Overview of Renewable

Energy Scenario in India

Rangan Banerjee
Energy Systems Engineering

Lecture delivered at RENET Workshop, IIT Bombay, September 21, 2006

 ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
PRIMARY ENERGY
COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS
POWER PLANT,
ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY REFINERIES
REFINED OIL,
SECONDARY ENERGY ELECTRICITY

TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM RAILWAYS, TRUCKS,

PIPELINES
FINAL ENERGY WHAT CONSUMERS BUY
DELIVERED ENERGY
AUTOMOBILE, LAMP,
ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS MOTOR, STOVE
MOTIVE POWER
USEFUL ENERGY RADIANT ENERGY
DISTANCE TRAVELLED,
END USE ACTIVITIES ILLUMINATION,COOKED
FOOD etc..
(ENERGY SERVICES)
India- Primary Commercial Energy
Hydro Nuclear Wind
2003-4
2.4% 1.8% 0.2%
Total comm
Nat gas
9.1% 14000 PJ
Biomass 6500
PJ (33%)
Oil Import
Coal
24.9%
51.7% Total
20500 PJ
Oil (D) 19700 PJ (-non
9.8% energy)
India - Fossil Fuel reserves
Fuel Reserves Prodn R/P
2003-4 ratio
Coal +Lignite 34000 414 ~83 (P)
(Million Tonnes)
140 P+I
Oil 760 33 23 (7)
(Million Tonnes)
(117)
N.Gas 920 32 29
Billion m3

Uranium 61000 PHWR ~50

Tonnes
10GW
Data Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006
 Small Hydro Power
„ Classification - Capacity
-Micro less than 100 kW
Mini 100 kW - 3 MW
Small 3 MW - 15 MW
„ Micro and Mini - usually
isolated, 200 kW Chizami village,
Nagaland
Small grid connected
„ Heads as low as 3 m viable
„ Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW ,
Rs 1.50-2.50/kWh

Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh

 Technology Options for Solar power
Solar Power

Thermal PV

Low Temp. Medium Temp. Up Material Production Process

High
<100 o C to 400 o C Line
Focusing Parabolic Temp. Single Crystal Silicon
>400 o C
Polycrystalline
Silicon
Solar Flat Plate Solar Chimney Solar Pond Amorphous Silicon
Collectors
CdTe/ GAAs

Parabolic Dish Central Tower Wafer Thin Film

 Comparison of Solar Thermal
Power Generation Technologies
Efficiency Indian Status Capital Cost Electricity
Technology Experience (Rs/kW) (Rs/kWh)
Solar Flat 2% 10 kW exptl D Rs. 300.000 _
Plate Collectors unit at IITM
Solar Chimney 1% No experience D Rs. 200,000 _
50 kW Spain ($4600/kW)
Solar Pond 1-2% Experience for D
hot water Bhuj
(Israel power
5MW)
Line focussing Peak 20% 50 kW system C Rs. 140,000 15 c/kWh
Parabolic Average 11- in SEC Planned ($3000/kW) Rs. 6/kWh
14% 35MW solar in ~390 MW of
140 MW ISCC operating
at Mathania plants
Paraboloid Dish 29% peak 12- Demo unit 10 D Rs. 150,000
18% kW Vellore
Central Tower 23% peak 7- No experience D ~Rs. 200,000
14% ($4700/kW)
 Need for Alternatives
„ Fossil fuel reserves limited
„ India - 17% of World population, 4% of
primary energy
„ Present pattern – predominantly fossil
based (87% comm, 64% total)
„ 52% of households unelectrified
„ Linkage between energy services and
quality of life
 Characteristics of Renewables

„ Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy

intercepted by earth 1.8*1011 MW
„ Clean Source of Energy
„ Dilute Source - Even in best regions 1kW/m2
and the total daily flux available is 7 kWh/m2
„ Large Collection Areas, high costs
„ Availability varies with time
„ Need for Storage, Additional Cost
 Renewable Energy Options

Solar Small Tidal

Hydro Energy
Wind Biomass

Ocean Thermal
Energy
Wave Energy
Solar
Solar Thermal
Photovoltaic Geothermal*
 Applications

„ Power Generation
„ Cooking
„ Heating-Water Heating, Space Heating
„ Transportation
„ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
„ Distillation
„ Drying
 Power Generation Options
Power Generation

Decentralised
Centralised
Distributed Generation
Grid Connected
Isolated

Demand Side Management

Cogeneration/Trigeneration
(Solar Water Heater,
Passive Solar)
 Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave
World Cost Estimates

Geothermal COMMERCIAL 8240 MW 4c/kWh

$2000/kW
No Indian experience
50 MW plant J & K planned
Tidal PROTOTYPE 240 MW LF 20%
FRANCE No Indian experience
OTEC PROTOTYPE 50 kW India 1MW gross plant under
210 kW construction
NELHA
Wave PROTOTYPE < 1MW India 150kW plant
Energy Grid Connected Thiruvananthpuram
 Renewable Power Generation

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

♦ Each data point corresponds to installed capacity as on March of that year

Source: MNES, NEW DELHI
 Renewable installed
capacity and generation
Installed Estimated Estimated
Capacity* Capacity factor Generation
(MW) (GWh)
Wind 5000 14% 6132
Biomass Power 376 70% 2306
Biomass Gasifier 69 70% 423

Bagasse 540 60% 2838

Cogeneration
Small Hydro 1826 50% 7998
Waste to Energy 41 70% 251

Solar PV 2.74 20% 4

Total 7855 19952
*as on March-2006
 Renewables in Power
„ Power generation 6500 PJ -46% of Comm
Energy, 33% of total
„ Installed Capacity 130,000 MW (2004),
Nuclear 2720 MW(2004)
Renewables 7855(2006)
„ Gross Generation 633000GWh (2003-4)
Nuclear 17780 GWh(2003-4)
Renewables 19950 GWh (2006)
„ Renewables ~ 6% of Capacity and 2-3% of
generation
 Fuel

GTG 2sets
sets of 35 M W each
Proposed
GTG-2 of35.2
MW
~

Air Gas Turbine sets

Steam, 103 b,500 o C
ISCC

W HRB
Aux. Firing
Feed water
Flue gas from GT
Heat exchanger
Solar Radiation 103 b,371 o C
75.5 M W
Steam, 103 b,500 o C
391 o C

Heat exchanger ~

Steam
Solar Heat Heat Transfer turbine
Exchanger oil, 291 o C To W HRB

BFP Condenser

b- bar
 Wind Power
„ 5000 MW installed
„ Single machine upto 2.1
MW
„ Average capacity factor
14%
„ Capital cost Rs 4- Satara, Maharashtra
40
5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh A n n u a l L o a d F a c to r (% )
35
(cost effective if site CF 30

>20%) 25
20
„ India 45000 /13000 MW 15
potential estimated 10
5
39% (1990-2002), 21% 0
2001-2 CAGR 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
 End-Note

The use of solar energy has

not been opened up because
the oil industry does not own
the sun
Ralph Nader US Consumer
activist
 BIOMASS CONVERSION ROUTES

BIOMASS

THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL

COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS DIGESTION FERMENTATION

PRODUCER GAS
RANKINE BIOGAS ETHANOL
CYCLE

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURISED
Duel Fuel
SIPGE
Gas Turbines
 Biomass Power
„ Higher Capacity factors
than other renewables
„ Fuelwood, agricultural
residues, animal waste
„ Atmospheric gasification 100 Kwe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland

with dual fuel engine -

„ 500 kW gasifier - largest
installation

Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P.

 Biogas
„ 45-70% CH4 rest CO2
„ Calorific value 16-25MJ/m3
„ Digestor- well containing animal waste
slurry
„ Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas
holder
„ Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser
„ Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action
„ Family size plants 2m3/day
„ Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day
„ Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit
„ Cooking, Electricity, running engine
 2 2 a ta 5 8 T /h r
330o C

FEED
W ATER 2 7 T /h r
4 .5 T /h r 2 6 T /h r
F eed w ater
B O IL E R
0 .5 T /h r

PRDS
BA G A SSE
0 .5 T /h r
M IL L IN G

PRDS

6 a ta

P ro cess 2 .5 M W
STEA M
F la s h e d T U R B IN E
2 a ta
C o n d e n sa te

P ro cess

S c h e m a tic o f ty p ic a l 2 5 0 0 tc d S u g a r fa c to r y
 Solar PV
„ India -2740 kW Grid
connected systems
(25-239 kW) Vidyut Saudha Building, 100 kWp , APTRANSCO
(2001) BHEL

„ Array efficiency in
field 12-15%
„ Cost Rs 26cr/MW
Rs 15-20 /kWh

Mousuni Island , 105 kWp, West Bengal

Renewable Energy Agency (2003 )
 B O IL E R
F e e d w a te r
75 TPH , 65 STEA M
a ta , 4 8 0 O C T U R B IN E
9 .5 M W
13 M W P ow er export
BA G A SSE
( A lt e r n a t e f u e l) ~

6 a ta
4 .5 T P H 1 .0 M W

Condenser
M ill
PR O C ESS d r iv e s
2 a ta CO NDENSER
2 a ta
2 .5 M W
C a p tiv e
BFP lo a d
PR O C ESS

P R O P O S E D P L A N T C O N F IG U R A T IO N : O P T IO N 2
 Power Generation
Indicator Unit Coal Solar WECS Gasificati
PV on

EnI (Efficiency) % 35-40 8-14 30-40 20-30

RI (NER) - 0.35- 1.6-4.2 8-26 8.5-12.5

0.4

EnvI (GHG kg- 0.85- 0.05- 0.012- 0.06-0.08

emission) CO2/kWh 0.9 0.13 0.04

EcI (Life cycle Rs/kWh 0.9-1.35 5.4-82.4 1-17.5 2-5.5

cost)
 PV-Hydrogen
„ 100 kg hydrogen/ day
„ Electrolyser efficiency 70%
„ Annual capacity factor 25%
„ Module area 6590 m2
„ 989 kW PV, 939 kW electrolyser
„ Cost of Hydrogen Rs 1094/ kg (98
Rs/Nm3 or 9120 Rs/GJ or 11.3£/Therm)
 Comparison of Renewable
Hydrogen Methods
PV- WECS- SMR
Hydrogen Hydrogen
Cost (Rs/kg) 1094 381 48
Emissions (kg 2.9 0.9 12.8
CO2/kg H2)
Net Energy Ratio 2.3 10.4 0.6
Primary Energy 51.4 11.5 192
Consumption
(MJ/kg H2)
 Hydrogen production
Indicator Unit SMR PV- WECS- Gasificatio
electroly electrolysi n
sis s

EnI (Efficiency) % 89 6-10 15-25 60-65

RI (NER) - 0.66 0.88-2.63 3.3-12 1.7-2.1

EnvI (GHG kg- 106. 25-74 7.9-29 42-52

emission) CO2/GJ 7

EcI (Life cycle Rs/GJ 400 4900- 1600-11600 360-450

cost) 44500
 Indian Experience -Hybrid

„ Wind-Solar PV – 9 systems- 42 kW total

e.g 5 kW Chunnambar Island – 3.3
kW Wind, 1.8 kW PV, 800 Ah Battery
„ PV-Diesel - Kiltan, Minicoy (100kW)
„ 500 kW Wind-Diesel – Sagar Island –
West Bengal(10×50 kW wind m/cs with
2 ×360 KVA generators)
 Tariffs in Rs./kWh

Conventio BIOM
nal WIND PHOTOVOLTAICS ASS
5-
Do Co (Windy sites (Non (Cap. <5 0-.0.5 0.5- 20M
b
m mm ) windy) MW) MW 5MW W
Germa 1st 5
ny* 6.0 2.3 years a 5.2 5.2 27.6 5.85 5.27 4.99
(20 (20 Next 15 Guaranteed for 20
01) 02) years 3.4 4.6 years c
(Cap. <12 (Windy (Non (Interme
MW) sites) windy) diate)
5.2 1.8 1st 5
France 1 3 years 4.6 4.6 4.6 8.6 17.2
(20 (20 Next 15 (Overs
02) 02) years 1.7 4.6 3.4 (Mainland) eas)
(Cap. (Cap<5kW (Cap>5
<50MW)d ) kW)
5.2 2.0
Spain+ 9 0 Fixed 3.6 22.7 12.4 3.5
(20 (20
01) 01) OR OR
Premium
of 1.5 20.63 10.32 1.4

26.9 4.4
Austria 6.4 2.5
e
8 4 4.5 TO TO
(20 (19
02) 95) 34.4 9.2
Possible Applications
„ Islands- Existing Diesel grids
„ Remote locations – Hilly terrain
„ 80,000 Non-electrified villages –
relatively remote
„ Industries with captive power (DG)
 Conclusions -I
„ Isolated systems - Cost depends on load
factor - need to link with rural industry
„ Technology- early stage of development
„ Need to explicitly account for “externalities”
„ Premium for renewable energy – labelling,
green pricing
„ Electricity Sector -Transition, Payments Crisis
„ Innovative financing required
„ Cost reductions & targetted demonstrations
 Conclusions-II
„ Solar Thermal for low grade heat – almost
cost effective, Biomass – thermal applications
Wind, Small Hydro – power –cost effective
„ Most renewables – subsidised, policy support
„ Growth rates in renewables high 20-25% per
year. Can the growth sustain?
„ Will capital cost reductions occur?
„ Market penetration Strategies?
„ Mainstreaming of renewables
 References
„ World Energy Assessment – Energy & the Challenge
of Sustainability,UNDP, 2000,
„ AKNReddy,R H Williams, T. Johannson,Energy After
Rio- Prospects and Challenges-,UNDP, 1997, New
York.
„ Menanteu Tech Forecasting & Soc Change 2000 v63
„ MNES Annual Report, 2005-2006, March 2006
„ www.greenpeace.org/~climate/climatecountdown/sol
argeneration
„ USDOE Energy Information Administration
„ S.P.Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill,
Delhi,1997
„ Banerjee, Comparison of DG options, Energy Policy,
in press
SCHEFFLER CONCENTRATING COOKER
WITH A VIEW OF KITCHEN

Source : MNES Annual Report 1998-99

Solar Pond at Bhuj, Gujarat
(100m*60m*3.5m) , TERI