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Presentation by
SUSANTA KUMAR ALLEY

(Retd) Dy General Manager, SAIL, BSL Member NSCI, FSAI, AEI Visiting Faculty on Industrial Safety Lead Auditor OHSAS -18001:2007
4/20/2012
DANGERS FROM ELECTRICITY

Electricity is an ubiquitous energy agent to which many workers in different occupations and industries are exposed daily
Primary Hazards:

Electrocution death from electric shock Electric Shock A person becomes a part of an electric circuit. Fire and Explosion Unprotected Circuit elements are overloaded, Ignition temperature of the materials adjacent to or in contact of the hot surface is reached Joules Burn Electric current passing thro body or a arc flash may cause electrical burn Passage of an electric current along a conductor is accompanied by dissipation of heat=I2Rt Flashover Occurs due to jumping of electricity from one conductor to another during making or breaking of contacts operation of switch or discharge of Static Electricity. Fire may occur if arching occurs in atmosphere containing an explosive mixture
2
DANGERS FROM ELECTRICITY

While working on heights with portable electrical tools, the chances of tool falling and injuring people standing below or operators themselves falling from heights are high
Secondary Hazards: Fall from height Fall of hand held working tools Direct burn from electric arc welding 23000 C U/V & Infra-red Radiation burns to eyes from arc welding Eye injury from electric arcs (e.g. Welders eye flash) Physical injury from false starting of machine, Explosion of switch gears etc (Never face it while making it ON)
4/20/2012
OCCURRENCE OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

A sudden stimulation of nervous system of human body by flow of current thro a part of body. A lifethreatening situation
Human body gets electric shock when current flows thro any part of the body due to applied voltage across that part Current flows through body:

When part of human body bridges two phase wires by direct contact When part of human body bridges 1ph and earth, 2 ph & earth directly When part of human body touches 2 points at different potential
4/20/2012
OCCURRENCE OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

A Live conductor does not differ in appearance from a Dead conductor
Shocks from 3-phase a,c. System Statistics show that the number of electrical accidents usually constitutes 5% (max) to total number of accidents in an industry. The % of elect accidents that prove fatal are 40% of fatalities taken as a whole. There are evidences that most accidents occur on MV or LV systems.
4/20/2012
OCCURRENCE OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

Electricity is useful and essential in modern life. Careless use of it leads to shocks, fires, destruction and deaths
4/20/2012
SEVERITY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCKS

Passage of a.c current of 1mA thro human body is safe for an unlimited time: 65mA can be safe for 1.0 sec; and 500mA for 0.1 sec
Factors that determine the severity of electric shocks are: 1. Resistance of human body Magnitude of current 2. Duration of current flow 3. 4. Frequency of current 5. Pathway taken by current thro the body

Magnitude of Current 50Hz, rms value <10mA
Effect
Let-go Letgo-current, Mild sensation, not painful Let- no Letno- go -current, Painful shock, muscle still in control Muscle control affected, Paralysis of respiratory muscles Shock current, Muscle contractions, Breathing affected Rapid uncoordinated contractions of heart muscles, causing irregular heart beat, possible death from asphyxia Severe burns, muscular contractions, stoppage of heart, Death is certain
10mA 15mA
15mA 20mA
For children the current values are half of corresponding values of men When current >16mA passes thro forearm, involuntary contraction of muscles occur, victim may be unable to release the energized object he grasped If heart is feebly beating and flow of shock current is stopped, the process may get reversed & regular heart beat and breathing may resume. This reversal is helped by Artificial Respiration
20mA 40mA
40mA 80mA
>100mA
7 4/20/2012
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
Longer the victim is in contact with an electrical current the more serious is the consequences
Severity of Shock
Resistance
Magnitude of Current
Severity of Shock
Path of Flow
Duration
Voltage
4/20/2012 8
SEVERITY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

Wet conditions are common during low-voltage electrocutions
The presence of moisture from environmental conditions such as standing water, wet clothing, high humidity, or perspiration increases the possibility of low-voltage electrocution. The level of current passing the human body is directly related to the resistance of its path thro the body. LH finger tip to RH finger tip is a dangerous path. Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by human body may be as high as 100,000 Ohms. Wet skin may drop the bodys resistance to 1000 Ohms & below. Moisture affects low-voltage electrocution Voltage required for arc welding is low. Hence, welding cables, electrode holder & other parts of welding machine are to be handled carefully. These low voltages are dangerous to life in hot weather when the welder is sweaty or when he is damp Serious accidents occur particularly in wet surroundings like bath rooms. A person in good contact with live part & in touch with wet ground can not get separated from live parts.
DANGERS FROM D C VOLTAGE

AC voltage wave has higher peak value than DC voltage of same level, AC wave frequency affects frequency of human heart beat, more dangerous. If the contact is of a very short duration due to throwing off the person, life is saved.
a) b)
Threshold values of DC are higher, let-go current-- 6-7 mA Painful shock but muscular control not lost-- 50-75mA Shock painful, severe muscular contraction, breathing affected 60-90mA (3s) Shock ventricular fibrillation, heart function irregularity too rapidly, heart muscles do not respond, pumping of blood is not accomplished, breathing stops, death is certain 500mA (10s) Effect from DC is heat and electric burn produced by DC current may be serious & fatal when voltage is high As a rule DC installations use supply voltages under 250V Mr. G Frankel (while experimenting with dogs) 120V d.c. hazards equal 42V a.c. hazards and 108V d.c. hazards equal to 36V a.c. hazards
4/20/2012
10
AC shocks Vs DC shocks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
AC current from external source flowing thro human body in mA cause sudden contraction of muscles. Person touching the live line is unable to get detached (let-go) Lung muscles get contracted, lung functions are adversely affected, breathing stops Shock currents above certain magnitude cause stoppage of heart, flow of blood to brain is stopped, victim dies within a few seconds. Requires artificial breathing & heart-massage Normal frequency of heart beat is 70 C/m. Frequency of normal respiration is 12-16 C/m. AC supply frequency is 50C/s. Frequency of AC supply is too large for lung frequency Hence dangerous to lungs and heart With DC shock currents the disturbance in frequency of heart is only once
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4/20/2012
ELECTRIC BURN
Passage of electric current thro conductor is with dissipation of heat
Electrical burn may be caused by passing of electric current thro body or by an
electric arc Heavy arcing may cause severe burns as the temperature of an electric arc is usually >35000C Dissipation of heat is directly proportional to I2Rt. As the skin is the site of highest resistance in the body, it is there the burning is most likely to occur when contact with live conductor is made Such burns may be deeper than may first appear on clinical examination. Healing is slow and may be accompanied with much scarring. Metallization or Crusting of the skin is the result of an electrolytic effect of current on human body, called sign of current or crusts.
Nerves at contact point may damage

Internal blood vessels clot, Muscle contraction cause skeleton fractures
4/20/2012
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BURNS CAUSED BY ELECTRICITY

Electric Burns Can result when a person touches electrical
wiring or equipment that is used or maintained improperly. Typically, such burns occur on the hands. Additionally, clothing may catch fire and a thermal burn may result from the heat of the fire.
Contact electrical burn. The knee on the left was energized, and the knee on the right was grounded.
4/20/2012
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CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRES

Short circuit is not the cause but the effect of electrical fires
Selection of improper or substandard equipment or material Electrical installations are not in accordance with statutory regulations Overloading of equipment Maintenance negligence Failure of insulation level Damage due to rodents, termites and pests Lightning strokes (single distinguishable current impulse of a flash exceeds 28000A,
5% times and 200 000A 1% time)
Water seepage Static electricity
4/20/2012
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FIRE AND EXPLOSION

Never use aerosol spray cans around high-voltage equipment
1.
2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
4/20/2012
One technician was assigned the job to clean the lower compartment of elect cabinet using cleaning fluid in aerosol can. He began to clean the upper compartment filled with live circuitry. When cleaning spray contacted the live circuitry, a conductive path for current was created. Current passed thro the stream of fluid, into technicians arm, and across his chest. Current caused a loud explosion, victims clothe s were on fire Victim died after 24 hours. Before doing any electrical work, deenergize the circuit & equipment, perform LOTO , test circuits & equipment to ensure that are deenergized.
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FLASH BURNS
Arcing faults produce large shockwaves that can blow personnel off their feet. Arc can produce highest temperature known to occur on earth i.e. up to 350000 F
1. 2. 3.
Flashover is a sudden disruptive discharge of electrical energy through air (or oil or gas), caused by ionization of the path between two conductors at different potentials. When the voltage withstand strength of the air-gap reduces below the applied voltage, gap breaks down and arc-flash occur. Mostly at over-voltages or switching surges. Arc produces large amount of heat & large shock waves. Arc temperature may go up to 350000F, highest temperature known to occur on earth. Exposure to high voltages result in burns at the sites where electrical current enters and exits human body. Direct contact and arcing produce flame burns from the ignition of clothing or other combustible, non-electrical materials Victim is subjected to: Flame burn from arc Electrical shock from passing current Treatment can require years for skin grafting & rehabilitation. The victim may never return to work/quality life/may die Stand a side of the panel to operate
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Cont.
1.
Arching gives off thermal radiation (heat) and intense light, which can cause burns. Factors that affect the degree of injury, include skin color, area of skin exposed, and type of clothing worn. Proper clothing, work distances, and overcurrent protection can reduce the risk of burn. A high-voltage arc can produce a considerable pressure wave blast. A person 2 feet away from a 25,000 amp arc feels a force of about 480lb on the front of the body. May cause damage to ear and concussion. A high-voltage arc can cause many of the Cu & Al components to melt. Hot molten components can be blasted to great distance, cause serious burns. Ordinary clothing can catch fire, even when 10ft or more away.
2.
3.
4/20/2012
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FLASH BURN
Provide training to the personnel on ARC flash safety & on use of PPE
A lineman got burned & died in electric flash over

4/20/2012
Victim got injured by arc flash while working bare handed in 6.6kV line
18
FLASH BURN
To start of work on hot lines employ trained worker, de-energise, perform LOTO, use proper PPE, Dont use aerosol spray in hi-volt equipment
4/20/2012
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EQUIPMENT EARTHING & NEUTRAL EARTHING

All elect apparatus using a.c. or d.c. supply regardless the voltage and installed at
workplace where risk of exposure is expected should be grounded at two distinct & separate earth points When the body, frame, structure or any metallic part is connected solidly to earth electrode, the voltage of that part does not rise to dangerously high value during leakage currents or earth faults. Earth fault operates fuse or circuit breaker. Severe shock is prevented. Neutral earthing is connecting to ground the neutral point of star connected winding As a rule provide neutral earthing at every voltage level
4/20/2012
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EARTHING SYSTEM
Connect neutral points of transformers & generators to ground
1. All non-current carrying parts connected to earth system, uniformly at 0 potential Floor on which O & M staff move shall be at Gr. Potential, safe step potential During any earth fault in the Substation the potential of structures, tanks, & other non-current carrying parts does not rise to unsafe value, i.e. safe touch potential Substations to comprise An earth mat or grid to cover entire S/S area E/electrodes driven vertically into earth at several locations, connected to earth mat Riser connection between structures, equip bodies, and earth mat
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2.
3.
4.
IS 3043 : 1987
PORTABLE ELECTRIAL TOOLS

Electrical drills, grinders, saw, polishers etc.
Provide an earthing connection from the body of the tool & connect to proper earth The tool, flex lead wire & the earth wire should be inspected for condition check before use 3-pin plug-socket should be used Double insulation (functional + protective) hand tools are now available for use Fault protection relays viz. RCCB/ELCB may be connected to interrupt supply if fault exists Use of RCCB in every low voltage installations conforms to IE Rules 61(A),1956 Factory set at 30mA
4/20/2012
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SAFE USE OF ELECTRICAL TOOL

CHECK-LIST
LOW VOLT EQUIP IN TANK,WET AREA INSPECTED, WELL MAINTAINED MOTOR IN HEALTHY CONDITION APPROVED TOOL USED IN EXPLO COND TOOL KEPT WELL , DID NOT FALL INSULATION, PLUG UNBROKEN CORD PROTECTED FROM TRUCK, OIL GROUND WIRE FASTENER IS SAFE 3-WIRE, PLUG EXTN CORD IN USE GROUND WIRE USED,CHECK CONN GUARDING/FACE PROTECTOR IN USE
4/20/2012
Man dies of electric shock
23
TEMPORARY FLOOD LIGHTS & HANDLAMPS

It is safe to use two lamp line tester, single lamp tester shall have transparent cover
Normally provided & maintained for safe working during construction,
maintenance, repair or demolition activities at passage ways, stairways & areas where workers are required to work, assemble or pass It does not mean a reduced level of safety or quality; but should conform to certain criteria of electrical work, IE Rules Such work must have approval of a authorized person and a tag mentioning the date & period of such wiring should be attached with it at prominent location Normally two wire 1-ph line is used without an earth wire installation, creating a dangerous situation. Temp flood lights & hand lamps should have earth connection or RCCB Only 24V hand lamp should be used whenever there is work inside a closed vessel, tunnel, gas pipeline, excavation work, etc. Check the condition of lead wire for good health
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4/20/2012
ELECTRICAL SAFETY DURING ARC WELDING

Arc welding & cutting operations exceeding 30A present problems of U/V radiations
1.The welding lead shall be free from joints/splices up to

3m from electrode holder 2. Use weld lead as short as possible, attach firmly to holder 3. Holder which welder grips to have adequate insulation (volt to ground) 4. Welding current to return to m/c by return cable. No wire rope/rod 5. Pipeline transporting flammable liquid/gas not used as return path 6. Voltage requirement of arc-welding is low, nevertheless sufficient to cause shock injurious to life. Most dangerous in hot summer/sweating 7. Use PPE like welders gloves, shoes, welding shield, apron etc.
4/20/2012 25
FLAMEPROOF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS

A factory, where inflammable gas, vapor & dust is possible, explosion proof fittings and junction boxes are used.
ZONE 0 area where flammable atmosphere is present continuously, use no or

intrinsically safe equip, incapable to cause ignition in normal operation.(IS:5780-1980) ZONE 1 area where flammable atmosphere is possible periodically/occasionally, use equip. as in zone-0, flameproof equip. (IS:2148-1981), pressurized by inert gas (IS:73891976), Oil immersed (IS:7693-1975) ZONE 2 - area where flammable atmosphere occurs for short time only, use equip. as in zone-0, use non-sparking tools/apparatus.(IS:8289-1976), Increased Safety (IS:6381-1972)
All
elect wiring in a haz. area shall be effectively sealed at all joints, mechanically protected against damage Approved armored cable, complete with armour clamps to provide mech support & elect continuity shall be used Earthing & Bonding 4 ohm in case of elec. sys/equip/valve that operates protective device and 10 ohm for non-current carrying metallic parts of apparatus
26
4/20/2012
HAZARDS DUE TO STATIC ELECTRICITY

The primary source of electrostatic charge is contact electrification where two dissimilar materials are brought into contact and then separated, carrying equal and opposite charges
GENERATED
BY CONTACT/SEPARATION OF DISSIMILAR MATERIALS CARRYING EQUAL & OPPOSITE CHARGES flow of

liquids thro pipes, flow of liquids thro strainers or filters (mesh size-350), stirring and mixing motion
CREATE FIRE/EXPLOSION BY SPARK DISCHARGE a discharge between

liquid or solid conductors, when field strength between them exceeds a level known as breakdown strength
FLAMMABLE LIQ. IN AIR VULNERABLE TO SPARK CAUSE ELEC. SHOCK SAFETY BY EARTH CONNECTION, PASS CHARGE TO EARTH BONDING/EARTHING RECOMMENDED, low resistance
If the charge is large and the air humidity low, an instant sparking discharge between the equipment parts or into earth may ignite a flammable material or a combustible mixture. A spark marking an electric discharge of 3000V can ignite all vapor & gas-air mixture in a room
4/20/2012
27
CONTROL OF HAZARDS FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY
1. Dont allow retention of charge on a conductor, stored energy can be released in a single spark to earth or to another conductor 2. Connect all conductors to each other and to earth by electrical paths with sufficiently low resistances to permit relaxation of charges 3. Recommended earthing resistance for the control of static electricity in electrical area of classification zones 0, 1, 2 is 10ohm (max)
4/20/2012 28
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN USE OF ELECTRICITY

Use wires of proper size & proper insulation in accordance with IS Dont use loose & temporary wiring for power supply to lighting,
machine, apparatus. All temporary elec. installations to be routed thro RCCB All electrical equipment, switches, welding machine, elect, tools should be properly & distinctly grounded preferably at two points. Voltage & current ratings should be prominently displayed at installations HRC fuses and not rewireable fuses should be used for all power connections No live wire should be laid on the ground or wet surface. They should be at least 3.5m above floor level All electrical joints should be sound & properly insulated Protect elec. installations from water & direct flame Only competent/authorized person should attend elec. defects, B/D, S/D
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4/20/2012
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN USE OF ELECTRICITY

Insulated/tested right tools should be used to attend repair of elec. lines Recommended rubber mat should be kept in all switch rooms for C/B
operation In case of elec. fires source of supply should be cut-off immediately Proper shut down system & PTW should be followed while undertaking repair or cleaning work in elect equipments. Recommended TAG to be used Metallic ladder should not be used unless insulated, instead use wooden one Work on MV or HV conductors, equipment should be done after making them DEAD, short circuited and earthed While erecting scaffold always keep 5.0m distance from OH transmission lines In stacking and handling of pipes and other conducting materials prescribed safe distance should be maintained from OH lines i.e. up to 11kV 1.4m; (+)11kV (-)33kv 3.6m; (+)33kV (-) 132kV 4.7m etc. Test earthing resistance value of mat/electrode in a dry day of hot season
30
4/20/2012
SAFETY REQMT AS PER I.E.RULE

SERVICE LINE, APPARATUS OF SUFFICIENT RATING MATERIAL AS PER I.S SUPPLIER TO EXAM FITNESS OF SERVICE LINE, FITTINGS SERVICE LINE OF GOOD INSULATION, STRENGTH SUPPLIER TO PROVIDE CUTOUT, EARTH, N/EARTH BARE CONDUCTOR TO BE INACCESSIBLE AFFIX DANGER NOTICE HANDLING? MAKE IT OFF, EARTH, DISCHARGE, Ensure Twice USE GLOVES (36kV for linemen),E/SHOES ,TESTER,HELMET
(tested at 20kV), E/DEVISE
4/20/2012
31
OVERHEAD LINE CLEARANCE

ACROSS STREET LV/MV- 5.8m. HV-6.1m ALONG STREET -- LV/MV-5.5m, HV-5.8m ELSEWHERE L/M/H (bare-4.6, insul-4.0, >11kV-5.2m) CROSS TRAMWAY (L/M-1.2m),upto11kV - 1.8m, >11kV-2.5m BUILDING, PASSES-2.5m, ADJACENT-1.2m
LV/MV 11KV 132KV
SPAN(mt) 50-80 100-130 260-360
SAG(mt) 0.6-1.0 1.0- 1.5 5.0- 7.0
4/20/2012
32
CLEARANCE OF O/H CONDUCTORS VOLTAGE 6.6kv 11kv 33kv 132kv 400kv Ph/E 140mm 178mm 381mm 1270mm 3065mm Ph/Ph 178mm 229mm 431mm 1473mm 5750mm
4/20/2012
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Handling and Stacking of Materials under O H Lines

Minimum safety distance should be ensured 1) 11kV and below 2) Above 11kV & below 33kV 3) Above 33kV & below 132kV 4) Above 132kV & below 275kV 5) Above 275kV & up to 400kV
1.40m 3.60m 4.70m 5.70m 6.50m
4/20/2012
34
Plant passing under O H lines
Value of H for different voltages

1. Low & Medium Voltage
1.2m 2. High Voltage line up to 11kV 1.8m 3. High voltage lines> 11kV - 2.4m 4. Extra high voltage lines - 3.0m
4/20/2012
35
Safe distance of Mobile Plants from O H Lines

The absolute limit of approach for all O H power lines is 6m i.e. all parts of the crane should be at least 6m away from the O H lines If any work is taken up after dark, notices and cross bar should be illuminated
4/20/2012
36
RECOGNIZE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

must know which situation can place you in danger
1. Inadequate wiring is dangerous 2. Exposed electrical parts are dangerous 3. Overhead power lines are dangerous 4. Wires with bad insulation can give you a shock 5. Electrical system and tools that are not grounded or double insulated are
dangerous 6. Overloaded circuits are dangerous 7. Damaged tools and equipment are electrical hazards, can cause overloads, expose you to live electrical parts 8. Using wrong PPE is dangerous 9. Some on-site chemicals are harmful 10. Defective or improperly set up ladders and scaffolding are dangerous 11. Ladders that conduct electricity are dangerous 12. Electrical hazards are made worse if the worker, location, or equipment is wet
4/20/2012
37

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SUSANTA KUMAR ALLEY

DANGERS FROM ELECTRICITY

DANGERS FROM ELECTRICITY

OCCURRENCE OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

OCCURRENCE OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

OCCURRENCE OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

SEVERITY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCKS

Magnitude of Current 50Hz, rms value <10mA

SEVERITY OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

DANGERS FROM D C VOLTAGE

Electrical burn may be caused by passing of electric current thro body or by an

Nerves at contact point may damage

BURNS CAUSED BY ELECTRICITY

CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRES

Water seepage Static electricity

FIRE AND EXPLOSION

A lineman got burned & died in electric flash over

EQUIPMENT EARTHING & NEUTRAL EARTHING

PORTABLE ELECTRIAL TOOLS

SAFE USE OF ELECTRICAL TOOL

Man dies of electric shock

TEMPORARY FLOOD LIGHTS & HANDLAMPS

Normally provided & maintained for safe working during construction,

ELECTRICAL SAFETY DURING ARC WELDING

1.The welding lead shall be free from joints/splices up to

FLAMEPROOF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS

ZONE 0 area where flammable atmosphere is present continuously, use no or

HAZARDS DUE TO STATIC ELECTRICITY

BY CONTACT/SEPARATION OF DISSIMILAR MATERIALS CARRYING EQUAL & OPPOSITE CHARGES flow of

CREATE FIRE/EXPLOSION BY SPARK DISCHARGE a discharge between

CONTROL OF HAZARDS FROM STATIC ELECTRICITY

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN USE OF ELECTRICITY

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN USE OF ELECTRICITY

SAFETY REQMT AS PER I.E.RULE

(tested at 20kV), E/DEVISE

OVERHEAD LINE CLEARANCE

LV/MV 11KV 132KV

SPAN(mt) 50-80 100-130 260-360

SAG(mt) 0.6-1.0 1.0- 1.5 5.0- 7.0

Handling and Stacking of Materials under O H Lines

1.40m 3.60m 4.70m 5.70m 6.50m

Plant passing under O H lines

Value of H for different voltages

Safe distance of Mobile Plants from O H Lines

RECOGNIZE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

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