(AUTONOMOUS) COIMBATORE-32

10L 404 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

UNIT I 2 Marks 1. Why input resistance of the amplifier should be as large as possible? A s! When input current flows into the amplifier, it causes the drop across the input resistance. Due to this, input voltage to the amplifier is less than the source voltage which source voltage. This is possible if the input current of amplifier is as small as possible. For this purpose the input resistance of the amplifier should be large as possible so that very low current flows into the amplifier. Ideally input resistance of the amplifier must be infinite. . What is differential amplifier? A s! The differential amplifier is the one which amplifiers the difference between its two input signals. The gain with which it amplifies the difference is called its differential gain and ideally it should be infinite. !. What is "#$$? %tate its ideal value. A s! "#$$ means common mode re&ection ratio. The undesirable common mode signals and their effects are undesirable and must be re&ected by differential amplifier. For this purpose it its designed to have mlarge differential gain and very small common mode gain. The ability of the differential amplifier to re&ect common mode signal is e'pressed by ratio of differential gain to the common mode gian which called its common mode re&ection ratio ("#$$). The ideal value of "#$$ in infinite. *. What is current mirror? A s! The circuit in which the output current is forced to e+ual to the output current is called current mirror circuit. In current mirror circuit output current is the mirror image of the input current. ,. What are the advantages of current mirror? A s! 1) It provides very high emitter resistance to the differential amplifier circuit which reduces the common mode gain considerably, increasing the value of "#$$. ) This circuit re+uires less number of components and the circuits is suitable for the integrated circuit technology. !) It is simple to design and with properly matched transistors, collector current thermal stability can be achieved. -. Draw the circuit of Widler current source circuit. A s! CHARACTERSTICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

.. Draw the circuit of Wilson current source circuit. A s!

/. What is active load? A s! The current mirror circuit used as a collector load resistance is called an active load. 0. Why active load is used in the differential amplifier? A s! this circuit provided high value of a.c collector resistance which is re+uired to achieve high differential gain but it does not disturb d.c condition of the circuits. The +uiescent voltage re+uired across the current mirror is the fraction of the supply voltage. This eliminates the need of high biasing supply voltage. 11. Why practically $2 cannot select very high? A s!1. 3arge $2 re+uires higher biasing voltages to set the proper operating point of the transistors. . This increases the overall chip area. !. %maller number of components can be installed on the same chip, which is undesirable from Integrated circuit point of view. 11. 3ist out the important characteristics of ideal op4amp? A s! 1. Infinite voltage gain . Infinite input impedance !. 5ero output impedance *. Infinite bandwidth ,.Infinite "#$$ -. Infinite slew rate. .. 5ero 6%$$ 1 . Draw the op4amp symbol and state its important terminals. A s! 1. 6ositive supply . 7egative supply ! 8utput *. Inverting input ,. 7on inverting input. 1!. %tate various bloc9s of I" op4amp. A s! 1. Internal stage . Intermediate stage !. 3evel shifting stage *. 8utput stage. 1*. What is slew rate? %tate slew rate e+uation. A s! The ma'imum rate of change of output voltage with respect to time is called slew rate of the op4 amp. It is e'pressed as

S =

dvo dt

and measured in :;sec

max

fVm :;sec The slew rate e+uation is S = 2

1,. <ow op4amp is used in closed loop? What are the advantages of negative feedbac9? A s! The op4amp is used in the closed loop configuration by providing negative feedbac9 through a resistance connecting between the output terminal and the inverting input terminal. This is called feedbac9 resistor. Due to this gain of the op4amp becomes finite and controllable as per the re+uirements. The advantages of such a negative feedbac9 are, 1.$educes gain and ma9es it controllable . $educe the possibility of distortion !. Increase the bandwidth *. Increase the input resistance ,. Decreases the output resistance -. $educes the effect of temperature, power supply etc.

1-. What is input offset voltage? A s! When both the input terminals of the op4amp are grounded , ideally the output should be =ero. >ut practically op4amp produces the small output voltage. To nullify this voltage some voltage is re+uired to be applied to either of the two input terminals in the particular direction. This voltage is called input offset voltage. <ow much voltage, to which input and with what polarity is specified by the manufacture in the data sheet of the op4amp. 1.. What is output offset voltage? A s! The output voltage present when both the input terminals of the op4amp are grounded is called output offset voltage. The input offset voltage, input bias current and input offset current are responsible to produce output offset voltage. 1/. What is the fre+uency response of op4amp? A s! The plot showing the variations in magnitude and phase angle of the gain of op4amp due to the change in the input fre+uency is called the fre+uency response of the op4amp. 10. Why the level shifting is re+uired in op4amp? A s! ?s coupling capacitor is not used in intermediate stage of the op4amp the d.c biasing voltage propagates through the chain of the amplifiers. Finally it appears as a significant d.c component present at the output along with the desired a.c output. %uch a d.c level distorts the output and limit the ma'imum output voltage swing. <ence it necessary to reduce this d.c level before the output stage for which level shifting circuit is used. 1. Which circuits are commonly used for the various stages of I" op4amp? A s! 1. Internal stage@ Dual input balanced output differential amplifier. 1. Intermediate stage@ #ultistage amplifier without coupling capacitors and single ended. . 3evel %hifting @ :arious transistors circuits to reduce the d.c output level !. 8utput stage@ 6ush4pull complementary symmetry amplifier in class ?> operation. 1. Why the constant current source is used instead of $ 2 ? A s! Without physically increasing the value of $ 2 ., the $2 is replaced by a transistor operated at a constant current. %uch a constant current source circuit gives the effect of a very high resistance as internal resistance of a constant current source is infinite. ?nd due to transistori=ed circuit it needs smaller supply voltages hence it does not affect the A point of the basic circuit. 2ffect of higher value of $2 is provided by constant current source circuit due to which common mode gain become very small, due to which "#$$ becomes very high. . What is common mode gain of the differential amplifier? %tate its ideal value. A s! If the two input signals to the differential amplifier are same then its output should be =ero. >ut practically it produces the small output which is proportional to the average common level of the two input signals. The factor by which the differential amplifier amplifies the common mode signal is called its common mode gain. The various noise signal interference signals lin9ing commonly to both the inputs are responsible to produce common mode gain must be =ero. !. What is the bandwidth of the amplifier? %tate its ideal value. A s! The range of fre+uency over which the performance the amplifier is satisfactory is called its bandwidth. The ideal value of amplifier bandwidth is infinite. *. %tate the advantage of linear integrated circuits. A s! 1. The circuits are small in si=e. . Due to mass production the cost is low. !. 3ow supply voltages are re+uired. *. The power consumption is less ,. The weight is less. -. The performance is highly reliable.

,. What is 6%$$? What should be its ideal value? A s! 6%$$ is power supply re&ection ration. It is defined as the change in the input offset voltage due to the change in one of two supply voltages when other voltage is maintains constant. Its ideal value should be =ero. 1" #arks 1. a) With a neat circuit diagram and with necessary e+uations, e'plain the concept of widler current source used in op4amp circuit. (11) b) With a neat bloc9 diagram, e'plain the general stages of op4amp I". (-) . a) Describe the various e'ternal fre+uency compensation used in op4amps. (1 ) b)Write short notes on the methods used to improve the slew rate. (*) !. What is "#$$? <ow do you improve "#$$? 2'plain the Wilson current source circuit in detail. (1-) *. Derive and draw the fre+uency response of an op4amp. (1-) ,. 2'plain in detail about the #onolithic I" operational amplifier. (1-) -. ?naly=e the differential amplifier with active load. (1-) .. 2'plain in detail of practical operational amplifier characteristics. (1-) /. Draw the three configuration in open loop op4amp configuration and e'plain it. (1-) 0. a) 3ist out the ideal op4amp characteristics. (,) b) 2'plain in detail about thermal drift concept. (-) c) #ention the disadvantages of open loop configuration. (,) 11. a) Derive the e'pression for Total output offset voltage(: oT ) (1 ) b) 3ist out the advantage and disadvantage of negative feedbac9. (*)

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UNIT II

APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

1. 3ist the various linear op4amp applications. A s! ?pplications are inverting amplifier, non inverting amplifier, voltage follower, integrator, differentiator, instrumentation amplifier etc. . When inverting amplifier is called phase inverter? A s! When the gain of the inverting amplifier is unity and it is used to change the phase of the input to produce the output then it is called phase inverter. !. %tate the errors in the ideal integrator. A s!1.The output is li9ely to saturate in absence of input . The output may be distorted due to the error voltage. !. The bandwidth is very small *. It can be used only for small range of fre+uencies. *. %tate the errors in the ideal differentiator. A s!1. The gain increases as the fre+uency increases hence the circuit becomes unstable at high fre+uency. . The input impedance decreases as the fre+uency increases hence circuit becomes sensitive to the noise which can completely override the differential output. !. What is instrumentation amplifier. A s! In much practical circuit it is necessary to amplify low level signals obtained from devices li9e transducer. The special amplifier which are basically difference amplifier used for low level signal amplification, having high "#$$, high input impedance and low power consumption are called instrumentation amplifier. *. Why active guard drive is necessary for an instrumentation amplifier? A s! 6ractically the common bus ground bus is shared by variety of circuits. Due to ground loop interference additional voltage drop gets inserted which may cause error in low level measurements. Due to distributed cable capacitance there is degradation of "#$$. The active guard drive eliminates all these problems and hence necessary for an instrumentation amplifier. ,. What is comparator? A s! The open loop op4amp can be used as a comparator. The comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one of the input terminals and produces the saturation voltage either high or low depending on which input is higher. -. %tate any application of instrumentation amplifier. A s! 1. Temperature "ontroller . Data ac+uisition system !. Temperature indicator *. 3ight intensity meter ,. ?nalog weight scale. .. What are the re+uirements of good instrumentation amplifier? A s! 1. It should be finite, accurate and stable . 2asy gain ad&ustment !. <igh input impedance *. 3ow output impedance ,. <igh "#$$ -.3oe power consumption .. 3ow Thermal drift /. <igh slew rate. /. What is limitation of conventional rectifier? <ow is it eliminated in precision rectifier? A s! In conventional rectifier as long as input e'ceeds the cut in voltage of the diode, it does not conduct. Due to this the output is distorted producing crossover distortion. For the input between B;4 1..: the output remains =ero which is main limitation of the conventional rectifier. In precision rectifier the op4amp is used. The open loop gain of the op4amp is very large. <ence for very small amount of the input , it produces the large output which can easily ma9e the diode conduct. Thus the diode conducts for very small input voltages of the order of m:. <ence the precision rectifiers are very precise. 0. What is filter? A s! ? filter is a circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of fre+uencies while attenuating all the signals outside that band. The filter circuit using the active elements such as op4amp and transistor along with the passive elements li9e $,3 and " are called active filters.

11. What is fre+uency scaling? A s! #any time when the filter is designed , practically it is necessary to change its cut4 off fre+uency. The method used to change the cut4off fre+uency of the filter is called fre+uency scaling. 11. What is monostable multivibrator circuit? A s! The circuit which produces a single pulse of specified duration in response to each e'ternal trigger signal is called monostable multivibrator circuit. It has only one stable state and it is also called as one shot multivibrator. 1 . What is ?stable multivibrator circuit? A s! The circuit which has two Ausi stable states and which oscillates between these two states without application of trigger signal is called ?stable multivibrator circuit. It also called as a free running multivibrator. 1!. What is hysteresis in %chmitt trigger? A s! The graph indicates that once the output changes its states it remains there indefinitely until the input voltages crosses any of the threshold voltage levels. This is called hysteresis of %chmitt trigger. The hysteresis is also called %&a%'a % or %&a %() &. 1*. Draw the circuit diagram of log amplifier using transistor. A s!

1,. Draw the circuit diagram of half wave precision rectifier. A s!

1-. What is the main advantage of precision rectifier over conventional diode rectifier? A s! To achieve precision rectification we need a circuit that 9eeps :o e+ual to vi for :iC1 v. This can be achieved by using op4amp along with diodes and these circuits are called precision rectifier.

1.. What are the disadvantages of $" phase shift oscillator? A s! >y changing the value of $ and " the fre+uency of the oscillator can be changed. The fre+uency stability is poor due to the changes in the value of various components, due to effect of temperature, siging etc. 1/. Draw the fre+. response of the 36F. A s!

10. What is a : to " convertor? A s! ? transconductance amplifier (gm amplifier) puts out a current proportional to its input voltage. In networ9 analysis, the transconductance amplifier is defined as a voltage controlled current source (:""%) . For direct current, transconductance is defined as follows@ 1. What is an antilog amplifier? Draw the circuit of an antilog amplifier. A s! ?ntilog amplifier is a decoding circuit to convert a logarithmically encoded signal bac9 to the real signal. 1. Differentiate %chmitt trigger and comparator. A s! ? %chmitt trigger is a comparator with a small amount of positive feedbac9 applied to create a hysteresis for the input level. . What is comparator? #ention its applications. A s! ? comparator is circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op4amp with a 9nown reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop op4amp with output B;4 :sat. ?pplications. 5ero crossing detector Window detector Time mar9er generator 6hase detector !. What are the re+uirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedbac9 circuits? A s! The total phase shift around the loop must be =ero at the desired fre+uency of oscillation f o i.e ?ngle of AB = 0 or 360 0 ) ?t f o the magnitude of the loop gain AB should be e+ual to unity. *. What are the limitations of an ideal active differentiator? A s! ?t high fre+uency, differentiators may become unstable and brea9 into oscillation. The input impedance i.e. (1;D"1) decreases with increase in fre+uency, thereby ma9ing the circuit sensitive to high fre+uency noise. ,. What is a window detector? A s! ? device, usually consisting of a pair of voltage comparators, in which output indicates whether the measured signal is within the voltage range bounded by two different thresholds (an EupperE threshold and a ElowerE threshold).

1" #arks 1. a) Draw the second order butterworth active low pass filter and drive an e'pression for its transfer function. (11) b) With neat s9etch e'plain the voltage to current converter. (-) . a) Draw the circuit of astable multivibrator using op4amp and derive an e'pression for its fre+uency of oscillation. (11) b) 2'plain the ideal op4amp integrator. (-) !. What is differentiator? 2'plain the ideal op4amp differentiator and derive its fre+uency response. #ention the disadvantages of ideal differentiator. (1-) *. 2'plain the basic logarithmic amplifier and mention its disadvantages. ?lso e'plain how the performance of basic logarithmic amplifier can be improved. (1-) ,. 2'plain the wor9ing of an instrumentation amplifier with a circuit. Five its characteristics and applications (1-) -. 2'plain the wor9ing of any one of sinusoidal oscillators. (1-) .. 2'plain the wor9ing of schmit trigger. (1-) /. 2'plain how a comparator can be used as a =ero crossing detector. (1-) 0. 2'plain in detail about 6recision rectifier. (1-) 11. 2'plain in detail about practical inverting and non inverting amplifiers. (1-)

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