Introduction to Literary Studies

LITERARY FIGURES Literary figures: figures of speech - tropes stylistic figures figures of sound Figures of speech tropes: the simile the metaphor the personification the synecdoche the metonymy the irony the sarcasm the dead metaphor the allusion the euphemism the periphrasis the pun the symbol the allegory The metaphor: the mixed metaphor The sym o!: symbols in literature symbols in literary scholarship symbols in literary history Sty!istic figures: syntactic figures the syntactic semantic figures figures of word order elliptical figures figures of thought Syntactic figures: the asyndeton the polysyndeton The syntactic semantic figures: the accumulation

Figures of "ord order: departures of regular word order repetition of words or phrases #epartures from regu!ar "ord order: the inversion the hyperbaton the dialysis the hysteron proteron the anastrophe

the tmesis Repetition of "ords or phrases: figures of simple repetition figures of incremental repetition parallelism the modifying repetition Figures of simp!e repetition: the epizeuxis the palilogy (epanastrophe) Figures of incrementa! repetition para!!e!ism: the pleonasm the tautology the amplification the climax the anticlimax the bathos the parenthesis the hendiadys The modifying repetition: the refrain the syntactic ambiguity

E!!iptica! figures: omission of phones omission of words or parts of sentence grammatically incorrect constructions $mission of phones: the elision the syncope the apheresis the synaeresis the parogoge the prosthesis the apocope $mission of "ords or parts of sentence: the ellipsis the aposiopesis Grammatica!!y incorrect constructions: the zeugma the syllepsis the anacoluthon Figures of thought: rhetorical figures figures of evaluation figures of contradictory meaning Rhetorica! figures: the rhetorical question the diaeresis the rhetorical answer the antithesis The rhetorica! %uestion: the apostrophe

Figures of e&a!uation: figures of positive attitude figures of negative attitude Figures of positi&e attitude: the hyperbole Figures of negati&e attitude: the litotes (meiosis understatement) Figures of contradictory meaning: the oxymoron the paradox the catachresis

Figures of sound: figures of sound appearing in the beginning figures of sound appearing at the end figures of sound appearing alternately imitative figures of sound Figures of sound appearing in the eginning: the anaphora the alliteration

Figures of sound appearing at the end: the epiphora Figures of sound appearing a!ternate!y: the anadiplosis Imitati&e figures of sound: the onomatopoeia '$ETRY 'oetry: specifications of poetry definitions of poetry approaches to understanding poetry the !inds of poems elementary parts of "nglish verse poetic licences metrical licences rhyme blan! verse the sonnet the song poetic trifles formula poems free verse (verse libre) #efinitions of poetry: syncretic concept differential concept transferred concept #ifferentia! concept: formal classification evaluative classification semantic classification

The (inds of poems: classification by type classification by sub#ect matter classification by experience from experience to attitude traditional classification )!assification y e*perience: the sensuous experience the intellectual experience

Traditiona! c!assification: lyric poetry epic poetry dramatic poetry Lyric poetry: the ode the ballad the song the elegy the epitaph the epigram the pastoral poem the eclogue the epistle the idyll the aubade the psalm the romance the fol! song the story in verse the nonsense The song: the hymn Epic poetry: the fable the epic the chronicle the historical song the ballade Rhyme: perfect rhymes imperfect rhymes bad rhymes double and triple rhymes arrangement of rhymes +!an( &erse: licences epic or heroic blan! verse dramatic blan! verse

The song: the sacred song or hymn the patriotic and war song the love song the convivial song the political song Formu!a poems: the ballade the roundel the rondeau the roundel the sestina the triolet the villanelle

FI)TI$, Fiction: long fiction intermediate fiction minor fiction between fiction and fact non fiction (faction) Long fiction: the novel The no&e!: historical classification thematic classification classification according to classification according to classification according to classification according to classification according to

sub#ect matter the technique of comprehension function the elaboration of theme the stream of thought

-istorica! c!assification: the picaresque novel the chivalric novel the gothic novel the pastoral novel Thematic c!assification: classification according to milieu

)!assification according to mi!ieu: the novel of the soil the family novel )!assification according to su .ect matter: the fantastic novel the historical novel the utopian novel the science fiction novel

the the the the the the the the the

novel of adventure detective novel novel of travel psychological novel biographical novel autobiographical novel problem novel (thesis novel) roman a clef (schluesselroman) proletarian novel

)!assification according to the techni%ue of composition: the epistolary novel the roman fleuve (novel river stream- novel) the stream of consciousness novel (impressionistic novel) the anti novel )!assification according to function: the didactic novel (erziehungsroman) the tendentious novel the bildungsroman the philosophical novel The i!dungsroman: the !uenstlerroman

)!assification according to the e!a oration of theme: the humorous novel the satirical novel the experimental novel the #ournalistic novel )!assification according to the stream of thought: the sentimental novel the romantic novel the realistic novel the naturalistic novel the existential novel

Intermediate fiction: the novelette (short novel long short story novella) the short story the fabliau the exemplum the legend the idyll the myth /inor fiction: the fable the parable the bestiary the fairy tale the anecdote

The fairy ta!e: the fantastic fairy tale the animal fairy tale the legendary fairy tale the realistic fairy tale +et"een fiction and fact: the essay the boo! review the travelogue the pamphlet the biography (memoirs) The essay: the personal essay (literary) the philosophical essay the scientific essay the scholarly essay the religious essay #RA/A #rama: classification according to genre )!assification according to genre: dramatic genres musical genres #ramatic genres: the tragedy the comedy the drama the melodrama the monodrama the burlesque the farce the grotesque the variety show the cabaret the vaudeville the marionette show The comedy: the comedy of manners (comedy of characters comedy of morals) the satiric comedy the romantic comedy the rogue comedy (picaresque) the comedy of situation (comedy of intrigue) the masque The drama: the lyric drama the realistic drama the drama of the absurd /usica! genres: the opera the light opera (operetta)

the musical