DISTANCE PROTECTION ALGORITHM FOR DOUBLE-CIRCUIT

TRANSMISSION LINE WITH FAULT RESISTANCE COMPENSATION

Marcin Bozek
Schneider Electric
Swiebodzice, Poland
marcin.bozek@schneider.com
Jan Izykowski
WRUT
*)

Wroclaw, Poland
jan.izykowski@pwr.wroc.pl
Eugeniusz Rosolowski
WRUT
*)

Wroclaw, Poland
rose@pwr.wroc.pl
Murari Saha
ABB AB
Vsters, Sweden
murari.saha@se.abb.com
*)
Wroclaw University of Technology



Abstract This paper presents an adaptive method for
non-pilot distance protection of a double-circuit
transmission line. It exhibits improved operation under
resistive unsymmetrical faults involving ground. As a
result of applying the proposed adaptive impedance
measurement an under-reaching or over-reaching of the
relay, that are caused by a remote line end infeed, are
effectively avoided. It is considered that a distance relay is
supplied with three-phase voltage, three-phase current
from the faulted line circuit and zero-sequence current
from the healthy line circuit of a double-circuit line. The
developed adaptive distance protection algorithm has been
thoroughly tested using signals taken from ATP-EMTP
versatile simulations of faults on a transmission line.
Sample results of the testing are included and discussed.
Keywords: double-circuit transmission line, fault,
distance protection, impedance measurement, fault
resistance compensation, fault simulation
1 INTRODUCTION
In standard typical line distance protective relays an
impedance measurement is performed. In case of
resistive fault, the measured fault loop impedance is no
longer a strict measure of the distance to fault. This is
due to a remote end infeed effect, which was considered
for both single-circuit lines [1][4] and double-circuit
lines [5][7]. As a result, there is a gross error in the
relay measurement, which can cause under-reaching or
over-reaching of distance relays under resistive faults
close to the border of the first protective zone and also
slowing down their tripping time.
Adaptive relaying is one of the most important topic
in power system protection. It opens the possibility for
improvement of the performance of distance relays. In
this paper adaptive distance protection for a double-
circuit line operating at both ends at common buses:
AAAB and BABB (Figure 1) is considered. The
proposed adaptive protection is designed for the
following resistive faults: phase-to-ground and phase-
to-phase-to-ground faults. Thus, the faults which are the
most frequent and also being the troublesome for
operation of distance relays are taken into
considerations.
The proposed method differs from the previous
approaches to adaptive distance protection of double-
circuit transmission lines, which were presented in [5]
[7]. In particular in [5], two adaptation techniques
applicable to double-phase-to-ground faults were
presented. Adaptation was achieved by swiveling the
quadrilateral characteristic about its intersection with
the solid fault impedance locus.
It is considered here that a distance relay is supplied
with three-phase voltage {v
A
}, three-phase current {i
A
}
from the faulted line circuit and zero-sequence current
i
AB0
from the healthy line circuit of a double-circuit line
(Figure 1). This differs from the approaches presented
in [6][7], where availability of complete measurements
at one end (thus, a three-phase current and not a zero-
sequence from the healthy line) was considered.
SYSTEM A F
REL
{i
AA
}
SYSTEM B
{v
A
}
AA
AB
BA
BB Z
LB
dZ
LA
(1d)Z
LA
i
AB0
R
F
I
F

Figure 1: Schematic diagram for considering distance
protection of double-circuit transmission line.
2 PRINCIPLE OF DISTANCE RELAY
OPERATION
A distance relay determines fault loop impedance
(Z
Ap
) from the fault loop voltage (V
Ap
) and current (I
Ap
),
which are composed accordingly to the fault type as
presented in Table 1 [8][9].

Fault type Relaying voltage and current

ph-g
ph
A Ap
V V =
AB0 0m AA0 0 AA Ap
ph
I k I k I I + + =
ph1-ph2, ph1-ph2-g,
ph1-ph2-ph3,
ph1-ph2-ph3-g
ph2 ph1
A A Ap
V V V =
ph2 ph1
AA AA Ap
I I I =
ph, ph1, ph2, subscripts for indicating faulted phases,
g marking of ground,
AA0
I zero-sequence current of faulted line,
AB0
I zero-sequence current of healthy line,
LA 1 LA 1 LA 0 0
) ( Z Z Z k = ,
LA 1 m 0 m 0
Z Z k = ,
LA 0 LA 1
, Z Z positive-, zero-sequence impedance of line LA,
0m
Z mutual coupling zero-sequence impedance of lines.

Table 1: Composing of relaying voltage and current
17
th
Power Systems Computation Conference Stockholm Sweden - August 22-26, 2011

Tripping signal of a standard non-pilot distance
relay, protecting a considered line, is issued on the base
of comparison of the measured fault loop impedance
(Z
Ap
) with the pre-determined impedance characteristic.
Taking the fault loop voltage and current, composed
as in Table 1, the following generalized fault loop
model can be stated [6], [9]:
0
F F Ap 1LA Ap
= I R I Z d V (1)
where:
d unknown distance to fault from the relay location up
to the fault point [p.u.],
R
F
unknown fault path resistance,
Z
1LA
positive-sequence impedance of the line LA,
I
F
total fault current (fault path current), which results
from the current flowing from the relaying point (AA)
and also from the current feeding the fault from the
remote end BA (Figure 1).
Dividing (1) by the fault loop current I
Ap
one obtains
the fault loop model with respect to impedance:
0
Ap
F
F 1LA Ap
=
I
I
R Z d Z (2)
where:
Ap
Ap
Ap
I
V
Z = fault loop impedance measured by the
standard distance protection.
One may observe that the fault loop impedance Z
Ap

of the standard distance protection is an actual measure
of the impedance (dZ
1LA
), that is a positive-sequence
impedance of the faulted line section, only for solid
faults (R
F
=0). Otherwise, the impedance error arises:

Ap
F
F error Ap
) (
I
I
R Z = (3)
which may cause the relay to under-reach or over-reach.
3 IMPROVED DISTANCE PROTECTION
For improving the protection relay operation the
adaptive algorithm which compensates for the error (3)
is proposed. Derivation of the algorithm for faults
involving ground, i.e. for faults with the highest fault
resistances, follows. For deriving this algorithm the total
fault current in (1) is resolved into its symmetrical
components:
0 ) (
F0 F0 F2 F2 F1 F1 F Ap 1LA Ap
= + + I a I a I a R I Z d V (4)
where:
a
F1
, a
F2
, a
F0
share coefficients dependent on fault type
and the assumed priority for using respective sequences.
Several sets of alternative sets of the share
coefficients can be derived [6], [9]. However, with
avoiding the zero-sequence component (a
F0
=0) and
taking for the phase-to-ground the priority for using
negative-sequence components over the positive-
sequence components the share coefficients are as in
Table 2 [6], [9].
In consequence of selecting such set of the share
coefficients with rejection of the zero-sequence (a
F0
=0)
a need for determining the positive- and negative-
sequence of the total fault current (I
F1
and I
F2
) arises.
For this purpose the circuit diagrams of the considered
transmission network for the superimposed positive-
sequence (Figure 2a) and negative-sequence (Figure 2b)
are utilized.

Fault type
F1
a
F2
a
F0
a
a-g 0 3 0
b-g 0 3 j1.5 1.5 + 0
c-g 0 3 j1.5 1.5 0
a-b-g 3 j0.5 1.5 + 3 j0.5 1.5 0
b-c-g 3 j 3 j 0
c-a-g 3 j0.5 1.5 3 j0.5 1.5 + 0

Table 2: Share coefficients used in fault model (4)
AA BA
I
AA1
Z
1sA
dZ
1LA
Z
1sB
(1d)Z
1LA
Z
1LB
AB BB
F
I
F1
I
F1


AA BA
I
AA2
Z
1sA
dZ
1LA
Z
1sB
(1d)Z
1LA
Z
1LB
AB BB
F
I
F2
I
F2

Figure 2: Equivalent circuit diagram of double-circuit line
for: a) superimposed positive-sequence, b) negative-sequence.
Considering a flow of currents in the circuits of
Figures 2a and 2b one obtains:

F1
AA1
F1
k
I
I

= (5)

F2
AA2
F2
k
I
I = (6)
where:
pre
AA1 AA1 AA1
I I I = superimposed positive-
sequence current (obtained by subtracting pre-fault
current (superscript: pre) from the fault current),
AA2
I negative-sequence current,
F1
k ,
F2
k - fault current distribution factors for the
positive- and negative-sequence components,
respectively.
a)
b)
17
th
Power Systems Computation Conference Stockholm Sweden - August 22-26, 2011

Basically impedances for the positive- and for the
negative-sequence are identical. Thus the fault current
distribution factors for these sequences are identical:

F F2 F1
k k k = = (7)
and expressed as follows:

1
1 1
F
M
L d K
k
+
= (8)
where:
( )
1LB 1sB 1sA 1LA 1
Z Z Z Z K + + = ,
( )
1sB 1LB 1LB 1sB 1sA 1LA 1
Z Z Z Z Z Z L + + + = ,
( ) ( )
1sB 1LA 1sA 1LB 1sB 1sA 1LA 1
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z M + + + + = .
One can notice that except the unknown distance to
fault (d) and the impedances of line circuits for the
positive-sequence (Z
1LA
, Z
1LB
) also impedances of the
equivalent sources from both line ends (Z
1SA
, Z
1SB
) are
involved in (8). In order to avoid adverse influence of
uncertainty with respect to the source impedances a
flow of zero-sequence currents (Figure 3) is considered.
Zero-sequence component of the total fault current (I
F0
)
can be determined by considering the closed mesh
denoted by points P, F, Q. Comparing the voltage drops
between points P, Q obtained for the upper path (with
the impedance (
0m 0LB
Z Z )) and for the lower path of
the mesh (with the impedances: ) (
0m 0LA
Z Z d ,
) )( 1 (
0m 0LA
Z Z d ) one obtains:

d
I P I
I

=
1
AB0 0 AA0
F0
(9)
where:
0m 0LA
0m 0LB
0
Z Z
Z Z
P

= .
Note that for symmetrical parallel lines
(
0LB 0LA
Z Z = ) being in operation one obtains 1
0
= P .
Z
0sB
Z
0sA
F
B
A
=
B
B
dZ
0m
Z
0LB
Z
0m
d(Z
0LA
Z
0m
)
I
AB0
I
AA0
I
A
A
0
+
I
A
B
0
A
A
=
A
B
(1d)(Z
0LA
Z
0m
)
(1d)Z
0m
I
F0
I
F0
P Q

Figure 3: Equivalent circuit diagram of double-circuit line
for zero-sequence.
Considering the boundary conditions for different
ground faults one obtains the relations between the
zero- and the positive- and/or negative-sequence
components of a total fault current [9]:

F2 F2 F1 F1 F0
I b I b I + = (10)
Two alternative sets of the coefficients (
F1
b ,
F2
b ) are
gathered in Table 3 (example derivation in Appendix).
Substituting (5)(6) into (10) and taking into account
(9) yields:

F
AA2 F2 AA1 F1 AB0 0 AA0
1 k
I b I b
d
I P I +
=

(11)
The reciprocal of the fault current distribution factor
for the positive- (or negative-) sequence determined
from (11) takes the form:

d
I b I b
I P I
k
|
|

\
|
+
=
1

1
AA2 F2 AA1 F1
AB0 0 AA0
F
(12)
Thus, the reciprocal of the fault current distribution
factor (11) is determined from available measurements
and the distance to fault which is to be determined. In
contrast to (8), the source impedances (Z
1SA
, Z
1SB
) are
not here (right-hand side of (12)) involved.

SET 1 SET 2
Fault
F1
b
F2
b
F1
b
F2
b
a-g 0 1 1 0
b-g 0
3 5 . 0 j 5 . 0 + 3 5 . 0 j 5 . 0
0
c-g 0
3 5 . 0 j 5 . 0
0
a-b-g
3 5 . 0 j 5 . 0 3 5 . 0 j 5 . 0 +
b-c-g 1 1
c-a-g
3 5 . 0 j 5 . 0 + 3 5 . 0 j 5 . 0

As in SET 1

Table 3: Relation between the zero- and the positive- and/or
negative-sequence components of total fault current (10).
Under setting zero for the weighting coefficient for
the zero sequence ( 0
0
=
F
a ), as in Table 2, and taking
into account (12), the generalized fault loop model (1)
takes the following form. Inserting the reciprocal of the
fault current distribution factor for the positive- (or
negative-) sequence (11) into (12) one obtains:

( )
0
1
F
Ap 1LA Ap
=

J
d
R
I Z d V (13)
where:
( )
AB0 0 AA0
AA2 F2 AA1 F1
AA2 F2 AA1 F1
I P I
I b I b
I a I a
J
+
+
= .
The quantity J from (13), which is determined with
the local measurements of symmetrical components of
currents and the coefficients from Tables 2 and 3. In
addition, for single phase faults (a-g, b-g or c-g) this
quantity simplifies to very compact form:
( )
AB0 0 AA0
g ph
3 I P I J =

(14)
while for phase-to-phase-to-ground faults the quantity J
has to be determined as defined in (13).
After resolving (13) into the real/imaginary parts and
taking that the quantity R
F
/(1d) is a real number, the
distance to fault is expressed as:
) ( real ) imag( ) imag( ) real(
) real( ) imag( ) imag( ) real(
Ap 1LA Ap 1LA
Ap Ap
J I Z J I Z
J V J V
d

=
or (15)

*) imag(
*) imag(
Ap 1LA
Ap
J I Z
J V
d = (16)
where:
* J denotes conjugate of J .
17
th
Power Systems Computation Conference Stockholm Sweden - August 22-26, 2011

The derived formulas for the distance to fault (15)
(16) are very compact. Taking this distance one can
determine the impedance measurement for the adaptive
distance protection:
d Z Z
1LA
adapt.
Ap
= (17)
where: d distance to fault according to (15) or (16).
The impedance (17) measured by adaptive distance
protection is the actual measure of the positive-sequence
impedance of the faulted line section (considered as
from the relay location up to the fault place). This is so
since the impedance error (3) of the traditional distance
protection is effectively compensated for when applying
the measurement according to (17). The adaptive
measurement (17) provides complete compensation for
the error (3) for all ground faults listed in Tables 2 and
3, regardless of the fault resistance and direction of the
pre-fault power flow.
4 ATP-EMTP BASED EVALUATION OF
ADAPTIVE ALGORITHM

The proposed adaptive algorithm has been
thoroughly tested using signals taken from ATP-EMTP
[10] simulations. The modeled transmission network
comprised of 300-km, 400-kV transmission line and
two equivalent sources. The parameters of the modeled
transmission network are gathered in Table 4.
The ATP-EMTP model includes the Capacitive
Voltage Transformers (CVTs) and the Current
Transformers (CTs) as well. The analog filters with
350 Hz cut-off frequency were also included. The
sampling frequency of 1000 Hz was applied and the
phasors were determined with use of the full-cycle
Fourier filters.
In Figures 4 through 7 the results for the example
fault are presented. The specifications for this example
are as follows:
- fault type: ag,
- fault location: d
actual
=0.8 p.u.,
- fault resistance: R
F
=10 ,
- fault incipience time: t
flt
=60 ms.
Thus the modeled fault which was applied at 80% of
the line length is within the first zone set at 85% of the
line impedance reach.

System element Parameter
'
1L
Z (0.0276 + j0.315) /km
'
0L
Z (0.275 + j1.0265) /km
'
m 0
Z (0.20 + j0.628) /km
'
1L
C 13 nF/km
'
0L
C 8.5 nF/km
'
0m
C 5 nF/km
1SA
Z
(2.615+ j14.829)
0SA
Z
(4.637 + j26.297)
Voltage
phase
30
o

1SB
Z
1SA 1SB
Z Z =
0SB
Z
0SA 0SB
Z Z = Equivalent
system B
Voltage
phase
0
o


Table 4: Parameters of the modeled transmission network
Three-phase voltage and three-phase current from the
faulted line circuit are shown in Figure 4. In turn,
Figure 5 presents three-phase current from the healthy
parallel line together with magnitudes of zero-sequence
currents from both line circuits. These zero-sequence
currents are important for estimation of the distance to
fault.
Figure 6 presents impedance measurement of
traditional distance relay. The fault is applied at 80% of
the considered line (Table 4) and thus impedance of the
faulted line section is:
+ = + = j75.6) (6.62 300 j0.315) (0.0276 0.8 Z
1LA actual
d .
Steady-state value of the impedance measured by a
traditional relay is:
Z
Ap
=(73.7+j103.8) .
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
Time [ms]







T
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e

v
o
l
t
a
g
e
:

{
v
A
}

[
1
0
5
V
]

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1500
1000
500
0
500
1000
1500
Time [ms]







T
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
:

{
i
A
A
}

[
A
]

Figure 4: The fault example three-phase voltage {v
A
} and three-phase current {i
AA
} from faulted line circuit.
17
th
Power Systems Computation Conference Stockholm Sweden - August 22-26, 2011

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
800
400
0
400
800
Time [ms]







T
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
:

{
i
A
B
}

[
A
]

Fault Time [ms]
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
s

o
f

z
e
r
o
-
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s

[
A
]
0 10 20 30 40
0
100
200
300
400
500
|I
AA0
|
|I
AB0
|

Figure 5: The fault example three-phase current {i
AB
} from healthy line circuit and magnitudes of zero-sequence currents from
both faulted and healthy line circuits.
0 10 20 30 40
100
200
300
400
d
actual
X
1LA
R
Ap
X
Ap
Fault time [ms]
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

&

R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e

[

]
d
actual
R
1LA

400 300 200 100 0 100
0
100
200
300
400
AA
BA
F
a
u
l
t

L
o
o
p

R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e

[

]
Fault Loop Resistance []

Figure 6: The fault example impedance measurement of traditional distance relay: resistance and reactance as functions of fault
time, and reactance versus resistance.
0 10 20 30 40
100
200
300
400
d
actual
X
1LA
Fault time [ms]
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

&

R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e

[

]
d
actual
R
1LA
adapt.
Ap
X
adapt.
Ap
R

150 100 50 50 100 150
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
AA
BA
F
a
u
l
t

L
o
o
p

R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e

[

]
Fault Loop Resistance []

Figure 7: The fault example impedance measurement of adaptive distance relay: resistance and reactance as functions of fault
time, and reactance versus resistance.
On the base of impedance measurement performed
by a traditional distance relay (Figure 6) one can state
that an influence of a remote line end infeed is in this
case considerable. Resistance equal to 75.6 , instead
of 6.62 is measured. Also, reactance equal to
103.8 , instead of 75.6 is measured. This indicates
that both resistance and reactance considerably differs
from the actual values. As a result of that, the trajectory
of impedance measured by a traditional relay, presented
in the reactance versus resistance plot of Figure 6, does
not encroaches the MHO characteristic of the first
protection zone set at 85% of the line impedance reach.
Thus, this fault will not be tripped with 1
st
zone time,
but will be tripped with the 2
nd
zone time delay.
17
th
Power Systems Computation Conference Stockholm Sweden - August 22-26, 2011

As shown in Figure 7, the impedance measurement
of the adaptive protection yields the results (resistance
and reactance) which are consistent with actual values
for the impedance of the faulted line section. As a result
of that, the trajectory of the impedance measured by a
proposed adaptive distance protection surely encroaches
the MHO characteristic and the fault is tripped. This is a
correct decision since a considered fault is within the
designed first protective zone.
One can observe that impedance measurement
performed by adaptive distance protection exhibits large
fluctuations in estimated resistance and reactance.
Therefore, a reliable decision can be made when a
condition for tripping is satisfied for a particular number
of consecutive samples. In the performed study it was
demanded to have the condition satisfied for three
consecutive samples. The other possibility is to apply
the criterion introduced in [4], where the digital first
derivative of the estimated distance to fault is compared
with the threshold value adequately chosen.
In Tables 5 and 6 the tripping time for ag and abg
faults applied at different locations is shown.

Distance to
fault [p.u.]
Trip time of
traditional relay [ms]
Trip time of
adaptive relay [ms]
0.1 9 8
0.2 11 11
0.3 15 15
0.4 17 16
0.5 19 17
0.6 20 18
0.7 27 21
0.8 24
0.9
1.0

Table 5: Tripping time for ag fault (R
F
=10 ).

Distance to
fault [p.u.]
Trip time of
traditional relay [ms]
Trip time of
adaptive relay [ms]
0.1 15 13
0.2 16 14
0.3 18 14
0.4 19 14
0.5 23 15
0.6 29 16
0.7 24
0.8 25
0.9
1.0

Table 6: Tripping time for abg fault (R
F
=10 , R
g
=10
identical resistances between the phases and common point
(R
F
) and between the common point and ground (R
g
).
The results of Tables 5 and 6 indicate that the
designed reach of the 1st zone set at 85% of the line
impedance is not kept for the traditional relay. The
adaptive distancve relay keeps this reach and the trip
time is even slightly faster than of the traditional relay.
The evaluation performed for the other fault
conditions proved correct operation of the derived
adaptive algorithm.
5 CONCLUSIONS
This paper introduces an adaptive algorithm that
allows to compensate for the adverse influence of the
remote line end infeed on impedance measurement of
distance relays. It is designed for application to double-
circuit lines operating at its basic mode, i.e. terminated
at common buses at both ends. For the other
configurations the standard fault loop impedance has to
be applied.
The presented algorithm requires that a distance relay
is supplied with three-phase voltage and three-phase
current from the faulted line circuit, and also with the
zero-sequence current from the healthy parallel line to
allow compensation for the mutual coupling between
the line circuits. The algorithm covers the single-phase
and double-phase faults involving ground, which are the
most troublesome for distance protection.
As a result of utilizing the constrains of the
considered resistive faults, the adaptive measurement
algorithm being simple in form and not requiring
sophisticated calculations has been obtained. It is not
necessary to provide measurement data from the remote
end of the protected line as well as the source
impedance values. Thus, the results of the presented
algorithm are not sensitive to changes in the short
circuit capacity in System A and System B, as well as to
changes in system zero sequence impedances (due to
network switchings and change of generation dispatch).
The algorithm appears as easy to implement in a digital
distance protection device.
ATPEMTP simulations proved that the presented
adaptive procedure enhances operation of a distance
relay, making the relay practically invulnerable to the
remote line end infeed. Over-reaching and under-
reaching caused by the infeed is effectively avoided.
Also some speeding up of the relay operation can be
achieved with the proposed algorithm.
6 APPENDIX EXAMPLE DERIVATION OF
THE COEFFICIENTS FROM TABLE 3
Example derivation of the coefficients from Table 3
for bcg fault is shown here. For this fault we have
that at the fault place in the healthy phase a there is no
current, I
Fa
=0. Taking this, the symmetrical components
of the total fault current are as follows:
(
(
(

+
+
+
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

Fc Fb
2
Fc
2
Fb
Fc Fb
Fc
Fb
2
2
F2
F1
F0
a a
a a
3
1
0
a a 1
a a 1
1 1 1
3
1
I I
I I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
(A1)
3 5 . 0 j 5 . 0 a + =
The sum of positive- and negative-sequence currents
equals:
) ) a a ( ) a a ((
3
1
Fc
2
Fb
2
F2 F1
I I I I + + + = + (A2)
17
th
Power Systems Computation Conference Stockholm Sweden - August 22-26, 2011

Taking into account the identity: , 0 a a 1
2
= + + one
obtains:
) (
3
1
Fc Fb F2 F1
I I I I = + (A3)
The zero-sequence current from (A1) equals:
) (
3
1
Fc Fb F0
I I I + = (A4)
Finally, one obtains:

F2 F1 F0
I I I = (A5)
The coefficients for the considered bcg fault are
thus: 1
F1
= b , 1
F2
= b , i.e. as in Table 3.
Analogous derivation can be carried out for the other
ground faults.
7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science
and Higher Education of Poland under research grant
N511 303638 conducted in the term 20102012.
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17
th
Power Systems Computation Conference Stockholm Sweden - August 22-26, 2011
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