuUokdvf pdef&wktxdrf;trSwf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_/ 1997ckESpf r[m
jrwfrek b d &k m;}uD; Adu k af zmufc&H r_ ta&;tcif;/ 2003ckEpS f ausmufqnf oHCmawmfrsm;
eJ@ ukvm;t"du±k%f;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifn¸ef@ESifh axmufvSrf;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
udk zsuo f rd ;f EdyS u f yG rf j_ zpfpOf/ ,ae@ 2007 ckEpS f pufwifbmrSm jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ oHCmawmfawG
OD;aqmifwJh a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; wdk@jzpf=uygw,f?
'Dta&;tcif;awG[m ppftm%m&SifawGudk qef@usifwJhtwGuf jzpfay:vm&
wJh ta&;tcif;awG jzpf=uygw,f? 'Dta&;tcif;awGrSm om;oHk;om;&JŒta&;}uD;wJh
OD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾awGukd awG@jrif=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m om;oH;k
om;udk b,fvkd&ifqkdifcJh&w,f/ xdwfvef@w=um; b,fvkdajz&Sif;EdSyfuGyfcJh&w,f qdkwm
awGudk rsdK;qufopfawGod&Sdzdk@ tao;pdwfwifjyoGm;yghr,f? tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu
jynfov l x l ak wGukd u,fwifcsiw f hJ “om;oH;k om;” &JŒawmfveS af &;jzpfpOfawGukd avhvm
zwf±&_ if; jrefrmjynfov l xl t k m;vH;k 'Dru kd a&pDawmfveS af &;owde@J twl om;oH;k om;eJ@
vufwGJum atmifyGJ&onftxd qufvufwdkufyGJ0if=u&rSmjzpfygw,f
12
tcef;}u;D (1)
ausmif;om;
13
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jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;eJ@r[mausmif;om;
ppf t m%m&S i f a wG [ m om;oH k ; om;xJ u ausmif ; om;awG u k d b ,f v k d
tòid;}uD;}uD;eJ@ ESyd u f yG wf ,f/ ausmif;om;awGua&m a=umufp&maumif;avmufatmif
b,fvt dk pGr;f tpawG&w dS ,f qdw k mudk a&S;OD;pGm wifjyoGm;ygrh ,f?ausmif;om;qdw k m[m
yGiv hf if;±d;k om;+y;D zdEydS rf /_ rw&m;r_ukd róuu d w f hJ obm0&Syd gw,f? acwfynmwwfjzpf+y;D
EdkifiHwumeJ@,SOfum tjrifus,f tod^m%fºuG,f0olawGvnf; jzpf=uygw,f? e,fcsJ@
udkvdkeDvufatmufu vGwfajrmufzdk@ óud;pm;cJhwJh jrefrmEdkifiHudk u,fwifcJhwJh
“tmZmenf ol&aJ umif;” awG[m ausmif;om;awGu jzpfvmwmr[kwyf gvm;cifAsm;?
ausmif;om;awG[m olwdk@&JŒ i,f&G,fEkysdKwJh b0awGudk paw;+yD; toufay;ae=uwm
awG[m &mxl;tm%mudk vdkcsifvdk@ r[kwfbl;qkdwmudk vlwkdif;od=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh
&mxl;tm%mudk rw&m;vkcd siw f hJ ppftyk pf [k m ausmif;om;awGukd a=umuf&ŒHG +yD;t=urf;
zuf ESyd u f yG cf w
hJ mbJ jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~e@J ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_awG[m EdkifiHa&;
ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; avmif;&dyfawGatmufu uif;vGwf+yD; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh trsdK;om;
EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pk}uD;wpf&yftjzpf ay:xGufcJhygw,f?'ghtjyif jynfolvlxk&JŒ ,Hk=unf
pdwcf sre_ @J tm;ud;k tm;xm;ðyr_ukd &&S+d yD; ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ pGe@f vw $ pf eG @f pm;wJh pdw"f mwf
eJ@ tepfemcHwJ@pdwf"mwfawG[mvnf; tHhrcef;jzpfcJh&ygw,f? ausmif;om;or*~eJ@
ausmif;om;awG[m jynfov l xl ek @J yl;aygi;f vufw+JG yD; }uD;rm;wJh trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;vrf;
a=umif;ay:rSm &yfwnfcJh=uwm awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?
acwf(5)acwfjzpfwJh udkvdkeDacwfeJ@ vGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_acwf/ ygvDref 'Drdk
ua&pDacwf/ rqvppftm%m&Sifacwf/ e0wppftm%m&Sifacwf/ etzppftm%m&Sif
acwfawGrmS ausmif;om;or*~e@J ausmif;om;awG[m vGwv f yfa&;&&Srd j_ y\em/jynfwiG ;f
ppf&yfpJa&; jy\em/ 'Drdkua&pDe@J vl@tcGifhta&;jy\em/ trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf
a&; jy\em pwmawGudk t}udwfte,f ajz&Sif;awmif;qdkcJh=uygw,f?
udkvkdeDacwf vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_rSm wjynfvHk;rSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;
r_awGudk pnf;±Hk;acgif;aqmifEdkifzdk@ (All Burma Student Union) A.B.S.U vdk@ac:wJh Arm
Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ukd 1936ckEpS f arv(8)&ufae@rmS pwifz@JG pnf;Edik cf hJ
ygw,f? OuUÏ[m rpPwm&m&Spfjzpf+yD; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;uawmh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;bJ jzpfygw,f? 1938ckESpf ukefydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m OuUÏ jzpfvm
cJhygw,f?vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdef ygvDrefacwfjzpfwJh 1951=o*kwfv (15) &ufae@rSm Arm
15
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Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*~&ŒJ yxrt}urd f nDvmcH}u;D udk ac:,lusi;f ycJyh gw,f?
tJ'n D v D mcH}uD;rS A.B.S.U udk zsuo f rd ;f +yD; ( All Burma Federation of Student Union)
vd@k ac:wJh A.B.F.S.U udk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;cJyh gw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ 'Dru kdf a&pDa&;eJ@
trsdK;om;ynma&; wnfaqmufa&;wkd@udk csrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f? 1953ckESpf rwfvrSm
ausmif;wpfvydwfta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufcJh&m zqyvtpdk;&u oydwfukd ypfcwfòzdcGJcJh
ygw,f// 1956 atmufwdkbmvrSm zqyvtpdk;&[m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;udk tpkd;&
txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm rzGJ@pnf;zdk@ trdef@xkwfjyefcJhygw,f// 'ghtjyif ausmif;wGif;
pnf;±H;k v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk rðyvky&f efvnf; n¸e=f um;vm&m xdt k rde@f xw k jf yefcsut f ay:wGif
ausmif;om;rsm;u qef@usifuef@uGuf=u+yD; jrefrmwjynfvHk;oydwfwdkufyGJ ysH@ESH@qifE$JcJh
=uygw,f// ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif(50)ausmf tzrf;cH&+yD; (200)ausmf ausmif;xkwcf cH hJ
&ygw,f? zqyv tpkd;&[m txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tpm;
ausmif;aumifprD sm;om zG@J pnf;zd@k n¸e=f um;cJyh gw,f? 1956ckEpS rf mS A.B.F.S.U ArmEdik if H
vHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ pwkwˆt}udrf uGef*&ufudkvnf;aumif;/ 1958
ckESpfrSm yOPrt}udrfuGef*&ufudkvnf;aumif; atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhygw,f?
1958 ckEpS f pufwifbmvrSm ppftpd;k &[m tdraf pmift h pd;k &tjzpf wufvmwJh
tcg 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGe@J ausmif;om;or*~rsm;[m wjynfv;kH udk pnf;±H;k v_@H aqmf+y;D
Oya'abmiftwGi;f uef@uu G q
f ENjycJ=h uygw,f?tdraf pmift h pd;k &[m wuUov kd af usmif;om;
or*~acgi;f aqmifjzpfwhJ udck ifarmift;kH eJ@ zd;k omat;wd@k ukd udu k ;kd u|e;f od@k y@kd c&hJ mrS tpðy+y;D
ausmif;om;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sif pwif xdyfwdkufawG@cJh=uygw,f?
1960 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvrSm A.B.F.S.U &JŒqÏrt}udraf jrmuf uGe*f &uf
udk qufvufusi;f yEdik cf yhJ gw,f? 'gt h jyif KMT w±kwjf zLrsm; jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f aemuf
qHk;t}urd f usL;ausm0f ifa&mufc&hJ m “w±kwjf zLusL;ausmrf e_ @J e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;aumfrwD”
udk zG@J pnf;um ausmif;om;or*~rsm;u OD;pD;+yD; tar&duefo±H ;kH rSm qENjyuef@uu G cf =hJ u
ygw,f?
ygvDrefacwfumvrSm vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;xuf Oya'twGif; 'Drdk
ua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;cJhygw,f? Oya'twGif; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m wkdufyGJ
trsdK;tpm; (3) rsdK;&Sdygw,f? yxr trsdK;tpm;uawmh b0wdkufyGJvdk@ ac:wJh pD;yGm;a&;
usyfwnf;r_ wkdufyGJjzpf+yD; tvkyform;/ pma&;/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ pm;0wfaea&;
twGuf Oya'/ ausmif;pnf;urf;eJ@uek af ps;E_e;f / vpmwd;k jri‡ ahf &; pwmawGudk awmif;qdw k hJ
16
wkud yf GJ jzpfygw,f/ 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;uawmh 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vl@tcGithf a&;wdu
k yf JG jzpfygw,f?
wwd, trsdK;tpm;uawmh EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJvdk@ac:wJh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ppftm%m
&Sifpepf qef@usifðywfusa&;wdkufyJG jzpfygw,f? Oya'twGif; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m
jynfov l x
l yk g0ifrt
_ m;udk vH;k 0tm;ðy&wJh wdu k yf jJG zpfovdk ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_e@J ausmif;om;
or*~awG[m vlxw k u
kd yf aJG wG&ŒJ a&S@ “vHo
S mG ;xdy”f uae yg0ifcw hJ mawG@&ygw,f?
jynfwGif;ppfeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefup+yD; acwfopf
jrefrmjynf&JŒ ordkif;ausm±dk;jzpfaeovdk jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf
qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJawG[mvnf; acwf&JŒawmif;qkdr_jzpfwJh 1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@
Adkvfae0if; tm%modrf;&mup+yD; pOfqufrjywfjzpfay:vmcJh&ygw,f?
qJAif;*sLvkdif ed'gef;
1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@rmS Adv k af e0if; tm%modr;f +yD;wJt h cg ppftm%m&Sif
pepfukd yxrOD;qHk; qef@usifuef@uGufol[m ausmif;om;rsm; jzpf=uygw,f? tm%m
odrf;+yD;+yD;csif; rwfv (3) &ufae@rSm ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
(Auo)/ &efuek w f uUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo)eJ@ &efuek cf ±kid af usmif;om;rsm;
or*~ (&uo) wd@k yl;wG+J y;D a=unmcsuw f pfapmifxw k jf yefum ppfwyfu tm%modr;f jcif;udk
uef@uu G v f u dk =f uygw,f? zqyv/ yrnw pwJh Edik if aH &;ygw}D u;D awGu apmif=h unfzh @kd qHk;
jzwfxm;wJt h csed rf mS ausmif;om;awGu jywfjywfom;om; uef@uu G cf =hJ uvd@k Adv
k af e0if;
[m ausmif;om;or*~awGtay:rSm “tmCmw” w&m;xm;cJhw,fvdk@ od&SdcJh&ygw,f?
wuUokdvf&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@pDrHcef@cJGa&;udk ynma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu wdkuf±dkuf
udkifwG,fjcif;rðy&ef awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu arv(9)&ufae@rSm a=unmcsufxkwfjyef
vkdufygw,f? wuUodkvftufOya'rSmygwJh vkyfydkifcGifhtm;vHk;udkvnf; awmfvSefa&;
aumifpDu usifhoHk;oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif;eJ@ ausmif;om;awGukd EdSyfuGyfcsKyfcs,fwJh ausmif;
aqmifpnf;urf; (22) csuu f v kd nf; owfrw S v
f u
kd jf yefygw,f? tJ'aD emuf arv (10)&uf
ae@rmS Advk af e0if;[m wuUov kd af umifp0D ifawGukd '*H&k yd o f mrSm ac:,lawG@q+kH y;D wuUodkvf
aumifpu D kd zsuo f rd ;f vdu
k w f thJ a=umif;ajym&m ausmif;om;xktwGi;f rSm rauseyfr_ ydrk kd
rsm;jym;vmygw,f?
arv(27)&ufae@rmS wuUov dk af umifpu D kd awmfveS af &;aumifp&D ŒJ a=unmcsuf
trde@f (30) e@J xkwjf yefwt hJ cg wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;ryg0ifbJ ppftm%m&Sif t&m&Sd
17
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
}uD;rsm;eJ@om yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;vdk@ ausmif;om;rsm;taeeJ@ ydkrdk rausreyf jzpfcJh=u jyefyg
w,f? arv(31)&ufae@rmS ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ajyvnfr&_ w dS hJ &efuek w
f uUov kd f ygarmuQcsKyf
a'gufwmomvSudk &mxl;uz,f&Sm;vdkuf+yD; Adkvfae0if;[m ol@&JŒq&m ocsmFygarmuQ
OD;umudk tpm;xkd; cef@tyfvkdufjcif;jzifh tm%m&SiftðytrlZmwd ay:vmygawmhw,f?
trSefrSm wuUodkvftufOya't& ygarmuQcsKyf&mxl; vpfvyf&if ygarmuQawGxJu
,SOfòydifta&G;cHcGifh&Sd+yD; wuUokdvfbJG@&toif;0ifawG v#dK@0SufrJay;wJhpepfeJ@ a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡muf&rSmjzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawGxkwfjyefwJh ynma&;pnf;urf;opfrSm
vnf; vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmuf&ma&mufwJh tcsuftvufawG rsm;pGmyg&Sd+yD; ausmif;
om;awGu axmufjyuef@uGufr_ ðyvkyfvm=uygw,f? wuotzGJ@rS ygarmuQcsKyf±Hk;odk@
w&m;0ifpm ay;ydk@cJhaomfvnf; jyef=um;r_wpfckrSr&&SdcJhvdk@ tkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;eJ@
ausmif;om;rsm;t=um;rSm wif;rmr_ jyif;xefvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfae0if;[m q&m}uD;
OD;umudk ausmif;om;rsm; tvdrk vdu k &f ef zdtm;ay;cJyh gw,f? wuUov kd f taqmifwcH g;
rsm;udk n(8)em&Dydwfr,f/ b,folrS t0iftxGufrvkyf&vdk@ wif;usyfpGm wm;jrpfvdkuf
jyef&m ausmif;om;awG[m a'goxGufukef=uygw,f? Zlvdkifv(4) &ufae@ n (9)em&D
rSmawmh taqmifaeausmif;om;awG[m aºuG;a=umfuef@uGuf qENjy=uygawmhw,f?
Zlvikd vf (5) &ufae@rmS ausmif;om;awG[m ygarmuQcsKyfEiS hf awG@ciG ahf y;zd@k yef=um;ayr,fh
awG@ciG rhf &wma=umifh ydq k ;kd vm+yD; taqmifwcH g;udk vltiftm;eJ@ wGe;f zGiv hf u kd u
f m vrf;r
ay:xGufvm=uygw,f? Zlvdkifv (6) &ufae@rSm wuUodkvfe,fajrudk yk'rf (144) trde@f
xkwjf yefcyhJ gw,f? Zlvikd v f (7) &ufae@ eHeuf (11) em&DrmS ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;
usif;y+yD; yk'fr (144) udk qef@usifuef@uGufjcif;/ rw&m;xkwfjyefxm;wJh pnf;urf;csuf
(22) csuu f kd zsuo
f rd ;f ay;&efawmif;qdjk cif;ESihf wuUov kd yf &0k%t f wGi;f pDwef;vSnv hf nf
jcif; ðyvky=f uygw,f? xdpk Of tpnf;ta0;cef;rtwGi;f ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; (2)OD; ausmif;om;
ta,mifaqmif0ifvmwmudk ausmif;om;rsm; zrf;qD;&rdaomfvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGm
jyefv$wfay;cJhygw,f?
ausmif;om;awG qENjyyGJ+yD;qHk;csdefrSm vSnf;wef;*gwfwJu &Jum;wef;wpfck
¶kwjf cnf; 0ifa&mufvm+yD; tiftm; (200) cef@o;kH um udAk aqGav;eJ@ udo k uftygt0if
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd zrf;qD;ac:aqmifomG ;ygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ &JawG[m
t"dywdvrf;ay:rSm xdyw f u kd &f ifqidk af wG@q+kH yD; &JawGu rsu&f nf,Akd ;Hk rsm;eJ@ypfjcif;/ eHygwf
18
wkwrf sm;eJ@¶u kd jf cif;wd@k a=umifh ausmif;om;awGuvnf; &&mcJrsm;eJ@ ypfaygu&f mrS¶ek ;f &if;
qefcwf jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f?
aoG;oH&J&JeJ@ ausmif;om;awGudk awG@&wJhtcgrSm ausmif;om;xk[m ydkrdk em
usn;f vm+y;D awmifial qmif/ '*Hak qmif/ rEœav;aqmif pwJh ausmif;om;awG[m tiftm;
}uD;rm;pGm jyefvnfwek @f jyef=u&mrS wdu k yf jJG yif;xefvm+yD; aemufyikd ;f rSm &JawGu qkwcf mG
ay;vdkuf=u&w,f? 'gayr,fh ppftm%m&SifawG[m t0dkif;av;rSwfwdkifteD;rSm qGt J m;
aumif;wJh toHzrf;pufe@J v_y&f mS ;r_reS o f r#ukd zrf;,l+y;D awmh jrefrmhtoHuyG u f rJ ¶_ ;kH udk pOfquf
rjywf owif;ydk@aeygw,f? olwdk@&JŒ teD;uyfuGyfuJr_ae&muawmh jrefrmhtoHrSmbJ
jzpfygw,f? A[dv k òkH cHa&;aumifrwDOuUÏ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;ausmpf ;kd / Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;vS[ef/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD;
oef;pdef/ Adkvfrª;}uD;armifvGif/ Adkvfrª;}uD;bOD;/ &JcsKyfOD;bat;/ ygarmuQcsKyf OD;umwdk@
&Sdae=u+yD; teD;uyfuGyfuJr_tzGJ@rSm oeu (4)wyf&if;rª; 'kwd,Adkvfrª;}uD;pdefvGif/
ppftif*sief , D mwyfr;ª 'kw, d Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vSjrif/h vufaxmuf &Jrif;}uD; OD;vSaiGw@kd yg0ifwhJ
tzGJ@u tajctaeudk rjywfapmifh=unfhaeygw,f? 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;vnf; v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmaeygw,f? naeydkif;rSmawmh ppfum;rsm;
a&muf&Sdvmum *smr%DEdkifiHvkyf B.A(63)G3. BA(64)G4 armif;jyef¶dkifz,frsm;udkif
aqmif+yD; wuUodkvf0if;pmwdkufrSpum t"dywdvrf;wav#mufESifh rEœav;aqmif0if;
bufukd rsuEf mS rlI ppfom;rsm;[m toD;oD; ae&m,lxm;vdu k =f uygw,f? pmwdu k 0f if; +cH
pnf;¶d;k teD;rSm 'kAv kd rf ;ª }u;D pdev
f iG u
f kd ausmif;om;wpfcsKd @u awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ&h m ausmif;om;
awGu Adkvfrª;wdk@wyfawG urm¶Gwf*gwfwJtxd qkwfcGmay;&ef avajyxkd;Iajym&m
txuftrdef@t& vmjcif;jzpfvdk@ qkwfray;Edkif[k jyefvnfajymqdkcJha=umif; od&Sd&
ygw,f? AdkvfpdefvGifu vlpkcGJ&efESifh oli,fcsif;awGudk ukd,fhtaqmifudk,f jyef0ifcdkif;&ef
om ausmif;om;awGukd jyefvnfajymqdck yhJ gw,f? ausmif;om;xJrS wcsKd @[m ‚if;wd@k twGuf
r&yfwnfwJh ygarmuQcsKyfOD;um&JŒ um;eHygwf (p-659)eJ@ ausmif;ydkifum; (p-6203)wdk@
udk vrf;ray:rSm rD;¶d_@vdkuf&m wif;rmr_ txGÉftxdyfudk a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? xdkpOf
wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;ay: pmwdkufteD;udk zD;,ufum;wpfpD; a&muf&Sdvmum Adkvfpdef
vGit f m; pmwpfapmifay;vdu k yf gw,f? 'Dpmuawmh ausmif;om;awGukd &uf&ufpufpuf
ypfcwfzdk@ ‘‘ypfrdef@’’ ay;wJhpmbJjzpfygw,f?
19
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
&efukefwuUodkvf
&efukefwuUodkvf[m ausmif;om;awGtwGuf &efusefwuUodkvfjzpfcJhyHkukd
qufvufwifjyoGm;ygr,f? AdkvfpdefvGif[m wyfrª;awGudk ac:,l+yD; ypf&ef!ïef=um;yg
awmhw,f/ tJ'Daemuf G3, G4 armif;jyef¶kdifz,fawGeJ@ wuUodkvf0if;twGif;rSm&SdwJh
ausmif;om;awGudk (3)rdepfypf/ (2) rdepfem;pepfeJ@ pwifypfcwfygawmhw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ
&ufpufpmG ypfcwfra_ =umifh '%f&m& aoqH;k ol (100) 0ef;usi&f cdS +hJ y;D wuUov kd ef ,fajrrSm
ausmif;om;awGtwGuf O'gef;ra=up&m ‘‘aoG;aºuG;’’ wifcJh&ygw,f? tm%m&Sif
ppfbv D ;l [m tm;r&ao;bJ 1962 Zlvikd v f 8 &uf eHeuf (4)em&D 0ef;usirf mS ppftif*sif
eD,mwyfu Adkvfrª;xGef;&DOD;pD;+yD; wuUodkvfor*~ taqmuftOD;}uD;udk 'dkif;erdkufeJ@
azmufcGJ zsufqD;vdkufygw,f? (7) em&DrSm Adkvfae0if;[m jrefrmhtoHrS ‘‘"m;"m;csif;/
vSHvSHcsif;’’ pdefac:wJhrdef@cGef;udk em;cg;p&m ajym=um;cJhygw,f?
'DjzpfpOfeJ@ pyfvsOf;+yD; Adkvfae0if;eJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@u ‘‘tdkau’’ qdkwJh
pum;vHk;eJ@ olvkyfw,f/ igvkyfw,fvdk@ aemufydkif;rSm tjyeftvSef pGyfpGJajymqdk=uyg
w,f? Adkvfae0if;[m A[kd uGyfuJr_OuUÏ Adkvfrª;}uD; ausmfpdk;ukd or*~taqmuf
ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD
20
tOD;xJrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;
awGudkxGufvmbdk@/ toHcsJ@
pufe@J ajym=um;&ef/ rxGuv f m
&if &DuKdG iv
f uf vufeuf}uD;eJ@
ypfzrf;r,fvdk@ xnfhoGif;ajym
=um;&ef/ naeydkif;rarSmifcif
vkyf&efESifh vdktyf&if vuf
euf } uD ; oH k ; zd k @ trd e f @ ay;cJ h
w,fvdk@od&ygw,f? &DuGdKif
vufvufeuf}uD;[m ayguf
uGrJ _ jyif;xefveG ;f wJh pGr;f tm; ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD AkH;cGJcH&+yD;aemuf
&Sd&m ‚if;vufeuf}uD;eJ@ypf wESpjf ynft
h crf;tem; Adv k af tmifausm*f Al rd mefab;wGif
v#if taqmuftOD;rcHEdkifbJ
yGifhxGufum rdkif;azmufcGJjcif;ESifh pGrf;tm;twlwlbJjzpfygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;u qifa0S@
&efa&Smif&iS ;f &mrSm Adv k v
f [ S efe@J twl OD;ae0if;xH or*~taqmuftOD; AH;k cGrJ ,fu h pd /P wm;
qD;zdk@oGm;a&mufa=umif;ajymygw,f? jzpfpOftrSefu AHk;cGJ&ef uGyfuJr_tzGJ@u qHk;jzwf
wmudk ‚if;u OD;ae0if;xH twnfðyay;&ef oGm;a&mufwifjyjcif;omjzpf+yD; ‚if;udpPtm;
‘‘tdkau’’ qufvkyfyg[k OD;ae0if; oabmwlcJh+yD; OD;atmif}uD;u uGyfuJr_tzGJ@odk@ !ïef
=um;ajymqdkjcif;omjzpfygw,f?
or*~ taqmuftOD;twGi;f rSm em;cdak e=uwJh 'g%&f m&ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;
awG[m taqmuftOD;}uD;eJ@twl aysmufu, G of mG ;cJyh [
kH m &ifeifph &m aumif;vSygw,f?
e,fcsJ@awGudk awmfvSefzdk@ zGJ@pnf;cJhwJhwyfrawmf[m ausmif;om;t¶G,f vli,fuav;
awGudk okwfoifacsr_ef;aewmu ydk+yD; &ifeifhp&maumif;ygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG
taeeJ@ wuUodkvfaumifpDwGif yg0if=u&mrSm ausmif;om;awG&JŒ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfcGifheJ@
ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;awGukd em;vnf ud, k cf si;f pmempdwrf xm;bJ csKd ;ESrd u f ikd w
f ,G rf [_ m
rSm;,Gif;r_wpfckjzpfygw,f? aemufxyf rSm;,Gif;r_wpfckuawmh ausmif;om;awG pDwef;
vSnf@vnf+yD;qHk;csdefrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk &JawGu ae@cif;a=umifawmif
tcsdef ausmif;0if;twGif; twif;0ifa&muf zrf;qD;jcif;bJjzpfygw,f? uGyfuJr_vkyfaewJh
ppft&m&Sd}uD;awGuvnf; tajctaeawGudk xdef;odrf;zdk@/ pDrHcef@cGJzdk@eJ@ EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,f
21
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
aygif;pyfn‡dEd_if;a&; nHhzsif;+yD; ESdyfuGyfzdk@udkbJ wmplaea=umif;udkvnf; awG@&Sd&ygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;xHu ypfrdef@pmr&cif ausmif;om;rsm; AdkvfpdefvGifESifhn‡dEd_if;pOf ygarmuQcsKyf
OD;um/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfausmfpdk;wdk@taeeJ@ tjrefvma&muf n‡dEd_if;xdef;odrf;oifh
ygw,f?
1963 Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@rSmawmh qJAif;*sLvdkif (1) ESpfajrmuftcrf;tem;udk
ðyvkyfcJh=u&m ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; rsuf&nfus 0rf;enf;*k%f,l}u+yD; usqHk;olrsm;
twGuf vGr;f ol@yef;acGcsc=hJ uygw,f? rlvae&mrSm ,m,D ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuf
tOD;udk zGifhyGJðyvkyfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; ausmif;om;wdkif;&JŒ&ifxJ/ ESvHk;om;xJ
rSm ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;udk qHk;jzwfcsufcdkifrmpGmeJ@ tjrpfwG,f udef;0yfvmcJhyg
w,f? ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ EkysKd opfviG w f hJ &,farmoHawGe@J pnfum;cJw h hJ &efuek w
f uUov kd f
y&d0% k [f m ,ae@q&kd if ajcmufaoG@ww d q f wd af ecJ+h yjD zpfygonf? wuUov kd af wGudk jyefrzGifh
&Javmufatmif ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ owWu d kd a=umuf¶@G H wkev f y_ cf hJ
&+yDjzpfygw,f?
q,fpEk pS rf sm;cs+D yD; =umjrifch +hJ yDjzpfayr,fh 'D*sLvdik f (7) &ufae@ta&;tcif;udkrrSD
vdu k wf hJ rsKd ;qufopf ausmif;om;vli,fwikd ;f [m vufqifu h rf; wul;wu ay;a0iSv@kd r[kwf
bJ ESvHk;om;todavhvmr_a=umifh udk,fpD/ udk,fpD ppftm%m&Siftm; qef@usif&r,f
qdkwJh cH,lcsuf tvdkvdk aygufzGm;vmcJh=uygw,f? wyfrawmfrSm Adkvfavmif; tywfpOf
(29) wufa&mufcw hJ hJ xdyyf ikd ;f tqifu h ppft&m&S}d uD;wcsKd @[m *sLvdik f (7)&ufae@ ta&;
tcif;udk rSDvdkuf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh ausmif;aebufoil ,fcsi;f awG&ŒJ jzpfpOftay:rSm
oem;*¶k%moufae=ua=umif; Adv k af e0if;u &dypf m;rdv@kd ta&;tcif;rDvu kd o
f al wGukd owd
eJ@ pDppf+yD; apmifh=unfhcdkif;cJha=umif; od&Sd&ygw,f?
1963 jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yG}J uD; jzpfvmwJt h cgrmS vnf; ausmif;om;
or*~0if ausmif;om;awG[m Oya'twGif;&Sd 'Drdkua&pDygwD toif;tzGJ@awGeJ@ yl;aygif;
zG@J pnf;xm;wJh jynfo@l aumfrwDrmS wufºupG mG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ=h uygw,f? 1963 Ed0k ifbmv
(10) &ufae@rmS vnf; &efuek òf rdŒawmfcef;ra&S@ (6)c¶dik +f idr;f csr;f a&; qENjyyGrJ mS ausmif;om;
or*~rsm; acgi;f aqmif+yD; ausmif;om;xkwpf&yfv;kH aomif;csD yg0ifc=hJ u&m vlxt k iftm;
oH;k aomif;ausmf yg0if wufa&mufc=hJ uygw,f? 1963 Ed0k ifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS jynfwiG ;f
+idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufjym;cJh+yD;aemuf ppftm%m&SifawG[m tpkvdkuf t+yHKvdkuf
22
ausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if vlaygif; oHk;axmifcef@udk zrf;qD;axmifcscJhygw,f? tzrf;
rcH csiw f hJ ausmif;om; acgi;f aqmif udAk aqGav;/ udo k uf/ udwk ifxeG ;f / udpk ;kd / ud^k m%f0if;/
udkapm[ife&D ponfwdk@[m vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;rSm yg0ifoGm;cJhygawmhw,f?
1963 rwfvrSm trsdK;om;nDnGwfr_Oya'jyÏmef;um EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awGudk
ppftm%m&SifawGu zsufodrf;cJh+yD; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ ausmif;om;awGudk wqifh
wd;k zdEydS cf &hJ mrS ausmif;om;or*~}uD; (3)cke@J vkyif ef;wm0efawG[mvnf; 1967 {+yDvrSm
acwW &yfqikd ;f cJ&h ygw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;awG[m tcGio hf m&ifomovdk ppftm%m&Sif
qef@usifa&; qufvufv_yf&Sm;cJh&m tvkyform;oydwf/ OD;oef@ESifh rd_if;&mjynfhta&;
tcif;awGrSm ordkif;urŠnf; xdk;avmufatmif qufvufpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh=uygw,f?
ESdyfuGyfr_=um;u qufwdkufv_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ }uH@cdkifwJhpdwf"mwfESifh jrifhjrwfwJhtawG;tac:awGa=umifh
ppftm%m&SifawG[m ausmif;om;awGudk ESdyfuGyfzdk@ tpDtrHawGudk pepfwus csrSwf
aqmif¶u G v f mygw,f? ausmif;0ifciG ehf @J pmar;yGyJ pkH aH wGukd ajymif;vJypfovdk ausmif;pnf;
urf;rsKd ;pHu
k kd jyÏmef;jcif;/ oif¶;kd !ïe;f wrf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k tvdu k s r=umc% ðyjyifajymif;vJ
jcif;/ t*Fvdyfbmomudk (5)wef;rS pwifoif=um;apjcif;/ (8)wef;ESifh (10) wef;udk
ausmif;ppfrS tpdk;&ppfodk@ ajymif;vJjcif; ponfwdk@udk trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tm¶Hkajymif;&efvkyf
aqmifcJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ zdESdyfcJh=uygw,f?
1967 rSmawmh jrefrmhordik ;f rSm wpfcgrrS }uHKzl;wJh qef&mS ;yg;r_jy\em jzpfvm
cJ&h m ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m w¶kw-f jrefrm ta&;tcif;tjzpf vrf;a=umif;v$Jypfvdkufjyefyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh rEœav;wuUodkvfeJ@ rEœav; GTI wdk@u w¶kwfqef@usiaf &;tpm; ppf
tm%m&Siq f ef@usiaf &;acgi;f pOf ajymif;vdu
k &f m ppftm%m&Siaf wGtidu k rf o
d mG ;+y;D ausmif;om;
awGudk rD;ukef/ ,rf;ukef zrf;qD;jyefygw,f? 1967 Zlvdkifv (8) &ufae@rSm rEœav;
eef;wGi;f xJu axmifukd um;awGe@J ausmif;om;rsm;tm; w&pyfy@kd oiG ;f aew,fv@kd =um;
odc&hJ ygw,f? 1967 =o*kwv f rSm &cdik jf ynfe,frmS qefvyk }JG uD;rm;pGm jzpfymG ;cJ&h m &cdkif
ausmif;om;rsm;udk ppftm%m&SifawGu t=urf;zuf ESdrfeif;cJhjyefygw,f? wcg 1969
u|ef;qG,ftm;upm;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;zdEydS rf e_ @J
ausmif;om;awGukd ESyd u f yG xf m;r_rsm;tm; tm&Strd ef ;D csi;f rsm;odatmif ausmif;om;awGu
23
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
azmfxkwfjyEdkifcJhw,f? 1970 ckrSmvnf; ausmif;om;awG[m &efukefwuUodkvf a¶$&wk
txdr;f trSwf taeeJ@ v_y&f mS ;aqmif¶u G &f if; aemifawmfausmif;om;awG&ŒJ ajc&mudk eif;Edik cf hJ
ygw,f?
1974 arvrSm ordkif;csnfr#ifESifh txnfpuf¶HkeJ@ qifrvdkufoabFmusif;rS
tvkyo f rm;rsm; yg0ifaom tvkyo f rm;oydw}f uD; ay:aygucf yhJ gw,f? ordik ;f csnrf #iEf iS hf
txnfpuf¶Hk&JŒ oydwfpum;ajympOfjrifhay:rSm &efukef pufr_wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;
udwk ifat;=uLu w&m;a[mcJ&h m tvkyo f rm;xk ESv;kH om;udk ¶du k cf wfomG ;apcJyh gw,f?
ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;csKyf OD;oef@[m urBmEh ikd if rH sm;u av;pm;=uwJyh *k Kd~ v}f u;D
jzpfovdk jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf *k%, f pl &m ordik ;f wif&r,fh Edik if &H ŒJ om;aumif;&wemjzpfyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh Adv k af e0if;[m OD;oef@ukd OD;Ek&ŒJ twGi;f 0efjzpfczhJ ;l vd@k r,H=k unf/ rav;pm;wJh
tjyif OD;oef@&ŒJ atmifjrifausm=f um;r_/ xl;c|ex f ufjrufru _ vkd nf; remvdrk ¶_prd hf jzpfaeyg
w,f? urBm@Eidk if aH wGe@J &ifabmifwef;Edik w f hJ OD;oef@ukd Edik if aH wmfpsmyetjzpf crf;crf;em;em;
*k%ðf yvdw k hJ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ wu,fEh idk if cH sppf w d /f rsKd ;csppf w d af wGa=umifh OD;oef@ ta&;
tcif;}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfae0if;[m OD;oef@psmyeudpPudk 0wfauswe;faus
avmufom OD;oef@&JŒtpfudk OD;cef@tm; v$Jtyfwm0efay;cJhygw,f? 1974 'DZifbm (5)
&uf ae@wGif &efukefòrdŒ usdKuUqHuGif;rSm xm;&SdwJh OD;oef@±kyfuvmyf&Sd&mudk ausmif;om;
rsm;eJ@ &[ef;oHCmawmfawGyl;aygif;+yD; a&muf&Sdvmum psmyeaumfrwD ta[mif;udk
zsufodrf;I jynfol@psmyeaumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufygw,f? OD;oef@tavmif;ukdvnf;
&efuek w f uUov kd 0f if;xJukd ,laqmifomG ;cJ&h m wuUov kd &f yd o f mvrf;wav#mufrmS vlvid_ ;f
}u;D wvdyv f yd w
f ufvmwmudk awG@c&hJ ygw,f? bG@J EiS ;f obif cef;ra&S@rSw&m;a[myGJpifrSm
tpd;k &&JŒ rw&m;r_/ 'Dru kd a&pD qdwof Ok ;f r_/ vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufra_ wGukd ausmif;om;
awGu ajymjy&if; Zlvdkifv(7)&uf emusnf;r_awG jyefvnfatmufarhzG,f jzpfcJh=u&yg
w,f?wuotvH/ ouFef;tvHeJ@ ukvor*~tvH zHk;tkyfxm;wJh OD;oef@tavmif;[m
atmifjrifre_ rd w d u f kd azmfjyaeovdk usuo f a&r*Fvmwpfyg; jzpfae&ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif
awG&JŒ ESdyfuGyfr_=um;xJu jynfolvlxk}uD;[m ausmif;om;awGudk &J&Jawmuf wuf
a&muf tm;ay;ae=uyHk[m =uufoD;ar$;n‡if;rsm; xavmufatmif tm;&p&m aumif;
vSygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m OD;oef@tkwf*ludk uefawmfrifyef;+cHrSmjzpfjzpf/ q&m}uD;
ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f tkw*f al b;rSmjzpfjzpf jr‡KyfEzHS @kd awmif;qd=k uygw,f? awmif;qdck suu f kd
rvdkufavsm&if jrufcif;jyifrSmbJ *loGif;r,fvdk@ awmif;qdk=uygw,f? tcsdefrSD jyef=um;
24
csurf &&Sw d t hJ wGuf 1974ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@rmS &efuek pf ufrw _ uUov kd rf S ausmif;
om;awGu yHpk 'H ZD ikd ;f a&;qG+J y;D or*~jrufcif;rSm OD;oef@±yk t f avmif;udk *loiG ;f vdu k =f uygw,f?
rqv ppftm%m&SifawG[m &efukefwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;r–;udk tm%mukefv$JtyfI
yk'fr (144)xkwfjyefapum ESdyfuGyf&efjyifqif+y;D tqdyk gta&;tcif;udv k nf; C.I.A &JŒ
ya&m*vd@k tajctjrpfr&Sb d J pGypf cJG yhJ gw,f?
ppftm%m&SifawG[m 'DZifbmv(11)&ufae@ reufapmapm (3)em&Dcef@
tcsdefwGif xkd;ppfqif+yD; wdkufckdufvmygawmhw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk rsuf&nf,kdAHk;
oH;k +y;D vlpck yJG gw,f?ausmif;om;awG tjrwfwEd;k vkyx f m;wJh OD;oef@*u
l vkd nf; bl'Zkd m}u;D eJ@
wku d zf su+f y;D tavmif;udk u&de;f eJ@rcscD yhJ gw,f//ausmif;om;awG[m vufcsi;f csw d +f y;D awmh
tkwf*ludkywf+yD; umuG,fydwfqdk@xm;wJh=um;u vk,loGm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? tkwf*ludk
apmifh=uyfaewJ@ tm*owdW ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ppfbDvl;awG[m ±kef;&if;qefcwfeJ@
ausmif;0if;twGif;rSm i&JyGufaeygawmhw,f? rdk;vif;vmvdk@ &efukefòrdŒwGif;u ausmif;
om;awG a&muf&SdvmwJhtcg tavmif;udk vk,ufoGm;wJhowif;=um;+yD; ausmif;om;
rsm;tm;vH;k yl;aygi;f um tpd;k &taqmuftOD;rsm;/ rD;yGKd if/h ±ky&f iS ±f Hk pwmawGukd wku d cf u
kd f
cJh=uygw,f?ausmif;awGudk &uftuef@towfr&Sd ydwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Daemuf &efukef
rSm ae@ausmif;om;eJ@ taqmifaeausmif;om;awGudk ppftm%m&SifawGu 'v=urf;
zrf;qD;ygawmhw,f?ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;[m vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qifEaJ$ e
wJh jynfcspyf gwu D kd 0ifa&mufomG ;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh OD;oef@*u l dk ocifu, kd af wmf
r_id ;f *lab;rSm xm;&Sday;vdk@ ausmif;om;awG atmifjrifcJhw,fvdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;[m AsL[majymif;+yD; ynma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmcifarmif0if;eJ@
usef;rma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmvS[efwdk@udk 1975 ckESpf ZGefv (5) &ufae@eJ@ (6) &ufae@
awGrmS wdarG;ukwuUov kd ef @J &efuek pf ufrw _ uUov
kd af wGukd apv$w+f yD; ausmif;om;awG
eJ@ aqG;aEG;cdkif;ygw,f?ausmif;om;awGu “jrefrmjynf&JŒ vuf&Sdtajctae wd;k wuf
zd@k q&dk mrSm pDru H ed ;f wpfck ratmifjrif&if/ t±_;H ay:&if oufqidk &f m0ef}u;D E_wfxGuf ay;zdk@eJ@
wjynfvHk;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk wkd;wufatmifrvkyfEdkif&if tpdk;&tzG@J E_wx f u G af y;zd@k ”
awmif ; qd k = uygw,f ? tJ ' D t cgrS m Ad k v f a e0if ; [m ,rf ; yH k r D ; us a'gol y k e f x+yD ;
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkawGudkòzdcGJzdk@ usef;rma&;0ef}uD;eJ@ ynma&;0ef}uD;udk pDrHcsuf
wifapygawmhw,f?tJ'pD rD cH sut f & ausmif;om; awG[m (10) wef;atmif&ifwuUov kd f
rwuf&bJ “a'oaumvdyf” qdk+yD;awmh (2) ESpf xyfrH wufapygw,f? (10)wef;
25
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
atmifrSwf&,f/ a'oaumvdyf(2)ESpfatmifrSwf&,f aygif;+yD;awmhrS aq;wuUodkvf/
pufrw _ uUov kd f pojzifh vkid ;f cGJ wufa&mufapygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m a'oaum
vdyrf mS xyfróH ud;pm;&vd@k Edik if aH &;rSm tm;enf;apcJyh gw,f? tiftm;aumif;vSwhJ &efuek f
0dZ…meJ@ odyH`wuUodkvf&JŒ ausmif;om;tiftm;xkudk òzdcGJxm;ovdk a'oaumvdyfawGeJ@
xdrf;csKyfxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? wpfenf;ajym&&if a'oaumvdyf(16)ck xm;&Sd+yD; ausmif;
om;awGukd vlpck x JG m;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ od@k aomfvnf; ausmif;om;awG[m 1976 azazmf0g&D
v ausmif;awG jyefzGifhwJhtcgrSm “q&m}uD;ocifudkf,fawmfr_dif;” &JŒ &mjynfhyGJudk vkyfzdk@
pdik ;f jyif;vmjyefygw,f?1976 rwfv (23) &ufae@rmS awmh q&m}uD;ocif ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f
tkw*f u l kd tav;ðyzd@k ausmif;om;awG csw D ufygawmhw,f? *lrmS tav;ðyaewJh ausmif;om;
awGeJ@ 0dkif;xm;wJh ppfwyf[m rajyrvnfjzpf+yD; ausmif;om;awGu tm%m&Sif
qef@usifa&;oydwfudk pwifvdkufjyefygw,f//rqvppftpdk;&[m ausmif;om;awGudk
zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;/ ausmif;xkwfjcif;/ ausmif;rsm;udkydwfjcif; pojzifh qufwdkuf
vkyfjyefygw,f?om;oHk;om;xJrSm ppftm%m&Sifta=umufqHk; ausmif;om;awG&JŒ
thHrcef;wJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk qufvufzwf±_=uygcifAsm;?
1988 ta&;tcif;tp ausmif;om;u

ppftm%m&SifacwftqufqufrSm ausmif;om;awG[m rw&m;EdSyfuGyf
cH&ayr,fh “tmCmw” rxm;bJ trsKd ;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yfukd ,ae@wikd f toufay;
xrf;aqmifae=uygw,f? jrefrmjynfolvlxk&JŒ ESvHk;om;/ onf;yGwfyrm ausmif;om;
vli,fawG[m vludkwkdufaewmr[kwfbJ/ rludkwdkufaewm jzpfwJhtjyif rqvtpdk;&
ðywfusonftxd jynfov l x l ek @J vufw+JG yD;wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ uygw,f? bke;f armfta&;tcif;
jzpfymG ;cJjh cif;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;[m tm%m&Sipf epf ðywfusa&;twGuf wku d yf 0JG if&ef
a=unmvdkufyHkudk qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f? 1978/ 1982ckESpfawGrSmvnf; rqv
ppftpdk;&[m vlaygif;(800)cef@udk U.G vdk@ pGyfpGJ+yD; axmifcscJhygw,f? 1987 ckESpf/
pufwifbmv (5)&ufae@rmS awmh rqvtm%m&Si[ f m aiGpuULawGukd w&m;r0if &yfpcJ hJ
ygw,f? 'Dvyk &f yf[m tpd;k &&JŒodumQ r,fw h hJ vky&f yfjzpfv@dk ausmif;om;awG qlyrl j_ zpfymG ;
cJyh gw,f? tpd;k &qef@usiw f hJ v_y&f mS ;r_awGrmS xdyq f ;kH u t+rv J v
kd kd yg0ifcw
hJ hJ ausmif;om;awGukd
a=umuf&GHŒ+yD; xHk;pHtwdkif; tpkd;&[m ausmif;awGudk ydwfvdkufjyefyg w,f? 1987 ckESpf/
26
atmufwb dk mv (26) &ufae@rmS ausmif;awG jyef vnfziG v hf pS af y;vdu
k w
f meJ@ &cdik jf ynfe,f
ppfawG a'oaumvdyu f ausmif;om;awG[m Ed0fk ifbmv(2)&uf ae@e@J (3)&ufae@awGrmS
quf wdkufqENjycJh+yD; Edk0ifbmv (7) &ufae@rSmawmh a&Zif;pdkufysdK;a&; wuUodkvf/
wd&pd m> efarG;jrLa&;eJ@ aq;ukoa&; wuUodkvfawGu ausmif;om;awG[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ
±kyfyHkawGudk rD;&d_@um qENjycJh=uygw,f?
1962 ckEpS f Advk af e0if; tm%modr;f +y;D wJt h csed u f p+y;D jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ tajctae[m
wpxufwp qdk;0g;vmcJh+yD; cg;oD;wJh wpfygwDpepfqdk;&JŒ'%fudk jynfolvlxkawG vnf
pif;+y;D cHc=hJ u&ygw,f? 1988 rwfv (12) &uf paeae@naerSm &efuek f pufrw _ uUov kd f
ausmif;om; udk0if;jrifheJ@ ukdausmfpH0if; tygt0if ausmif;om;(4)OD;[m &efukefòrdŒ
taemufóud@ukef;rSm&SdwJh pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqdkifudk a&mufvmcJhygw,f? olwdk@[m
vufzuf&nfqikd rf mS pdik ;f xD;qkid o f cD si;f zGiahf y;zd@k awmif;qdck =hJ uygw,f? qdik &f ŒJ twGi;f bufrmS
xdkifaewJh &yfuGufaumifpDOuUÏ&JŒ om;jzpfol[m t&ufrl;ae+yD; ausmif;om;awG&JŒ
oDcsif;awmif;qdkr_udk rausreyfjzpfum xkdifcHkudk aumufudkif&if; udk0if;jrifh&JŒacgif;udk
±dkufvkdufygw,f? acgif;uGJoGm;vdk@ ausmif;om;(3)OD;vnf; &Jpcef;ukd oGm;a&muf
ta=umif;=um;&m aumifpOD uUÏ&JŒ om;udk zrf;qD;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh wpHw k &mrajym
qdkbJ aemufwpfae@reufrSm ±dkufESufcJholudk jyefv$wfay;cJhygw,f?'ga=umihf pufr_
wuUov kd f ausmif;om;(20)cef@ jynfo@l aumifp±D ;kH od@k oGm;a&mufum uef@uu G cf =hJ uygw,f?
aumifpOD uUÏu *±krpdu k /f em;raxmifvakd =umif; jiif;y,fvu dk I f ausmif;om;rsm; a'goyl ek x f
um aumifpD±Hk;udk cJrsm;eJ@ypfayguf=uygw,f?
&yfuGufaumifpDOuUÏ&JŒ om;tygt0if óudŒukef;taemufydkif;om;awGeJ@
ausmif;om;awG xyfrH &efyGJjzpfyGm;+yD; ausmif;om;0if;jrifh "g;xdk;cH&jyefygw,f?
ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;udk jyefajy;+yD; vljyefp&k m tiftm; (300) cef@ txd &Sv d m+yD;
&yfuu G x f o J @kd wzef csw D ufvmjyefygw,f? ausmif;om;tky}f uD;[m tJ't D cgrmS rD;owf
ydkufudkifxm;wJh rD;owfawGeJ@ vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@awGudk &ifqdkifvkduf&ygawmhw,f?
ausmif;om;tky[ f m a'go,rf;td;k ayguu f +JG y;D vHx
k ed ;f rsm;&S&d mudk cJrsm;jzifh ypfaygu=f u&m
vHxk ed ;f rsm;uvnf; 'v=urf; ypfcwfygawmhw,f? tJ'yD pfcwfra_ =umifh touf (23) ESpf
om &Sdao;wJh &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om; armifzkef;armfusqHk;+yD; trsm;tjym;
'%f&m&cJh=uygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m tcsuf(7)csufygwJh awmif;qdkcsufðyvkyfzdk@
qHk;jzwfcJh=uygw,f?
27
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
ynma&; 'kwd, 0ef}uD; a'gufwmarmif'D[m ausmif;om;awGudk csufcsif;
oGm;a&muf n‡dE_dif;cJhayr,fh tqifrajybJ qufvufwif;rmaeqJ jzpfygw,f? 1988
rwfv (25) &ufae@rSm vHkxdef; (500) cef@[m &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfudk 0ifa&mufpD;
eif;cJh+yD; ausmif;om;awGudk eHygwfwkwfeJ@ 0if±dkufcJhvdk@ ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;
cH&'%f&m&cJ=h uygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m pufrw _ uUov kd rf mS pm&Gupf mwrf;awG a0iSum
tpdk;&qef@usifa&;twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ajcvSrf;pwifvkdufygawmhw,f? pufr_
wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;udpP[m tjcm;wuUodkvfawGudk awmrD;yrm ysH@ESH@oGm;+yD;
tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh &efuek w f uUov kd yf ifru ausmif;om;axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm[m cGyaf 'gi;f
atmifvHudk v$ifhxlum tpdk;& qef@usifa&;toGif ododomom ajymif;vJoGm;ygw,f?
1988 rwfv (16) &ufae@rSm jynfvrf;twkdif; v_dif a'oaumvdyfudk csDwufvmwJh
ausmif;om;wyfz@JG [m wHwm;jzLteD;udk a&muf&pdS Of vrf;ray:wGif oHq;l óud;acGawGe@J
ydwx f m;wJh vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@awG&@J xyfrHydwfqdk@xm;jcif;cH&+yD; trdef@ay;oHeJ@twl ausmif;
om;awGudk vHkxdef;awGu 0if±dkufygawmhw,f? t±dk;tufuGJoH/ ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ
nnf;wGm;oH/ i,foHygatmif atmf[pfoHawG yGufavm±dkufoGm;ygawmhw,f? wHwm;
jzLrSm aoG;awGv$rf;+yD; ‘‘wHwm;eD’’vdk@ pmwif&avmufatmif vlrqefpGm EdyS u f yG jf cif;
cHc&hJ ygw,f? rwfv (17) &ufae@rmS &efuek yf ifrwuUov kd 0f if; ywfywfvnfrmS uGefref'dk
wyfom;awGeJ@ vHkxdef;wyfom;awGu 0dkif;&Hydwfqdk@xm;+yD; b&if;u,f&D,mrsm; wuU
odvk 0f if; tjyifbufrmS toif&h yfapmifah e=uygw,f? rGe;f vGJ (2) em&DrmS vHx k ed ;f awG[m
yifrwuUov kd ef ,fajrxJukd twif;0ifp;D +yD; &JcsKyfu, kd w
f idk f }uD;=uyfum ausmif;om;awG
ukd tcsKyu f m;twGi;f armif;oGi;f zrf;qD;ygawmhw,f? &JawGu ausmif;aqmiftxJxd 0if
vm+yD; ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;wpfaxmifcef@udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;ygw,f? tcsKyf
um;awGrmS rwefwq ¹yGwo f yd x
f nfv h @kd ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;rGe;f usy/f aoqH;k ukef
wma=umihf jynfolvlxk[m ausmif;om;awGtay:rSm u±k%mykdrdkjzpfyGm;aeygawmh
w,f? rwfv (18) &ufae@rmS wdu k yf t JG &Sed t
f [kef jrifw
h ufvm+y;D zdavºuaG vjzpfwhJ ausmif;
om;tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m eD;pyf&mudk vufqifhurf;ajymqdkum &efukefòrdŒv,facgifodk@
tzGJ@aygif;rsm;pGmcGJI vdkif;um;pD;xGufvm=uygw,f? &efukefòrdŒv,f ql;avudk ausmif;
om;tiftm; (300) cef@ a&muf&v dS m+y;D yxrOD;qH;k tiftm;jyvSnv hf nf qENjyyGJtaeeJ@
ql;avbk&m;udkywf+yD;csDwuf=u&m jynfolvlxk&JŒ tHh=ocsD;usL; vufckyfwD;tm;ay;oH
rsm;[m txufb0*ftxd odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;ygawmhw,f?
28
ppftm%m&SifawG[m ,cif ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;awGvdk vufeuftm;
ud;k eJ@ Edik x
f ufp;D eif; ESyd u
f yG &f if vG,v
f ,
G ef @J &r,fv@kd xifxm;=uayr,fh ausmif;om;awG[m
tpdk;&ðywfusEdkifwJhtxd jynfolvlxkeJ@ aqmif&GufcJh=uygw,f?
rqvtpdk;& jyKwfuscJhwJhatmifjrifr_
zke;f armfta&;tcif;ukd oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd if rqv ppftm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ }u;D rm;wJh
yxr trSm;wpfcu k &yfuu G af umifpD OuUÏudk bufvu dk uf muG,af y;r_e@J vHx k ed ;f wyfz@JG
tiftm; tqrwefo;kH +yD; ausmif;om;awGukd rn‡mrwm ESyd u f yG rf y_ J jzpfygw,f? 'kw, d
trSm;uawmh owif;pDppfwif;=uyfr_ ðyvkyo f nfomru owif;vdrv f nf a=unmjcif;
yJjzpfygw,f? vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@udk jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh &JcsKyfwdk@u tkyfcsKyf&w,f
qdkayr,fh rqv&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ&m; zGJ@pnf;yHkt& trdef@ay;pepf[m a&maxG;ae+yD;
txufrS pGufzufr_rsm;pGm &SdcJhygw,f?/ &efukefwkdif;rSmvnf; a'oygwDOuUÏ/ wdkif;
aumifpDOuUÏeJ@ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª;qdk+yD; trdef@ay;EdkifwJh tm%mydkif (3) OD;
&Sdaeygw,f? &efukefòrdŒ vHkòcHa&;twGuf wyfr (22)/ (44)/ (77) wkd@udk qGJac:&mrSm
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf csufjcif;rodvdkufwmrsdK;&SdcJhovdk t"du¶k%f;ESdrfeif;&m
rSmvnf; vHkxdef;awGeJ@ ppfwyfa&maxG;aewmudk wyfrª;awGu róuduf=ua=umif;vnf;
od&ygw,f?
ZGefv (8) &ufae@rSm OD;atmif}uD;u OD;ae0if;xHudk tdyfzGifhpmay;ydk@&m
wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tajctaetrSeu f kd od&+dS y;D / jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D OD;rif;acgief @J &JcsKyw f @kd ukd wHwm;eDe@J
zkef;armf ta&;tcif;awGrSm wm0ef&SdolawGvdk@ pGyfpGJum ta&;,l xkwfypfvdkufayr,fh
jynfolvlxku vufrcHyJ trSefwu,f wm0ef&SdolawG usef&Sdaeao;w,fvdk@ ,Hk=unf
=uygw,f? arv (3) &ufae@ ausmif;awG zGiv hf pS wf t hJ cg tusO;f axmifu jyefvw G v f mwJh
ausmif;om;awGu olwdk@&JŒtawG@t}uHKawGudk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;=u&m ZGefv (15) &uf
ae@rS (20) &ufae@txd &efuek w f uUov kd f tyef;ajz&dyo f mwGif qENjyyGrJ sm; qufwu kd f
jzpfymG ;cJjh yefygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawG/ tvkyo f rm;awG/ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yg
rusef jynfolvlxk tajrmuftrsm; yg0ifvm=uygw,f? ZGefv (21) &ufae@rSmawmh
ausmif;rsm;udk jyefydwfa=umif; tpdk;&u a=unmayr,fh oydwfarSmufr_[m wjynfvHk;
udk ysŒH ES@H omG ;ygw,f? &efuek òf rŒd xJrmS &Swd hJ aq;wuUov kd f (1) udk ausmif;om;xk[m jynfvrf;
29
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
twdkif; qufvufcsDwufoGm;&m [Hom0wDt0dkif;tausmf ajreDukef;ta&muf vHx k ed ;f
rsm;u wm;qD;=ujyefygw,f? rlvu ‘‘O'ge;f rausw’hJ ’ ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ jyif;xefwhJ
wke@f jyefre_ @J teD;em;rSm &yf=unfah ewJh jynfov l x l &k ŒJ tH=h ozG,&f m yl;aygi;f vdu k rf a_ =umifh
vHkxdef;rsm; xGufajy;cJh&ygw,f? tJ'DwdkufyGJrSm jynfol (100) cef@eJ@ vHkxdef; (20) cef@
aoqHk;=uygw,f?
ZGefv (21) &ufae@rSm &efukefòrdŒawmfwGif nrxGuf&trdef@udk &ufaygif;
(60) xkwfjyefvdkufygw,f? Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@rSm jrefrmhtoHuae+yD; rwfvqlylr_
twGuf xde;f odr;f jcif;cHxm;&wJh ausmif;om;awGtm;vH;k udk jyefvw $ af y;r,fv@kd a=unm
cJhygw,f?'gayr,fh ZGefv (23) &ufae@uwnf;u ausmif;om;awG[m vlpk vla0;rðy&
qdkwJh trdef@udk qef@usif+yD; a¶$wd*HkapwDrSm oydwfpcef; zGifhvSpfcJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? Zlvikd v f
(9) &ufae@rmS awmh OD;ae0if;[m nrxGu&f trde@f ukd ac|;odyw f t hJ aeeJ@ ¶kyfodrf;ay;ygw,f?
ausmif;xkwfcH&wJh ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;jyefwufEdkifayr,fh ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ
&ifxu J a0'emawG[m aysmufomG ;zd@k rvG,u f al wmha=umif; OD;ae0if; &dyrf o d mG ;+yjD zpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh OD;ae0if;u rqv twGi;f a&;rª;rsm;tzG@J tm; ygwn D v D mcH ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;
udk Zlvikd v
f (23) &ufae@rmS ac:,lusi;f y&ef !ïe=f um;vdu k yf gw,f? ygwDnDvmcH usif;ywJh
tcgrSm OD;ae0if;u olEkwfxGufr,fvdk@ajym&m tm;vHk; tHh=oukef=uygw,f? tJ'D
aemuf OD;pdefvGifudk orRw wifvkdufygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m ol@rSm tjypf&Sda=umif;odvdk@
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef xGufwmr[kwfbJ ppfwyfqdkwm rdk;ay: axmif+y;D ypfwmr[kwb f ;l /
ypf&if rSeaf tmifypfw,fv@kd vlxek @J ausmif;om;awGukd pdeaf c:+y;D ordik ;f rSm trnf;puf }u;D jzpf
atmif ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? Zlvikd v f (28) &ufae@rmS a¶$w*d b kH &k m; ay:wGif ausmif;om;rsm;
pk¶Hk;qENjy+yD; ra=umuf¶GH@a=umif; wkef@jyefvdkufygw,f?
=o*kwv f (1) &ufae@rmS Armjynfv;kH qdik &f mausmif;om;rsm;or*~u &Spaf v;vH;k
taxGaxGoydw}f uD;twGuf v_@H aqmfa&;pmapmifawG pwifjzef@a0ygawmhw,f? =o*kwf
v (3) &ufae@rSmawmh &efukefòrdŒrSm qENjyolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm pwif t&Sdef,lpðy+y;D
rm&S,af vm ppfOya'xkwjf yefcsuu f kd zDqefvu kd yf gw,f? =o*kwv f (8) &ufae@rmS awmh
ordik ;f wGirf ,fh taxGaxGoydw}f u;D udk jynfov l x l k ode;f eJ@cs+D y;D qifEv J$ u
kd =f uygawmhw,f?
òrdŒawmfcef;rrS &efukefwdkif; wdkif;rª;[m vlpkcGJ=uzdk@eJ@ rcGJ&if ypfcwfr,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufcJh
ygw,f? vlx[ k m ra=umuf¶@G /H rwkev
f y_ vf @kd n 11 em&DrmS pufaoewfoaH wG xGuv f m
+yD; tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf vJusoGm;ygw,f? =o*kwfv (11) &ufae@rSm ajrmufOuUvmy/
30
a¶$*HkwdkifeJ@ &efukefaq;¶Hk}uD;awGrSm qENjywJh jynfolvlxkawGudk ppfwyfuypfcwfvdk@
taxG;vdu k t f yHv k u kd f usq;kH cJ=h uygw,f? aemufrwGe@f yJ ra=umufr¶G@H qufvuf qENjy
=u&m =o*kwfv (12) &ufae@rSm OD;pdefvGifðywfus+yD; a'gufwmarmifarmiftpdk;& wuf
vmjyefygw,f? =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@rSm ppfOya'udk ¶kyfodrf;ay;vdkuf+yD; wyfrsm;
udkvnf; jyefvnf¶kyfodrf;ay;vdkufygw,f? =o*kwfv (26) &ufae@rSm a':atmifqef;
pk=unf[m a¶$wd*Hktaemufbufrck w f iG f yxrOD;qH;k rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;+y;D vlxk (5) ode;f
ausmf tm;ay;cJ&h m ausmif;om;rsm;u teD; uyfe@J tjyifpnf; vHòk cHa&;,lay;cJ=h uyg w,f?
=o*kwv f (28) &ufae@rmS owW
rt}urd af jrmuf ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f mausmif;
om;rsm;or*~udk &efukefòrdŒrSm w&m;0if
jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh+yD; OuUÏtjzpf owW
aA' wwd,ESpf ausmif;om; rif;udkEdkifudk
wifajr‡mufcJh=uygw,f? tvm;wl jrefrm
Ed k i f i H v H k ; qd k i f & m ausmif ; om;rsm;or*~
‘‘ruo’’ tm; rif;aZ,smrS OD;aqmifcyhJ g
w,f? pufwifbmv (6) &ufae@ &efukef
aq;¶Hk}uD; taxGaxGoydwfaumfrwDzGJ@
pnf;&mrSmvnf; AuorS ausmif;om;
udkaZmfxGef;[m taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;
tjzpf yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? pufwifbmv
(6) &ufae@rmS &efuek pf pf¶;kH csKyt f eD;&Sd ausmuf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*~
om;rsm;or*~
(8888) OuU Ï rif ; ud k E d k if
wdik w f iG f vlxEk iS phf pfwyf xdyw f u kd f &ifqikd =f u
&m OD;atmif}uD;eJ@ udkrif;udkEdkif 0ifa&mufjzefajzcJhr_a=umifh vlxk}uD;vnf; vlpkuJG
oGm;cJyh gw,f? pufwifbmv (17) &ufae@rmS ukeo f , G af &;0ef}u;D ¶H;k u vHòk caH &;wyfcuJG kd vl
xku 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu k cf u kd &f ef jyifqifaewmudk ausmif;om;awGu &[ef;oHCmawmfawGe@J
yl;aygif;+yD; wyfrawmfom;awG&JŒtoufudk u,fwifcJhygw,f?
pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rmS tajctae ,dr;f ,dik af ewJh a'guw f marmifarmif
tpdk;&vnf; ðywfus+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifOD;pD;wJh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vdkufcsdefrSm
31
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
awmh ausmif;om;awG&JŒ ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ enf;AsL[m wrsdK;wzHk
ajymif; vJ oGm;&ygawmhw,f?
pGef@v$wfpGef@pm; ausmif;om;pdwf"mwfrsm;
ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifOD;pD;wJh e0wtpdk;& wufvm+yD;
wJah emuf EdyS u f yG rf }_ uD;rm;vGe;f vd@k ausmif;om;awG[m Oya'twGi;f 'Dru kd a&pD v_y&f mS ;
vkyfudkifaqmif¶GufEdkifwJh tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm ausmif;om;
awG[m wdkufyGJenf;AsL[m (3)rsdK;eJ@ qef@usif wdkufcdkufoGm;=uygw,f? yxr enf;AsL
[muawmh ajray:rSm w&m;0if &yfwnfvdk@&wJh rdk;oD;ZGefOD;aqmif+yD; vl@abmifopf
'Drdku&ufwpfygwD zGJ@pnf;um v_yf&Sm;=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? 'kwd, enf;AsL[muawmh
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;qifE$Jzdk@ vGwfajrmufe,fajrrSm ‘‘jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;’’ (ABSDF)udk (1988) ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (1)
&ufae@rSm zGJ@pnf;+yD; v_yf&Sm;=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? wwd, enf;AsL[muawmh vuf&Sd
zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJ@udk ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_
(UG) toGifrsdK;pHkeJ@ tm%m&Sifqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f? ppfwyf&JŒ ypfcwfr_udk
rcHEikd af wmhwhJ tusKd ;r,fh pGe@f pm;r_rsKd ; rvkycf si=f uwJh ausmif;om; axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm[m
xdik ;f Edik if eH ,fpyfe@J tdE, dN Edik if eH ,fpyfukd xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifc=hJ uygw,f? Adv k af pmarmifukd
ðzwfcs+y;D wufvmwJh Adv k o
f ef;a¶$[m ausmif;om;awGukd jyefvm=uzd@k e@J tdrfu pdwfqdk;+yD;
xGuo f mG ;wJh om;orD;rsm;yrm zrf;qD;jcif;ðyrnf r[kwaf =umif; tcsKd oyf+y;D vufrw S x f ;kd
ac:,lcyhJ gw,f? xdik ;f Edik if eH @J nEd‡ i_d ;f +y;D wmhccf ¶dik rf mS ausmif;om;óuq d akd &; vufcpH cef;rsm; zGiv hf pS f
ay;cJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifudk t,Hkt=unfr&Sd=uawmhwJhtwGuf ausmif;om;tenf;
i,fom jrefrmjynftwGif;udk jyef0ifoGm;=u+yD; jynfwGif;rSm tcGifhom&ifomovdk
qufvuf v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f?
(1989) ck E S p f rwf v (22) &uf a e@rS m a&;òrd Œ ud k rG e f j ynf o pf y gwD e J @
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drdku&uf wpfwyfOD;wdk@ yl;aygif;+yD; 0ifa&muf odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhyg w,f?
e0wppftpdk;&[m (1988) ckEpS t f ukerf mS &ef ukerf mS &Sw
d hJ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J
yxrOD;qH;k awG@ qHak qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? ausmif; om;awGu 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vl@ tcGit hf a&;/
ausmif;om;xk tcGit hf a&;/ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;tygt0if awmif;qdkcsuf (17) csuf
awmif;qdkcJhyg w,f? e0wu ausmif;om; or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh ¶Hk;udk rEœav;aqmifrSm
32
owfrw S jf cif;tygt0if (2)
csuu f o kd m vdu k af vsmcJ&h m
aqG ; aEG ; yG J r atmif j rif b J
ysufjym;cJhygw,f? 1989
rwf v (24) &uf a e@rS m
ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif
rif;udkEdkifudk e0wu zrf;
qD;vdkuf+yD; ESpf&Snfaxmif
'%f c srS w f v d k u f y gw,f ?
(1989) {+yDv (2) &ufae@
rSm vl@abmifopfygwD OuUÏ
ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif
vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD OuUXa[mif; rdk;oD;ZGef rd;k oD;ZGe[ f m ppftm%m&Sif
awG&JŒ zdESdyfzrf;qD;r_udkrcHEdkifvdk@ &efukefrS e,fpyfudkwdrf;a&SmifcJh+yD; (ABSDF) ausmif;
om;wyfOD;eJ@ yl;aygif;cJhygw,f? (1991) ckESpf 'DZifbm (10) &ufeJ@ (11) &ufae@awGrSm
&ef u k e f w uU o d k v f y if r wG i f &ef u k e f pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om; (500) ausmf
vma&mufy;l aygi;f +y;D 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;/ ppftpd;k &ðzwfcsa&;/ ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf;a&;/
zrf;qD;cH&aom ausmif;om;rsm;jyefvw $ af y;a&; ponfw@kd ukd aºuG;a=umfqENjycJ=h uygw,f?
&efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; AdkvfcsKyfrsdK;!Gef@[m ukef;jrifhom¶Hk;rSxGufvmum um;
ay:wGif qufoG,fa&;0dkif,mvufpufeJ@ wyfawGukd &efuek yf ifrwuUov kd 0f if;twGi;f
0dik ;f 0ef;=uzd@k uwkeu
f &ife@J trde@f ay;cJyh gw,f? ppftpd;k &[m qENjyyGu J kd òzdccJG +hJ yD; ausmif;om;
udkaZmfrif;tygt0if (4) OD;udk axmiftESpf (20) csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? usef (50) OD;udk axmif
(15) ESpef @J (4) OD;udk axmif (10) ESpf toD;oD; csrSwfESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;
v_y&f mS ;r_ukd cg;qufjywfomG ;atmif acsre_ ;f cJyh gw,f? b,fvykd J ESyd u f yG af yr,fh ausmif;om;
awG&JŒ pdwf"mwfeJ@cH,lcsufuawmh xm0pOf&SifoefaeqJjzpfygw,f?
(1995) =o*kwfv (8) &ufae@rSm (88) rsdK;qufausmif;om; udkarmifarmif0rf;eJ@
wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@0if (28) OD;[m wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; trSwf(54)
aetdrrf mS vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ+h yD; (National Re-
conciliation) trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;rS 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopfqDodk@ qHk;jzwf
33
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
xm;cJw h rhJ u
l kd qufvufaqmif¶u G cf jhJ yefygw,f? atmufwb kd m 10 &ufae@ a':atmifqef;
pk=unfaetdrrf mS usi;f ywJt h crf;tem;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ óu;d yrf;r_a=umifh &Srf;ESifh rGef
trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if {nfhy&dowf
aygif; (1500) wufa&muf=uwJh ajray:'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; pkpnf; nDnGwfr_&v'f
udk wnfaqmufEikd cf =hJ uygw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm at'Dvrf;u OD;ae0if;tdru f akd usmif;om;
(7) OD;oGm;a&muf+yD; vHòk cHa&;t&m&Srd w S qifh awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;
jyefv$wfay;a&;/ trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; OD;ae0if; udk,fwdkifyg0if
aqmif¶Gufay;&ef óud;yrf;urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? OD;ae0if;u pmjyef=um;&mrSm ,ckvdk
vma&mufawG@qjkH cif;twGuf tH=h o0rf;omrqH;k jzpfryd ga=umif;/ trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifh
jrwfa&;[m r&Sdrjzpf ta&;t}uD;qHk; vdktyfcsufjzpfwmudk vufcyH ga=umif;/ use;f rma&;
twGuf ud, k w f ikd f xGurf awG@Eikd jf cif;udk em;vnfay;zd@k e@J ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf atmifjrifwhJ
txd vkyfaqmifEdkifygapvdk@ qkrGefawmif;yga=umif; a&;om;cJhw,fvdk@od&ygw,f?
ausmif;om;rsm;&JŒ pGrf;aqmifcsufESifh arwWma&mifjyef[yfr_a=umifh rsm;r=umrD
0ef}uD;rsm;¶Hk;rSm wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;rª;¶Hk;u ppfOD;pD;rª; (yxrwef;) Adkvfrª;}uD;
oef;xGe;f OD;pD;wJt h zG@J e@J (88) rsKd ;qufausmif;om;rsm; tygt0if ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;
tenf;qH;k (2) }urd f awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? aqG;aEG;&mrSm (uuvSr;f ) taeeJ@ ausmif;om;
rsm;udk ¶dk;om;pGmvkyfr,fqdk&if ajymp&mrvdkyga=umif;/ tpdk;&rqef@usihfbl;qdk&if
ausmif;om;ta&;udk vdt k yfr,fq&kd if ausmif;om;or*~ukd zG@J pnf;cGiðhf yrSmjzpfyga=umif;/
tcsdefumvwcktxd vkyfaqmifr_udk apmifh=unfhrSmjzpfyga=umif; ajymqdkcJhygw,f?
ausmif;om;awGu jyefvnfaqG;aEG;&mrSm tpd;k &u rSm;aew,fq&kd if qef@usirf mS jzpfyg
a=umif;/ EdkifiHa&;rajyvnfbl;qdk&if ausmif;om;ta&;vnf; rajyvnfEdkifyga=umif;/
EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ausmif;om;[m cGJjcm;Ir&yga=umif;/ acgif;ESifh yef;yrm jy\em 'GefwGJvsuf
&Sda=umif; ponfjzifh jyefvnfaqG;aEG;cJhw,fvdk@ od&Sd&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf (88) rsdK;quf
ausmif;om;jzpfwhJ udak rmifarmif0rf;[m wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd +f ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGe@J
qufoG,f!‡dEd_if;+yD; trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf óud;yrf;aecsdefrSm zrf;qD;cHcJh
&+yD; axmif'%f (10) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f?
(1996) 'DZifbm (2) &ufae@rS (9) &ufae@txd &efukefwuUodkvfteD; urm
¶Gwf vSnf;wef;vrf;qHkwGif ausmif;om;tiftm; (1500) cef@ qENjy=ujyefygw,f?
ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf;a&; awmif;qd=k u&m ppftm%m&Siw f @kd ESyd u
f yG rf a_ =umifh ausmif;om;
34
(250) ausmf zrf;qD;cH&+yD; trsm;tjym; '%f&m&cJ=h uygw,f? ausmif;om; udo k ufO;D udk
&uf&ufpufpuf axmif'%f (52) ESpf csrSwfcJhygw,f? rsdK;qufopfausmif;om;awG[m
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;a=umif;aumif;arGudk rnfol@wdkufwGef;r_rSrygbJ taumiftxnf
azmfaqmif¶GufcJh=uygw,f?
avScGufcsnf;usef tvHrvSJ
jrefrmhEikd if aH &;ordik ;f a=umif;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ausmif;om;rsm;udik v f y_ cf jhJ cif;a=umifh
tpdk;&rsm;ðywfuscJh&yHkudk oabmaygufwJh Adkvfoef;a¶$[m (4) vywf tpnf;ta0;
wdkif;rSm ausmif;om;awGeJ@ xdyfwdkufrjzpfyGm;a&;eJ@‘‘rD;p’’ yGm;vm&ifvnf; tjrefqHk;
+idrf;owfzdk@ rSm=um;cJhygw,f? (1995) ckESpf r*Fvm'HkavqdyfteD;rSm vHkòcHa&; wm0ef,l
xm;wJh wyf&JŒ uif;orm;eJ@ vrf;av#mufjyefvmwJh aq;wuUodkvfrS ausmif;om;tcsdK@
uif;a&S@rmS ao;aygurf &d mrS pum;rsm;+y;D uif;orm;u xGu+f y;D ¶du k cf yhJ gw,f? 'gukd rauseyf
vdk@ ausmif;om;awG[m aemufjyef tiftm;pk trsm;tjym; ac:,l+yD; tJ'Dppfom;udk
xkwaf y;zd@k awmif;qdyk gw,f? ppfa=umif;rª;vnf; tJ'pD pfom;udk acsmah rmh+yD; t¶du k cf &H ef
xkwfay;vdkufygw,f? ausmif;om;awGu oabmxm;}uD;pGm qHk;r¶Hkom jyef¶dkuf+yD;
auseyfpmG jyefomG ;wJh jzpfpOfvnf;&Scd yhJ gw,f? ausmif;eJ@e;D wJh ta0;ajy;um;*dwf twGi;f u
t&ufr;l aewJv h el @J ausmif;om;rsm; pum;rsm;&efjzpfv@kd tm%mydik af wGu a=umuf¶@HG +y;D
ta0;ajy;*dwt f wGi;f t&ufv;kH 0ra&mif;csa&; !ïe=f um;um óudwifumuG,rf _ ðyvkycf hJ
=ujyefw,f?
Adv
k o f ef;a¶$[m (1993) ckEpS rf mS }u@H z@HG qw kd hJ tzG@J tpnf;wpfck wnfaxmifay;+y;D
ausmif;om;xktwGi;f &Sd q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;tm; xd;k azmuf
pnf;¶Hk;um ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;enf;oGm;atmif r[mAsL[mcsrSwf pDrHcJhyg
w,f? (1995) ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm &efukefwuUodkvf (75) ESpfajrmuf pdef&wk tcrf;
tem;udk 88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;[m tm%mydkifawG
apmifh=unfhwm;qD;aewJh=um;xJu ‘‘e0w’’tzGJ@ wpfckwnf;om pdef&wktcrf;tem;
ðyvkyEf ikd wf mr[kwb f J ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; rdrw d @kd zmomvkyEf ikd af =umif;/ zdwpf mrsm;
a0iSum tcrf;tem;wck vkyfEdkifcJhyHkudk wifjyygtHk;r,f? e0wu pdef&wkyGJðyvkyfr,fh
pifjrifrh mS ausmif;om;rsm;[m vufO;D r_&,lusi;f y&ef pDpOf&mrS owif;aygu=f um;oGm;+yD;
a':pk=unftdrfESifh reD;ra0; tif;vsm;uefapmif; "mwfqDqdkifteD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk
35
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
cswD ufz@kd ajymif;vJppD Ofa=umif; od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? Adv k cf ifneG @f / Adv
k af usm0f if;wd@k [m ppfuikd ;f
aqmifrmS aecJ=h uwmrd@k ausmif;om;a[mif;rdwq f pkH m;yGrJ sm; ðyvkyu f m ausmif;om;rsm;udk
pnf;¶Hk;&ef pDpOfxm;ygw,f? ,ae@ etz tvdkus v_yf&Sm;ae+yD; YMBA wGif owif;pm
&Si;f vif;yGv
J yk cf w
hJ hJ (88) rsKd ;quf ausmif;om;qdo k l udak t;vGi[ f m aiGa=u; tvGo J ;kH pm;r_
ESifh axmifusae+yD; ol@nDESpfOD;udk pma&;qufoG,fum e0w pdef&wk tcrf;tem; usif;
yr,fh tpDtpOfudk e0wtóuduf jzef@a0cdkif;ygw,f? udkat;vGif[m ausmif;om;xk
twGif;rSm trSefrodatmif/ ausmif;om;rsm; ea0wdrfawmifjzpfatmif vSnfhpm;cJhyg
w,f? ausmif;om;awG[m bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSm pka0;aepOf xyfrH owif; ayguf=um;+yD;
ppfwyfe@J ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u um;awGa&muf&v dS mvd@k rlvtpDtpOf owfrw S xf m;wJh
ae&mudk roGm;awmhbJ vuf&Sd bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSmbJ ‘‘v#yfwjyuf’’ pdef&wk tcrf;
tem; usi;f ya=umif; od&&dS ygonf? tcrf;tem;udk owif;axmufawG/ Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG/
oHwrefawG/ ta¶G;cs,fcHudk,fpm;vS,fawG ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ocif/ ocifr}uD;awGyg
rusef pHknDpGm wufa&muf=uygw,f? tcrf;tem;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk &efukef
wuUodkvf *k%fxl;aqmif ausmif;om;tjzpf *k%fðyjcif;eJ@ orD;jzpfolrS vufcH,l&ef
tpDtpOfyg&Sdygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; trsdK;om;nDvmcHudpPtwGuf
NLD A[dt k vkyt f r_aqmif tpnf;ta0;usi;f yaeqJ tvkyrf sm;aewJ=h um;xJu 'Dtcrf;
tem;tpDtpOfudk axmufcHwJho0%fv$mtm; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;taeeJ@ vuf
rSwaf &;xd;k ay;yd@k Eikd cf +hJ yD; zwf=um;Edik cf ahJ =umif; od&&dS ygw,f?
tcrf;tem;wufa&mufolawGudk ppfwyfu 0ifa&mufzrf;
qD;jcif;rðy&JawmhyJ pdef&wktcrf;tem;udk atmifjrifpGm
usif;yEdkifcJhygw,f? (1998) ckESpf pufwifbm (2) &ufae@rS
(4) &uf a e@txd puf r _ w uU o d k v f a usmif ; 0if ; twG i f ;
ausmif;om; (700)cef@/ =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@rSm &efukef
yifrwuUodkvfausmif;0if;twGif; ausmif;om; (200)
ausmf cGyfa'gif;yHkacgif;pnf;+yD; rdepf (90) ausmf qENjycJh=uyg
w,f? tJ'Dv_yf&mS ;r_awGukd &efuek cf ¶dik af usmif;om;or*~u
OD;aqmifc+hJ y;D ausmif;om;udkouf0if;atmif[m axmif'%f tusOf ; axmif x J w G i f
(59) ESpfuscHcJh&+yD; r=umrDuyif usqHk;cJh&+yDjzpfygw,f? usqkH;cJhonfh
ud k o uf 0 if ; atmif
36
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ oHr%dv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh Adkvfoef;a¶$[m wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;um
ausmif;rsm;/ wuUov kd rf sm;udk &efuek òf rdŒwGi;f rS ta0;od@k cx JG w
k yf pf&ef !ïe=f um;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'DpDrHcsufa=umifh vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfawGqHk;¶_H;cJh&ygw,f? ausmif;om;xkudk ESdyf
uGyfòzdcGJ&mrSm &efukef yifrwuUov kd u f kd ajrmuf'*Hek @J wm0od@k vnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;
wuUov kd ef @J oGm;bufqikd &f maq;wuUodkvfudk awmif'*Hkodk@vnf;aumif;/ &efukefpufr_
wuUodkvfudk vd_ifom,meJ@ jynfodk@vnf;aumif;/ *sDwDpDudk xyfrHcGJxkwf+yD; oefvsifeJ@
xef;wyifodk@vnf;aumif;/ aq;wuUodkvfudk rauG;òrdŒodk@vnf;aumif; ausmif;awGudk
toD;oD; tvSrf;a0;atmifcsJxkwfcJhygw,f? ausmif;om;xktwGif;rSm oD;jcm;pHkprf;
axmufvSrf;zdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;tul (2) wyfzGJ@}uD;udkzGJ@pnf;um pDrHcsufcs+yD; &efukefeJ@
rEœav;tm;A[dkðyI xdk;azmufa&;pDrHcJhygw,f?
(2005) ckESpfrSm jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;ESifh (88) rsdK;quf ausmif;
om;acgi;f aqmifawG awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJah yr,fh armifO;D &JŒ ±ke@f &if;=urf;wrf;r_a=umifh tqif
rajyjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? ,ae@tcgrmS ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawG[m tjzLa&mif v_y&f mS ;r_e@J
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk qufwdkufawmif;qdkvsuf&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;awG
[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm ta&;}uD;wJh tpdwftydkif;u pGef@v$wfpeG @f pm;/ tepfemcHvkd
pdwf jyif;jypGmyg0ifcahJ =umif; ordik ;f u oufaoxlaeygw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG t+idK;}uD;
}uD;eJ@ wpfav#mufv;kH zdEydS cf w hJ =hJ um;u ‘‘avScu G cf sn;f usef tvHrvSpJ wrf;’’ v_y&f mS ;cJh
vd@k jynfov l x l &k ŒJ ,H=k unfav;pm;tm;ud;k r_ukd &&Scd yhJ gw,f? wcsed u f &ufpufpmG acsre_ ;f
cJhwJh OD;ae0if;udkvnf; oifykef;acs+yD; &J0HhpGmurf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? ppfbuf t&m&Sd}uD;awG
xuf oabmxm;}uD;+yD; ydrk &kd ifu h surf u_ kd oufaojycJyh gw,f? (1988) ta&;awmfy}kH uD;
rSm ukefoG,fa&;¶Hk;u ppfonfawGudk &efolvdkoabmrxm;bJ u,fwifcJhwJh ausmif;
om;awG&ŒJ aus;Zl;udak xmufxm;aomtm;jzifh trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk vufcH
oifha=umif; etzudk ajym=um;vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;awG[m jynfolvlxk pm;0wfae
a&;usyfwnf;r_/ rw&m;zdESdyfcH&r_/ EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf; jzpfr_wdk@udk vSH.OD;zsm;rS "m;
oGm;yrm a&S@wef;u rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfcJhvdk@ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;a=umif;rSm
}uD;rm;wJh tpOfvmaumif;}uD;wpf&yf jzpfcJh&ygw,f? pOfqufrjywf ZGJ/ vHk@veJ@ óud;pm;
aqmif¶GufcJhyHkordkif;a=umif;[m jynfolvlxktwGuf rsuf&nfpdk@avmufygw,f? (88)
rsdK;qufjzpfwJh ausmif;om;awG[m ESpf&Snfvrsm;axmifus+yD; jyefxGufvmwJhtcgrSm
vnf; rdrw d @kd &ŒJ cdik rf mwJ,h =kH unfcsuu f kd rpGe@f vw$ /f twdwrf S cHpm;cJ&h r_rsm;twGuf tmCm
37
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
wrxm;bJ trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;vrf;
a=umif;udkom rrSdwfrokef wpdkufrwfrwf
vkyfudkifaevdk@ tHhrcef;csD;usL;xdkufygw,f?
etz[m 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv (15)
&ufae@rSm avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;ukd tqrwef
wdk;jr‡ifhvkduf&m jynfolvlxkpm;0wfaea&;
ydkrdkusyfwnf; 'kuQa&mufcJhygw,f? jynfol
vlxka&S@u rm;rm;rwfrwf t+rJ&yfwnfcJhwJh
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rif;ukEd ikd Of ;D pD;+yD; =o*kwv f (22) &ufae@rmS ukeaf ps;E_e;f usqif;
a&;twGuf OD;pGmvrf;av#mufqENjycJ=h uygw,f? 'ga=umihf =o*kwv f (25) &ufae@rmS
rif;udEk ikd u
f kd xyfrzH rf;qD;cJyh gw,f? ,ae@tcgrmS ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ
tpGrf;owWdudk a=umufvef@wkefv_yfae+yD; udkudk}uD;/ udkaX;ºuG,f/ udkrif;aZ,sm/ udkjr
at;/ ud*k sirf pD wJh (88) rsKd ;qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif (13) OD;udk qufwu kd f zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmifxm;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh use&f w dS hJ rsKd ;qufopfausmif;om; vli,fawG[m ppftm%m&Siaf wGu
zrf;qD;ESyd u f yG af ewJ=h um;xJrmS ausmif;om;or*~jyefvnf xlaxmifum vufvOJ$ ;D aqmif
r_ðyvky+f y;D tm%m&Siu f kd &J0phH mG wke@f jyefaeygw,f? etz[m ausmif;om;awGukd t=urf;zuf
tkypf ek @J qufo, G af ew,fv@kd pGypf aJG ejcif;[m tajctjrpf
r&Sd pGyfpGJaejcif;jzpf+yD; etzuom ausmif;om;awGukd
t=urf;zufaejcif;jzpfygw,f? etzuay;xm;wJh
tawG@t}uKH awGa=umifh ausmif;om;awG[m wnf+ird &f ifh
usurf &_ adS e+y;D rGejf rwfwhJ wkid ;f csp/f jynfcspf pdwf"mwfudk
qufvuf taumiftxnfazmf csw D ufae=uygw,f?
etz[m raphpyfa&;/ raqG;aEG;aea&; qkyfudkifxm;
wJh wif;rmwJrh 0l g'udrk ajymif;vJ&if ppfwyftwGi;f
rSmyif ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ vdkvm;wJhwyfrª;tcsdK@
&Sdaewma=umifh om; (2) om;jzpfwhJ ausmif;
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*~ O uU Ï
om;rsm;or*~
ausmf u d k u d k
38
om;eJ@ ppfom; yl;aygi;f oGm;&if tajctae ydq
k ;kd oGm;Edik af =umif; etzudk owday;vdyk gw,f?
ausmif;om;awG&JŒ }uD;rm;wJhtcef;u¾+yD;wJhaemufrSm aemufom;wpfom;jzpfwJh
ppfom;ta=umif;udk wifjyoGm;ygr,f
39
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
40
tcef;}u;D (2)
ppfom;
41
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42
ppftm%m¶SifeJ@ ppfwyf
vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_ESifh ygvDrefacwfrsm;rSm jynfolxJu aygufzGm;+yD;
jynfou l kd &yfwnf umuG,af pmifah &Smuf cJv h @kd jynfocl spaf om wyfrawmf jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
ppftm%m&Siaf cwf tqufqufrmS jynfo@l buf&yfwnfcsiw f hJ ppfom;awG&ŒJ óud;yrf;r_
twdik ;f twmeJ@ ‚if;wd@k &ŒJ tcuftcJ tcGit hf vrf;ray;&wJh ta=umif;&if;awGukd jynfol
trsm; odjrifem;vnfcGifhv$wfapzdk@ wifjyoGm;ygr,f? 'ghtjyif jynfol@buf &yfwnf&ef
ppfom;wcsKd @&ŒJ óu;d yrf;cJrh [
_ m Edik if aH &;tvSnt hf ajymif; jzpfvmonftxd pGr;f aqmifEikd rf _
r&Scd ahJ yr,fh ppftm%m&Siaf wGtwGi;f rSmawmh ESv;kH onf;ajc¶du k u f m rsuu f vJqjH ym jzpfomG ;
apwmudk ppfom;tcsif;csif; todqHk;rdk@ wifjyygOD;r,f? ppfwyfxdyfydkif; t}uD;tuJ
tcsif;csif; tm%m&mxl; ae&mvkr_/ ol@vl udk,fhvlarG;r_eJ@ ‘‘ðzwf/ xkwf/ cs ’’ aewm
awGa=umifh ppfwyftwGi;f rSm tajymif;tvJ r=umc% jzpfay:ae+y;D wnf+ird rf r_ &Sw d mudk
vnf; awG@&ygw,f? jynfo@l buf &yfwnfcsiw f hJ ppfom;awG[m tbufbufu csichf sed f
pOf;pm;ae&+y;D tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ vufO;D r_e@J tidu k rf cd o
H mG ;&wmawGvnf; &Scd yhJ gw,f? ,ae@
jrefrmhppfwyfrmS xGucf siw f phJ pfom; &Jabmftqifq h &kd ifawmif vkyo f ufaphv@kd rS xGucf iG hf
r&bJ aiGoed ;f csD ukeu f sa=umif; wifjycJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f? ppfwyft&m&Srd qdx k m;eJ@ ¶H;k 0efxrf;
awGuakd wmif ,cktcgrmS xGucf iG rhf ay;bJ ESyd u f yG x f m;ygw,f? =uyfajy;udk 0ef}u;D XmeawG
ajymif;a¶$@&mrSm roGm;vdk=uvdk@ xGufcGifhwifwJh 0efxrf;awGudk axmif (3) ESpfcsr,fvdk@
tm%mydkifawGu +cdrf;ajcmufa=unmcJhygw,f?
wyfrawmf0efxrf;t&m&SdawG/ t=uyfwyfom;awGudk tm%mydkifawG
ajymavh&Sdwmu ‘‘ppfwyfrSm t&SifxGufr&Sdbl; taoxGufyJ&Sdw,f’’ qdkwJh pum;yJ
jzpfygw,f? óud;eDpepfeJ@ xdef;csKyfr_rsm;tjyif 0g'a&;&mt&vnf; ¶dkufoGif;xm;ygw,f?
ppfwyfxJ 0ifa&mufvm+yq D &kd if rif;wd@k u,kd f rif;wd@k rydik af wmhb;l rdb/ bke;f }u;D / tkyx f ed ;f o
al wGe@J vnf; rqdik af wmhb;l / wyfrawmfomtrd/ wyfrawmfomtz jzpfw,fq+kd y;D yHpk o H iG ;f yg
awmhw,f? txuft}uD;tuJudk ‘‘tb/ tar’’ vdk@ ac:apum ppfwyft0ef;t0dkif;
xJu tjyifurkd xGuaf tmif enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ xde;f csKyfxm;ygw,f? wyf&if;uae òrdŒxJukd
xGu&f ifvJ Out Pass cGiðhf ycsu, f +l yD;rS tcsed ef @J omG ;/ tcsed ef @J jyefvm&ygw,f? t&yfom;
rdwaf qGawG&ŒJ oma&;/ ema&; udp&P v dS @kd tvnftywfomG ;&if jzpfap/ rdrw d yf&if;xH vmvnf
&ifjzpfap vHòk caH &;udk ta=umif;jyum 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmr_ukd róuu d /f rESpo f ufbJ uef@owf
csKycf s,x f m;ygw,f? vufatmufi,fom;awG[m aiGa=u;wwfEikd v f @kd rdb/ a,muQrawGu
43
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
ud, k yf ikd q
f vGe;f um;rsKd ; 0,fay;vd@k toH;k ðy&ifvnf; wyfr;ª awGu olw@kd um;eJ@ ajc&mwdik ;f
w,fvdk@ ,lq=uvdk@ ESdyfuGyfjyefygw,f? wyf&if;¶Hk;awGrSm owif;pmudkawmif tapmif
ta&twGuf tenf;i,fom&vd@k renf;vkzwfae=u&ygw,f? 'gt h jyif ppfonft&m&Sd
awG&ŒJ rdb/ aqGrsKd ;/ q&mawGxrJ mS Edik if aH &;vkyw f o
hJ &l adS e&if olw@kd awGe@J qufo, G rf u _ dkapmifh
=unfah ewwf+y;D ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ tJ'pD pfonft&m&Su d kd acsmifx;kd xm;vdu k yf gw,f?
wyf&if;awGudk a&mufvmwJh pmawG/ ygq,fawGudk wdkuf¶dkufray;bJ wyfa&;Adv k }f u;D u
zGiahf zmufppfaq;+y;D rSay;wmrsKd ;eJ@ vlwpfa,muf&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;udk ydwyf ifxm;ygw,f?
wyf&if;awGrSm ‘‘'gbm’’ qdkwJh qENazmfxkwfyGJawG&Sdayr,fh tm%mydkif
awG[m vpm/ &duQmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@jzpfjzpf/ wjcm;&ydkifcGifh/ epfemcGifh/ vdkvm;csufawGudk
ppfonfawGu awmif;qdkwJhtcgrSmawmh ajz&Sif;ray;wJhtjyif qef@usifol ANTI qd+k yD;
tòid;w&m;xm; pGyfpGJjyefygw,f? &yfuGuftwGuf/ XmetwGuf/ EdkifiHtwGuf/ aumif;&m
aumif;a=umif; tm;enf;csuaf wG axmufjyjyef&ifvnf; 'Daumif iyG}uD; qd+k yD; ESyd u f yG jf yef
ygw,f? tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf (ILO) u awmif;qdw k t
hJ csut f vuf
awGudk etztm%mydkifawGu vufrcHbJ acgif;rmaevdk@ =u,fig;yGifhvkyfief;rS OD;aqmif
nïef=um;a&;rª; Adkvfrª;}uD;cifarmif=unf[m vdkufavsmoifhyga=umif;eJ@ EdkifiHtwGuf
ukepf nfu;l oef;a&mif;0,fwify@kd a&;awGrmS (ILO) rS =uyfrwfvmygu wdik ;f jynftwGuf
epfemoGm;Edkifr,fh&v'fudk wifjycJhygw,f? etztm%mydkifawG[m vufrcHbJ tJ'Dvdk
trSefw&m;udk wifjy&JwJh Adkvfrª;}uD;eJ@ t&m&SdwcsdK@udk rn‡mrwm &mxl;rSðzwf/ xkwfcJhyg
w,f? tJ'v D kd wifjycsu&f v'f rSeu f efa=umif;od&+dS yD; (ILO)&JŒ awmif;qdck suu f kd jyefvnf
vdkufem&ayr,fh Adkvfrª;}uD;eJ@ 0efxrf;awGudk jyefvnfrcef@a=umif; =um;odcJh&ygw,f?
tvm;wl Adkvfrª;csKyfaZmfxGef;[m (GDP) udpPrSm EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mudef;*%ef;
wGufcsufyHk rSm;,Gif;aevdk@ yGifhvif;pGmajymqdk&m etzrl0g'ESifh etzvl}uD;awGudk
wdu k cf u
kd wf ,fv@kd rw&m;pGypf +JG y;D &mxl;rS ðzwfypfvu kd yf gw,f? etz tm%mydik af wG[m
vdrfnm+yD; rwdk;wufwmudk wdk;wufw,fvdk@ +zD;jzef;aewmudkrS auseyfyDwdjzpfae=uyg
w,f? jynfytoHv$ifhXme tpDtpOfawGudk em;axmifwJhppfonfawGudkvnf; apmifh
=unfhzdk@eJ@ vdktyf&if a&'D,dkodrf;&ef !ïef=um;wmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f? ppfonfawGudk
jyifyeJ@ tquftoG,rf &atmif tem;,lciG /hf avhvmcGirhf ay;bJ waeukef vkyt f m;ay;
cdik ;f xm;zd@k vnf; tm%mydik af wGu !ïe=f um;xm;ygw,f? wcgw&H nbuftyd cf sed rf mS awmif
rtdy&f bJ vlppf/ wef;pD ppfaq;ygw,f? t&m&Sad wGuv kd nf; tpnf;ta0;awG qufwu kd f
44
ac:+yD; !ïe=f um;csuaf ygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmeJ@twl ‘‘aqmif¶u G +f yD;pD;r_’’ tajctaeawGukd
wyfrª;rsm;xH r=umc% wifjycdkif;ygw,f? wcgw&H tdyfr&bJ eHeufrdk;vif;onftxd
odrf;}uHK;vkyfae=u&ygw,f? ta&;}uD;owif;ESifh xl;jcm;jzpfpOfudk pDppfzdk@ tcsdef
vHkavmufatmifray;bJ trdef@remcHr_/ wm0efysufuGufr_qdk+yD; ao'%feJ@ wpfouf
wpfu|e;f jypf'%f[mvnf; tcsed rf a¶G; usa&mufEikd yf gw,f? xpfceJqkd tcsKyfe@J xyd w f ;kH
ESpyf g;oGm;ae&ygw,f? 'Dvkd usyw f nf;vSwhJ ppfwyftwGi;f rSm ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vdv
k m;wJh
ppfom;awG&JŒ jzpfpOfawG&SdcJhygw,f?
jynfol@wyfrawmfom;tppftrSefrsm;
tm%m&SifawG&JŒ wif;usyfwJhtrdef@eJ@ pnf;urf;csufawGudkqef@usif+yD; jynf
ol@buf rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfay;cJo h ul awmh Adv k }f uD;pdik ;f 0if;ausmf jzpfygw,f? 1988
'Drdkua&pD vlxktHkºuGr_ta&;awmfyHkrSm wyfr (22) u Adkvf}uD;pdkif;0if;ausmf[m jywf
jywfom;om; jynfo@l &ifciG u f kd cdvk o _H mG ;cJyh gw,f? ol[m wyfrawmfom;awGtm;vH;k tH=h o
cs;D usL;&avmufatmif ZeD;eJ@ om;orD;udak wmif riJu h u G b f J &mxl;taqmifta,mif/
pnf;pdrOf pPmpGe@f vw $ u
f m jynfov l x l ek @J &J0phH mG yl;aygi;f cJyh gw,f? ppfwyfu tm%modr;f r_
jzpfomG ;wJt h cgrmS vnf; e,fpyfukd xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifjcif;r&Sb d J jynfwiG ;f rSm qufvuf
ae&Jwo hJ wW[ d m ol&aJ umif;pdw"f mwfjzpfygw,f? aemufq;kH e0w&JŒ zrf;qD;jcif;udck &H +yD;
jynfo@l bufukd &yfwnfay;wJt h wGuf Adv k }f uD;pdik ;f 0if;ausmu f kd tòid;}uD;pGm ao'%fay;cJh
ygw,f? ol@&ŒJ rdwaf qGwcsKd @u oem;*¶k%moufv@kd toem;cH0ifajymcJI h om wpfouf
wpfu|e;f jypf'%fajymif;vJuscaH pcJyh gw,f? vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGiehf @J axmifrS jyefvw G vf m
&mrSm &yfwnfcsujf ywfom;+yD;awmh e0wudk qufvufqef@usicf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? Adv k }f uD;
pdik ;f 0if;ausmu f kd tar&duefEikd if H NGO tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrk S 2007 ckEpS w f iG f ‘‘jynfo@l vw G f
ajrmufa&;qk’’ udk *k%ðf y cs;D jr‡ichf yhJ gw,f? vli,fwyfr;ª awG[m wyfrawmfrS tm%m&Sif
xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ vkyu f ikd yf rkH mS ;,Gi;f aewmudk wyfwiG ;f rSma0zefajym=um;wJh jzpf
pOfwckudk wifjyygOD;r,f? rqvtpdk;& ðywfusoGm;wJhtcg OD;ae0if;u ol@&JŒ"mwfyHkudk
¶Hk;cef;awGxJrSm csdwfqGJjcif;rðyzdk@ owif;pmxJrSm xnfhoGif;ajym=um;vmygw,f? ,cif
u ppfwyfawG/ ¶Hk;cef;xJawGrSm OD;ae0if;yHkeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yHkawGudk xm;&Sd=uyg
w,f? tJ't D cgrmS OD;ae0if;"mwfyakH wG ðzwfwt hJ jyif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ "mwfyakH wGukd
ygðzwfcJh=uvdk@ wyftwGif;rSm rauseyfr_awG jzpfyGm;cJh=uygw,f? wyfrª;awGeJ@ t&m&Sd
45
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
wcsd K @[m Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif
qef;udw k Ek i_d ;f vd@k rrDwhJ trsKd ;
om; acgif;aqmif}uD;wpfOD;
jzpfvdk@ OD;ae0if;"mwfyHkudk
om ðzwf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;&JŒ "mwfyHkudkawmh *k%f
ðy&rSmjzpfa=umif; jyif;xef
pGma0zef=uygw,f? wdkif;rª;
awGu txuftrdef@ rvGef
qef&Jwmvm;/ e0wOuUÏ
udk rdr&d mxl;wufatmif zm;
wmvm;rod&bJ AdkvfcsKyf
AdkvfrSL;}uD; (a[mif;) pdefjr (jynfol@umuG,fa&;wyf) atmifqef;&JŒ "mwfyHkudkyg
ðzwfcdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$
&JŒ "mwfyHkwpfyHkom csdwfcdkif;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm 'Dowif;udk=um;wJh jynfolawG
pdwfraumif;jzpf=u+yD; tm%m&SifawG&JŒ ,kwfnHhwJhaqmif¶Gufcsufa=umifh ,ae@xuf
wdkif a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: wcJeuf axmufcHtm;ay;ae=uygw,f? jynfolvlxk
u wcJeufaxmufc/H tm;ay;aew,fq&kd mrSm ‘‘etz’’u a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
aetdrt f us,fcsKyfu v$wfray;&Jwmudk=unfhjcif;jzifh od&SdEdkifygw,f? Adkvfrª;}uD; pdefjr
[m ppfwyfutm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemuf (1989) rSm touft¶G,f}uD;&ifhwmudkawmif
*¶krxm;bJ rk'HkrS bk&m;oHk;qlodk@ rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP) &JŒ tultnDeJ@ awmwGif;
vrf;twdik ;f csw D ufcyhJ gw,f? ol[m ppfonfrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;tcsdK@yg0ifwJh jynfol@
umuG,af &;wyfO;D udzk @JG pnf;+yD; r[mrdwf KNU, NMSP wd@k EiS v hf ufwu JG m tm%m&Siw f @kd
tm;awmfvSef&if; zsm;emr_'%fa=umifh toufay;cJh&ygw,f? tvm;wl 'kwd,Adkvfrª;
}uD;at;jrif[ h m Eki,fjzLpifwhJ ausmif;om;awGtxdemrSmpd;k &dr+f yD; ‘‘jrefrmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m
ausmif;om;rsm; 'Dru kd &ufwpfwyfO;D ’’ rSm ppfynmudo k mG ;a&mufoif=um;ay;cJyh gw,f?
touft¶G,f}uD;&ifhonftxd awmxJawmifxJrSm ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ausmif;
om;awGeJ@ twlwuGqif;&J'kuQcH+yD; rdrdwwfu|rf;wJhppfynmudk avhusifh oif=um;ay;cJh
wJh 'Dppfom;}u;D &JŒ arwWm/ apwem[m}u;D rm;vSygw,f? ‘‘ ausmif;om;eJ@ ppfom;’’ om;
46
(2) om; yl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;=uwJh 'DjzpfpOfawG[m vSywJh yef;csDum;wpfcsyftoGif tHh=o
csD;usL;xdkufygw,f?
avwyfrS t+idr;f pm; Adv k rf ;ª wpfO;D jzpf+yD; ‘‘avol&w J pfO;D ’’ uavmifemrnfe@J
pma&;&mrSm xif&mS ;wJh Adv k rf ;ª *|ev f 0S if;[mvnf; (1988) 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm
wufºupG mG yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJyh gw,f? ol[m tpPa&;Edik if rH mS oifwef;qif;vmwJh xl;c|eo f w
l pfO;D
jzpf+yD; jynfoleJ@ vufwGJwdkufyGJ0ifcJhvdk@ axmif'%f (20) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f? umuG,f
a&; OD;pD;csKyf¶Hk; (av) rS wyf=uyf}uD; a':EkEkat;uawmh (1988) vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;rSm
a&S@wef;u yg0ifqifEcJ$ +hJ yD;aemuf e0w wufvmwJt h cg t¶_;H ray;bJ e,fpyfukd xGuv f m
+y;D ausmif;om;wyfrawmf ABSDF eJ@ vufwu JG m qufvufawmfveS cf yhJ gw,f? awmxJ/
awmifxJrSm a,musfm;&ifhr}uD;rsm;eJ@ &ifaygifwef;um yifyeff;qif;&Jr_'%f }uH@}uH@cHI
wdkufyGJ0ifcJholjzpfygw,f? touft¶G,f }uD;&ifhvmaomfvnf; tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;
a,mufòrdŒ ukvor*~¶Hk;a&S@rSm tpmiwfcHqENjyyGJ qifE$JcJhwJhtxd qENjyif;jycJhygw,f?
'gt h jyif c&D;&Sncf sw
D ufqENjyyGu J v kd nf; pGr;f pGr;f wrH yg0ifaqmif¶u G cf w
hJ hJ tm* trsKd ;orD;
wpfO;D jzpfygw,f? Adv k }f uD;0if;bd[ k m 1990 jynfEh pS rf mS emrnfausmf e0wywWjrm;w&m;
r0ifa&mif;cs&mrSm yg0ifywfoufre_ @J axmifuscyhJ gw,f? txuftm%mydik af wGu atmuf
ajct&m&Sad wGukd ryg&ifvnf; tjypfz@JG &efòi;d / ygjyefv@kd wpfcck jk zpf&ifvnf; wm0efr,lbJ
tjypfyHkcswwfwm obm0vdk/ xHk;pHvdk jzpfaeygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m 1997 rSm
jyefvnfvw G af jrmufvm+y;D aemuf rsu0f g;xifxif awG@jrifvmwJh axmifwiG ;f u EkdifiHa&;
tusOf;om;awGtwGuf &ifxkremjzpfcJh&ygw,f/ 2000 jynfhESpfrSm rEœav;òrdŒ r[m
*E<m¶Hkausmif;/ a¶$usifq&mawmfbk&m;}uD;eJ@ oHCmtyg; (1000) vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;
wJph mudk q&mawmf}uD;&JŒ cGiðhf ycsuEf iS hf ,laqmifcyhJ gw,f? tJ'pD mrSm jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ vwf
wavm EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfawG/ ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhvdk@ jynfoltm;vHk; pm;0wfaea&; usyf
wnf;um qif;&J'kuQrsdK;pHkawG@}uHKae&wmawG wdkif;jynfaumif;usdK;a&S;¶_+yD; OD;ae0if;/
OD;oef;a¶$/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd wpfO;D eJ@wpfO;D tmCmwrxm;bJ aqG;aEG;n‡Ed i_d ;f zd@k EiS hf
tusOf;axmiftoD;oD;rSm 'kuQqif;&JcHpm;ae=u&wJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;udk
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcHxm;wJhpmjzpfygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m tJ'D
pmay;r_eJ@ axmif'%f (21) ESpf uscHcJh&ygw,f? axmiftwGif;rSm axmiftm%mydkifawG
[m vl@tcGifhta&;udkcsdK;azmuf+yD; rw&m;tkyfcsKyfaewmudk Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk[m trSef
w&m;bufuumuG,f&if; axmiftm%mydkifawG&JŒ &efòid;zGJ@rw&m;¶dkufESufr_a=umifh
47
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
axmifwGif;rSmbJ usqHk;cJh&ygw,f? Adkvf}uD;0if;bdk aoqHk;cJhwJhae@udk jrefrmEdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;rsm;ae@tjzpf 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;u *k%fðyowfrSwfcJh=uygw,f?
Advk }f uD;0if;bd[ k m rw&m; tusO;f uscaH e&wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ 'kuu Q kd rsu0f g;
xifxifjrifawG@cJh&mrSm ,l}uHK;r&cHpm;&+yD; wwfpGrf;or#aqmif¶Guf&if; toufay;cJh&
wJh wu,fh jynfol@wyfrawmfom;wpfOD; jzpfcJhygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;}uD;rSm wuf
ºupG mG yg0ifcw hJ hJ (=unf;/a&/av) u t&m&Sd t&mcH t=uyfwyfom;awG trsm;tjym;&Sday
r,ft h csKd @[m jynfwiG ;f rSm&Sad evd@k / ‚if;wd@k tm; xdcu
kd rf mS pd;k &drv
f @kd vHòk cHa&;twGut f enf;
i,fom azmfjyay;vdu k &f ygw,f? 'Dvkd ppfom;awG ud, k w f ikd f tm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usif
+yD; jynfov l x l b k uf &yfwnfcv hJ @kd ppfwyf[m tylwjyif; tm%modr;f cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f?
qufvuf+yD; wyfrawmftwGif; wm0efxrf;aqmif&mrSm aumif;&m aumif;
a=umif; óu;d pm;vkyaf qmifcahJ omfvnf; uHw&m;a=umifh vGrJ mS ;c|waf csmcf &hJ if tm%m&Six f yd yf ikd ;f
acgif;aqmifawG[m vHk;0cGifhrv$wfbJ ESdyfuGyfwJhjzpfpOfawGudk tvsOf;oifhvdk@wifjyygOD;
r,f? wyfrrª;wpfOD;[m (4) vywftpnf;ta0; wufa&mufaepOf vufatmufcH
AsL[mrª;wpfOD;u autifef,l wyfr[m (7) u emrnf}uD; Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDtaejzifh
qufoG,fvmwJhta=umif; a&S@wef;rS wifjyvmygw,f? tJ'Dwyfrrª;vnf; olemrnf
&zdk@ta&; tcGifhtcgaumif;rdk@ tpnf;ta0;Y cGifhawmif;um a&S@wef;odk@ csufcsif; vdkuf
oGm;ygawmhw,f? wifjycJhwJh AsL[mrª;[m autifef,lAsL[mrª; Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDeJ@
qufoG,fr_&cJhayr,fh Adkvfrª;}uD;a*smfeDu pdwfajymif;oGm;wmvm;/ vSnfhpm;+yD; ppfa&;
AsL[mcif;wmvm; rod&bJ awG@qHkzdk@ tpDtpOf ysufoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm wyfrrª;
vnf; t&Sufa'gojzpf+yD; tJ'DAsL[mrª;ESifhtzGJ@udk axmif'%f (22) ESpfcsrSwfum ESdyfuGyf
vdkufygw,f? Adkvfrª;wpfOD;[mvnf; wyf&if;&efyHkaiGtwGuf wyfydkifppfum;ESifh c&D;
onfawG wifaqmifvm&mrSm rawmfwqum;arSmufoGm;vdk@ um;ay:ygvltcsdK@ ao
a=u'%f&m&=uygw,f? tJ'DAdkvfrª;udk,fwdkif um;armif;wmr[kwfbJ '¶dkifbmab; u
xkdifvdkufcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; um;arSmuf&mrSm Adkvfrª;jzpfol[m toufraobJ b0aooGm;
cJhygw,f? ol@udk jyif;xefpGm ta&;,l+yD; &mxl;vHk;0wufcGifhray;wJhtjyif raumif;wJh
ae&mrSm acsmifxdk;xm;vdkufygw,f? 'Dvdk wyf&if;twGuf aumif;&maumif;a=umif;
vkyfayr,fh rw&m;ESdyfuGyfwmudk cHvdkuf&wJhjzpfpOfawG tajrmuftjrm;&Sdygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sif txufv}l u;D awG[m vufatmufi,fom;awGtay:rSm rw&m;cdik ;f ap+y;D
wpHkwpfck jzpfvm&if vHk;0 wm0efr,lbJ tjypfyHkcswJh om"uawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f?
48
a¹rGa¹rGcsif;ajcjrif
wyfrawmftwGif;rSm ppftm%m&SifawG tºuGif;r,fh vkyfcsifwdkif;vkyfvdk@&
atmif zG@J pnf;xm;wJh wyf&ŒJ zG@J pnf;yHEk iS hf =oZm&Sw d w hJ yfu t&m&Sw d csKd @ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
óud;pm;cJyh akH wGukd qufvuf wifjyoGm;ygr,f? wyftcsi;f csi;f apmif=h unfw h thJ zG@J uawmh
MI vdk@ac:wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@jzpf+yD; ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ a'gufwdkifawG jzpfcJhyg
w,f? ppfonfawGeJ@ t&m&SdawG&JŒv_yf&Sm;r_udk t+rJrjywfapmifh=unfh+yD; jyifyyk*~vdu
ukefonfawGeJ@ yvl;yvJaevdk@ remvdkr¶_pdrfh jzpfvm&ifjzpfap ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ tòydifvkyfvm&ifjzpfap axmufvSrf;a&; Report tpD&ifcHpmjzifh ESdyfuGyfyg
awmhw,f? 'ghtjyif ppfom;/ t&m&SdwpfOD;udk aemufa=umif;&mZ0ifvdkufcdkif;wJhtcgrSm
axmufvSrf;a&;&JŒ vkyfydkifcGifhqdk+yD; tcGifh}uHK&if ESdyfuGyfwwfygw,f? &JabmfwpfOD;
oifwef;twGuf p&dwfr&Sdvdk@ arSmifcdk Carry vkyfrd&ifawmif csrf;omcGifhray;wJhtjyif
0ef}uD;awG Adv k cf sKyf}uD;awGe@J twGi;f a&;rª;(3) udk ðzwfcswhJ jzpfpOfawGtxd axmufvrS ;f
a&;&JŒ ya&m*ruif;wm awG@&ygw,f? omrefppfwyf&JŒ txufatmufoGm;wJh
qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;[m qufo, G af &;twd0k u S ef @J qufo, G &f +yD; vsijf ref vHòk cHwhJ
qufo, G af &; tqifjh rifph ufawG oH;k wJt h wGuf ppftm%m&Sirf sm; tvG,w f ul csucf si;f
od&Sdjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif omrefoHk; qufoG,fa&;pufrsm;udk =um;jzwfzrf;pufeJ@
vnf;aumif;/ zkef;=um;jzwfem;axmifpufeJ@vnf;aumif; xdef;csKyfxm;+yD; wpfckck r¶dk;
rom; }uHpnfra_ wGukd csucf si;f od&EdS ikd yf gw,f? wyftcsi;f csi;f qufo, G &f mrSm cGiðhf ycsuf
&SdrSom qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;xJodk@ 0ifcGifh&+yD; ta=umif;udpPr&Sdygu r0if&vdk@
tjcm;wyfrmS bmjzpfaew,fqw kd mawmif wyftcsi;f csi;f odz@kd cufygw,f? txuftzG@J
tpnf;awGrmS vnf; t&m&St d csi;f csi;f awmif rodbJ trsKd ;om;axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J e@J wefjyef
axmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J qd+k y;D toGit f rsKd ;rsKd ; azsmufxm;wJt h zG@J awG &Syd gw,f? wpfzGJ@udk ta&;
}uD;wJhudpP cdkif;xm;+yD;&if r,Hk=unfvdk@ apmifh=unfhcdkif;wJhtzGJ@vnf; &Sdygao;w,f?
ppfwyf&JŒ zGJ@pnf;yHkt& trsm;pkrSm General Staff vdk@ac:wJh (G) ppfOD;pD;ydkif;
qdkif&mXme/ Adjutant vdk@ac:wJh (A) ppfa&;Xme/ Quarter Master vdk@ac:wJh (Q)
ppfaxmufXme qd+k y;D a'guw f ikd f (3) ck&ydS gw,f? tJ'D G, A, Q vd@k ac:wJh OD;/ a&;/ axmuf
Xme}uD; (3)ckpvH;k qufpyfaqmif¶u G x f m;&Sad yr,fh twGi;f a&;udpeP @J yHrk eS v f yk if ef; tao;
pdwfudpPawGudkawmh Xmetcsif;csif;awmif rodatmif pnf;jcm;xm;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm
awmif tm%mt&Sq d ;kH u G qdw k hJ ppfO;D pD;ydik ;f qdik &f mXmejzpf+yD; ppfqifa&;/ axmufvrS ;f
49
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
a&;/ wm0efeJ@ avhusifha&;/ qufqHa&;/ jynfol@ppf qdkwJh XmecGJ (5)ckrS (6) ck txdxyfrH
xm;&Sdygw,f? A qdkwJh ppfa&;Xmeuawmh &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhcGifh/ vpm/ cGifhESifh yifpifudpP/
cHk¶Hk;zGJ@wJhudpP pwJh udpPawGudk aqmif¶Guf&+yD; XmecGJ (4) ckyg&Sdygw,f? ‚if;tjyif ppfOya'
Xmewpfckudk oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; ppfa&;XmeESifh qufpyfaqmif¶Gufygw,f? Q qdw k hJ
ppfaxmufXmeuawmh wyf&JŒ xrif;tdk;}uD;jzpf+yD; &duQm/ pufoHk;qD/ y&dabm*/
armfawmf,mOf/ vdkif;cef;/ ppf0wf ypPnf;/ cJ,rf;/ ponfjzifh udkifwG,f&+yD; XmecGJ (6)ck
yg&S d y gw,f ? wyf a wG t rsm;pk & J Œ qH k ; jzwf c G i f h t jrif h q H k ; &S d o l [ m wd k i f ; rª ; jzpf a yr,f h
axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@uawmh tkyfcsKyfr_ (a&;/ axmuf) udpPom wdkif;&JŒ vufatmufcH
onfrS vGJ+yD; ppfOD;pD;ydkif;qdkif&mudpPawGrSmawmh oD;jcm;uif;vGwfaeygw,f? 'ghtjyif
axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG 0ifawG[m omrefppfwyfawGe@J pm&if taESmiftzG@J uif;um vGwf
vyfpGm t&yf0wfESifh ¶Hk;wufvdk@&wJh tao;tzGJudpPutp tjcm;wyfawGvdk pm&if;ppf
ppfaq;cH&wJhudpPawGudkvnf; uif;vGwfcGifh tcGifhta&;&wJh ppfom;wpfrsdK; jzpfygw,f?
'gth jyif axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfawG[m xdyyf ikd ;f ppftm%m&Siaf wGukd t"duvHòk caH &; wm0ef,&l
vd@k (twGi;f pnf;/ tjyifpnf;/ ta0;pnf;) qdw k hJ pnf;oH;k pnf;eJ@ ¶H;k awG/ tdraf wmf}uD;awG
&JŒ 0ifvrf;/ xGufvrf;/ "avhp¶dkuf txmawGudkvnf; od&Sdu|rf;0if+yD;om; jzpfygw,f?
vkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf jynft h 0&xm;wJh aemuf&mxl;wpfcu k awmh ud, k af &;t&m&S(d P.A)
rsm;bJ jzpf=uygw,f? OD;/ a&; / axmuf Xme}uD; (3)ck&JŒ zdkifwGJrSefor#udk pkpnf;wifjy
&mrSmvnf;aumif;/ xdyfydkif;tm%m&SifawGudk udk,fwkdifawG@qHkwifjyvdkv#ifvnf;
aumif;/ P.A xHrS wqihf0if&vdk@ wyftm;vHk;&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ udpP&yfawGudk olwdk@[m
*C%e od&Sdaeygw,f?'ghtjyif wcsdK@udpP&yfawGrSm xdyfydkif;tm%m&SifeJ@ wkdif;r–;wdk@
ajymqdn k Ed‡ id_ ;f &mrSm vufatmufudk P.A rSwqifo h m ajymcdik ;f wma=umifh ‘tb’ cdik ;f vd@k
qd+k yD; P.AawG&ŒJ v#mapmif;xufaeyH[ k m }uD;rm; vSygw,f? 'gawGukd oH;k oyf&r,fq&kd if
txuftm%m&SifawG&JŒ rSm;,Gif;r_udk teD;uyfod&Sd+yD; wyfrawmftwGif; ðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udk zefw;D cGi&hf o dS al wG[m vkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf rsm;qH;k &&Sx
d m;wJh ud, k af &;t&m&Sad wGe@J
axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfzGJ@awGom jzpf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwdk@[m ppftm%m&SifawGudk
udkifv_yfcJholawGtjzpf ay:xGufcJhygw,f?
yxrOD;qH;k uawmh wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ol&ausmx f if&ŒJ
uk, d af &;t&m&Sd Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rifh jzpfygw,f?ol[m D.S.A ausmif;qif; taumif;qH;k
Adkvfavmif;qk &&Sdoljzpf+yD; aysmfbG,feJ@ &rnf;oif;t=um; ,if;awmf&Gm Zmwdjzpfum
50
i,fpOfuyif xl;c|efxufjrufoltjzpf ausmf=um;ygw,f?ppf±Hk;rSm rdef@cGef;awG a&;om;
wmutp vl}uD;rsm;u Adv k }f uD;tH;k ausmjf rifh a&;om;w,fq&kd if jyifqifrr_ &Sb d J twnf
ðyay;wJt h xd xufjrufvyS gw,f?ol[m xdik ;f Edik if u H kd oGm;a&mufcphJ Of wd;k wufp ðyaewJh
xdkif;EdkifiH&JŒ tajctae/ pdrf;vef;pkdajyaewJh pyg;cif;awGudk =unhf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&;usqif;aer_eJ@ wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewJh qdk&S,fvpfpepf&,f/ ppftm%m&Sif
awG&,fudk oabmusESpf+cdKufr_r&Sda=umif; od&SdcJh&ygw,f? olav;pm;wJh yk*~dKvfawGxJ
u Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ol&wifO;D ðzwfcsc&H r_e@J ywfoufv@kd w&m;r#wr_r&Sw d mudv k nf; oH;k oyf
vmygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD;eJ@ywfouf+yD; wifjy&r,fqdk&if ol[m
ppfonfawGudk tqihftwef; rcGJjcm;bJ jcif;cwf&mrSm twlwl xrif;vufqHkpm; cJhol
vnf; jzpfygw,f// ppfonfawG &duQmravmufvdk@ wifjyvmcsuftay: a&S@wef;xGuf
ppfonfawGukd wdu k cf ukd af &;&dumQ xkwef @J &dumQ ESpq f pDpOfay;cJ+h yD; ppfonfawG&ŒJ av;pm;
cspcf ifru _ kd &&Scd o
hJ jl zpfygw,f? 'Dowif;awGukd axmufvrS ;f a&;r–;csKyf Adv k rf –;csKyf rsurf eS f
wifO;D u tkypf zk @JG av[ef OD;ae0if;xH wifjycJ&h m OD;ae0if;u pwif oHo,0ifcJhygw,f?
wzef Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wifO;D &JŒZeD;[m ynmwwfq&m0efrjzpfwhJ tm;avsmpf mG Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
pef;,k&JŒ ZeD;eJ@ roifhrwifh jy\emawG&SdaecJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;u wyf&JŒ
oufomacsmifcsda&;acgif;pOfe@J OD;pm;ay;vkyfaewma=umifh EdkifiH&JŒb¾maiG ydkrdk ukefus
aer_ jzpfaew,fv@kd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;pef;,k[m OD;ae0if;xH b0ifrusa=umif; aoG;xd;k ajymqdk
cJyh gw,f?xdpk Of Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wifO;D &JŒom; Edik if jH cm;rSm aq;oGm;ukwu hJ pd eP @J tdrf aqmufvyk f
zd@k vdt
k yfwhJ aqmufvyk af &;ypPn;f awG Edik if jH cm;u wifoiG ;f wJu h pd u
P kd ta-umif;&Sm_yD; Adv k cf sKyf
}u;D wifO;D tm; ta&;,ljzKwyf pfvu kd yf gw,f? 'gawGukd od&edS m;vnfwhJ Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rifh
[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;udk acgif;aqmifjyefwifum wyfrawmftwGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyf&ef &nf&G,f_yD; tm%modrf;zdk@ }uHpnfyHkeJ@ axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzG@J acgif;axmifvmyHk
awGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f?
tm%m&Sifudk jzKwfcszdk@ }udK;pm;cJhwJh ppfwyft&m&Sd

Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m tJ'Dvdk olwpfyg;EdkifiH wdk;wufaewmudk =unfh+yD;
rqvpepfe@J tm%m&Sif ppfacgi;f aqmifawGukd tm%modr;f zd@k pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfcyhJ gw,f?
umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Xme pcef;r–; Adv
k rf –;pdejf rifeh @J vnf;aumif;/ Adv
k }f u;D ode;f 0if;eJ@ ud,
k af &;
51
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
t&m&SdtcsdK@udk vnf;aumif;/ cv& (16) u Adkvfr–;armifvwfukdvnf;aumif;/
ajrmufydkif;wkdif; ppfXmecsKyfwkdif;r–; Adkvfr–;}uD;vSazudkvnf;aumif;/ avwyfOD;pD;csKyf
Adv
k cf sKyfapmjzLeJ@ AH;k }uJav,mOf awmif;cHrv _ yk x f ;kH vkyef nf;udv k nf;aumif;/ oHcsyu f meJ@
wifu h m;wyfr–;udv k nf;aumif; toD;oD; wD;acguaf qG;aEG;ar;jref;+yD; qufwu kd v f y_ &f mS ;
cJhygw,f? Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m wpfcgwpf&H um;ay:rSmaqG;aEG;jcif;/ rxifrSwfwJh
ae&mrSm csdef;qdkjcif;wdk@udk ðyvkyfcJhygw,f?tm%modrf;&ef }uHpnfr_tpDtpOfudk wcsdK@
aqG;aEG;aewJh t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udk rajymbJ vdrRmyg;eyfpGm v#dK@0Sufxm;+yD; ol@q&m
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu ar;cdkif;ovkd yHkpHrsdK;awGudkvnf; aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? ,Hk=unf
pdwfcs&r,fxifwJh t&m&SdawGudkawmh t&dyft¹rGuf ajymcJh+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfwifOD;xH
oGm;a&mufawG@qHkcJhygw,f?‚if;&JŒ r[mAsL[mtpDtpOfrSm avqdyfeJ@toHv$ifhXmeudk
xde;f csKyfxm;+yD; npmpm;yGrJ mS jzpfap/ ygwn D v D mcHrmS jzpfap 0ifa&mufp;D eif;zd@k pepfwus
tpDtpOf a&;qGJxm;ygw,f?'ghtjyif Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m ‚if;&JŒq&m umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csKyf&JŒ t&Sdeft0ga=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;udk,fwdkif xl;c|efxufjrufwma=umifh
vnf;aumif;/ (uu=unf;) ±H;k wHqyd af =umifv h nf;aumif;/ vufatmufcH =unf;wyfrsm;
a=umuf&GHŒ+yD; tvG,fwulvdkufemv_yf&Sm;=uzdk@ ,Hk=unfar#mfvifhxm;cJhygw,f// 'gay
r,fh avwyfO;D pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfapmjzL[m oHo,0ifc+hJ yD; wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f ar;jref;vm&m
rS toHAvH tpte xGuv f mcJyh gw,f? tJ'aD emuf npmpm;yGw J pfcrk mS Adv k }f u;D tH;k ausmjf rifh
&JŒ oumFruif;zG,f&m v_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzG@Ju ajc&mcHvdkufrdaeygw,f?
'gth jyif =unf;wyfwyfr–;wpfcsKd @jzpfwhJ Adv k rf –;armifvwfe@J oHcsyu f mwyfr–;wd@k [m tpD
tpOf taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm a&Smif&mS ;a=umuf&ŒHG vd@k [efcsuv f oJG mG ;cJyh gw,f? yd+k yD;
qdk;oGm;wmu Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m Adkvfr–;}uD;oef;wifudk oGm;a&mufwdkifyifcJh&m
trSm;}uD;rSm;cJyh gw,f? Adv k rf LS ;}uD;oef;wifu rvkyo f ifah -umif;ajym&m ‚if;u vufrcHI
wkdif-um;Edkifonfudk &dyfrdod&Sd_yD; Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh[m tar&duefoH&Hk;rSm 1977
ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f (2) &uf naerSm Edik if aH &;cdv k cH_ iG hf awmif;cHcyhJ gw,f// oH±;kH taeeJ@ Oya't&
vkyaf y;vd@k r&wmudk ta=umif;jyefwma=umifh oH±;kH u jyefxu G v f mpOfrmS bJ axmufvrS ;f
a&;wyfz@JG &ŒJ zrf;qD;jcif;udk cHvu dk &f ygw,f? 1977 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f (20) &ufae@rmS Adv k }f uD;
(11) OD;/ Adv k rf –; (3) OD;eJ@ wdik ;f r–; (1) wpfO;D tygt0if Adv k cf sKyf}u;D wifO;D wd@k ukd cH±k ;kH wifum
Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifhtm; ao'%ftrdef@ay;cJhygw,f?
52
jrefrmjynfrSm ao'%fay;cH&wJh avmppf[efeJ@ ajrmufudk;&D;,m;AHk;cGJol uGef
ref'dk (2) OD;tygt0if t&yfom;wcsdK@[m trSefwu,f óud;ay;uGyfrsufcH&jcif;r&SdbJ
qkdif;iHheJ@ wpfoufwpfu|ef; xm;wmrsm;+yD; Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifhudkawmh raorcsif;
&uf&ufpufpuf óud;ay;uGyfrsufcJhygw,f? om;oHk;om;rSm ppfom;udk txl;a=umuf
&GHŒ+yD; tòid;}uD;pGmESdyfuGyfcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f// ppftm%m&SifawG[m 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD;
pd;k &drx
f w
d v f ef@pmG eJ@ wkid ;f /wyfr/ wyf&if;/ wyfz@JG awGukd ud,k pf m;vS,af pv$w&f iS ;f vif;jcif;/
toHoGif;+yD; &Sif;vif;jcif;eJ@ ppfonft&m&SdawGtHkºuGr_ rjzpfyGm;a&;twGuf tylwjyif;
vkyfaqmifcJh&ygw,f? wcsdK@ppfonfawG[m olwdk@ cspfcifav;pm;wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;
ðywfoGm;jcif;udk ,l}uHK;r&jzpf+yD; idk,dkaevdk@ }uD;pGm*,uf±dkufr_ jzpfay:cJhygw,f? tJ'D
aemufyikd ;f rSm rqvA[kad umfrwD0if (40) OD;eJ@ ygw0D if (50000) cef@ukd ygwo D ef@pifa&;
qkd+yD; ðzwf/ xkwf/ cs vkyfcJh&ygw,f? OD;ae0if;u tqifh (1) jzpf+yD; t&yfac: eHygwf0rf;/
OD;pef;,ku tqifh (2) eHygwfwl;jzpf+yD;/ axmufvSrf;a&;u Adkvfr–;csKyfrsufrSefwifOD;u
tqifh (1²5) &S&d m tm%modr;f a&;tpDtpOf[m axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG tiftm; aumif;ae
vd@k acsre_ ;f jcif;cH&wmjzpfygw,f?
qufvufwifjy&&if rsurf eS w f ifO;D [m OD;ae0if;xHukd tcsed rf a&G; 0ifxu G cf iG hf
&S&d m tdraf wmf}uD;rSm ta&;ygwhJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ orD; a':cifpENm0if;eJ@ ae&m,lrr_ mS xdyw f u kd f
awG@vm&ygw,f? rsufrSefwifOD;&JŒom; r*Fvmaqmif+yD; xkdkif;EdkifiHudk ysm;&nfqrf;c&D;
xGu&f m aumfaZmeDcif;+yD; óudqckd &H wJjh zpfpOf AD'G , D akd cGtm; a':cifpENm0if;u OD;ae0if;udk
jyocJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;armifarmifcuvnf; rsufrSefwifOD;&JŒwynhf jynfxJa&;
0ef}uD; OD;bdek [ D m r*dv k rf;u a&$uek o f nfwpfO;D eJ@ yl;aygi;f +yD; a&$acsmif;cd;k xkwaf &mif;csae
a=umif; owif;ydk@vmygw,f? rsufrSefwifOD;&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;wyftwGuf tpPa&;u
acwfrDtlZDaoewfawG 0,f,lzdk@ a&$acsmif;awGeJ@zvS,fwJh tpDtpOf[m Al;ay:ovdk
ay:cJ&h ygw,f? tJ'v D kd axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG tiftm;awmifw h if;zd@k wnfaqmufaewmudk
OD;ae0if; rodvdkuf&vdk@ a'golykefx+yD; 1983 arv (17) &ufae@rSm rsufrSefwifOD;udk
wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;r–;&mxl;u ðzwfum axmifcscyhJ gw,f? tJ't D cgrmS jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ vHòk caH &;
[muGujf zpfomG ;+y;D 1983 atmufwb kd m (9) &ufrSm tmZmenfAdrmef AHk;aygufuGJum
awmifudk;&D;,m; 0ef}uD;awG aoqHk;cJh&ygw,f//
OD;ae0if;[m wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;n¸ef=um;a&;rSL; topf Adkvfr–
;}uD;uH!Gef@udk ðzwfypfvdkuf+yD; wyfr (44) enf;AsL [mr–; Adkvfr–;}uD;cifnGef@udk
53
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
cef@tyfvu dk yf gw,f? Adv
k cf ifneG @f [m oGuv
f ufcsucf smvd@k OD;ae
0if;uoabmus+yD; ol[m tm;enf;aewJh axmufvrS ;f a&;wyf
zGJ@udk ,cifuvkd tiftm;}uD;atmif vkyfydkifcGifh&&Sdzdk@óud;pm;cJhol
jzpfygw,f// 1988 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkr_ vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;
jyif;xefaecsdef =o*kwfv (23) &ufae@rSm at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;ae0if;
tdrw f iG f ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;usi;f ycJyh gw,f? a'guw f m armif tm%mjyKwf u s
armiftpdk;&udk rm&S,favmppfOya'±kyfodrf;apzdk@/ jynfwGif;tHk oGm;avolAdkvfcifnGef@
ºuGr_rSm wyfrawmfryg0ifapa&; =uyfrwfomG ;zd@k e@J ppfonfawGyg
vm&if ppfwyfu tm%modr;f a&;tpDtpOfukd r[mAsL[mcsrw S cf yhJ gw,f? pufwifbmv
qef;rSm a&wyfwyfxdef;/ yifrcJ,rf;rD; ausmufwyf/ pufr_vufr_wyf/ (501) (502)
avwyfðyjyifxdef;odrf;a&; avwyfpcef;rS ppfonftcsdK@/ cv& (16) rS ppfonf (16)OD;/
wyfr (22) rS Adkvf}uD;pkdif;0if;ausmfwdk@ jynfol@&ifcGifckdv_Hvm&m cr& (6) rS wyfcGJr–;eJ@
ppfonfrsm;. vufeufcJ,rf;/ qHk;±_H;oGm;onfrSp+yD; tajctae wif;rmvmcJhygw,f?
'ga=umifh pufwifbm (18) &uf reufyikd ;f at'Dvrf; OD;ae0if;tdrrf mS Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmifukd
ac:,lum tm%modrf;zdk@eJ@ AdkvfcifnGef@udk twGif;a&;r–; (1) cef@tyfzdk@twlwGJ+yD; vkyf
aqmifzdk@ pDpOfa=umif;od&Sd&ygw,f? AdkvfcifnGef@[m trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udpP
awGudk wpdkufrwfrwfóud;pm;vkyfaqmifcJhayr,fh tiftm;aumif;+yD; rlysufvmwJh
axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@udkrxdef;EdkifbJ owdxm; apmifh=unfhaewJ@ ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ
ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;r_udk cHvdkuf&jyefygw,f?
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;eJ@ Adkvfcif!$ef@
Adv
k cf ifneG @f [m wyfrr–;/ wdik ;f r–;rjzpfcbhJ J ppf
wyf&JŒxdyfqHk;eD;yg;tqifhudk tcsdefwdkwdkrSm
a&mufcJholjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHwumacgif;aqmif
awGeJ@ xdawG@qufqHr_/ EdkifiHa&; y&d,m,fºuG,f
0r_/ tvkyv f yk &f mrSm u|r;f usijf refqefr&_ o
dS l jzpf
8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif; jynfol@zufodk@
cdkv_Hvmonfh wyfrawmfom;rsm;
54
ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t&atmifjrifzdk@eJ@ &mZyv†ifrSm+rJapzdk@ trsdK;rsdK;pGrf;aqmifEdkifvdk@ ppf
tm%m&SifawGu ol@udka=umuf&GHŒcJhjcif;/ acsr_ef;cJhjcif;vnf;jzpfygw,f? ol[m jynf
wGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf olrwlatmifprG ;f aqmifc+hJ y;D wdik ;f &if;om; (17) zG@J e@J tiftm;
aumif;vSwhJ emrnf}u;D bde;f bk&ifcGefqm&JŒ vG,farmftzGJ@udk +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sdatmif/ vuf
eufcsatmif pnf;±H;k odr;f oGi;f Edik cf o hJ jl zpfygw,f? 'gt h jyif autef,t l zG@J e@J n‡Ed id_ ;f aqG;aEG;
r_vnf; atmifjrifvek ;D yg;&&Scd yhJ gw,f? ol@&ŒJ óud;yrf;r_a=umifh 2000 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mrS
2001 ckESpf ZGefvtxd trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfeJ@ w&m;0if (5) }udrfwdkifwdkif aqG;
aEG;yGJusif;yEdkifcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; awG@qHkn‡dE_dif;a&;eJ@ trsdK;om;jyef
vnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf uuvSr;f rS Adv k rf –;csKyfoef;xGe;f eJ@tzG@J ukd wm0efay;apcdik ;f cJ&h m
txdkuftavsmufatmifjrifr_&&SdcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@
wpf } ud r f / Ad k v f a rmif a t; tygt0if o H k ; OD ; eJ @ wpf } ud r f a wG @ qH k a p&ef ó ud ; yrf ; cJ h + yD ;
xrif;vufqHkpm;=uwJhtxd atmifjrifcJhygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf 'DyJ,if;rSm
t=urf;zufcH&wJhtcgrSmawmh Adkvfoef;a&$[m EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;ydwfrd+yD;
tmqD,HxdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufzdk@&Sdvkd@ AdkvfcifnGef@udk 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ay;
umwGe;f v$wcf yhJ gw,f? Adv k cf ifneG @f [m Edik if w
H umzdtm;ay;r_a=umifh a&&Snrf mS rdrEd ikd if H
epfemrSmudkodjrif+yD; ‘ROAD MAP’ (7) csufa=unmum xGufayguf&SmcJhygw,f?
'ghtjyif AkdvfcifnGef@[m trsdK;om;nDvmcHrSm twkduftcHygwD NLD yg0ifrS obm0
usr,fvdk@odjrif+yD; etzOuUÏudk azsmif;zspnf;±Hk;um NLD ygwDudk zdwf=um;EdkifwJhtxd
aqmif&GufcJholjzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcifnGef@[m axmufvSrf;a&; wyfzGJ@tiftm;udk wdk;csJ@&mrSm r[mAsL[m
avhvma&;Xmeudk wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&SdcsKyfvufatmufudk oGwfoGif;ap+yD;
tqdyk gXmerS axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG 0ifrsm;tm;vH;k ukd jyefvnfac:,lI wpfpw k pfa0;wnf;
wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;yHkoD;oef@jyifqifcJhygw,f? ,if;udpP
tm; Adv k af rmifat;u uef@uu G af ewJ=h um;xJwiG f Advk cf ifneG @f [m taumiftxnf azmfEdkif
cJh+yD; atmifjrifr_&&SdcJhygw,f?tJ'Daemuf axmufvSrf;a&;Adkvfr–;csKyf (10) OD;eJ@ Xme}uD;
(10) ckjzpfvm+yD; vufeufawG wdk;csJ@wyfqifvmwmudk xdyfydkif; ppftm%m&SifawG
taeeJ@ b0ifrus jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmbJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ ajr;awG[m &JcsKyfudk
0ifa&mufpnf;±Hk;+yD; Oya'tumuG,f&,lI &efukefòrdŒwGif xifwdkif;}uJaejcif;/ 2001
ckESpfwGif qD'dk;em;[kdw,fwGif OD;ae0if;arG;ae@ usif;ycJhjcif;wdk@udk ppftm%m&SifawG[m
55
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
b0ifrusbJ owd}u;D pGm apmif=h unfah ecJ=h uygw,f? qufvuf+y;D OD;ae0if;twGuf vHòk caH &;
,lxm;wJh oeu (4) wyfc&GJ ŒJ vufeufawG at'Dvrf;tdru f kd a&muf&cdS yhJ gw,f? 'Dowif;awG
[m awmfveS af &;ae@twGuf &efuek òf rŒd rSm vHòk caH &;,lxm;wJh wyfr(77)wyfrr–; Adv k rf –;
csKyfoef;aX;udk OD;ae0if;ajr;awG oGm;a&mufpnf;±H;k cJ&h mrS tJ'w D yfrr–; owif;yd@k vdu k v f @dk
od&Sd&jcif; jzpfygw,f?tJ'Dowif;udk axmufvSrf;a&;u ay;ydk@Edkifjcif;r&Sdvdk@ AdkvfcifnGef@
tay: xdyfydkif;tm%m&SifESpfOD;[m oHo,pwif0ifcJhygw,f?
2004 ckEpS rf mS Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;0if;atmif[m ‘r=umcif xl;jcm;odomwJh
ajymif;vJr_awG jzpfay:vmawmhrSmyg’ vdk@ teufcGpum;vHk;udk EdkifiHjcm; tpnf;ta0;
wpfckrSm ajymrdvdkufwJhtwGuf ppftm%m&SifESpfOD;u pdwfqdk;cJh=uygw,f? OD;0if;atmif
[m Adv k cf ifneG @f &ŒJ wynfjh zpf+y;D Ekid if jH cm;rSmwif ol@ukd wef;ðzwfc&hJ mrS tajctae wif;rmr_
}uD;xGm;chjJ yefygw,f? trSew f u,fawmh ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m tm%mudk vdrv f nf+yD;
rw&m; &,lxm;wma=umifh wdik ;f jynftaeeJ@ tzufzufu ,d, k iG ;f ysuq f ;D aevd@k Edik if w
H um
tv,frmS &Suzf , G vf v
d d jzpfaecJ&h jcif;jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD emufrmS awmh ta&S@ajrmufwikd ;f
ppfXmecsKyf {&d,mtwGif;u wyfawG&JŒ oufomacsmifcsda&;twGuf e,fpyfu +*dKvfwk
pavmif;awG wifoiG ;f vmwmudk Oya'abmiftwGi;f rudu k n f b D ;l qd+k y;D axmufvrS ;f a&;u
ydwq f @kd rj_ zpfymG ;cJyh gw,f? atmufajcwyfrawmftwGi;f rSm =unf;wyfe@J axmufvrS ;f a&;
wyfz@JG awGt=um; tpmra=ur_awG rsm;pGm&Sad ecJyh gw,f? =unf;wyfu AsL[mr–;tqifh
Adv
k rf –;}u;D wpfO;D [m axmufvrS ;f a&;u wyfq, G rf –;tqifh wyf=uyf}u;D wpfO;D udk awG@ciG hf
awmif;ae&wJh jzpfpOfrsdK;awGvnf; &Sdaeygw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@awG&@J azmufjyefr_udk wdkif=um;pm
wapmif[m &rcwdik ;f r–;xHukd rdwLW taeeJ@ ay;yd@k a&muf&v dS mygw,f? ,cifuqd&k if ,ckvkd
rdwLW ay;vmygu wdik ;f r–;rsm;[m axmufvrS ;f a&;eJ@ r+ipd eG ;f vdb k J a&Smif&mS ;=uayr,fh &rcwdik ;f rSL;
taeeJ@ ,cktcg (uu=unf;) xH wifjyum ta&;,laqmif&u G v f mygw,f? (105) rdik pf cef;
axmufvSrf;a&;wyf {&d,m0if;twGif; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;odrf;ydkufwJhtcg w&m;r0if
ypPnf;wefzdk;[m cef@rSef;vdk@r&atmifrsm;jym;wma=umihf rEdkifreif;jzpf+yD; &efukefu 0ef
}uD; OD;pdk;om/ pm&if;ppfcsKyfAdkvfcsKyfvGef;armif/ wyfrawmfppfaq;a&;t&m&SdcsKyfwdk@ yg0if
wJh tzGJ@}uD;zGJ@um oGm;a&mufppfaq;cJh&ygw,f? tajctaeraumif;a=umif;od&wJh
twGuf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk;u Adkvfr–;csKyfjrifhaZmf[m tJ'DtzGJ@}uD;xHudk tajy;
tv$m; av,mOfay:rSm ud, k w f idk o
f mG ;a&muf awmif;yefcahJ yr,fh aemufusomG ;cJ_h yDjzpfyg
56
w,f? 'ghtjyif Adkvfoef;a&$u Adkvfcif!$ef@udk ESpfem&D-umac:,lawG@qHk_yD; owday; qlyl
cJhygw,f? rEdkifreif;jzpfaewJh uuvSrf;&@Jwm0efudk 'kwd,n¸efr–; AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;udk
v$Jay;zkd@eJ@ vufatmufcHwm0ef&SdolawGudk xda&mufpGm ta&;,lz@kd ajym=um;cJw h ,fv@dk
od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? tJ't
D csed u
f mvtxd Adv
k cf ifneG @f taeeJ@ wpfckckudkqHk;jzwfzdk@ tcsdefusae+yD
jzpfayr,fh ppftm%m&SifawGu vufOD;r_,l ESdyfuGyfoGm;cJhyHkukd qufvuf wifjyoGm;yg
r,f?
rsdK;qufopfwyfrSL;rsm;&J@ ordkif;ay;wm0ef
AdkvfcifnGef@taeeJ@ vrf;cGJudk a&mufae+yDjzpfvdk@ wpfckckudk qHk;jzwf&awmhrSm
jzpfygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG tiftm;[m cdik rf mawmifw h if;aeayr,fh tm%modr;f
r,fq&kd if tpmra=ujzpfaewJ@ wkid ;f r–;trsm;pk&adS evd@k wdik ;f jynfrmS aoG;xGuo f ,
H dk jynf
wGif;ppfrvGJraoGjzpfr,fvkd@ ,Hk=unfcsdefqae[ef&Sdygw,f? quf+yD;ae&ifvnf; EdkifiH
a&;rSm atmifjrifr_&SdaewJh rdrdtay: rauseyfwJh xdyfydkif;ppftm%m&SifawG&@J ESdyfuGyfr_
udk cH&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfaepOf axmufvSrf;a&;r–;csKyf±Hk; tpnf;
ta0;rSm AdkvfcifnGef@u vufatmufi,fom;awGudk rif;wdk@tcsif;csif;rnD!Gwfvdk@ jzpf
wmvd@k ajymrdwphJ um;tay: aumufcsucf s+yD; etz tm%m&Six f yd yf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmif[m
Adkvfcifn¸ef@udk trdef@remcHr_/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_eJ@ pGJcsufwifum rE Wav;utjyef 2004
ckESpf atmufwkdbm (18) &ufae@wGif zrf;qD;+yD;
qdik ;f iHah xmif'%f (44) ESpf csrw S t f a&;,lvu kd yf g
w,f? &efukefòrdŒ usdKuUqHuGif;udk ppfum;tpD;
(100) ausmf um;wef;&Snf}uD;eJ@ ppfwyftvHk;
t&if;0ifa&mufvmuwnf;u ppftm%m&Sif
awG[m aoG;xGufoH,dkxdar#mfrSef;+yD; a=umuf
vef@w=um;jzpfae=uygw,f? (8) rdkif vrf;qHkrSm
&Sw
d hJ axmufvrS ;f a&;XmecsKyf ±H;k csKyfukd wyfr (11)
rS 0ifa&muf pD;eif;cJhygw,f? ta=umif;odaewJh
axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@&JŒ &eftE W&m,fa=umifh 8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif;
xd y f y d k i f ; tm%myd k i f E S p f O D ; &J Œ rd o m;pk a wG u k d jynfol@zufodk@
cdkv_Hvmonfh wyfrawmfom;rsm;
57
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
rlvtdrfawmf}uD;rS tjrefqHk; ajymif;a&$@ay;cJh&ygw,f?
ppftm%m&SifawG[m ðzwf/ xkwf/ cs pepfeJ@ usLyifckwf usLikwfygrusef
rsufrSefwifOD;&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@awGudk ESdyfuGyfwmxufawmif ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm
ESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f? jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ppfzufa&;&mvHkòcHa&; t&m&SdcsKyf±Hk;udk axmuf
vSrf;a&; emrnfudkyif qufoHk;cGifhrðyatmif tòid;}uD;cJhygw,f? e,fbuf&Sd Xme qdkif&m
awGrSm oGwfoGif;xm;wJh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@0ifawGudkvnf; ta&;,l ðzwf/ xkwf/
cs cJhygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;u axmufcHcsufay;cJhwJh Adkvfavmif;awGudkyg rusef aqG
ckESpfquf/ rsdK;ckESpfquf axmufvSrf;a&;eJ@ywfoufor# tm;vHk;ukd ta&;,lcJhygw,f?
AdkvfcifnGef@tay: wcsdK@u ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;vdk@ jrifcJh=uygw,f? a':
atmifqef;pk=unfudk ‘nDrav;wpfOD;vdk cifrifygw,f’vdk@ pum;vHk;ypfoGif;+yD; trsKd ;
om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;cJhovdk a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf;
‘wyfrawmfom;awG[m azazh&JŒom;orD;rsm;jzpfw,f’ vdk@tðyoabm wkef@jyef=uwJh
twGuf jynfov l x l tk m;vH;k u wcJeuf 0rf;omtm;&óudqcdk =hJ u+yD; Edik if w H umuawmif
tHh=oae&ygw,f? AdkvfcifnGef@[m tmqD,Hudk pnf;±Hk;Edkif+yD; tD;,luJhodk@ EkdifiHwum&JŒ
zdtm;ay;r_udk txdkuftavsmuf avsmhyg;atmif aqmif&Gufay;EdkifcJhygw,f/ od@k aomf
vnf; aoewfajymif;0rSmtm%m&Sw d ,fqw kd hJ armfpw
D ek ;f &JŒ pum;twdik ;f ppftm%m&SiEf pS Of ;D
[m aoewfajymif; ‘ajymif;jyef’ vSnfhrSmpkd;&drfvGef+yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfaewJh Adkvf
cifn¸ef@udkESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f//
,ae@ xdyyf ikd ;f tm%m&Sirf mS e0wacwfu wufvmolEpS Of ;D om useaf wmhv@kd
‘b,folcGJcGJ/ 'dk@rcGJ t+rJpnf;±Hk;r,f’ aqmifyk'ftpm; ‘b,fol@b,folrS wyfudkrcGJ/ 'dk@
tcsi;f csi;f bJ cGaJ er,f’ qdw k m oufaojyaeygw,f? ‘ab;ajymwmudk r,Hek @J / aoG;ajym
wmud, k ’kH aqmify'k [ f mvnf; ajymif;jyefjzpfaeum ‘‘ab;urde;f rawG ajymwmudk ,H+k yD;/
aoG;jzpfwhJ &Jabmf/&JbufawGu tcsi;f csi;f oifjh rwfa&;/ ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; ajymaewmudk
awmh r,Hkbl;’’ jzpfaeygw,f? 'ghtjyif etz[m ‘trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;’
tpm; ‘trsdK;om;jyefvnfowfjzwfa&;’ udk vkyfaqmifaeygw,f?
òcHiokH ;kH oyf&&if Adv
k cf ifneG @f e@J axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfz@JG [m vkyyf ikd cf iG thf m%m&Sd
ayr,fh tiftm;aumif;wJh =unf;wyf&JŒ rkef;wD;+yD; òzdcJGcHcJh&ygw,f? Akdvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifh
uawmh vkyfydkifcGifhtm%meJ@ =unf;wyf&Sdayr,fh tiftm;aumif;wJh axmufvSrf;a&;
wyfzGJ@&JŒ òzdcJGjcif;cH&ygw,f// odk@aomf Adkvf}uD;tHk;ausmfjrifheJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@wdk@[m
58
jrefrmhEidk if aH &; ðyjyifajymif;vJz@kd e@J trsKd ;om; jyefvnfoihjf rwfa&;udk txdu k t
f avsmuf
wm0efauspGm vkyfcJholrsm;jzpfw,fvdk@qdkEdkifygw,f?‘wyfrawmf&JŒordkif;a=umif;udk
aumif;rGefatmif rsdK;qufopfwyfr–;awG vkyfaqmifzdk@ trsdK;om;a&;wm0ef’ usef&Sd
aeygao;w,f? wyfrawmfom;awGudk ajym=um;csifwmu wyfrawmf&JŒzcif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[m ol@&JŒorD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk wyfrawmfom;awG&JŒ aoewf
ajymif;0vSnv hf rd rhf ,fv@kd ar#mvf ifrh rd mS r[kwb f ;l qdwk mudk odapcsiyf gw,f? arG;pm;zcif
rqv/ yaxG; e0weJ@ vifygom; etzwdk@udk umuG,fay;aewJh jynfolrkef;wJh wyf
rawmfjzpfaewmudk wrvGeb f 0u Adv k cf sKyfood mG ;cJ&h if rvG{J uef ‘&ifxrk em’ jzpfaerSm
taotcsmjzpfygw,f? om;oHk;om;xJrSm om;}uD;jzpfwJh ppfom;awG[m nDtukd
tcsif;csif;jzpfwJh om;vwfbk&m;om;eJ@ om;axG; ausmif;om;wdk@udk etzu &efwu kd f
ay;aea=umif; oabmaygu+f y;D om;oH;k om;yl;aygi;f um rdom;pk awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; pm;yG0J ikd ;f
okd@a&mufatmif óud;yrf;aqmif&Guf&if; trdjrefrmEdkifiHudk u,fwif=u&ef wdkufwGef;
vdkygw,f?
59
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
60
tcef;}u;D (3)
bk&m;om;
61
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
62
bk&m;om;eJ@ jA[Rpdk&fw&m;
jrwfpmG bk&m;&JŒom;awmf &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m jynfov l x l &k ŒJ 'kuq Q if;&J
usyw f nf;&r_e@J Edik x hf ufp;D eif;vkycf &H r_awGukd vufyu kd =f unfrh aeEdik b
f J Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_
awGrSm rv$Jra&Smifom yg0ifvm&ygw,f? 1965 ckESpf arSmfbD oHCmtpnf;ta0;+yD;
uwnf;u rqvygwD ppftm%m&Sief @J &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;[m tap;ruyfb/J b0if
rus tqifrajyr_awG &Sad ecJyh gw,f? 1974 ckEpS f ZGev f (6) &ufae@ tvkyo f rm;oydwt f a&;
tcif; jzpf+yD;aemufrSm &[ef;oHCmawmfawG&JŒ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_[m tm;,lpðyae+yD jzpf
ygw,f? 1974 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae@rmS ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;csKyf OD;oef@
&JŒ psmyeudpeP @J ywfouf+yD; wuUov kd af usmif;om;rsm;u rauseyfv@dk OD;oef@ ±kyu f vmyf
udk usKd uq
U uH iG ;f rS wuUov kd 0f if;od@k ,laqmifomG ;&mrSm OD;oef@ta&;tcif;}u;D ay:ayguv f m
ygw,f?wuUodkvf0if;twGif; ae@pOf tpkd;&qef@usifa&;w&m;yGJrsm; usif;y+yD; jynfol
vlxk wufa&mufem;axmifaepOf vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; ºuGa&mufvm=uwJh
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm; jynfolvlxku vufckyf=obmwD;um ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpf
ukef=uygw,f?xkdtcsdefrSp+yD; ppftm%m&SifawG[m tiftm; oH;k ode;f ausm&f w dS hJ bk&m;
om;awmf &[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk av#mw h u G v f @dk r&rSe;f oabmayguv f mygw,f?
'ga=umifh 1985ckEpS f pmtrSwf (330§1§85) eJ@ Ekid if aH wmfr[m oHCem,u
tzGJ@ (r[e) udk zGJ@pnf;+yD; omoemawmf oef@&Sif;a&;acgif;pOfwyfum =uyfrwfvmyg
w,f? 'Dxufyq kd ;kd wmu oHCmawmfawGudk omoem0ifrw S w
f rf; vky&f r,f vdk@ n¸ef=um;
vmjcif; jzpfygw,f? ‘r[e’ [m rqv ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ tvdkustrdef@tm%mawG
udk xkwfjyefay;&jcif;/ ok"rRm/ a&$usif pwJh oHCmtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif; csKyfudkifjcif;/
‚if;wd@k vdvk m;wJh oHCmawmfawGukd tcGix hf ;l cH ajr‡mufpm;jcif;/ ‚if;wd@k ukd uef@uu G rf nfh
oHCmawmfrsm;udk "rRpuf/ tm%mpufw@kd oH;k um ta&;,ljcif;/ omoem0if rSww f rf;
t& oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ vGwfvyfr_udk xdef;csKyfjcif; ponfwdk@ ðyvkyfvm=u&&m oHCm
xkt=um;rSm auseyfr_r&Sdjcif;rsm; jzpfyGm;aeygw,f? oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ yg;pyfzsm;rSm
‘r[e’ tzGJ@qkdwm ‘r[eJ@’ vdk@ ajymqdk=u+yD; ygwmudkomzwf&wJh ‘yg&mzwf’
jzpfae+yDvdk@vnf; nnf;wGm;ae=uygw,f?bkef;}uD;ta&;udk bkef;}uD;u ajz&Sif;r&wm
[m ppftm%m&Sif&JŒ bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh ðyw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk tm;enf;apyg
w,f? 'gawGudk odjrifem;vnfwJh &[ef;oHCmtrsm;pk[m tzdESdyfcH jynfolrsm;enf;wl
63
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
tm%m&Siv f wl pfpuk kd vufyu kd =f unfrh aeEdik af wmhbJ jrefrmhEikd if aH &;rSm pwif v_y&f mS ;vm
ygawmhw,f?
1986ckESpfrSm &[ef;ysdK OD;*E<om&[m ynm&mrdur[m ausmif;wkduf
q&mawmf OD;ynm0Ho/ A[ef;anmifwkef;wdkuftkyf q&mawmfOD;ol&d,/ ausmufukef;
ar'DeD ausmif;wkdufq&mawmf OD;tdEMuwdk@xHrSm ‘&[ef;ysdKor*~’ zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf
av#mufxm;wifjy+yD; vdktyfwJhvrf;n¸efr_ cH,lcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf OD;*E<om&/
OD;ÁENu/ OD;0dpdwW/ OD;r¾v/ OD;Z0e/ OD;y¾dw tygt0if &[ef;ysdK (9) yg;[m OD;aqmif
pnf;±H;k um v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f?aus;&Gm/ &yfuu G f yXmef;yG/J &Siðf yyG/J w&m;yGaJ wGrmS
rqv ppftm%m&Sifpepf csdK@,Gif;csufeJ@ Adkvfae0if;&JŒazmufjyefr_/ wm0efauspyg;
acgi;f pOfe@J v,form;rsm; rw&m;cH&r_/ wpfygwpD epfq;kd a=umihf jynfot l rsm; use;f rma&;/
ynma&;csKd @whJ qif;&Jusyw f nf;r_/ omoemawmfukd n‡Kd ;EGr;f atmif aqmif&u G af er_ wd@k ukd
qef@usifpnf;±Hk; w&m;a[mEdkifcJhygw,f?
1988ckEpS f rwfvrSm zke;f armfta&;tcif;a=umihf pufrw _ uUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;
tHºk uGqENjyaecsed rf mS &efuek w f uUov kd f v_id ef ,fajr&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ify;l aygi;f
aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf &[ef;ysdKrsm;u aygif;ul;qufoG,f aqmif&Gufay;cJhygw,f?
'gt
h jyif &mjynfah usmif;wdu k /f rif;"rRuek ;f 0ef;usief @J bke;f }u;D ausmif;awGrmS ausmif;om;rsm;
em;cdk&efeJ@ vHkòcHa&;tumtuG,fay;&ef oHCmawmfrsm;u pDpOfay;EdkifcJhygw,f? wcsdK@
ae&m vrf;qHkvrf;cGawGrSm &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;[m axmufvSrf;a&;wm0ef xrf;
aqmif+yD; ppfa=umif;rsm;eJ@ ppfum;,mOfwef; v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd ausmif;om;rsm;xH
owif;ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? 1988ckESpf ZGefv(17)&ufae@rSm &efukefwuUodkvf tyef;ajz
&dyfom0if;twGif; ðyvkyfwJh ausmif;om;xka[majymyJGawGudk bk&m;om;awmfawG
ºuGa&mufyl;aygif;vm=u+yD jzpfygw,f? tvm;wl 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv (2) &ufae@u
a&$w*d b kH &k m;rSm bk&m;om;oHCmawmfrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;awG[m twlwuG pka0;=u+yD;
rqv ppftm%m&Sifqef@usifa&;udk oydwfarSmuf w&m;a[majym=uygawmhw,f?
=o*kwfv (16) &ufae@rSmawmh &efukefjynfol@aq;&Hk}uD; tjyifbufrSm jynfol (5000)
ausmf pka0;a&muf&Sdae+yD; ppfwyfu vlxkeJ@ aq;&Hkudk ypfcwfcJhvdk@ aoqHk;olrsm;twGuf
&[ef;oHCmawmfawGu o&%*Hk wifay;cJh&ygw,f?
pufwifbmv(4)&ufae@rSm awmifOuUvm (4) &yfuGufrSm&SdwJh =unf=unf
bDpuGwfpuf&Hkudk vlwpfpk vma&mufvk,ufaea=umif; zHk;qufowif;ydk@vdk@ &[ef;
64
8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif; qENjy oHCmawmfrsm;

oHCm (9) yg;eJ@ ausmif;om; (12) OD; oGm;a&mufc=hJ uygw,f? vk,ufoal wG[m &[ef;
oHCmeJ@ ausmif;om;awGukd zrf;qD;+y;D ppfrx _ rf;a[mif;&dyo f mudk ac:aqmifomG ;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'DtcgrSm vlxktiftm; }uD;rm;pGm axmifcsD+yD; vdkufvH0dkif;0ef; wdkufcdkufcJh=uygw,f?
&[ef;oHCmeJ@ ausmif;om;awG[m jynfolvlxkeJ@ wom;wnf;jzpfae+yD; }uD;pGmaom
OD;aqmifr_udk ay;EdkifcJhygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawG pkaygif;+yD; &[ef;ysdKor*~ zGJ@pnf;a&;
óu;d yrf;=u&m 1988 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (31) &ufae@rmS a&$w*d akH pwDawmf csr;f om}u;D wefaqmif;
"rRm&HkwGif wwd,t}udrfajrmuf tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yEdkifcJh+yD; wqufwnf;rSm
‘&efukefòrdŒvHk;qdkif&m &[ef;ysdKor*~’ udk zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhygw,f? tJ'Dor*~&JŒ OuUÏ[m
tif;pdeòf rdŒopfausmif;u OD;paENmbmo jzpf+yD; 'kOuUÏ[m =unfjh rifwikd o f m"kausmif;u
OD;ynmoD[ jzpfygw,f? taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;uawmh tif;pdeaf v;u|e;f p}umF ausmif;
u OD;*E<om& jzpfygw,f? A[ef;jy\'fausmif;u OD;0dok'<tygt0if q&mawmf
oHCmawmf (25)yg; tzGJ@0iftjzpf yg0ifzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhygw,f?
rE Wav;òrdŒrSmvnf; ‘*VKefeD’ &[ef;ysdKtzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;+yD; ‚if;tzGJ@eJ@ &efukef
òrd Œ vH k ; qd k i f & m &[ef ; ysd K or*~ t zG @ J w d k @ quf p yf n ‡ d E _ d i f ; um txuf j ref r mjynf e J @
atmufjrefrmjynfukd {&d,mydkif;I &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_&&Sda&;
aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmvqef;rSm jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;&JŒ
65
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
qlyltHkºuGr_a=umifh rqv&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m; &yfqdkif;vkeD;yg; jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f?
tJ'DtcgrSm &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m &yfuGufaus;&GmawGrSm jynfolvlxk&JŒ vHkòcHa&;/
uif;wm0ef csrSwfaqmif&Gufa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;/ Oya' xdef;odrf;a&;/ pnf;urf;&Sda&;/
'kp±dkufr_rsm;rjzpfyGm;a&;/ &duQm &&Sda&;/ pnf;±Hk;a&;/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ðyvkyfa&;/
qENjya&;/ w&m;a[majymyGJrsm; pDpOfusif;ya&; ponf wdk@udk pepfwus vrf;n¸efpDrH
aqmif&Gufjcif;/ armifawmf ,mOfeJ@ vrf;pnf;urf; =uyfrwfaqmif&Gufay;jcif; ponf
wdk@udk trsdK;om;a&;wm0efwpf&yftoGif wufºuGpGm aqmif&GufawmfrlcJh=uygw,f?
1988ckESpfta&;tcif;rSm &efukefòrdŒawmf twGif; t"du v_yf&Sm;cJhwJh
ausmif;wkdufawGuawmh o&ufawmausmif;wdkuf/ &efuif;ar'DeD/ awmifOuUvm yg&rD
aiG=um,Hausmif;wkduf/ odrfawmf}uD;/ tif;pdef&Gmrausmif;wdkufeJ@ a&$bkef;yGifhausmif;
wkdufrsm;jzpf=uygw,f? 1988 pufwifbmv (6) &ufae@u &efukeftaxGaxGaq;&H}k u;D
rSm ‘taxGaxGoydwaf umfrwD’ udk zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'aD umfrwD}u;D [m &[ef;oHCm
awmfawGukdudk,fpm;ðywJh oHCmtzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ ausmif;om;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/
a&S@aersm; / wuUodkvfq&mrsm;pwJh or*~aygif;pHkudk tajccH+y;D zG@J pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D taxGaxGoydwaf umfrwD&ŒJ OuUÏ[m &[ef;ysKd or*~u ‘OD;yndE’N jzpf+yD; taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;r–;rSm ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~rS udak ZmfxeG ;f jzpfygw,f? tv$m
toD;oD;rS tzG@J 0ifaygi;f (119) OD;eJ@ yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;ygw,f? ta&;awmfyHk}uD;=uyfa&;/
e,frsm;eJ@ qufpyfaqmif&Gufa&;/ vkyfief;cGif oydwfarSmufa&;eJ@ vrf;ray:xGuf+yD;
qENjya&;pwJh OD;wnfcsufawGudk taxGaxGoydwfaumfrwDu taumiftxnf
azmfcyhJ gw,f? vlx&k ŒJ 'Drukd a&pDtºkH urG t _ &Sed t
f [ke[
f m jriho f xufjrifhvmum rqv
ppftm%m&SifawGudk ðzwfcsEdkifcJhygw,f? a'gufwm armifarmif &JŒ ±kyfao;tpdk;&[m
vnf; tusyftwnf;eJ@ &ifqkdif}uHKawG@ae&ygw,f?
1988 ckEpS f pufwifbm (17) &ufae@rmS ukeo f ,
G af &;0ef}u;D Xme±H;k wGif vHòk caH &;
&,lxm;wJh ppfonfwpfOD;[m vlxkxJu vufvkyfvufpm;wpfOD;&JŒ avSmifajymifr_udk
pdwfrxdef;EdkifbJ aoewfeJ@ pwifypfcwfcJh&m tkwfeH&Hudk xdrSef+yD; uav;wpfOD;ukd ydwf
rSecf yhJ gw,f? toGiof ¾mef/ p±ku d /f obm0 rwln=D uwJh om;oH;k om;[m 1988 ta&;
tcif;umv}uD;&JŒ ta&;ygwhJ tvSnht f ajymif;wpfcrk mS twlwuG ,SOw f JG qif;vmyHu k kd
ukefoG,fa&;ta&;tcif;rSm awG@jrif-u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
66
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vlxk}uD;[m ppfwyfrSypfcwfcJhr_a=umifh ao
qHk;cJh&r_tay: emusnf;csufjyif;xefaecsdefrSm ukef
oG,fa&;±Hk;ukd vHkòcHa&;,lxm;wJhwyfcJGu ,ckvdk
pwifypfcwfa=umif; =um;vdkufwmeJ@wòydifeuf
ukeo f ,G af &;±H;k udk csucf si;f 0dik ;f 0ef;a&muf&v dS m=uyg
w,f? 'Daemuf aoewfe@J ypfwhJ &Jabmfux kd w k af y;zd@k
awmif;qd=k uygw,f? tajctaewif;rmaecsdefrSm
vlxak cgi;f aqmiftcsKd @e@J Adv k cf sKyf}u;D a[mif;OD;wifO;D
wkd@ vma&muf+yD;jzefajz&ef óud;pm;ayr,fh vlxku
8888 ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif;
qENjy oHCmawmfrsm; vufrcHbJ ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD;±Hk;twGif; twif;
0ifa&muf&ef óud;pm;aeygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm vlxk
}uD;=um;xJudk &[ef;ysdKtzGJ@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD; vrf;z,fay;&eftoH=um;ojzifh OD;*E<
om&tygt0if &[ef;ysdKrsm;udk ukefoG,fa&;±Hk;okd@0if&ef vlxk}uD;u vrf;&Sif;ay;vkduf
=uygw,f? &[ef;ysdKrsm;xJrS &[ef;oHCmwpfyg;[m ±H;k ay:udw k ufa&muf+y;D cr& (6)
wyfcrJG –;eJ@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;aeygw,f? &[ef;ysdKrsm;[m vlxk}uD;&JŒ a'goeJ@ ±Hk;twGif;ukd
vH;k axG;0ifa&mufaer_tm; xde;f &ef rEdik rf eif;jzpfaecsed w f iG f ausmif;om;rsm; xyfrt H m;
jznfha&muf&SdvmrS tqifajyum enf;vrf;&Sm}uH=uygw,f? vlxk}uD;[m ±Hk;udkywf+yD;
rD;±_d@zdk@eJ@ ppfom;rsm;udk owfjzwfzdk@awmif;qdkae=u&m tu,fIrD;±_d@vdkufygu cr&
(6) wyfcJG&JŒ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; aygufuGJr_t&Sdeft[kefa=umifh tavmif;awG
tyHkvdkuf aoqHk;ukefawmhr,fhta&; ordkif;trJpuf}uD;jzpfay:&ef tqkd;0g; tjyif;xef
qHk;tcdsefudk a&muf&Sdaeygw,f?
&[ef;ysdKOD;*E<om&eJ@ tzGJ@[m ausmif;om;tzGJ@udk oabmxm;ar;jref;
aqG;aEG;&mrSm ausmif;om;rsm;u wynfhawmfwdk@ vlowf&ef pdwfrul;a=umif;/ rqv
pepfe@J vufatmufct H rde@f t& vky&f wJh ppfom;ukd cJjG cm;em;vnfa=umif;/ wwfEikd o f r#
u,fwif&ef qEN&ydS ga=umif; ajym=um;cJyh gw,f//'Dae&mrSm ausmif;om;awG&ŒJ jrifjh rwfwhJ
pdwfxm;[m ordkif;armfuGef;wifavmuf+yD; vludk wdkufaewmr[kwfbJ ‘rludkom
wkdufaea=umif;’ jyovdkufygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm OD;aqmifoHCmu cr&(6)wyfcJGr–;ukd
vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;tm; ,Hk=unfpGm tyfESHzdk@eJ@ t&yf0wf tjrefvJvS,f=uzdk@ aqG;aEG;
67
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ajymqdyk gw,f? wyfcrGJ –;uvnf; &[ef;oHCmrsm; eJ@ ausmif;om;awGudk ,H=k unfpmG tm;ud;k
tm;xm;ðya=umif;/ jynfolvlxkudk rypf&ef trdef@ay;xm;a=umif; jyefvnfaqG;aEG;
oabmwlnDcsuf &&SdcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf tcsdefqdkif;ae&if vlxk&JŒ a'goaygufuGJr_udk
rxdef;EdkifrSm pdk;&drfvdk@ ppfom;awGudk t&yf0wf tjrefvJvS,fapcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif
ppfom;awG&JŒ vufarmif;ay:rSm ausmif;om;vufywfawGudk ausmif;om;awGu ðzwf
wyfay;csdefrSmawmh ppfom;awG&JŒrsufvHk;awGrSm azmfrjyEdkifwJh =unfEl;r_awGudk awG@&
w,fvdk@ od&SdcJh&ygw,f?
uk e f o G , f a &;0ef } uD ; ±H k ; &@J avS u m;uqif ; vmcsd e f w G i f ppf o m;wpf O D ; &J Œ
b,fbufrmS ausmif;om;/ nmbufrmS bk&m;om; n‡y+f yD; om;oH;k om; qif;vmygw,f?
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ygw,f? 'Djzpf&yf[m ordik ;f a=umif;rSm azsmufzsuv f @kd r&wJh rSwaf usmufwif *k%, f pl &m
tjzpf usef&pfcJhygw,f? etz ppftm%m&SifawGudk ar;csifwmu ukefoG,fa&;¶Hk;rSm
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azmuf x G u f & if a wmh aoG ; cif ; Zmwf v rf ; eJ @ ord k i f ; trnf ; puf wif r S m jzpf o vd k
ppfom;awG&JŒ touf/ vufeufcJ,rf;qHk;±H_;+yD; vlxku pdwfrxdef;EdkifbJ rD;¶d_@cJh&if vnf;
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ausmif ; om;eJ @ bk & m;om;awG & J Œ aus;Zl ; }uD ; rm;r_ e J @ ppf o m;awG & J Œ
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aoqHk;&r,fh wpfae@rSm &mxl;tm%mrsm;udk ,laqmifroGm;EdkifbJ raocif wpfae@
jynfov l x l k aumif;usKd ;csr;f omudk ar#mu f ;kd +yD; ordik ;f a=umif;aumif;atmif jyefjyifa&;zd@k
tcsdefa&mufaeyg+yDvdk@ ,ae@ etzacgif;aqmifrsm;udk yef=um;vdkygw,f?
'Duek o f , G af &;Zmwfvrf;[m r+y;D qH;k ao;ygb;l ? tdycf siaf ,mifaqmifaewJo h ul kd
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oGm;a&muf&SmazGwJhtcg vufeuf (12)vuf/ 7 'or 62 usnfqHawmifh 1400/
68
2vufr armfwm 35 awmifhom odrf;qnf;&rdcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm vlxkacgif;aqmif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu &[ef;ysdK or*~tzGJ@udk usnfqefeJ@ vufeufrsm; tukeftyfESH
oifhyga=umif; awmif;yefav#mufxm;&m usef&Sdaomvufeufrsm;udk A[ef;&Jpcef;odk@
&[ef;ysdKrsm;u qufvuftyfEHScJhygw,f? 'gha=umifh t=urf;rzufbJ arwWmw&m;
}uD;rm;cJhwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS v$wfay;oifhygw,f? quf
vuf+yD; bk&m;om;awmfawGudk ppftm%m&SifawGu b,fvdkpnf;¶Hk;v_yf&Sm;=uw,f/
pnf;¶Hk;vdk@r&wJh bk&m;om;awmfawG/ ywWeduUKZ…e uHaqmifoydwfarSmuf=uyHkudk
qufvuf wifjyoGm;ygr,f?
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ppftm%m&SifawG[m &[ef;oHCmawG EdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vm=uvdk@

pdk;&drfa=umifhus+yD; oHCmawmfawG tiftm;csdeJ@oGm;atmif zJhxkwfpnf;¶Hk;=uyHkawGeJ@
oDv/ orm"dt&mrSm ykxkZOfrsm;xuf ydkrdk&ifhusufwJh oHCmawmfawG&JŒ wkef@jyefr_
pGrf;tm;}uD;rm;yHkawGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;ygr,f?
e0w ppftm%m&SifvufxufrSm &efukefwdkif; oHCmhem,utzGJ@ OuUÏ
q&mawmfeJ@ oefvsifrif;ausmif;q&mawmfwdk@udk pnf;¶Hk;+yD; &efukefòrdŒrSm&SdwJh &[ef;
oHCmawmfawG/ ausmif;om;awGe@J ryl;aygi;f zd@k &[ef;oHCmawmfawG Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS
ryg0if/ rywfoufzdk@wdk@udk =uyfrwf aqmif&Gufvmygw,f? bkef;}uD; EdkifiHa&;vkyfwmudk
69
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0denf;eJ@ rnDoa,mif zdtm;ay;vmygw,f? e0w[m ‚if;tvdkudk tóudufvdkufwJh
&[ef;oHCmawmfawGukd bG@J x;l / *k%x f ;l rsKd ;pHk topfwx D iG f qufuyf cs;D jri‡ jhf cif;jzifh tvSL@
'g,umwd;k yGm;apygw,f? q,fvv f vl mzke;f / óu;d zke;f / yg0grw D m/ aemufq;kH ay: qvGe;f um;
pwJh vªz, G 0f wˆKypPn;f rsm; qufuyf+yD; pnf;¶H;k =uygw,f? bke;f }uD;ausmif;aqmufvyk cf iG hf
*&ef/ bdvyfajr/ tkwfygrpf ponfwdk@udk ay;tyfIvnf; pnf;¶Hk;=uygw,f? 'ghtjyif
ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mudk oH;k +yD; bke;f }uD;ausmif; ynmoif=um;a&;eJ@
vSnfhum bkef;}uD;awGudk EdkifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;rS cGJxkwfvdkufygw,f? bkef;}uD;ausmif;
ynmoif=um;a&;twGuf y&dabm*rsm;/ ausmif;oH;k Avmpmtkyrf sm; vSL'ge;f =uygw,f?
trSefwu,f jrefrmjynf&JŒ ynma&;[m tbufbufu edrfhusae+yD; ppftm%m&Sif
awGu ulnDyHhydk;r_/ tav;ay; aqmif¶Gufr_r&SdwmudkodwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;[m
pdwv f ufrcsr;f rom jzpfae=u&ygw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m &[ef;oHCmawGukd 'Dvkd
zJ@xkwfpnf;¶Hk;jcif;jzifh ‘‘oHCmoif;uGJuH’’ udk usL;vGefae=uygw,f?
ppftm%m&SifawG[m rdrdwdk@&JŒ &mxl;tm%mwnfjrJa&;twGuf &[ef;
oHCmawmfawGudk cGJjcm;+yD; tcGifhxl;cHrsm; ay;I pnf;¶Hk;&m &efukefwdkif; oHCmh em,u
tzGJ@ OuUÏq&mawmf}uD;qdk&if avmuDvlr_jy\emrsm; 0ifa&mufpGufzufwJhtxd jzpf
vmcJyh gw,f? tcsKd @val wG[m w&m;¶H;k rSm tr_jzpf=uwJt h cg tr_Eikd zf @kd bke;f }u;D rSwqifh wdik ;f rª;
xH 0if+y;D csO;f uyf=uwmawG jzpfvmygw,f? wdik ;f rª;u &efuek rf mS bke;f }u;D awG qlyv l y_ &f mS ;r_
rjzpfymG ;apzd@k q&mawmf}u;D &JŒ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufra_ wG a&S@aeyrm tusKd ;awmfaqmifra_ wGukd
vdu k af vsmay;wmrsKd ; awG@&&dS ygw,f? bke;f }uD;&JŒtr_onf[m Oya'a=umif;t& rSm;ae
wmrsdK;vnf;&Sdvdk@ w&m;a&;qdkif&m 0efxrf;awGtaeeJ@ OD;aESmufajcmuf&wmrsdK;vnf;
awG@&ygw,f? tJ'q D &mawmf}uD;[m a&S@ajy;qdik u f ,f vrf;&Si;f ,mOfe@J oGm;vmwwfv@kd
bke;f }uD;wdik ;f rª;vd@k wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f ajymae=uwmudv k nf; =um;od&ygw,f? wzufrmS
ppftm%m &SifawG[m &[ef;oHCmawG&JŒ vGwfvyfcGifhudk enf;trsdK;rdsK;eJ@ ydwfyif[ef@
wm;cJhygw,f? e0wacwf 1990 ckESpf 0ef;usifwGif r*Fvm'Hk apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;teD;&Sd
xef;yifukef;bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSm npOf w&m;a[m w&m;jyaepOf &,uESihf vHòk caH &;tzG@J
rsm;u {nfph m&if;0ifppfum aESmuf,u S jf cif;ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? w&m;jyaewJh &[ef;oHCmu
w&m;a[mr,ft h a=umif; óudwifowif;yd@k xm;+yD; &,utaejzifh {nfph m&if;wdik &f r,f
vd@k rajymcJv h @kd rwdik jf cif;jzpfa=umif;ESihf aemifwiG f {nfph m&if;wdik rf nf jzpfa=umif; ajz&Si;f
ajymqdkcJhygw,f? wzef {nfhpm&if;wdkif&mwGiv f nf; rSwyf w kH if eHygwrf ygv@dk qu kd m cGirhf ðybJ
70
trsKd ;rsKd ; jy\em&Smaea=umif; =um;odc&hJ ygw,f? tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ bmoma&; vGwv f yf
cGifhqdkwm 'Dvdkvkyfwmvm;qdk+yD; rausreyf jzpfcJh=uygw,f?
e0wvufxufrSm ‘‘ausmif; 'um’’ pDrHcsufudka&;qGJ+yD; bkef;}uD;ausmif;
wdkif;wGif rSwfyHkwifðyvkyfum omoemrSwfwrf; wdkufqdkifppfaq;jcif;/ bkef;}uD;ausmif;
t0if txGurf sm;udk apmif=h unfjh cif;/ {nfph m&if;ppfaq;jcif; pojzifh &efuek òf rdŒrSm ydu k pf yd f
wdu k f ðyvkyv f mcJyh gw,f? wyfrawmf=unf;/ a&/ av rdom;pkrsm;&JŒ qGr;f qefprd ;f avmif;vSLyGJ
awGudk bkef;}uD;ausmif;awGrSm crf;crf;em;em; ðyvkyfjy+yD; vSL'gef;&jcif; ta=umif;&if;udk
av#muf xm;um &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; pdwaf jymif;oGm;atmif/ oHCmawmf tcsi;f csi;f
roifhrwifh jzpfatmif pnf;¶Hk;av#mufxm;cJhygw,f?
&efukefòrdŒrSm&SdwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk tJ'Dvdk pnf;¶Hk;xdef;csKyfxm;csdefrSm
rEœav;òrdŒu &[ef;oHCmawG[m &Spfav;vHk;txdrf;trSwftjzpf 19990 ckESpf =o*kwf
v (8) &ufae@rmS qGr;f qefprd ;f avmif;vSLyGJ usi;f ycJ=h uygw,f? tJ't D csed u f tv,fyikd ;f
wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unfrS rðyvkyfzdk@eJ@ ðyvkyf&ifta&;,lr,fvdk@ +cdrf;
ajcmufcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1990 =o*kwfv (8) &ufae@ eHeuf (6) em&DrmS awmh OD;u0dEmN
OD;pD;wJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;ppfa=umif;eJ@ OD;a&0w OD;pD;wJh tdraf wmf&mppfa=umif;wdk@rS oHCmtyg;
ig;axmifrS ckepfaxmiftxd rEœav; (84) vrf;r}uD;wav#muf qGrf;cHxGufvmonfudk
tHrh cef; jrifawG@&ygw,f? 32vrf;eJ@ 33 vrf;=um; vlxak ':trm tdref m;ta&mufrmS toifh
a&muf&SdaewJh ppfom;eJ@ykvdyfawGu vlpkcGJzdk@ trde@f ay;ygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawGu
jiif;qefaevd@k ppfom;eJ@ ykvyd af wG[m eHygww f w
k af wGeJ@ w&=urf; 0ifa&muf¶dkufESuf =uyg
awmhw,f? qGrf;cHoydwfawG[m tvJvJtòyòd yd jzpfuek =f uygw,f? oHCmawmf (2)yg;
ysvH eG af wmfr+l y;D oHCm (17) yg; tygt0if jynfoltrsm;tjym; '%f&m&&Sd=uygw,f?'Djzpf
pOfudk rlwnf+yD; e0wudk ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif oydwfarSmuf&ef oHCor*D~/ &[ef;ysdK
or*~/ ausmif;xdik b f ek ;f }u;D rsm;or*~w@kd [m wnDwnGww f nf; yl;aygi;f qH;k jzwfum oHCm
tiftm; ESpfaomif; yg0ifjcif;jzifh oydwfarSmufuHaqmifjcif; qifE$JcJh=uygw,f?
oydwfuHtusdK;quf
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ ywWeu d KU Ze… uH oydwaf rSmufjcif;qd&k mrSm 0de, ygVad wmf
(4) pmrsuEf mS (262) wGif ‚if;oydwu
f aH qmif Edik af om tcsuf (8)csu&f &dS m oHCmawmf
rsm;udk vSL'gef;rnfh vSLbG,f0wˆKypPnf;rsm;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;/ vmbf r&atmif
71
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ðyvkyfjcif; ponfwdk@udk e0wu xif&Sm;pGmðyvkyfcJhojzifh ,ckuJhodk@ uHaqmif&jcif;jzpfyg
w,f? ywWeduUKZ…euHt& e0weJ@EG,fwJh yk*~dKvfawG&JŒ tvSLudk vufcH&,l&ef jiif;y,f
jcif;/ e0w&JŒ armfawmf,mOf rSefor# ausmif;0if;twGif; t0ifrcHawmhjcif;/ 0efxrf;rsm;
r0if&[k qdik ;f bkwrf sm; csw d q f x JG m;jcif;/ rv$rJ a&Smifom tvSLcH&v#if yef@oulpeG @f }uJjcif;
pwmawGukd &[ef;oHCmrsm; aqmif¶u G v f m=u&m e0wtwGi;f wkev f y_ af jcmufjcm;cJyh g
w,f? &[ef;oHCmawGukd qGr;f uyfvLS 'ge;f yGaJ wGrmS yifzh w d v
f @kd r&wJh jy\emawGa=umifh
wyftwGif; ra=uvnfr_awGvnf; jzpfay:vmygw,f?
&efukefrS (r[e) q&mawmf}uD;wpfyg;rS n‡dEd_if;cJh&m oydwfuHaqmif
oHCmawmfrsm;taejzifh (8-8-90) &ufae@ ypfcwfr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD; a&'D,dk/jrefrmh
¶kyfjrifoH=um;wdk@rS e0wu w&m;0if 0efcsawmif;yef&if oydwfvSefr,f[k ta=umif;
jyef=um;cJhygw,f? e0wu wdkif;rª;tqifhom 0efcsawmif;yefrnfjzpfa=umif; jyefvnf
av#mufxm;&m oHCmawmfrsm;vufrcHbJ qufvuf oydwfarSmufcJhygw,f? e0w
OuUÏ AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmifu (r[e) q&mawmf}uD;rsm;udk wynfhawmf "rRpufe@J
r&&if tm%mpufe@J oH;k ygr,fv@kd av#mufxm;cJyh gw,f? e0wu (3) &uf twGi;f oydwf
vSef&ef &mZoHay;cJhayr,fh oHCmawmfawGu vufrcHbJ qufvufoydwaf rSmuf&m
'DZifbm (8) &ufae@rmS ppfwyfrS ausmif;wdu k rf sm;twGi;f w&=urf; 0ifa&muf+y;D oHCmawmf
tyg; (90)ausmfudk zrf;qD;cJhygw,f? vl0wftwif;tusyfvJap+yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cs
cJyh gw,f? zrf;qD;axmifcscw hJ hJ q&mawmfrsm;rSm q&mawmf OD;a&0w OD;pD;wJh oHCor*~eD @J
&[ef;ysKd or*~w@kd rS ud;k yg;/ *E<m¶Hk wdu k t f yk qf &mawmf/ a¶$bek ;f yGiq hf &mawmf/ omauw
r[maAm"dq&mawmf/ &efuif;ausmufuek ;f ar'Deq D &mawmf/ tif;pde¶f mG rq&mawmfEiS hf
odraf wmf}uD;q&mawmf r*~iq f &mawmf/ *VKefeD oHCmtzG@J OuUÏ OD;umyd,/ q&mawmf
OD;pENdrm/ wdydÉu"&q&mawmf a'gufwmOD;okr*Fvm ponfwdk@udk &ufpufpGm axmifcs
cJhygw,f? rdrdwdk@&JŒ &mxl;/ tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf bk&m;om;awmfawGudk rw&m;
axmifcscv hJ @kd edrw
d q
f ;kd taeeJ@ jrefrmjynf wefc;kd }uD;bk&m;rsm;&JŒ rsuEf mS awmfrmS ac|;ap;
rsm;usjcif; jrifawG@cJh&ygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfapmarmif[m wyfrawmf umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf
jzpfcJha=umif;udk ppfordkif;jywkdufESifh tjcm;rSwfwrf;rsm;Y vHk;0az: jycGifh "gwfyHkcsdwfqGJcGifh
rðycJah vmufatmif oydwu f aH =umifh xdcu kd cf &hJ ygw,f? e0w t}u;D tuJ Adv k cf sKyrf ;ª }u;D
apmarmifvnf; pdwf*a,mifacsmufjcm;jzpf+yD; bk&m;om;awmfawG&JŒ bkef;wefcdk;
tmEkabmfa=umifh wd;k wd;k wdww f w d f tm%modr;f ,lc&H um odrif ,fpmG aoqH;k cJ&h ygw,f?
72
ppftm%m¶l;awGa=umifh tmZmenfoC H mrsm; ay;qyfc&hJ wJh ordik ;f a=umif;jzpf&yfreS af wG[m
rarhaysmufEkdifwJh t&dyfqdk;}uD; jzpfcJh&ygw,f?
r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;}uD;ta&;tcif;
rE aW v;r[mjrwfrek b
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1996 ckESpfrSm bk&m;om;&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;[m r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;}uD;
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k af zmufc&H r_e@J ywfouf+y;D e0w ppftm%m&Sif tay: qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uygw,f?
1996 ck rwfv (16) &ufae@rSm bk&m;}uD;&ifjyifay:wGif oHCmtyg; (7000) wuf
a&muf+yD; a&=unfq&mawmfxH ajz&Si;f csuaf v#mufxm;=uygw,f? a&=unfq&mawmf
u ‘‘rD;cwke;f ’’ ayguo f mG ;wmjzpfEikd wf ,fv@kd ,ql a=umif;/ 'g,um}uD; 'kw, d Adv
k cf sKyf
rª;}uD;armifat;u tJ'DtufuGJa=umif;udk o¶dk;odyf/ a¶$ouFef;uyfzdk@ajymcJhvdk@ wdkif;rª;
ud, k wf ikd Of ;D pD;jyD; vkyu
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bdvyfajrt&mawG@&a=umif; jyefvnfacsyajymqd&k mrS oHCmxkvnf; r,Ho k uFm jzpfchJ
=uygw,f? &[ef;oHCmxk[m a&=unfq&mawmfukd o¶d;k uGt J ufwm/ b,fae@avmuf
uvJv@kd ar;jref;&m obm0ruspmG (9) ESp&f +dS yv D @kd jyefajzygw,f? b,fae@rSm o¶dk;cGm+yD;
a¶$ouFef;uyfwmygvJvdk@ ar;jref;jyef&m a&=unfq&mawmf[m E_wfqdwfaejyefvdk@
oHCmawmfrsm; a'goaygufuGJcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf tajctaewif;rmvmvdk@ tpnf;
73
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ukvm;rsm;u taºu;G awmif;r&vd@k jrefrmrde;f uav;udk tEdik u f si&hf ef}uHpnfr_eJ@ udk&if
wpfyg;udkvnf; ¶dkufESufzrf;qD;aea=umif; oHo,jzpfzG,f aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmfcJhygw,f?
ppftm%m&SifawG[m ukvm; - jrefrm t"du¶k%f;udkzefwD;+yD; tm¶Hkajymif;cJjh cif;jzpfyg
w,f? od@k aomfvnf; bk&m;}u;D Adu k af zmufc&H r_e@J pyfvsO;f +y;D ausmif;wdu k t f oD;oD;u tkef;
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G v
f m&m 0ef}uD;um;udk cJaygucf &H um tke;f armif;acgu=f uonftxd
qENjycJh=uygw,f?
ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m bke;f }u;D ausmif;awGrmS ‘‘Edik if aH &;raqG;aEG;&’’ pmwef;udk
twif;t=uyf csdwfqGJcdkif;jcif;/ (1990) ck e0w trdef@trSwf (6§7§20) rsm;udk
xkwjf yef+y;D trde@f r&bJ &Siðf y/ &[ef;cH rðyvky&f efwm;jrpfjcif;/ r,Ho k uFmv#if zrf;qD;jcif;
wdk@udk jyif;jyif;xefxef vkyfvmygw,f? 1998 ck Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufae@rSmawmh
tdraf wmf&mrSm usi;f yðyvkyw f hJ jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m oHCmhtpnf;ta0;udk rEœav; rpd;k &drf
OD;pD;em,u q&mawmf}uD; ‘‘bENEœ aum0d'gb0d o H ’’ ud,
k af wmfwidk f OD;pD;+yD; q&mawmf
}uD;ig;yg; ºuGa&mufawmfru l m tzrf;qD;cH oHCmawmfrsm;vGwaf jrmufa&;/ oHCmawmf
rsm; nDnGwfa&;/ (r[e) twGif; 0ifa&muf yl;aygif;jcif;/ a¶G;cs,fcHjcif;rðya&;/ e0w&JŒ
bGJ@wHqdyfawmfrsm; vufcHjcif;rðya&; pwmawGudk aqG;aEG;awmfrlcJh=uygw,f? tJ'D
tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk tHh=obG,faumif;avmufatmif e0w[m aESmifh,Sufjcif;/
0ifa&muf[ef@wm;jcif; rðy&Javmufatmif bk&m;om;awmfawG atmifjrifr_ &&SdcJh=uyg
w,f?
'kwd,t}udrf ywWeduUKZ…e oydwfuHaqmifyGJ

,ae@ (2007) ckESpf pufwifbmvrSmawmh wurBmvHk;u tHh=ocsD;rGrf;rqHk;
jzpf&avmufatmif bk&m;om; &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tvSnfh
tajymif;twGuf óud;yrf;pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh+yD jzpfygw,f? &[ef;oHCmawmfawG[m
avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f jrifw
h ufra_ =umifh jynfovl xl k pm;0wfaea&;=uyfwnf;r_ukd rcHr&yf
EdkifawmhbJ wnf+idrfat;csrf;pGm arwWmokwf ¶Gwfzwf o&ZÇm,f+yD; vrf;rawGay:rSm
a¶$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;}uD; qifE$JcJhyHk[m jrif& =um;&olawGtwGuf rsuf&nfòzdifòzdif
74
uscJh&ygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;eJ@ rwlwmuawmh rD'D,macwfrSm tifwmeuf
+*dK[fwk qufoG,fa&;awGuwqifh bk&m;om;awmfawG&JŒ a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;}uD;
[m wurBmvHk;udk csufjcif; ysH@ESH@cJh+yDjzpfygw,f?
(2007) ckESpf pufwifbmv (5) &ufae@u yxrOD;qHk; yckuULòrdŒrSm
arwWmokwf ¶Gwzf wfo&ZÇm,f+y;D vrf;rwav#muf ºucG sv D mwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfawGukd
etz&JŒ vufudkifwkwf }uHhzGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@awGu óud;uGif;eJ@ypfzrf;/ "mwfwdkifrSm
csnfwkwfwJhtxd t=urf;zuf aESmifh,SufòzdcGif;cJh=uygw,f? yckuULòrdŒe,f }uHhzGH@ twGi;f
a&;rª;[m bk&m;om;awmfawG&ŒJ t&Sed t f 0gukd a=umufvef@wt hJ wGuf }uzhH @HG wm0efcH AdkvfcsKyf
wpfO;D &JŒ t&Sed t f 0guo kd ;kH um yckuLU ta&;tcif;udak jz&Si;f zd@k wyfr (101) udk oGm;a&muf
tultnD awmif;cHc&hJ w,fv@kd od&&dS ygw,f? qENjyr_ukd }uHzh @HG u acsre_ ;f csed rf mS ppfwyfu
aoewfaxmifazmufay;zdk@eJ@ taemufu &Hay;zdk@ cdkif;apcJhwJhtwGuf oHCmawmfawGeJ@
vlxk[m vlpkuGJoGm;cJhayr,fh ppfwyf[m toHk;cscHb0udk a&muf&SdoGm;ygw,f? yckuUL
udpPudk wcsdK@ (uu=unf;) xdyfydkif;u rodvdkuf&vdk@ }uHhzGH@udk }u;D =uyfwhJ ppfwyfu
Adv
k cf sKyef @J ppf¶;kH u Adv
k cf sKyaf wG pum;rsm;cJ=h uw,fv@kd od&&dS ygw,f?
pufwifbma&$0ga&mifta&;awmfykH}uD;wGif ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmifae=uonfh oHCmawmfrsm;
75
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
tJ'DyckuULjzpfpOfeJ@pyfvsOf;+yD; &[ef;oHCmawmfawGu awmif;qdkcsuf (4)
csufudk pufwifbmv(12)&ufae@rSm etzxH ay;ydk@cJhygw,f? yckuULjzpfpOfeJ@ ywfouf
+yD; etzu 0efcsawmif;yef&ef avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f udk jyefvnfav#mch s&ef/ awG@qakH qG;aEG;
a&;ukd aqmif¶u G &f efe@J a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; tm;vHk;udk
v$waf y;&efw@kd jzpf=uygw,f? etzu vdu k af vsmjcif;rðywma=umifh &[ef;oHCmawmf
awG[m pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@rSm 'kwd,t}udrf ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif oydwf
arSmufygawmhw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtESH@tjym;rSm &[ef; oHCmawmfawGOD;aqmif+yD;
jynfov l xl k ajrmufjrm;pGm yl;aygi;f I +idr;f csr;f pGm csw
D ufvrf;av#muf qENjycJ=h uygw,f?
pufwifbmv (24) &ufae@rSm wpfEdkifiHvHk; taxGaxGoydwf}uD;udk pwifqifE$Jvkdufyg
w,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m bk&m;om;awmfe@J jynfoal wGukd t=urf;zuf ESrd ef if;cJyh gw,f?
vlxkudk vlxkeJ@ xdef;uGyfwJhenf;eJ@ a&S;OD;pGm }uHhzGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifawGudk toHk;ðy ESdrfeif;cJh
ayr,fh atmifjrifr_r&&SdbJ aemufqHk;rSm vufeuftm;udk; ypfcwfESdrfeif;cJhygw,f?
ausmif;om;i,fawG/ jynfolawG/ &[ef;oHCmawG usqHk;cJh&wJhtjyif *syefEdkifiHu
owif;axmufwpfO;D vnf; usq;kH cJ&h m etz[m urBmt h v,frmS vlowfaumiftjzpf
bGm;bGm;}uD; ay:xGufcJhygw,f? EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf; txGÉftxdyf a&mufaewJh
etz[m EdkifiHwumzdtm;ay;r_eJ@ jynfolvlxktHkºuGr_udk vrf;a=umif;ajymif;zdk@ óud;pm;
jyefygw,f? tJ'guawmh qufqHa&;0ef}uD;qdk+yD;xm;&Sdum a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@
[efjyaqG;aEG;oa,mif aqmif¶Gufjcif;bJjzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&SifawG[m olwdk@
a=umuf¶@HG whJ ausmif;om;awGe@J bk&m;om;awGukd w&=urf; zrf;qD;axmifcsum bke;f }uD;
ausmif;rsm;tm; t=urf;zuf 0ifa&mufòzdcGif; ESdrfeif;cJhygw,f? ppfqifa&;ozG,f
nOfheufoef;acgiftcsdefrSm bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;ukd wdwfwqdwf0ifa&muf+yD; bk&m;om;
awmfrsm;ukd ±kdufESufzrf;qD;ac:aqmifcJhygw,f? oHCmhOao#miftzGJ@udk tar&duef EdkifiH
0g&iS w
f efòrdŒwGif zG@J pnf;cJoh nf? OuUXtjzpf puFmylEikd if rH S OD;ynm0Hojzpf+yD; 'kw,
d OuUX
tjzpf tar&duefEdkifiHrS rpdk;&drfq&mawmf}uD; b'NE Waum0d'gbd0Hojzpfum &[ef;ysKd
or*~ OuUX q&mawmf OD;acrmpm& tygt0if twGi;f a&;rª; (2)yg;jzifh yg0ifz@JG pnf; cJyh gonf?
a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif q&mawmf OD;*rBD&OD;pD;+yD; oHCmhwyfaygi;f pk zG@J pnf;
um v_y&f mS ;cJyh gw,f? etz&JŒ Edik if aH wmfumuG,af &; r[mAsL[mawGukd qufvufzwf¶_
avhvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;owdeJ@ jrefrmjynfolvlxktm;vHk; jynfwGif;/ jynfy [efcsuf
nDnD vufwGJum atmifyGJodk@ csDwuf=uyg&ef qENðyvdkufygw,f?
76
tcef;}u;D (4)
Edik af tmifzrd ,fh etz
77
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
78
e0wOuUÏ&J@Zmwfodrf;yGJ
1988 ckESpfrSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf e0w/ etz zGJ@pnf;um
wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcJh&mrSm aomuAsmyg'rsm; jrifhrdk&fawmif}uD;ozG,f pdk;&drf
xdwfvef@pGmeJ@ rEdkifreif;/ uaomif;ueif; jzpfcJhyHkawGudk udk,fawG@jzpfpOfrsm;ESifhwuG
wifjyoGm;ygr,f? tJ'Dvdkwifjy&mrSm jynfwGif;rSm&SdwJh ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vdkvm;wJh
wyfu t&m&Sd}uD;wcsdK@/ vlyk*~dKvf/ òrdŒ/ ¶Gm/ tpdk;&Xme/ wyfrsm;&JŒ *k%foduQm vHkòcHa&;
udk iJhuGuf+yD; trnf csefvSyfazmfjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? ukodkvfvnf;&/ rGefjrwfjzLpif
oef@&Sif;wJh *k%foduQm rlvuwnf;u&SdcJhwJh =uufajceDeJ@ t&efrD;owfwyfzGJ@ vdkrsdK;
tzG@J tpnf;awG[m etz&JŒ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufr/_ Edik if aH &;rSm 0ifa&muf v_y&f mS ;cdik ;f ap&ef
zdtm;ay;csKyfudkifr_awGa=umifh toHk;cscH&wJh ta&mifqdk;cH&wJh vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
tjzpf ajymif;vJcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? tvm;wl pwifzGJ@pnf;cgpu vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;vdk@
pwif aºuG;a=umfwmxGufvmcJhwJh }uHhzGH@[mvnf; ,cktcg etz&JŒ vufudkifwkwf
jzpfvmyHkawGudk wifjyrSmjzpfygw,f?
1988 pufwifbm (18) &ufae@rSp+yD; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;[m e0w qdk+yD;
ea0wdraf wmif b0eJ@ pwifwmxGucf v hJ m&mrSm Adv k cf sKyfrsm;[m tenf;qH;k 0ef}uD;Xme
(2)ckrS (4) ck txdawmif wGJ+yD; udkif&wJh jzpfpOfawGa=umifh EdkifiHawmf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òzd;r_
t"dujzpfwhJ 0ef}u;D XmeawG&ŒJ rl0g'/ vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;/ pDru H ed ;f / pDrcH suf pwmawGukd yDjyifpmG
taumiftxnfazmfr_ tm;enf;cJhygw,f? tJ'D 0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfawG[m qHk;jzwfcsuf
rSm;,Gif;r_/ twGif;a&;rª; (1) ESifh (2) wdk@ESifh o[Zmwrjzpfr_/ tm%mvGefpGJtm;òydifr_/
ud, k u
f sKd ;pD;yGm; tvGet f rif;&SmazG=ur_ pwmawGa=umifh 0ef}u;D Xmersm;&JŒ bwf*suu f o
hJ @kd
&oif&h xdu k w f hJ tcGit
hf a&;rsm; qH;k ¶_;H cJyh gw,f? ae@pOf ae@wikd ;f e0wOuUÏ Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmif&ŒJ
=o0g'rde@f ceG ;f &Sn}f uD;awGukd +iD;aiG@pmG em;axmifae&wma=umifh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;&JŒ tvkyf
vkycf sed f r&Swd mrd@k tdru f kd jyefrtdyEf ikd af wmhbJ nbufrmS 0ef}uD;awG[m¶H;k cef;rsm;twGi;f
zdkifwGJwpfxyf}uD;=um;xJrSm epfjrKyfae&ygw,f? zdkifwGJpmrsm;udk *Ce% r=unfhEdkifbJ
udk,fa&;t&m&Sd PA rsm;udk zwfcdkif;+yD; ra&&m/ raocsm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk E_wfu
jzpfovdk ajymcdkif;&wJhtxd y&rf;ywmjzpfaeygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif[m (1988)
ta&;tcif;a=umifh aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpf+yD; cyf=urf;=urf; tm%modrf;&wJh jzpfpOfawGeJ@
bk&m;om;awmfrsm;&JŒ oydwfuHa=umifh tcsdefwdkif; vdyfjymvef@jzef@ae&ygw,f?
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwpfckrSm (1988) ckESpf vlxktHkºuGr_ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif;
79
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
&efukefòrdŒwpfckwnf;rSmyif ppfwyfrS ypfcwfvdk@ aoa=u&wJh ta&twGufudk AdkvfcsKyf
apmarmifu q,f*%ef;om&Sdw,fvdk@ajymcJhwJhtwGuf vlxk[m ‘‘[m’’ceJ a'go
jzpfcJh&wmudk awG@&Sd&ygw,f? udk,fawG@jzpfpOft& xdktcsdefu wDAGDzefom;jyifa&S@wGif
twlwl xdik =f unfah erdwhJ q&m0efrw d af qGrsm;u usaemfu h kd ar;cGe;f xkww
f m cH&ygw,f?
usaemfvnf; q&m0efawG aq;¶HkrSm vufawG@ukoay;&wJh vlemta&twGuf[m
oufao&Sad evd@k Adv k cf sKyaf pmarmifajymwJh ta&twGu[ f m rrSeu f efa=umif; 0efccH &hJ ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif[m jyifyrD'D,mtoHv$ifhXme/ EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufrsm;&JŒ
ar;cGe;f rsm;/ Edik if w
H um&JŒ zdtm;ay;r_awGe@J jynfwiG ;f &Sd 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &; awmif;qd=k uwJh
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&JŒv_yf&Sm;r_/ a0zefajymqdkr_rsm;udk 'vpyf ckcH&Sif;vif;ae&ygw,f? 'Dvdk
&Sif;vif;&mrSm rdrdudk,fwdkif/ taxmuftxm;/ tudk;tum;rsm;eJ@ umuG,fajymqdkEdkif
a&;twGuf Oya'pmtkyfrsm;/ "avhxHk;pH usrf;*efrsm;eJ@ Ak'<w&m;pmtkyfrsm;udk
jyef=um;a&; 'k0ef}uD; OD;pdk;nGef@tm; &SmazGcdkif;+yD; odrf;usHK;um oJoJrJrJ zwfaewmrdk@
AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif&JŒ touf}uD;&ifhr_a=umifh OD;aESmuf&JŒ rSwfrdEdkifpGrf; xdcdkufaeygw,f?
ae@nrjywf tdyfcsdefr&SdbJ tvkyfu vludkydaeygw,f? ydkqdk;wmu AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif
taejzifh (rqv) toGiaf jymif; (wpn) ygwu D kd tvGet f uJ txif}u;D ar#mrf eS ;f +y;D 1990
ckEpS f a¶G;aumufyt JG m; usi;f yay;cJ&h mrS t¶_;H }uD;±H;_ cJv
h @kd ‚if;&JŒ uwdpum;twdik ;f tEdik &f
NLD udk tm%mv$a J jymif;ay;&r,fh Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf; &ifqikd af e&ygw,f? tJ'v D kd
Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf;a=umifh zdtm;ay;cHae&wJh Adv k cf sKyfapmarmif[m vufatmufcf H
wdkif;eJ@ jynfe,frsm;&JŒ tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ&m;udk jyefvSnfhr=unfhEdkifcsdefrSm wdkif;rª;awG[m
vkycf sio f vdk vkyaf e+yD; e,fpm;/ y,fpm; bk&ifi,fav;rsm;ozG,f rif;rlaeygw,f? Oyrm
om;oHk;om;rSm wifjy+yD;cJhwJhtwdkif; bk&m;om;/ &[ef;om; oHCmawmfrsm;[m
&Spaf v;vH;k txdr;f trSwf qGr;f cHyJG rEœav;Y usi;f ypOf aoG;ajrusc&hJ wJh ordik ;f jzpfpOft&
tv,fydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª; AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unftaeeJ@ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;
rvkyfEdkifcJhwm ay:vGifaeygw,f? 'DjzpfpOfa=umifh ywWeduUKZ…euH jzpfyGm;r_ *,uf[m
AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifudk aomuawmifwef; Asmyg' yGm;rsm;apcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif
[m "rRpufeJ@r&&if tm%mpufeJ@usifhoHk;rSmjzpfw,fvdk@ twdtvif; ajymcJhzl;ygw,f?
,ckwzef 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmvrSm bk&m;om;awmfawG&JŒ ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif
oydwfarSmuf&mwGifvnf; tm%mpufeJ@ usifhoHk;r,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$u ajymcdkif;wJh
twGuf oGm;avol AdkvfcsKyfapmarmiftm; =unfh+yD; oHa0*w&m;,loifha=umif; owd
80
ay;vdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifu (1991) ckESpf awmfvSefa&;ae@ tcrf;tem; rdef@cGef;
ajym=um;&mrSm a&;om;twnfðyxm;cJhwJh rdef@cGef; ajymqdk+yD;±kHeJ@ tm;r&vdk@ pdwfxJu
cHpm;csufawG rGef;=uyfr_a=umifh aygufuGJxGufvmwJh pum;awGudk EdkifiHwumu
apmifh=unfhaer_udk owdrxm;EdkifawmhbJ (2)em&Dru ajymqdkcJhygw,f? aeylxJrSm
&yfae=uwJh ppfa&;jyppfonfrsm; yifyef;r_'%f rcHEdkifawmhwmrdk@ uGif;xJawGrSm ypfvJ
ukef=uygw,f? aemuf jzpfpOfwpfckuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ oli,fcsif; jzpfcJhwJh
tdE,dN 0ef}uD;csKyf &m*sp*f E<[ D m jrefrmEdik if H 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sad &; axmufct H m;ay;cJyh gw,f?
'gudk vufwkef@jyefwJhtaeeJ@ tdENd,rS cGJxGufzdk@ vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkae=uwJh em*
vlrsKd ;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk &efuek o f @kd zw
d =f um;um Adv k cf sKyfapmarmifu ‘‘ukvm;awGukd
owf j zwf = u/vuf e uf c J , rf ; tuk e f a xmuf y H h a y;r,f +yD ; awmh yk w D ; pd y f z d k @ vnf ;
rarh=ueJ@’’ vdk@ *a,mifajcmufjcm; ajymcJhygw,f? tJ'DoydwfuH&JŒ qdk;usdK;'%f
oufa&mufr_ 0ifvm+yDjzpfygw,f? ydkqdk;wmu jrefrmhtoHtzGJ@ 0efxrf;rsm;udk xyfrH
awG@qckH sed rf mS ‘‘rif;wd@k ykw;D aqmifxm;=u’’vd@k ajymwJt h wGuf pdwaf zmufjyefaea=umif;
ay:vGio f mG ;ygw,f? 'gah =umifh w&m;r0if wd;k wd;k wdww f wd f tm%modr;f cH&+y;D aoqH;k onfh
tcgwGifvnf; odrfodrfi,fi,fjzifh ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
nausmif; (odk@r[kwf) nmausmif;

Adv
k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m ea0wdraf wmif e0wrS Edik af tmifzrd ,fh etzod@k jyefvnf
zGJ@pnf;apcJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif&JŒ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;jyifqifcJhygw,f?
tcrf;tem;rsm;eJ@ tpnf;a0;wdkif;rSm udk,fwdkifrdef@cGef;toHjzifh ajym=um;jcif; rðyvkyf
awmhbJ =um;cHwpfa,mufukd zwf=um;cdik ;f ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfapmarmif&cdS phJ Ofu udo
k ef;a¶$
pmzwftm;enf;w,f vk@d a0zefccH &hJ zl;wma=umifh etz OuUÏjzpfvmvd@k ezl;awG@';l awG@
jzpfvmcsed rf mS awmh t}uHuek f *VKefpm;csuf OD;a%Smuf azmufpm;zd@k ppf¶;kH rSm nausmif;udk
zGiv hf pS cf yhJ gw,f? ae@cif;rSm Advk cf sKyfawGukd ¶H;k tvkyv
f yk af p+yD; nydik ;f rSmawmh etzOuUÏ
AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$xH tcpm;0ifapum jynfwGif; NLD v_yf&Sm;r_/ jynfy twdkuftcH
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udpP/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudpP/ ausmif;om;eJ@ bk&m;om;udpP/ EdkifiHwum
zdtm;ay;r_ oHcif;wrefcif;/ jynfytoHv$ifhXmersm;ESifh rD'D,mowif;pmrsm;&JŒ
xkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm; pwmawGudk b,fvdk taumiftxnf
81
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
azmfEikd w f ,fqw kd m Adv
k cf sKyfawGxrH S enf;vrf;wifjycdik ;f +yD;rS qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S cf yhJ gw,f?
wcgw&H Adv k cf sKyaf wG[m nOf@eufoef;acgiaf usmw f hJ txdaqG;aEG;&+y;D eHeufvif;tm;}u;D
bkef;}uD;tkef;armif;acgufcsdef/ t¶k%fqGrf;pm;csdefa&mufrS jyefvm&wJhtwGuf wpfOD;eJ@
wpfOD; Good Morning vdk@ pdwfnpfnL;pGm aemufajymifE_wfqufcJh&a=umif; od&Sd
&ygw,f? tJ'v D kd t}uH^m%fnp‡ x f w k cf &H vd@k ppfwyftwGi;f rSm nausmif;vd@k ac: jcif;jzpf
ygw,f? wu,fwrf;rSmawmh nmae=uwJh ausmif;omjzpfygw,f? nausmif;rS t"du
xdyfwdkufawG@&wJholrsm;uawmh &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rª;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;eJ@ (uu-vSrf;) wdk@jzpf=u+yD; tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm;
uvnf; ol@xufig NLD ESifh twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;owif;udk vufOD;r_,l+yD;
wifjyEdik w f t hJ ay:rSm wpfO;D eJ@ wpfO;D }uHzef*% k , f l trSw, f l azmfxw k af e=uwmudv k nf;
awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$[m tcsdefrSef Golf upm;+yD; w¶kwfodkif;um;rsm;udk
vrf;rawmf w¶kwfwef;rS rvGwfwef; iSm;&rf;=unfhjcif;jzifh xGufayguf&SmcJhygw,f?
'Dy,J if;ta&;tcif;a=umifh zdtm;ay;cH&r_ rGr;f =uyfaecsed v f rkd sKd ;wGif òrŒd awmf0ef OD;udak v;&JŒ
ig;uefrsm;&SdwJh r*Fvm'HkO,smOf&Sd&modk@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$[m aomuawmifwef;
ae=u,frsm;oef;um oGm;a&muf pdwaf jzcJ&h a=umif; od&cdS &hJ ygw,f? Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m
r[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xme}uD;rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;ap+yD; axmufvSrf;a&;rS Adkvfrª;}uD;rsm;udk
Xme}uD;rª; Adkvfrª;csKyftqifh &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhay;um EdkifiHwumtajctae txl;ojzifh
taemuf EdkifiHrsm;. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: wkef@jyefr_tvm;tvm/ w&m;0ifoabmxm;/
w&m;r0ifoabmxm;/ CIA uJo h @kd tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ v_y&f mS ;r_/ Edik if w H um tD&wfuo hJ @kd
ta&;tcif;rsm; pwmawGudk avhvmoHk;oyfap+yD; pmwrf;wifapcJhygw,f? tJ'D
axmufvSrf;a&;u AdkvfcsKyfawG[m pmtkyfyHk}uD;awG=um;rSm ae@pOfeJ@rjywf pmawGzwf
ae&vdk@ ‘‘tm’’ajcmufaewmrdk@ (uuvSrf;) u *sLeD,mt&m&Sdrsm;&JŒ bD,mwjrjreJ@
pdkajyaxmaewmudk=unfh+yD; tcgtcGifhoifhwdkif; olwdk@&JŒq&m AdkvfcsKyfcifnGef@xH
(uuvSrf;) odk@ jyefvnfoGwfoGif;a&; em;ylem;qmvkyfaewm =um;od&ygw,f?
Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$[m uujynf G-1 ppfO;D pD;rª; (yxrwef;) wm0efxrf;aqmifc+hJ yD;
¶k&mS ;Edik if rH mS pdw"f mwfppfqifa&; oif,cl w hJ t hJ wGuf pdw"f mwfppfqifa&;eJ@ 0g'jzef@csad &;
xda&mufr_udk od&Sdem;vnf+yD; wpdkufrwfrwf vkyfEdkifcJhygw,f? (uujynf) udk jynfol@
qufqHa&;ESifh pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; !ïef=um;a&;rª;¶Hk;[k ac:wGifap+yD; jr0wDwyfrawmf
toHvi$ Xhf mewpfck zGiv hf pS cf yhJ gw,f? eHeufpmpm;csed rf mS RFA, BBC, VOA uJo h @kd Eikd if jH cm;
82
toHv$ifhXmersm;u xkwfv$ifhcsufrsm;udk ol@xHwifjycdkif;+yD; tcsdK@udk owdxm;
apmif=h unf&h ef/ wcsKd @ukd wefjyefpw
d "f mwfppfqifx;kd ESu&f ef/ wcsKd @ukd tvH&LS ;jzifyh ,fzsu&f ef
owfrSwfcJhygw,f? 1988 ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif rD'D,mvufeufa=umifh rqv tpdk;&
ðywfus&jcif;jzpfa=umif; vufatmufcH 0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf Adv k cf sKyfrsm;udk rSm=um;cJ+h yD; ‚if;wd@k
udv k nf; Adv k cf sKyfoef;a¶$u rdrud ohJ @kd owdxm;ðyvkyf aqmif¶u G &f ef ajym=um;cJyh gw,f?
'gha=umifh 0ef}uD;awG[m ae@pOf EdkifiHjcm;toHv$ifhXmersm;u b,ftcsdef rdrd0ef}uD;Xme
twGuf vmEdik rf ,fqw kd mudk aomuawmifwef; &ifwrrjzifh em;pGiahf e&+yD; 0ef}uD;Xme&JŒ
raumif;owif; yg&SdcJhygu nausmif;rSm rsufESmatmufcs+yD; &Sif;vif;jyae&wm
awG@&ygw,f? owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGu J kd cgwikd ;f vdk qufwukd f rvkycf ikd ;f awmhbJ rdrd vkyu f uG f
ydkifrS/ taxmuftxm; cdkifrmrS &Sif;vif;cdkif;ygw,f? vkyfuGufydkifw,fqdk&mrSm
rl;,pfaq;0g; rD;¶d_@jyyGJawGvdkrsdK;/ EdkifiHa&;tjrwf xkwfvdk@&wJh jyuGufvdkrsdK;rS owif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJ vkyfcdkif;ygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufawGudk rac:,lcdkif;awmhbJ jrefrm
owif;axmufrsm;udkom wufcdkif;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif etzu pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;eJ@
0g'jzef@csda&; enf;AsL[mrsm;udk t&Sdeft[kef jr‡ifhwifwJhtaeeJ@ rD'D,mudk rD'D,mjzifh
jyefwu kd &f mrSm owif;pH&k &Sad &;twGuf tzG@J (4)zG@J ukd zG@J pnf;ay;cJyh gw,f? (p&z) vd@k ac:wJh
axmufvSrf;a&; toGifajymif;tzGJ@/ SB vdk@ac:wJh &Jtxl;owif;wyfzGJ@/ Adkvfrª;csKyf
ausmfqef; OD;pD;wJh EdkifiHwum&Sd jrefrmoH¶Hk;rsm;txd jyef=um;a&;XmerS pDppfa¶G;cs,f
wm0efay;wJh owif;&&Sda&;eJ@ wefjyefa&;tzGJ@/ Adkvfrª;csKyfodef;aZmf OD;pD;wJh }uHhzGH@u
owif;pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wyfzGJ@ qdk+yD; tzGJ@ (4)zGJ@ jzpfygw,f?
pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm;
etztaeeJ@ jynfolvlxkudk pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mt& 0g' jzef@csdr_ eJ@
vH@_ aqmfru _ kd [efcsun f v D yk cf yhJ gw,f? jynfov l x
l &k ŒJ jy\emrsm;udk tajccHI a=umuf¶@HG
pd;k &drpf w
d "f mwf/ rke;f wD;¶G&H mS pdw"f mwf/ ar#mv f ift
h m;xm;pdw"f mwf trsKd ;tpm; tay:rlwnfI
vH _ @ aqmf r _ e nf ; vrf ; (8)rsd K ;oH k ; um jynf o l v l x k y pf r S w f p d w f " mwf t m;
qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;cJhygw,f? tqdkyg (8) rsdK; uawmh atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f -
u? rdk;cg;a&aomufenf;
c?oufao!ïef;enf;
83
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
*? apmif;yg;&dyfajcenf;
C? tcsufqHkjyenf;
i? ykwfcwfenf;
p? vG,fvG,f&Sif;&Sif;enf;
q? p¶dkufvdkufenf;
Z? zkH;uG,fenf;
rdk;cg;a&aomufenf;
pnf;¶Hk;olu rdrd&JŒqENudk v#dK@0Suf+yD; trsm;qENudk ajymcsif[efaqmifum
raxmufco H u
l kd axmufcvH matmif odr;f oGi;f enf;jzpf+yD;,dr;f ,dik af ewJo
h u
l kd
cdkif+rJapygw,f?
oufao!ïef;enf;
oufao!ïef;enf; qdkwmuawmh xif&Sm;wJhyk*~dKvfudk erlemjyI ajym&+yD;
jzpfpOf trSefjzpfzdk@awmhvdkygw,f?
apmif;yg;&dyfajcenf;
tcsut f vufrsm;udk csjyajymqd&k mY t"du tcsut
f vuf udk razmfjybJ quf
vuf+yD; vlxkpOf;pm;Edkifatmif vlxk&JŒ oabmxm;udk tuJcwfawmuf=unfh
wJh enf;jzpfygw,f?
tcsufqHkjyenf;
ajymqdkvdkwJh ta=umif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwfajymjy+yD;
txif}uD;r_udk &,lapygw,f?
ykwfcwfenf;
vlbed ;f pum; wpfwpfccG aG jym&+y;D vlxu
k kd rdrb
d ufygEikd rf nfh tajctae&SdrSom
ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f?
84
zHk;uG,fenf;
rdrdtm;enf;csufudk azsmuf+yD; wpfzuftzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ tm;enf;csufrsm;udk
tus,cf s@J um ao;odraf tmif ajymqdek nf;jzpfI ykwcf wfenf;eJ@ yl;wGo
J ;kH wwf
ygw,f?
vG,fvG,f¶Sif;¶Sif;enf;
trsm;rpOf;pm;rdwJh ta&;ygwJhtcsufudk xdrdatmif pnf;¶Hk;ajymqdkwJh enf;
jzpfygw,f?
p¶dkufvkdufenf;
vlxkeJ@ &if;ESD;r_udk ,ljcif;/ "avhxHk;pH av;pm;r_jyojcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf vrf;
rsm;/ rufv;kH rsm; tusKd ;wlaqmif¶uG f ay;jcif;jzifh jr‡LqG,pf nf;¶H;k jcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
etz[m vH_@aqmfenf;eJ@wGJ+yD;/ 0g'jzef@enf;/ oG,f0dkuf0g'jzef@enf;/ v#dK@0Suf

0g'jzef@enf;qd+k y;D trsKd ;tpm;tvdu
k f atmufygtwdik ;f 0g'jzef@jcif; enf;AsL[m (13) rsKd ;jzifh
aqmif¶Gufvmygw,f
u? wD;wdk;0g'jzef@jcif;?
c ? aumvm[v owif;v$ijhf cif;?
* ? tajymtqdk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;?
C? owif;pm/ toHv$ifh¶Hk ponfwdk@rS 0g'jzef@jcif;?
i ? toHcsJ@pufrsm;ESifh a[majym 0g'jzef@jcif;?
p ? 0wˆK/ pmtkyf/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif; ponfwdk@ESifh 0g'jzef@jcif;?
q? ydk@pwm/ umwGef;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/
vufurf;pmapmifrsm;jzifh vnf;aumif; 0g'jzef@jcif;?
Z ? pm&Guf/ pmwrf;rsm; wdwfwqdwfeH&Hrsm;Y uyfjcif;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;?
ps ? oDcsif;/ *Dwrsm;toHk;ðyI 0g'jzef@jcif;?
n? jyZmwf/ uZmwfoDqdkjyoI 0g'jzef@jcif;?
É ? ukvor*~wGif wifjyjcif;jzihf 0g'jzef@jcif;?
È ? vlom;rsm;ðyvkyfcJhaom t&mrsm; ðyvkyfI 0g'jzef@jcif;?
85
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d x
f ufrif;
Ê ? tjcm;olrsm;/ rdrdetzudk vdkvm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;&JŒ
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd óudwifod&Sdatmif tm;ay;ulnDaqmif&GufI
0g'jzef@jcif;?
etz[m pepfwus qufqHa&; (3) rsdK; ðyvkyfoGm;ygw,f? ‚if;wdk@rSm tpdk;&

Xmersm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ vlxt k zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ vlxt k ajccH vlwef;pm;
rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; qufqHaqmif&GufoGm;ygw,f?‚if;tjyif etz&JŒ owif;ay; rdrd
trmcHvlrsm;ukd tpdk;&tm; qef@usifwJhtodkif;t0ef;Y xm;&Sdjcif;/ vlxk vlwef;pm;
tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;ESifhpuf&Hktvkyf&Hkrsm;Y xm;&Sdjcif;wdk@udk aqmif&Gufvmygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
aqmif&Guf&mrSm tpdk;&tm; vHk;0qef@usifolrsm;/ qef@usifEdkifzG,f&Sdolrsm;/ =um;aeol
rsm;ESihf pm;0wfaea&; ±kef;ueftm&Hkpkdufaeolrsm;/ tpdk;&tm; ESpfoufulnDaeolrsm;/
&mZ0wfr_ usL;vGeo f rl sm;/ Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;rsm; qd+k yD; vlwef;pm; (5)rsKd ; cJjG cm;r_tm;
owif;ay;rsm;ukd avhusifhoif=um;ay;cJhygw,f? tqdkyg enf;AsL[mrsm;udk usifhoHk;&m
wGif 0ef}uD;Xmersm;rSm&Sw d hJ 0efxrf;rsm;udk wyfypkH H ±du k o
f iG ;f um Edik if aH &;OD;wnfcsu(f 12)
&yf/ wdk@wm0efta&; (3)yg; pwJh wyfrawmfaqmifyk'fpmwef;rsm; uyfap+y;D reufwikd ;f
opPmqdck idk ;f um wef;pD+y;D Edik if aH &;0ifa&mufa&maxG;r_ r&Sad pa&;twGuf xdef;csKyfcJhygw,f?
1988 ckEpS f ta&;tcif;wGif yg0ifcahJ om0efxrf;rsm;udk ar;cGe;f rsm; ajz=um;ap+y;D cH,cl su/f
,Hk=unfcsufeJ@ EdkifiHa&; a&maxG;aeygu ta&;,lcJhygw,f? vlxkqGJaqmifr_tm;
taumif;qHk;jzpfwJh ±kyf&Sif/ AGD'D,dk/ AGDpD'D/ 'DAGD'D um;csyfwdkif;rSm tpdk;&&JŒ ay:vpD/ rl0g'eJ@
OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;apygw,f?pmtkyf/ r*~Zif;/ *sme,frsm;wGif rxnfhrae&
xnfhcdkif;+yD; tpdk;&udk tm;ay;wJh aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk rxnhfrae& xnfhcdkif;ygw,f//
twdkuftcH tzGJ@tpnf;awGtay: r[kwfrrSef vkyfZmwf yk*v d~ af &;xdcu kd rf r_ sm;udk xyfcg
wvJvJ ajymqkcd ikd ;f jcif;jzifh vlxo k bm0t& rSeo f a,mifa,mif xifa,mifxifrmS ; jzpfapwJh
enf;AsL[mjzpfygw,f? 'Dvekd nf;AsL[mawG usio hf ;kH ayr,fh jynfov l x l tk ay: pnf;±H;k Edik f
r_ratmifjrifwmawG@&ygw,f?AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$u rdrdwdk@&JŒ 0g'jzef@csDcsuf/ tpdk;&rl0g'
awGukd vlxk wDAaGD y:rSm=unf+h yD; b,fvw kd ek @f jyef=uovJv@kd Adv k cf sKyfawGukd ar;=unfch yhJ g
w,f? wynfh&if;rsm;u vlxktaeeJ@ r=unfhcsif=uvdk@ ausmf=unhfoGm;jcif;/wDADGydwf
vkdufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfwmawG@&w,fvdk@ jyefajym=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh enf;AsL[m wpfrsdK;
ajymif;+yD; vlxktóuduf udk;&D;,m;um;rsm;eJ@ EdkifiHwumowif;rsm;rSm 0g'jzef@csDa&;
86
!Syfxnfhzdk@ rSm=um;cJhjyefw,f? AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m 1988 'Drdkua&pD tHk}uGr_ ta&;
tcif;}uD;rSm aoG;ajrusatmif ppfwyfrS ESrd ef if;cJ&h onft
h ay: oifcef;pm,l+yD; aemiftcg
wGif vlxkta&;tcif; xyfrHjzpfyGm;cJhygu wwfEdkifor# ppfwyfukd roHk;&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf
cscJhygw,f
87
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f ufrif;
88
tcef;}u;D (5)
etz . National Defense Strategy
89
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f ufrif;
90
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;
EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;r[mAsK[mrSm ppftajccHoabmw&m;OD;pGmvm+yD;
or±d k ; us ppf r [mAsL[m tajccH o abmw&m;rsm;ES i f h ppf q if r _ A sL[m tajccH
oabmw&m;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[monfvnf;aumif;/ tcsif;csif;
tjyeftvSef trSDo[Jðyqufpyfaeygw,f? yxrykdif;jzpfwJh ppftajccH oabmw&m;
rsm;rSm tcef;}uD;(8) cef;yg&Sdygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh -
u? tcef;}uD;(1)-EkdifiHawmf&JŒtajccHrlðy&aom tcsuf}uD;rsm;
c? tcef;}uD;(2)-wyfrawmf&JŒtajccHoabmw&m;rsm;
*? tcef;}uD;(3)-ppfwdk@&JŒrl&if;oabmrsm;
C? tcef;}uD;(4)-EdkifiHawmf&JŒppfa&;pnf;±Hk;a&;tajccHoabmrsm;
i? tcef;}uD;(5)-=unf;a=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m
p? tcef;}uD;(6)-a&a=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m
q? tcef;}uD;(7)-ava=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m
Z? tcef;}uD;(8)-tEkjrLppfr[mAsL[m
wk@d jzpf=uygw,f? tqkyd g tcef;}u;D rsm;wGif yg0ifaomtcef;rsm;rSm us,jf yef@eufev
J I S
jynfwiG ;f v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf oufqikd af omtcef;rsm;udok m aumufEw
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f atmufygtwkid ;f
xyfrH tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;jyygr,f-
(1) tcef;}uD; (3) ppfwdk@&JŒrl&if;oabmrsm;
atmufygtwkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f
(uu) EdkifiHtcsif;csif;jy\em ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;/
(cc) wkdufzsufjcif;enf;vrf; (2)rsKd;/
(**) ppfwkd@&JŒobm0 ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;/
(CC) vufeufu&d,ma=umifh ppfqifr_ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;/
(ii) 0g'opf pwJh tcef;i,fawGyg&Sdygw,f?
(2) tcef;}uD; (4) EdkifiHawmf&JŒppfa&;pnf;±Hk;a&;qkdif&mtajccHoabmrsm;

atmufygtwkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f
(uu) ppfr[mAsK[m&nfrSef;csufrsm;/
(cc) ppfO;D aqmifjcif;tqifh cJjG cm;csurf sm;/
91
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f ufrif;
(**) pnf;±Hk;jcif;tcef;qdk+yD; tcef;i,f (3) cef; yg&Sdygw,f?
tqkdyg tcef;i,frsm;wGif yg0ifaomtcef;i,frsm;udk atmufygtwkdif;
xyfrHpdwfjzmxm;ygw,f?
(11) ppfr[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufrsm;
atmufygtwkdif;yg&Sdygw,f
ppfyJGtwGufcsrSwftyfwJh &nf&G,fcsuf
&efoltm; rdrdwkd@u pdwf"mwfv$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;
tcsuftcsmusaomae&mrsm;udk v$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;/
&efol@ppftiftm; tvHk;t&if;ukd acsr_ef;jcif;/
tcsut f csmjzpfaom ppfypPn;f ESihf ukeaf csm/ uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f ydu
k jf cif;/
qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;wdk@tm; v$rf;rdk;xm;jcif;pwJh
acgif;pOfi,frsm; yg&Sdygw,f?
(22) pnf;±kH;jcif;
atmufygtwkdif;yg&Sdygw,f-
ppftiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/
acgif;aqmifr_ pnf;±Hk;jcif;/
vlxktiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/
OpPmypPnf;tiftm; pnf;±kH;jcif;/
wyftvHk;t&if; pkpnf;jcif;/
wyfwdk@Y vdktyfaomvltiftm; pnf;±Hk;jcif;/
aumif;rGefaomppft*gFpOfESifh avhusifhr_/
wyfwkd@tm; uGyfuJr_ESifh tkyfcsKyfr_pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
(3) tcef;}u;D (5) =unf;a=umif;ppfr[mAsL[m

atmufygtwkid ;f tcef;rsm; yg&Sdygw,f-
(uu) ppfatmif&maomta=umif;}uD;rsm;(14)csuf/
(cc) =unf;wyf ppfr[mAsL[mtajccHrsm;/
(**) ppfr[mAsK[m.tpdwftydkif;rsm;/
(CC) ppfr[mAsK[mppfqifenf;rsm;/
92
(ii) ppfe,f0ef;a&G; cs,fjcif;/
(pp) tcsdefESifh tus,ft0ef;/
(qq) tiftm;csichf sd ejf cif;
(ZZ) ava=umif;ppf pwJh tcef;rsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
(4) tcef;}uD; (6) a&a=umif;ppfr[mAsL[m

atmufygtwkdif; tcef;rsm;yg&Sdygw,f-
(uu) a&wyfoabmeJ@o±kyf/
(cc) a&a=umif;ppfr[mAsL[mtajccHrsm; acgif;pOfi,fyg&Sdygw,f?
(5) tcef;}u;D (7) ava=umif;ppfr[mAsK[m

atmufygtwkid ;f tcef;rsm;yg&Sdygw,f-
(uu) ava=umif;tiftm;ESifhta&;omr_/
(cc) ppfy&d,m,fESifhppfenf;AsL[m/
(**) yifv,foHk;avwyf/
(CC) =unf;avyl;aygif;ppfqifa&;/
(ii) ava=umif;o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/
(pp) ava=umif;cHppfeJ@ umuG,fa&;/
(qq) EdkifiHi,f.tiftm; pwJh acgif;pOfrsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
or±d;k usppfr[mAsL[m tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;e@J ppfqifrA_ sK[m tajccH

oabmw&m;rsm;udktusOf;csKyf+yD; t=urf;zsif;tcef;}uD; (6) cef; atmufygtwkdif;
cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f-
(u) tcef;}uD;(1) tajccHoabmw&m;
atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygw,f-
(1) ppfyGJtrsdK;tpm;rsm;/
(2) ppf&JŒ t"dy`g,f/
(3) EdkifiHtcsif;csif;jy\emajz&Sif;enf;rsm;/
(4) acwfopfppfyGJoabmrsm;/
93
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
(5) bufpHkppfyGJtoGifusifhoHk;r_/
(6) r[mAsL[meJ@ t*~r[mAsL[mtajccHoabmrsm;/ t,ltqrsm;
pwJh acgif;pOfi,fawG yg&Sdygw,f?
(c) tcef;}uD; (2) ta&;}uD;aomppfr[mAsK[mqdkif&moabmw&m;rsm;

atmufygtwkdif;yg0ifygw,f-
(1) A[dk[efcsuf (Centre of Gravite)/
(2) tqHk;pGeftrSwfrsm;(Culminating Points)/
(3) av'ifyuf. ppfr[mAsK[mESifhppfenf;AsL[mwkd@. tESpfom&rsm;/
(4) vkyfaqmif&eftcsufrsm;/
(5) a&Smif&ef tcsufrsm;/
(6) av}uD;wdkufyGJoabmw&m; pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
(*) tcef;}uD; (3) wkdufyGJpOfeJ@ppfqifa&;pDrHudef;/

pDrHcsufa&;qJGjcif;qdkif&m oabmw&m;rsm;
atmufygtwkdif; yg0ifygw,f-
(1) ppfe,f0ef;a&G;cs,fjcif;/
(2) owif;ESifhaxmufvSrf;a&; /
(3) ppfe,f0ef;tqifhppfqifa&;pDrHudef;/pDrHcsufrsm;/
(4) &nfrSef;csufrsm;a&G;cs,fjcif;/
(5) ppfajrjyiftkyfcsKyfr_
(6) vkyfief;pOfrsm; pwJh acgif;pOfi,frsm;yg&Sdygw,f?
(uu) owif;ESifhaxmufvSrf;a&;
(11) owif;&,la&;/
(22) yx0Dtaetxm;/
94
(33) +idrf;csrf;csdefumv owif;axmufvSrf;a&;/
(44) ppftwGif;axmufvSrf;a&;wdk@ yg&Sdygw,f?
(cc) ppfe,f0ef;tqifhppfqifa&;pDrHcsufrsm;
(11) pDrHudef;tus,f/
(22) twdtus pDrHcsufi,frsm;/
(33) wyfr–;}uD;. pDru H ed ;f rsm;/
(44) a0zefppfaq;&ef vdktyfaomta=umif;t&mrsm;/
(55) pDrHudef;rsm;wGif jznfhoGif;&wJh tpdwftydkif;rsm;/
(66) ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,fjzpfr_rsm; yg0ifygw,f?
(**) &nfrSef;csufa&G;cs,fjcif;
(11) ppfa&;wm0efpDrHcef@cGJjcif;/
(22) &nfrSef;csufa&G;cs,fowfrSwfjcif;/
(33) y%mrppfqifa&;rsm;twGuf =um;cH&nfrSef;csufrsm; xm;&Sda&G;cs,fjcif;
wdk@ yg0if=uygw,f?
(CC) ppfajrjyiftkyfcsKyfr_
(11) wm0eftqifhqifhrsm;/
(22) tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;/
(33) &Sif;vif;vG,fulr_/
(44) vHkavmufjynfhpHkr_/
(55) vG,fulpGmajymif;vJjyifqifEkdifr_/
(66) tvkyfpGrf;tm;aumif;r_/
95
Akv
d x
f ufrif;
(77) qDavsmfr_/
(88) taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh
(99) jzef@a0jcif; ponfhtcef;i,frsm; yg0ifygw,f?
(ii) vkyfief;pOf
(11) xdk;ppf/ cHppfvrf;pOfrsm;a&G;cs,fjcif;/
(22) ppfr[mAsL[m xkd;ppf (okd@r[kwf) cHppfqifjcif; xda&mufr_/
(33) qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk v$r;f rd;k Edik w
f hJ tjcm;ta=umif;t&m tcsut
f vufrsm;
yg0ifygw,f?
(C)tcef;}uD; (4) ppfr[mAsL[mt& pk±Hk;jcif;

atmufygtwkdif;tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f-
(1) pk±Hk;&mrSm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; qifjcif&r,fh tcsuftvufrsm;/
(2) pk±Hk;&efpDrHjcif;/
(3) pk±Hk;r_udktumtuG,fay;jcif;/
(4) pk±Hk;uGyfuJjcif;/
(5) pk±Hk;r_ae&modk@a&$@ajymif;jcif;ESifh a&muf&Sdjcif;/
(6) t&Htiftm;pkrsm; ponfwdk@ yg&Sdygw,f?
(i) tcef;}uD; (5) wyf}uD;rsm;toHk;ðyyHkoabmw&m;rsm;

atmufyg twkdif; tcef;rsm;yg0ifygw,f-
(1) ppfe,f0ef;=unf;wyftiftm;pk/
(2) wyfawmfpk/
(3) ppfajrjyifwyfawmfrsm;/
(4) wyfr}uD;rsm;/
(5) wyf}uD;rsm;&JŒ uif;axmuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/
(6) txl;wyfrsm; yg&Sdygw,f?
96
(p) tcef;}uD;(6) ppfe,f0ef;ppfqifjcif;
atmufygtwkdif; yg&Sdygw,f-
(1) wyfpk±Hk;jcif;/
(2) csDppf/
(3) xdk;ppf/
(4) cHppf/
(5) cGmppfu¾}uD;rsm;tvdkuf ppfqifjcif;rsm;/
(6) t&Htiftm;pkrsm; yg0ifygw,f?
15? jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[mwGif tcef;}uD; (5)cef;yg&Sdygw,f

tJ'gawGuawmh-
(u) tcef;(1)-jynfol@ppftajccHtcsufrsm;
(c) tcef;(2)-jynfo@l ppfqifEpJ$ Of vdu
k ef mvkyaf qmif&ef
vdt
k yfwthJ csut
f vufrsm;
(*) tcef;(3)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& cHppfumvwGif qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm;
(C) tcef;(4)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& wefjyefxdk;ppftóudumvwGif
qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm;
(i) tcef;(5)-ppfr[mAsL[mt& wefjyefxdk;ppf}uD;umvwGif
qifE$Jrnfhppfqifr_rsm; yg0ifygw,f?
q&m'um/ ausmif;'um pDrHcsuf

etzOuUX AkdvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m 1988 ckESpf ta&;tcif;umv rqv
tpkd;&rsm; ðywfus&jcif; ta=umif;&if;ukd oifcef;pm,l az:xkwfum aemifvlxktkHºuGr_
xyfrH jzpfvmygu ppfwyfrokH;awmhbJ vlxktkHºuGr_ukd vlxku xdef;uGyfa&; EkdifiHawmf
umuG,af &; r[mAsL[m csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? etzOuUÏ[m &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKy/f ppfO;D pD;rSL;
yxrwef; G-1 'kAv kd rf –;}u;D odu k x f eG ;f u wifjycJw h hJ ‘q&m'umpDrcH suEf iS hf ausmif;'um’
pDrHcsufawGukd avhvmokH;oyf+yD; taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f?q&m'umpDrHcsufrSm
ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif wufºuGpGm yg0ifwwfwJh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd xdef;uGyf&efeJ@
ausmif;q&m/q&mrrsm;tm; }uH@z@HG o@kd oGwo f iG ;f a&; jzpfygw,f? ausmif;'umpDrcH surf mS
97
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d x
f ufrif;
bk&m;om;awmfrsm;udk xde;f uGy&f ef/ oHCm0efaqmifq&mawmfrsm;udk pnf;±H;k odr;f oGi;f
&efeJ@ =unf;/a&/av qGrf;qefpdrf; avmif;vSLyGJrsm; ðyvkyfay;jcif;jzihf wyf'umtaeeJ@
bke;f }uD;rsm;udk xde;f xm;&efjzpfygw,f? yxrt&H tiftm;pktaeeJ@ =uufajceD/ rD;owf/
}uzhH @G w
H @dk udk pkpnf;wnfaqmuf+y;D jynfo@l prG ;f tm;&Sit f jzpf zG@J pnf;xm;&ef vsmxm;ygw,f?
xyfrH+yD; EdkifiHwumusL;ausmfppf tD&wfuJhokd@ EkdifiH}uD;wEkdifiHu usL;ausmfvmygu
'kwd,t&Htiftm;pktaeeJ@ jynfolxJrS ppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ukd trmcHxm;+yD; tpkd;&
Xme 0efxrf;tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ &yfuGuf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@+zKd;a&;aumifpDrsm;ukd
tajccHum jynfo@l ppfpepfudk zG@J pnf;xm;apcJyh gw,f? 'gt h jyif jynfwiG ;f rSm&Sw d hJ twku d tf cH
tiftm;pkrsm;ukd ESyd u f yG zf @kd jynfo@pl rG ;f tm;&Sit f zG@J udk toH;k ðyum q,ftrd rf –;/ &mtdrrf –
;rsm;/ }uH @ zG @ H e J @ =uuf a jceD / rD ; owf r sm;ud k yg0if p k p nf ; ap+yD ; jref r mt&yf p um;
tac:ta0:t& ‘‘ig;=uif;qDeJ@ ig;=uif;ausmf’’ enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfaqmif&GufcJh
ygw,f? t"du n$ef=um;csufuawmh vlxktkHºuGr_ jzpfrvmcifrSm vlpk±kH;cGifhxkxnf
}uD;rm;vmwmukd tcGifhtvrf;ray;bJ twkduftcHawG&Jh vlpk±kH;r_ 5 OD;&Sd&if etz&Jh
vufuidk w f w k tf zG@J awGu 10 OD;eJ@ vufO;D r_,u l m 0kid ;f ywfacsre_ ;f zk@d n$e=f um;xm;cJyh gw,f?
EdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;r[mAsL[m tcef;}uD;(4) ppfqifr_ r[mAsL[m
tajccHoabmpk±;Hk jcif;t& pGr;f tm;&Sirf sm;udk pk±;kH &efprD jH cif;/ pk±;kH olrsm;udk &JEiS hf SBwk@d u
tumtuG,fay;jcif;/ pk±Hk;uGyfuJjcif;/ pk±Hk;r_ae&mrsm;jzpfwJh }uH@zGH@XmecsKyfrsm;ESifh
usdKuUqHuGif;/ arSmfbD &Jwyf&if;rsm; pwJhae&mrsm;odk@a&G@ajymif;jcif;/ t&Htiftm;pkrsm;
jzpfwJh }uH@zGH@rsm; emrnfysufvmr_udk umuG,f&ef vlrdkufrsm;ESifh tajctaer,fhrsm;ukd
iSm;&rf;toH;k csjcif;/ pwmawGukd awG@&rSmjzpfygw,f?±kww f &uf=unf&h if wku d cf u
dk &f efjzpfymG ;vk@d
a'ocH &yfuGufvlxku vufrcHwJhtoGifrsKd; zefwD;+yD;/ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&; enf;AsL[m
ESivhf nf; wGo J ;Hk um +zKdciG ;f zd@k n¸e=f um;xm;ygw,f? etz[m jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[mt&
'kw, d t&H tiftm;pkudk zG@J pnf;&mrSm touf (15)ESprf S (46) ESpf twGi;f udk ppfwu dk cf udk f
Ekdifzkd@txd &nfrSef;+yD;/ touf (46)ESpfrS (56)ESpftwGif; vl}uD;ykdif;rsm;eJ@ trsKd;orD;rsm;
ukdawmh òrdŒ&GmvkH+cKHa&;/ puf±kHtvkyf±kHpGr;ftifXme &duQm*dka'gifrsm;&JŒ vkH+cKHa&;udk wm0ef
ay;tyfz@dk e@J vkt d yf&if axmufyahH &;ESihf qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;ukd xdr;f odr;f Ekid o f nftxd
avhusiahf y;zk@d rl0g'awGudk etz[m csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? jynfo@l ppftzG@J udk t"du uGyu f &J efrmS
etzu zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh jrefrmEkdifiH ppfr_xrf;a[mif;tzGJ@ukd tokH;csrSm jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&; r[mAsL[mtcef;}uD; (3)wkdufyGJpOfeJ@ ppfqifa&;/
98
pDruH ed ;f / pDrcH suaf &;qGjJ cif;t& pGe&f pJ rD cH suf rsm;uJo h @dk pDrcH suaf wGudk taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Gufvmwm awG@&ygw,f?
1996 ck E S p f arv (5) &uf a e@u (uu-=unf ; ) wwd , av;vywf
ppfqifa&;/ ppfa&;/ ppfaxmuf nd‡E_dif;tpnf;ta0; usif;ycJh&m wkdif;e,fajrtwGif;&Sd
wyf&if;tiftm;&JŒ ok;H ykH wpfycHk ef@ toH;k ðy+yD; e,fajr vk+H cKHa&;ESihf e,fajrxde;f odr;f a&;ukd
aqmif&u G &f mrSm yxrOD;pGm }uHzh w G tf oif;/ =uufajceD/ rD;owf/ &Jwyfz@JG tiftm;pkrsm;ukd
b,fvadk jymif;vJtok;H ðyrnfudk pDrcH suaf &;qGx J m;zk@d e@J 'kw, d tqift h aeeJ@ jynfov l xl k
twGif;rSm rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdol ppfjyefppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ukd pnf;±kH;um jynfol@ppftoGif
ajymif;vJðyvkyf+yD; wkdif;e,fajrvkH+cKHa&;twGuf rnfuJhokd@ wm0efay;aqmif&Gufrnfukd
vnf; pDrHxm;=uzkd@ n$ef=um;xm;ygw,f?
1998 azazmf0g&Dv(uu=unf;) av;vywf ppfqifa&;/ ppfa&;/ ppfaxmuf
ndE‡ id_ ;f tpnf;ta0;rSm Ekid if aH wmfumuG,af &;r[mAsL[m (National Defense Strategy)
udk t&Sed t f [kejf r‡izhf @kd !Ge=f um;cJyh g w,f? 1998 ckEpS u f &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyf&hJ pDpOfre_ @J
trSwf(1) wkdif;A[kdavhusifha&;pcef; (*sKd;jzL)rSm rD;owf 200OD;/ =uufajceD 200OD;ukd
oifwef;rsm; pwif ykd@csay;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyifazmif}uD;eJ@ ZD;yif}uD; 0efxrf;wuUokdvf
ausmif;rsm;rSm ppfa&;avhusifhr_ukd wkd;csJh oif=um;ay;cJhygw,f? (2002) ckESpfrS (2003)
ckEpS f txd wjynfv;Hk twkid ;f twmeJ@ wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyfrsm;ukd jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[mt&
txl;wm0efay;cJh+yD; tpkd;&0efxrf;awGukdawmif ppfoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufoif=um;
apcJyh gw,f? Oyrm- &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyrf mS ppfO;D pD;r–; Akv d rf –;}u;D uk, d w
f idk f }u;D =uyf+y;D
jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh yl;aygif;um ppfoifwef;rsm; tuef@vkduf zGifhvSpf oif=um;
cJhygw,f? ppfwyfu oif=um;ay;&r,fh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;eJ@ jynfol@&Ju oif=um;ay;&wJh
0ef}uD;Xmersm;qkd+yD; cGJjcm;xm;ygw,f? ppfwyfu oif=um;ay;&wJh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;ukd
awmh oufqkdif&m0ef}uD;Xmeu pDpOfay;wJhae&mawGrSm avhusifhoif=um;ay;&+yD; jynf
ol@&Juawmh usKduUqHuGif;rSm pkpnf;+yD; avhusifhoif=um;ay;ygw,f? ppfwyfu
oif=um;ay;&wJh 0ef}uD;Xmersm;ukad wmh avhusiahf &; (1) rS q&mrsm;u }uD;=uyfum
vufeufrsm;ukd &efukefwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf vufatmufcHwyf&if; vufeufwu dk rf sm;rS
xkw, f al p+yD; avhusi+hf yD;ygu jyefvnftyfEw HS phJ epf usio hf ;Hk oif=um;cJyh gw,f? ppfa&;
avhusihfcef; oifwef;wckukd oHk;vowfrSwf+yD; ppfa&;jy/ vufeufi,f ppfa&;jy/ usnf
xkd;jcif;/ csdef&G,fypfcwfEkdif&eftxd oif=um;ay;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif vufeufi,fðzwf jcif;/
99
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d x
f ufrif;
wyfjcif;ukdvnf; oif=um;ay;ygw,f? wcsKd@0efxrf;rsm;u pdwf0ifpm;+yD; wcsKd@
0efxrf;rsm;u ±kH;qif;csdefaemufusrS jyef&vkd@ pm;0wfaea&; usyfwnf;wma=umifh
pdwfnpfaewmukd awG@&ygw,f? trsKd;orD;rsm;yg wufa&muf&vdk@ ppfoifwef;[m
rxifrSwfbJ }uD;us,foGm;ygw,f? oifwef;+yD;ygu wufa&muf+yD;olrsm;ukd touf
55ESpf txuftm; touf}uD;tkyfpkeJ@ touf 46 ESpfrS 54 ESpftxdudk toufvwf
tkypf /k touf 18 ESprf S 45 ESpt f xdukd toufi,ftyk pf q k +dk yD; tkypf (k 3)ck cGu
J m wyfpwd /f
wyfpkrsm; pkzGJ@apygw,f? ZD;yif}uD;/ azmif}uD;0efxrf;wuUokdvfqif; 0efxrf;rsm;eJ@
ppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;u acgif;aqmifum zGJ@pnf;ykHZ,m;eJ@ &efukefwkdif;ppfXmecsKyfxH
wif j y&ygw,f ? &ef u k e f w k d i f ; wpf w k d i f ; xJ r S m ppf o if w ef ; wuf a &muf c G i f h & ol [ m
wpfodef;ausmf &Sda=umif;od&Sd&+yD; wkdif;ppfXmecsKyfrsm;u wufvmwJhpm&if;ukd
uu=unf; (pDr)H u ukid w f , G u f m n‡Ed id_ ;f uGyu
f aJ &;r–;jzpfwhJ Akv d cf sKyfa&$ref; xHo@dk wifjy
&ygw,f? qufvuf+yD; t&Sdeft[kefjr‡ifhcJhjyef&m wkdif;A[kd (1) *sKd;jzLokd@ tqkdyg0efxrf;
rsm;ukd xyfrrH rG ;f rHoifwef; wufa&mufap+y;D “usn”f tppfrsm;/ armif;jyef±idk zf ,frsm;jzifh
ypfcwfEidk &f efEiS hf ,k=H unfr&_ adS p&eftxd avhusio hf if=um;ay;ygw,f? 'gt h jyif oifwef;rSm
xl;c|efolawGukd qkrsm; toD;oD;csD;jr‡ifhay;ckdif;+yD; ppf0wfpkHcsKyfckdif;ygw,f?
ighjrif;igpkdif; =uyfajy;a&mufa&muf/ ighavSigxdk; ar+rdK@a&mufa&muf

etz&JŒ aemufxyf r[mAsL[mwpfckuawmh e,fpyfa'oESifh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;zG@H +zK;d wk;d wufa&;eJ@ pnfyifom,ma&;0ef}u;D tm; txl;wm0efay;+y;D jrefrmjynf&hJ
t}uD;qkH; r[mAsL[mvrf;r}uD;ukd azmufvkyfckdif;ygw,f? tqkdygvrf;udk um; 6 pD;
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zGJ@pnf;cJha=umif; awG@&Sd&ygw,f? }uHhzGH@pwifzGJ@pnf;csdefrSm tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;/
aumvdy/f wuUov kd af wGu ausmif;q&m/ q&mrawGukd trde@f t& r0ifrae& 0ifcikd ;f +yD;
ausmif;om;xktwGi;f udk pwifx;kd azmufpnf;¶H;k ygawmhw,f? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm; tm;vH;k
udkvnf; twif; oGwfoGif;xm;ygw,f?
108
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rdrdwdk@ tzGJ@udk aiGa=u;tiftm; yHhydk;ay;¶HkeJ@ vHkavmuf+yDvdk@ ,lqcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh
arSmfbD Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;rSm zGifhvSpfcJhwJh }uHhzGH@oifwef;rSm etz OuUÏ udk,fwdkif
ntdyf+yD; teD;uyf =uyfrwfavhusifhoif=um;ay;wJhtcg 0ef}uD;rsm;[m ajcrudkifrd/
vufrudik rf jd zpf+y;D rdcif 0ef}u;D XmeawGukd ypfy,fI ntdyf avhusiahf y;=u&ygawmhw,f?
}uHhzGH@awGudk tzGJ@i,ftvdkuf/ tpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;yapum pmwef;zwfyGJrsm;/
NLD eJ@ twdu k t f cH tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tay: oH;k oyfcsu/f a0zefcsuf pwmawGukd avhusihf
oif=um;ay;ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;ody`H/ ppfa&;ynmeJ@ owif;pma&;om;enf;/ pHkprf;
axmufvSrf;enf; pwJh axmufvSrf;a&; ynm&yfawG/ EdkifiHwuma&;&m/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@
vlra_ &;u¾aygi;f pHk oif=um;ay;cJ=h uygw,f? 'gah =umifh }uHzh @HG ukd wwd, t&eftiftm;pk
ygwDwpf&yftoGif zGJ@pnf;zdk@qdkwm xif&Sm;aeygw,f?
etz&JŒ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk NLD rSudk,fpm;vS,f (86) OD;[m
ygwD&JŒ qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ rwufa&mufawmhbJ xGufcGmoGm;cJhwJhtwGuf 1996 ck rwfv
(31) &ufae@rmS nDvmcHukd &yfem;cJ&h ygw,f? 'DtwGuf vufnKd‡ ;axmif acgi;f ndwrf vkyf
wJh NLD udk etzu rausreyf jzpfcJh&ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ NLD [m
cGJjcm;vdk@r&a=umif; etzu od&Sd+yD;aemufydkif; NLD udkESdyfuGyfzdk@ }uHhzGH@udk t"du¶k%f;
ESdrfeif;a&;oifwef;rsm; ay;vmygw,f? }uHhzGH@udk yxrqHk;t}udrf tm;prf;r_tjzpf 1996
ck arv (14) &ufae@u 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;Ek&ŒJ (1) ESpjf ynfh qGr;f oGyt f vSLyGu J kd wufa&muf
vmwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J tzG@J ukd c&rf;csOo f ;D awGe@J ypfaygucf ikd ;f cJw
h t
hJ jyif Ed0k ifbmv
(9) &ufae@rmS a':atmifqef;pk=unf wd@k ygvmwJh armfawmf,mOfwef;udk cJe@J aygucf ikd ;f ap
wJhtxd ðyrlvmygw,f? xdkpOfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf um;ay:rSm teD;uyfvHkòcHa&;eJ@
owif;axmufvSrf;zdk@vdkufygvmwJh trSwf (12) axmufvSrf;a&;wyfu Adkvfrª;aepdk;
udk,fwdkif aESmuf,Suf wdkufcdkufr_owif;udk r&&Sdvdkufvdk@ tdkifuGefpum;ajympufeJ@
ysmysmovJ owif;yd@k aew,fv@kd od&ygw,f? uuvSr;f u =um;jzwfta&;ay: tpDtpOft&
vl}uD;u vkyfcdkif;vdkufvdk@ jzpfa=umif;eJ@ tomarS;aecdkif;a=umif; od&SdcJh&ygw,f?
1996 ckESpfrSm wjynfvHk;taeeJ@ }uHhzGH@tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; Show of ForcesawG
ðyvkyfcJhygw,f? 1998 ckESpf arv (27) &ufae@u NLD tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ a¶G;aumufyGJ (8)
ESpfajrmuf atmifyGJae@rSm (3)vtwGif; v$wfawmfac:,lay;zdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu
109
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pufwifbmv (16) &ufae@rSm v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 250 OD;&JŒ óudwif oabm
wlnDcsufeJ@ tzGJ@0if (10) OD;yg0ifaom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;ðyaumfrwD (CRPP) udk
zGJ@pnf;cJhygw,f? etz[m rcHr&yfEdkif wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;+yD; tzGJ@csKyfv$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fawG/ pnf;aumfrwDawG/ ygwD0ifawGudk }uHhzGH@&JŒ yg0gtm;ukd &,lum
pufwifbmv (25) &ufae@rSm ygwD0ifaygif; (912) OD;tm; odrf;usHK;zrf;qD; ESpf&Snf
axmif'%f csrw S cf yhJ gw,f? wcsKd @uv kd nf; twif;t=uyf E_wx f u G cf ikd ;f ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm
}uHzh @HG &ŒJ yg0gtm;udk ,lwyhJ pkH u H v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,tf rd af wGukd }uHzh @HG tm; apv$w+f yD;
pnf;¶H;k +cdr;f ajcmufcikd ;f wJh enf;vrf;rsm;/ e,fajrcHvx l u
k kd jr‡LqG,pf nf;¶H;k I acgi;f rmaewJh
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,u f kd t,Ht k =unfr&Sad =umif;/ uef@uu G qf ENjyapr_rsm;/ zdtm;ay;
uef@uGufa=umif; vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;apr_rsm; pwJh enf;vrf;aygif;pHk usifhoHk;cJhygw,f?
tzGJ@csKyf¶Hk;rsm;udk ydwfcdkif;cJhovdk tzGJ@csKyfudk axmufcHtm;ay;aewJh jynfolawGeJ@
ukefonfpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&SifawGudk ta=umif;&Smzrf;qD;zdk@ rSwfwrf;wif pm&if;ðypkzdk@
}uHhzGH@udk wm0efay;tyfygw,f? NLD eJ@ qufEG,faewJh 0efxrf;rsm;udkawmif tvGwf
ray;bJ apmifh=unfhESdyfuGyfygw,f? 'ghtjyif }uHhzGH@udk axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@toGif
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k ¾mefrsKd ; oGwo f iG ;f vm+yD jzpfygw,f? a'oqdik &f m tm%mydik t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;[mvnf;
}uHhzGH@udk av#mhrwGuf&JbJ wdkif;rª;eJ@ txufvl}uD;awG e,fajra'o qif;vm&ifawmif
óudqdk&mrSm }uHhzGH@udkzdwf=um;&ygw,f? }uHhzGH@ pwifzGJ@pnf;cgprSm ausmif;om;vli,f
trsm;pkyg0if+yD; (49) &mcdkifE_ef;/ tvkyform; (13) &mcdkifE_ef;/ awmifolv,form;
(22) &mcdkifE_ef;/ todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif (16) &mcdkifE_ef;eJ@
tiftm; (5)oef;&Sda=umif; etzu a=unmcJhygw,f? t&nftwGufazmif;yGr_ xkxnf
}uD;rm;aer_udk jycsifwJhoabm/ r0ifrae& twif;oGwfoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f? tcsdK@
uvnf; [rf;zkef;ygrpfrsm;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhta&;rsm; ar#mfudk;+yD; toif;0ifolrsm;
jzpfae&m vlaygif;pHk tusifhaygif;pHk }uHhzGH@}uD;[m ociftm;& u|efyg;0r,fh toif;}uD;
jzpfa=umif; awG@jrifae&ygw,f?
110
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1996 ckESpf Edk0ifbm (11) &ufae@ }uHhzGH@toif;tr_aqmifrsm; pDrHcef@cGJa&;
oifwef; trSwpf Of (7) zGiyhf JG tcrf;tem;rSm Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a¶$u }uHzh @HG awG&ŒJ t"du
wm0ef[m jynfwGif;/ jynfy tzsuform;rsm;udk bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwf+yD; jywfjywf
om;om; acsre_ ;f oGm;zd@k jzpfw,fqw kd hJ rSm=um;csuef @J a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ ,mOfwef;
t=urf;zuf wdkufcdkufcH&wm oufaojyaeygw,f? 2001 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufae@
yk*aH jr &mpkEpS o f pf tóud vlxt k pnf;ta0;yG}J u;D yk*EH ;DS aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f ycJ&h mrSm }uzhH @HG
tiftm;udk t"duxm; usif;ycJhygw,f? 2002 ckESpf arv (6) &ufae@ a':atmifqef;
pk=unfudk aetdrftus,fcsKyfu jyefv$wfcJh+yD;wJhaemuf etz[m EdkifiHa&;ordkif;u¾
wpf&yf zGifhvSpfvdkufyg+yDvdk@ a=unmvdkufovdk a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ ygwDpnf;¶Hk;a&;
c&D;pOfudkvnf; óudqdka=umif; {+yDv (15) &ufae@u tðyoabm wkef@jyefcJhygw,f?
rauG;wHwm; avhvma&;c&D;pOfvdk ae&mrsdK;rSm etz[m VIP óudqdkwJhyHkpHrsdK;eJ@ óudqdk
ay;cJhygw,f? trSefrSmawmh xdk;awmhr,fhqif aemufwpfvSrf;qkwfjcif;om jzpfygw,f?
}uHhzGH@trsm;pk&JŒ tawG;pdwfxJrSm etz&JŒ y&d,m,fudk rodbJ rlvtoif;0if
uwnf;u tcGit hf a&;&zdk w
h pfcw k nf; udo k m ar#mv f ifxh m;wmrd@k a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ
e,fajrpnf;¶H;k a&;c&D;pOfukd remvdrk ¶–pdrhf jzpfc=hJ uygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vlx&k ŒJ
axmuf c H t m;ay;r_ }uD ; rm;vmr_ t ay: }uH h z G H @ awG [ m pd k ; &d r f a omu 0if v m+yD ;
pOfqufrjywf tzsufoabmaqmifwJh owif;rsm;udk ae@pOf etzOuUÏxH wifay;ae
=uygw,f? Oyrm a':atmifqef;pk=unf,mOfwef; um;vrf;ray:rSm &ifaygifwef;+yD;
pnf;urf;r,fh oGm;vmaea=umif;eJ@ vlxkpnf;a0;yGJawG pnf;urf;r,fhvkyfaea=umif;/
¶H;k cef; zGivhf pS &f mrSm vkyxf ;kH vkyef nf;eJ@ rnDa=umif;pojzifh wpfpw d u
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rsm;uvnf; omomxk;d xd;k / rsuEf mS vdrk suEf mS & etzOuUÏudk yH}k u;D cs@J +y;D rrSeo f wif;awG
wifjyay;ygw,f? vlxak xmufcrH &_ aewJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd 0ef}u;D tcsKd @e@J 'k0ef}u;D
tcsdK@[m }uHhzGH@eJ@ vlxktiftm;jy òydifqdkifvdk+yD; pwef@xGif wifjycJh=uygw,f? 'gha=umifh
a':atmifqef;pk=unf ppfudkif;wdkif;/ csif;jynfe,f/ ucsifjynfe,f a&mufvmuwnf;u
}uHzh @HG rsm;[m pwifvy_ &f mS ;r_ ðycJyh gw,f? 'kw, d 0ef}u;D (4) OD;[m óuw d ifomG ;a&mufum
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111
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tif;awmfòrdŒudk a&mufvmcsed rf mS vnf; }uHzh @HG tiftm; (50) cef@ qdik ;f bkwu
f ikd f aºuG;a=umf
qENjycJh=uygw,f? uomòrdŒt0ifrSmvnf; }uHhzGH@awGu um;vrf;udk ydwfqdk@+yD; qlyl
aomif;use;f cJyh gw,f? c,u OuUÏ/ r,uOuUÏeJ@ &Jr;ª }uD;awGu }uHzh @HG awGukd vma&muf
azsmif;zsajymqdkayr,fh vHk;0 *¶krpdkufbJ qufvufydwfqdk@xm;&m ppfwyfrS wyf&if;rª;
wpfOD; udk,fwdkif vma&muftrdef@ay;wm;qD;awmhrS }uHhzGH@awG z,f&Sm;ay;cJh=uygw,f?
2003 ck arv (12) &ufae@rSmvnf; rdk;aumif;òrdŒudktoGm; [dkyifvrf;cGJta&mufrSm
ydkpwmqdkif;bkwfawG udkifaqmifqENjyaewJh }uHhzGH@ (30) a,mufeJ@ rsufESmcsif;qdkifrSm
NLD udk axmufcHtm;ay;wJh vlxk (100) cef@ xdyfwdkufawG@qHk+yD; yÉdyuQjzpfr,fh tae
txm;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ t&Sdeft0gudk av;pm;em;axmifr_a=umifh vlxk[m
at;at;aq;aq; vlpkcGJoGm;cJhygw,f? arv (16) &ufae@ jrpf}uD;em;òrdŒudk a&mufvm
csdefrSmawmh }uHhzGH@&JŒ aESmuf,Sufr_[m ydkrdkjyif;xefvmygw,f? }uHhzGH@ tzGJ@0if (300)cef@u
av;cGawG/ wkw/f "m;awGuikd af qmifum a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ um;wef;udk +cdr;f ajcmuf
}udrf;armif;wmawG ðyvkyfcJh=uygw,f? wzef rbdrf;òrdŒodk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@
r0ifrD }uHhzGH@wdk@u OD;atmifoGm;+yD; opfwifum;}uD; (6)pD;udk t0iftxGuf qlnHatmif
armif;ESifap+yD; uGif;jyifrSm vlxktpnf;ta0; rvkyfEdkif&efðyvkyfjcif;/ òrdŒcHvlxkudk
aemiftif;qnfðyjyifa&;vkyftm;ay;yGJ twif;tusyfvkyfcdkif;um óudqdkr_udk aESmifh,Suf
[ef@wm;cJhygw,f? Aef;armfòrdŒt0if (3) rdkifaus;¶GmteD;rSmvnf; }uHhzGH@ (200) ausmfu
xdkenf;twdkif; um;wef;udk ydwfqdk@&yfwef@cdkif;wJhtjyif OD;wifOD;&JŒum;ukd vufoD;eJ@
xk¶dkufwmawG/ uifr&mawGeJ@ AGD'D,dkuifr&mawGudk t"rRodrf;,lzdk@ óud;pm;wJhtxd
twifh&Jvm=uygw,f? arvukefcgeD;rSm ucsifjynfe,futjyef rEœav;wkdif;t0if
oydwfusif;òrdŒe,f/ vufyefvS¶GmESifh usnfawmufayguf¶GmrSm óudwifpDpOfxm;wJh }uHhzGH@
awGu atmufwef;uspGm oHyHk;awGwD;/ toHcsJ@pufawGeJ@ atmf[pfqJqdkwJhtjyif
um;wef;udk tkwfcJeJ@xk/ av;cGeJ@ypfum (2)rdkifavmuftxd ab;csif;,SOfvdkuf+yD;
vrf;ab;u óudqdkaewJh jynfolawGudk um;eJ@ twif;vdkufwdkufcJhjyefygw,f? 'Dvdk }uHhzGH@
awG&ŒJ ¶dik ;f pdik ;f wJt
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112
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aoG;xd;k vH@_ aqmfra_ =umifh etzOuUÏvnf; a'gojzpf+yD; rH¶k mG twuf 'Dy, J if; usn¶f mG rSm
ESdyfuGyfzdk@ ercwdkif;rª; AdkvfcsKyfpdk;Edkifudk trdef@ay;vdkufygawmhw,f?
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[m tzm;awmfolESifh ausmif;q&mvkyfcJholyDyD AdkvfcsKyfoef;a¶$tm; }uHhzGH@tzGJ@ t=urf;
zufusL;vGefr_ jzpfyGm;apa&;twGuf aoG;xdk;cJh&mrSm t"duae&mrS yg0ifcJholjzpfygw,f?
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rusapzd@k e@J 'Dru kd a&pDyef;wdik u f kd wGe;f yd@k Eikd af tmif jynfo@l wyfrawmftjzpf &yfwnfEikd zf @kd
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oGm;&efjzpfygw,f? vlxktaejzifh ppfwyfeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifudk jywfom;pGm jcm;em;ypf+yD;
tajctaeaumif; wpfckudk tm;,lapmifhqdkif;ae=uwJh jynfcspfwyfrª;}uD;awG/ t&m&Sd/
t=uyf/ wyfom;awG tajrmuftjrm; &Sad e=uwma=umifh jynfov l x
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