IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO.

15, AUGUST 1, 2011

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A Novel Lightwave Centralized Bidirectional Hybrid Access Network: Seamless Integration of RoF With WDM-OFDM-PON
Yu-Ting Hsueh, Student Member, IEEE, Ming-Fang Huang, Shu-Hao Fan, and Gee-Kung Chang, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractWe experimentally demonstrated a novel lightwave centralized hybrid bidirectional access network for integration of wavelength-division-multiplexing orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-OFDM-PON) with radio-over-ber systems employing multiwavelength generation and the carrier-reuse technique. In this proposed architecture, one of the main impairments of bidirectional transmission over single ber link, Rayleigh backscattering, can be reduced, because of different frequencies for downlinks and uplinks. In the wired transmission over 25-km single-mode ber (SMF-28), power penalties are less than 0.5 dB for both 11.29-Gb/s OFDM-16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) downlink and 5.65-Gb/s OFDM quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) uplink. Moreover, successful access network transmissions have been demonstrated since the error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) 17.28-Mb/s OFDM-64QAM downstream and 11.52-Mb/s OFDM-16QAM upstream are always under the thresholds of IEEE 802.16e. Index TermsRadio-over-ber (RoF), subcarrier-multiplexing (SCM), wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON).
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the hybrid bidirectional access networks.

I. INTRODUCTION

HE demand of bandwidth for end-to-end connectivity of both wired and wireless broadband access services is expected to grow continuously in the coming decades. Wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) has been widely investigated for high data rate wired services to provide triple-play services [1], while radio-over-ber (RoF) technique has recently become a promising approach to meet the requirements of the future super broadband wireless access system [2]. However, taking account of the system cost and integration complexity, the design of RoF system is expected to be compatible with the interface requirements of WDM-PON. Thus it can provide both wired and wireless access services simultaneously on the same optical distributed infrastructure. Moreover, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

Manuscript received October 11, 2010; revised April 15, 2011; accepted May 07, 2011. Date of publication May 19, 2011; date of current version July 15, 2011. This work was supported in part by Georgia Tech Broadband Institute (GTBI). Y.-T. Hsueh, S.-H. Fan, and G.-K. Chang are with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA (e-mail: yhsueh3@mail.gatech.edu; shfan@gatech.edu; gkchang@ece.gatech.edu). M.-F. Huang is with the NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA (e-mail: mhuang@nec-labs.com). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this letter are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/LPT.2011.2156402

(OFDM) with high spectrum efciency and robust dispersion tolerance are considered as a strong candidate for future long-haul and access networks [3]. Recently, simultaneous generation and transmission of baseband ber-optic signals and RoF wireless signals have been demonstrated [4][6]. However, these results were achieved by expensive and complicated integrated modulators. To our best knowledge, none of the reports demonstrated bidirectional transmissions for both wired and wireless signals utilizing wavelength-reuse scheme over single ber span. The key challenge of bidirectional transmission lies in Rayleigh backscattering (RB) which can cause serious impairment for WDM-PON [7]. The carrier-RB [7] can be attributed to crosstalk when downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) were transmitted through one ber span at the same frequency. Although [8] also proposed a scheme to mitigate RB for the bidirectional transmission, it only demonstrated the two ULs for wired and wireless services without the real DLs. In this work, a new architecture of lightwave centralized bidirectional WDM-OFDM-PON and RoF access system is proposed. It can simultaneously offer wireline and wireless OFDM services, such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and Long Term Evolution (LTE), for both DL and UL transmissions through a ber link. II. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE In our design, Fig. 1, the optical line terminal (OLT) designed consists of channels to generate downstream (DS) signals and detect upstream (US) data. The optical carrier in each channel

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Fig. 2. Experimental setup of hybrid access networks. (i)(iv) The optical spectra (0.01-nm resolution) and its corresponding measured points (a)(j). (v) Optical eye diagram for mm-wave signal. (vi)(vii) Electrical spectra of the received WiMAX and Wired DS.

is modulated by the wireless DS from its base station (BS), and multiple sidebands are generated by an input radio-frequency (RF) signal at frequency, . An optical lter (OF) is then used to separate two second-order sidebands from other three carriers for wired DL modulation. After a multiplexer (MUX) for combining signals, a demultiplexer (DEMUX) in the remote note (RN) is used to split signals and deliver to each optical network unit/remote access unit (ONU/RAU). In the ONU/RAU, two signals carried wireless and wired DL data are converted to electrical domain by direct detection which is a simple, low-cost system and can be implemented with commercial, off-the-shelf components. Meanwhile, two rst-order sidebands without DS data are employed for wireless and wired US modulations, respectively. Therefore, no additional light sources and wavelength management are required at the ONU/RAU, which signicantly reduces the component cost and improves system stability. Using this scheme, we experimentally demonstrated a lightwave centralized bidirectional transmission of OFDM baseband and WiMAX signals over a 25-km SMF-28 with low interference from the RB generated by the carriers carrying DS data. III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS Fig. 2 illustrates the experimental setup for the proposed hybrid bidirectional access network: seamless integration of RoF with WDM-OFDM-PON. At the OLT, a continuous-wave (CW) laser at 1551.15 nm is followed by a LiNbO dual-arm MachZehnder modulator (MZM), which is driven by an amplied 17-GHz RF signal and WiMAX DL signal simultaneously. The 17.28-Mb/s OFDM-64QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) WiMAX DL signal, with center frequency of 2.66 GHz, bandwidth of 10 MHz, fast Fourier transform (FFT) size of 1024, oversampling rate of 28/25, subchannel spacing of 10.9375 kHz and guard period of 1/8, is synthesized by software (Agilent signal studio for 802.16 WiMAX) and generated by a vector signal generator (Agilent N5182A). After the MZM, multicarriers with spacing of 17 GHz is generated (Fig. 2(i)), and only the central signal is carried by a WiMAX DL data; other subcarriers, including rst and second-order sidebands, are CW lightwaves [9]. After amplication, two optical interleavers (50/100-GHz IL and 25/50-GHz IL ) are used to separate the second-order sidebands from other carriers in Fig. 2(ii). The second-order sidebands are considered
Fig. 3. EVM versus RF power for WiMAX (a) downlink, and (b) uplink.

as carriers for the 11.29-Gb/s wired DL OFDM signal with Hermitian symmetry, which is generated ofine by MATLAB and uploaded into a Tektronix arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) operating at 8 GS/s. Additionally, a 68-GHz optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) can be realized at the same time. Due to the limitation of the experimental equipments, only the optical eye diagram of 68-GHz mm-wave signal is displayed in Fig. 2(v). For wired DL and UL signals, 16QAM and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation formats are used for baseband symbol mapping. The FFT size is 128, where 96 subcarriers are mapped with random bit sequence (RBS) stream, 27 subcarriers for guard channels, and one subcarrier in the middle of the OFDM spectrum is set to zero for DC in baseband. Cyclic prex (CP) with length of 8 samples has been applied to resist chromatic dispersions. Four training sequences are added every 100 OFDM data frames. In the ONU/RAU, four different signals are separated by OF , formed by a wavelength selective switch (WSS), as Fig. 2(iii). For the WiMAX DL carried by the central carrier, a 5-GHz PIN photodetector

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factor at 2.66 GHz. Fig. 5 shows the throughputs with different antenna input power for WiMAX DL and UL, exhibiting the RF operating range is 20 dB. The constellation for the DL signal with EVM of dB and throughput of 9.18 Mb/s is also shown in Fig. 5 as inset. IV. CONCLUSION We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel lightwave centralized bidirectional access networks for the seamless integration of RoF with WDM-OFDM-PON system based on the multiwavelength generation and wavelength- reuse scheme. The RB from the carriers with DL data can be reduced because of different occupied frequencies for them and UL signals. The experimental results show that the WiMAX 17.28-Mb/s OFDM-64QAM DL and 11.52-Mb/s OFDM-16QAM UL transmissions are always under the EVM thresholds of IEEE standard. Moreover, for both wired 11.29-Gb/s OFDM-16QAM DS and 5.65-Gb/s OFDM-QPSK US signals, the penalties are less than 0.5 dB after 25-km SMF-28. The unique advantage of this scheme is to utilize simple modulators to realize successful hybrid bidirectional transmission with low RB interference and without additional light sources for USs. Therefore, the proposed scheme can be applied to provide multiple independent wired and wireless services for the next generation optical access networks. REFERENCES
[1] E. Wang, K. L. Lee, and T. B. Anderson, Directly modulated selfseeding reective semiconductor optical ampliers as colorless transmitters in wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 6774, Jan. 2007. [2] A. M. J. Koonen and L. M. Garcia, Radio-Over-MMF techniques-Part II: Microwave to millimeter-wave systems, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 23962408, Aug. 1, 2008. [3] D. Qian, N. Cvijetic, J. Hu, and T. Wang, 108 Gb/s OFDMA-PON with polarization multiplexing and direct detection, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 484493, Feb. 15, 2010. [4] L. Chen et al., A novel scheme for seamless integration of ROF with centralized lightwave OFDM-WDM-PON system, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 27, no. 14, pp. 27862791, Jul. 15, 2009. [5] B. Liu, X. Xin, L. Zhang, K. Zhao, and C. Yu, Broad convergence of 32QAM-OFDM ROF and WDM-OFDM-PON system using and integrated modulator for bidirectional access networks, in Proc. OFC/ NFOEC 2010, San Diego, CA, Paper JThA26. [6] P.-T. Shih et al., Hybrid access network integrated with wireless multilevel vector and wired baseband signals using frequency doubling and no optical ltering, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 21, no. 13, pp. 857859, Jul. 1, 2009. [7] C. W. Chow, G. Talli, and P. D. Townsend, Rayleigh noise reduction in 10-Gb/s DWDM-PONs by wavelength detuning and phase-modulation-induced spectral broadening, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 423425, Mar. 15, 2007. [8] C. W. Chow, C. H. Yeh, L. Xu, and H. K. Tsang, Rayleigh backscattering mitigation using wavelength splitting for heterogeneous optical wired and wireless access, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 12941296, Sep. 1, 2010. [9] Y.-T. Hsueh, Z. Jia, H.-C. Chien, J. Yu, and G.-K. Chang, A novel bidirectional 60-GHz radio-over-ber scheme with multiband signal generation using a single intensity modulator, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 13381340, Sep. 15, 2009. [10] IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks; Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Amendment 2: Physical and MAC Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands and Corrigendum 1, IEEE Standard 802. 16e-2005, Feb. 2006.

Fig. 4. BER versus received optical power for wired DL and UL transmissions.

Fig. 5. Throughput versus antenna input power for BTB WiMAX DL and UL transmissions employing real WiMAX BS from NEC PasoWings.

is used, and then the detected signal is analyzed by an Agilent N9020A signal analyzer. Furthermore, the converted electrical wired OFDM DL signal is sent to a real-time scope for the ofine processing. The electrical spectra of the received WiMAX and wired DL are shown in Fig. 2(vi) and (vii), respectively For ULs, two rst-order CW sidebands are modulated by 11.52-Mb/s OFDM-16QAM WiMAX and 5.65-Gb/s OFDM-QPSK, respectively. By using optical circulators (CLs), the two ULs are sent back to OLT over the same ber span and then separated by OF with 3 dB bandwidth of 0.1 nm, which is also used to lter out the back reection at the DL carriers in Fig. 2(iv). The EVM measurements for WiMAX DL and UL at different RF power are illustrated in Fig. 3. According to IEEE 802.16e standard [10], the EVM thresholds are 3.1% and 6% for successful WiMAX communication with OFDM-64QAM and 16QAM formats, respectively. The experimental results show that the EVM measurements of over 25-km SMF-28 with RF power from to dBm are always under the thresholds of WiMAX. The clear constellations before and after transmission for both WiMAX DL and UL are inserted in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows the bit error rate (BER) performances versus received optical power for wired DL and UL. The power penalties caused by 25-km SMF-28 are less than 0.5 dB for both transmissions. The constellations of the OFDM-16QAM and OFDM-QPSK are also in Fig. 4. In order to show real WiMAX trafc, we also demonstrate a successful back-to-back transmission by utilizing a real WiMAX BS (NEC PasoWings), 2.5G omni-directional antenna with gain of 3 dBi, and a laptop with PCMCIA WiMAX transceiver as mobile subscribers (MS). The WiMAX DL and UL are 9-Mb/s OFDM-64QAM and 4-Mb/s OFDM-16QAM signals with 28/25 oversampling