PETRIE, (Sir) William Matthew Flinders (1853-1942) British Egyptologist; he was born in Charlton, ent, 3 !

"ne 1853, the son o# $illia% &' a (i)il engineer an* s"r)eyor, an* +nne *a"ghter o# Capt' ,atthew -lin*ers, the e.plorer o# +"stralia; as a boy he (olle(te* (oins an* was later intro*"(e* by /' $' &oole (0')') to +%elia E*war*s (0')'); his interest in an(ient Egypt was #irst aro"se* at the age o# thirteen by &ia11i 2%yth3s (0')') boo4 on the 5reat &yra%i*; he atten*e* no s(hools or (ollege an* this la(4 o# #or%al e*"(ation was both his strength an* wea4ness in later li#e, #or while he p"rs"e* his ai%s *ire(tly an* was not gi)en to a((epting o"t-o#-*ate %etho*s or theories, he also ignore* the )iews o# %any who were %a4ing )al"able (ontrib"tions to Egyptology an* ar(haeology; he re(ei)e* a (onsi*erable training in British ar(haeology an* prehistory, an* with his #ather s"r)eye* 2tonehenge in 1862; #ro% this perio* also *ate* his li#elong interest in weights an* %eas"res; he ne.t s"r)eye* a great %any earthwor4s an* ar(haeologi(al re%ains in so"thern Englan*, 1865-87, %a4ing a large n"%ber o# plans o# these; he #irst went to Egypt to %a4e a s"r)ey o# the &yra%i*s, 1887-2; he *"g #or the EE-, 1884-8; he 0"arrelle* with the% an* *e(i*e* to set "p an ar(haeologi(al bo*y o# his own an* th"s be (o%pletely in*epen*ent o# all o"tsi*e (ontrol; he ha* a har* str"ggle at #irst b"t #ro% 1886 e.(a)ate* reg"larly with the help o# !' 9aworth (0')') an* ,' ennar* (0')'); he #o"n*e* the Egyptian /esear(h +((o"nt, 1894, later enlarge* as the British 2(hool o# +r(haeology in Egypt; he re:oine* the EE- an* wor4e* #or the% again, 1898-1975; by the wish o# ,iss E*war*s he was appointe* to the #irst (hair in Egyptology in Englan*, E*war*s &ro#essor, ;ni)ersity College <on*on, 1892-1933; E%erit"s &ro#' 1933-42; t', 1923; -/2, 1972; -B+, 1974; =C<, >.#or*, 1892; <itt= Cantab, 1977; <<=, E*inb"rgh, 1898, +ber*een, 1978; =<itt, =2(, &h=, 2trass', 1896; ,e%ber o# the /oyal ?rish +(a*', an* the +%er' &hilos' 2o('; he %arrie* 9il*a ;rlin (see abo)e), 1896; he ina"g"rate* the #irst syste%ati( ar(haeologi(al wor4 in the @ear East, an* *"ring 42 years e.(a)ate* %ore sites than ,ariette (0')'); he *"g at the #ollowing pla(es, Aanis, 1884; @a"4ratis, 1884-5; =aphnae, 1888; @ebesha, 1888; 9awara, Biah%", an* +rsinoe (Cro(o*ilopolis), 1888, an* 9awara, 1917-11; ?llah"n- ah"n, 1889-97, 1914-19; 5"rob, 1889-97; ,ai*"%, 1891, 1979; El-+%arna, 1891-2; optos, 1893-4; @a0a*a an* Ballas, 1895; Ahebes /a%esse"%, et(', 1895-8; B"rna, 1978; =eshasha, 1896; =en*era, 1896-8; +ba*iya-9" (=iospolis), 1898-9; +by*os, 1899-1973, 1921; Ehnasya, 1973-4; B"to, 1974; 2inai - $a*i ,aghara an* 2erabit, 1974-5; Aell elCah"*iya, 1975-8; Aell er-/eteba, 1975-8; 2a#t el-9inna, 1978; 5i1a an* /i#a, 1978-6; +thribis, 1976; ,e%phis, 1978-13; Aar4han, 1911-13; 2i*%ant, 1927-1; 9araga; 2h"ra#a, 1911; 9eliopolis, 1912; Ba", 19234; he also *"g #or a season in &alestine in 1897, an* later aban*one* Egypt in 1928 to wor4 "ntil 1938 on 9y4sos an* other sites in &alestine notably 5a1a, 1926-34; he %a*e %ore %a:or ar(haeologi(al *is(o)eries than any other ar(haeologist, the (ity o# @a"4ratis whose whereabo"ts ha* been "n4nown, the site o# ah"n, %any #ine ob:e(ts #ro% El-+%arna, the great pre*ynasti( (e%etery at @a0a*a, ar(hai( %aterial #ro% the royal to%bs o# +by*os, the ?srael stela o# ing ,ereneptah an* the %agni#i(ent :ewels #ro% <ah"n, to list b"t a #ew; &etrie a*)an(e* the whole approa(h to ar(haeology, his %etho*s an* te(hni0"es being re)ol"tionary in the @ear East at the ti%e; he too4 -"rtwDngler3s %etho* o# *ating painte* an* *e(orate* pottery as an ar(haeologi(al (hrono%eter an* e.pan*e* it so that it (o"l* be "se* #or all types #or the #irst ti%e, syste%ati(ally arranging pre*ynasti( Egyptian %aterial, an* th"s in)enting se0"en(e *ating; in 1891 he establishe* syn(hronis%s thro"gh pottery with 5ree(e ai*e* by his #or%er p"pil E' 5ar*ner (0')'), again e)ol)ing a new %etho*; he also *is(o)ere* the #irst te.ts in the 2inaiti( s(ript; his greatest (ontrib"tion was his e%phasis on the i%portan(e o# obser)ing everything #o"n*, an* his insisten(e on the typologi(al st"*y o# all ob:e(ts, howe)er h"%ble; he e.er(ise* a pro#o"n* in#l"en(e on all %"se"%s *"ring the 1887s whi(h at that ti%e *i* not 4now how to (onser)e anti0"ities properly; his %etho* o# #"n*-raising thro"gh the sale o# anti0"ities to %"se"%s gaine* hi% his in*epen*en(e an* also pro)i*e* hi% with a %"(h wi*er )ariety o# ob:e(ts #or st"*y; his other great (ontrib"tion was the *is(o)ery o# the earliest histori(al an* pre*ynasti( perio*s, hitherto "ns"spe(te*; &etrie

traine* %any assistants who (ontin"e* his wor4; e)ery year he hel* e.hibitions to aro"se p"bli( interest in *is(o)ering %ore sites; he a%asse* a )ery great (olle(tion o# anti0"ities, whi(h is ho"se* at ;ni)ersity Coll' <on*on; this (olle(tion was bo"ght #ro% hi% in 1913 by p"bli( s"bs(ription, the *onors in(l"*ing $alter ,orrison an* /obert ,on* (0')'); he #o"n*e* the :o"rnal Ancient Egypt in 1914, an* e*ite* it #or twenty years; &etrie p"blishe* abo"t 1,777 boo4s, arti(les, an* re)iews (see below), the %ost i%portant wor4s being, Inductive Metrology, 1866; The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh , 1883; Tanis. Part I, !!"#$, 1885; %au&ratis. Part I, !!$#', with E' 5ar*ner an* others, 1888; (acial Photographs from the Egyptian Monuments, 1886; Tanis, Part II. %e)esheh *Am+ and ,efenneh *Tahpanhes+, with +' 2' ,"rray an* others, 1888; A Season in Egypt, 1888; T-o .ieroglyphic Papyri from Tanis. Part II. The Geographical Papyrus *An Almanac&+ , with 9' Br"gs(h, 1889; .a-ara, /iahmu and Arsinoe, 1889; .istorical Scara)s, 1889; 0ahun, Guro) and .a-ara, with -' -l' 5ri##ith an* others, 1897; Illahun, 0ahun and Guro), !!1#12, with +' 9' 2ay(e an* others, 1892; Ten years digging in Egypt, !! # !1 , 1892; Tell el Amarna, with +' 9' 2ay(e an* others 1894; A .istory of Egypt, 1st e*', 3 )ols', 1894-1975; Egyptian ,ecorative Art, 1895; Egyptian Tales, 2 )ols', 1895; 0optos, with =' 5' 9ogarth, 1898; %a3ada and /allas, !1', with !' E' B"ibell an* others, 1898; Si4 Temples at The)es, 1898, with $' 2piegelberg, 1896; ,eshasheh, !15, with -' <l' 5ri##ith, 1898; (eligion and 6onscience in Ancient Egypt, 1898; Syria and Egypt, from the Tell el Amarna 7etters, 1898; ,endereh, !1!, 2 pts', with -' <l' 5ri##ith an* others, 1977; The (oyal Tom)s of the 8irst ,ynasty, 122 , pt' i, 1977; The (oyal Tom)s of the Earliest ,ynasties, 12 , pt' ii, with -' <l' 5ri##ith, 1971; ,iospolis Parva. The cemeteries of A)adiyeh and .u, !1!#1, with +' C' ,a(e, 1971; A)ydos, pt' i, with +' E' $eigall, 1972; A)ydos, pt' ii, with -' <l' 5ri##ith, 1973; Ehnasya, 12$, with C' A' C"rrelly, 1974; Methods and Aims in Archaeology , 1974; (oman Ehnasya *.era&leopolis Magna+ 12$, 1975; .y&sos and Israelite 6ities, with !' 5' ="n(an, 1978; The (eligion of Ancient Egypt, 1975; (esearches in Sinai, with C' A' C"rrelly, 1978; Gizeh and (ifeh, with 2ir 9' Aho%pson an* $' E' Cr"%, 1976; Athri)is, with !' 9' $al4er an* others, 1978; The Arts and 6rafts of ancient Egypt, 1979; Memphis I, with !' 9' $al4er, 1979; The Palace of Apries, (Memphis II), with !' 9' $al4er, 1979; Personal (eligion in Egypt )efore 6hristianity , 1979; 9urneh, with !' 9' $al4er, 1979; Meydum and Memphis III, with E' ,a(4ay an* others, 1917; .istorical Studies, with E' B' nobel an* others, 1911; (oman Portraits and Memphis I:, 1911; Egypt and Israel, 1911; The (evolutions of 6ivilization, 1911; The 8ormation of the Alpha)et, 1912; The 7a)yrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh, with 5' +' $ainwright an* others, 1912; The .a-ara Portfolio, 1913; Tar&han and Memphis :, with 5' +' $ainwright an* others, 1913; Tar&han II, 1914; Amulets, 1914; .and)oo& of Egyptian anti3uities collected )y 8linders Petrie, e4hi). at ;niversity 6oll. Go-er St , 1915; .eliopolis, 0afr Ammar and Shurafa, with E' ,a(4ay an* others, 1915; Scara)s and 6ylinders -ith names, 1916; Tools and <eapons, 1916; Eastern E4ploration. Past and 8uture, 1918; Some Sources of .uman .istory, 1919; Prehistoric Egypt, 1927; 6orpus of Prehistoric Pottery and Palettes, 1921; 7ahun II, with 5' Br"nton an* others, 1923; Social 7ife in Ancient Egypt, 1923; Sedment, 2 )ols' 1924; (eligious 7ife in Ancient Egypt, 1924; Ancient Egyptians, =i)' ?, no' 11 o# ,escriptive Sociology, #ol', 1925; /uttons and design scara)s, 1925; Tom)s of the 6ourtiers and =4yrhyn&hos , with +' 9' 5ar*iner an* others, 1925; Ancient <eights and Measures , 1928; Glass Stamps and <eights, 1928; =)>ects of daily use, 1926; 9au and /adari. I, 1926; Gerar, 1928; /eth#Pelet I *Tell 8ara+, with >' A"#nell, 1937; Antaeopolis. The tom)s of 9au, 1937; ,ecorative patterns of the Ancient <orld, 1937; Ancient Gaza. Tell El A>>ul, 5 )ols' 1931-52; Seventy ?ears in Archaeology, 1931; Measures and <eights, 1934; Sha)tis' 1935; Anthedon. Sinai, with !' C' Ellis, 1936; The 8uneral 8urniture of Egypt, 1936; Egyptian Architecture, 1938; The Ma&ing of Egypt, 1939; <isdom of the Egyptians, 1947; posth' p"b', 6eremonial Slate Palettes. 6orpus of Proto#,ynastic Pottery , with 9' &etrie an* ,' +' ,"rray; 88 o# these are 0"arto )ols'; his %ost i%portant #in*s are in the Egyptian ,"se"%, Cairo an* other %"se"%s in Englan* an* +%eri(a, b"t his (olle(tion o# &alestinian pottery is in the ?nstit"te o# +r(haeology, <on*on, with whose

#o"n*ation he was in)ol)e*; 113 o# his noteboo4s an* his *istrib"tion lists are 4ept in the &etrie ,"se"%, ;ni)ersity Coll' (B' +*a%s, @EA 81 (1965), 178, 117-1) an* other papers are in the 5ri##ith ?nstit"te, >.#or* (i)id., 179) an* the EE2 <"(y 5"ra +r(hi)e; portraits by &' +' *e <Es1lo are in ;ni)' Coll' >l* /e#e(tory an* the &etrie Colle(tion, others by 5' -' $atts an* *e <Es1lo in the @ational &ortr' 5allery an* the +sh%olean ,"se"%, an* a s%all one by ,rs Br"nton in the E*war*s <ibrary; &etrie *ie* in !er"sale%, 28 !"ly 1942'

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