Testing standards and performance standards

EUROVENT has defined the set points for which performance is reported by industry (performance comparison at full load) in standards accordance with CEN. (Efforts have also been made by ISO to define international standards.) The European method to test chiller cooling capacity is defined in EN 14511:2004 Energy performance Index EER The energy performance index is the energy efficiency ratio (EER) and is defined as: EER= Pc (Net cooling capacity) / Pe (Effective Power Input in Cooling Mode)

Pe - Average electrical power input of the liquid chilling package within the defined interval of time, obtained from: o The power input for operation of the compressor o The power input of all control and safety devices o The proportional power input of the conveying devices (fan, pump) Pc - Heat given off from the liquid to the refrigerant per unit time. Defined as the mass flow rate of the liquid multiplied by the difference in enthalpy of liquid entering and leaving the chiller, corrected for heat generated by the pump against the internal pressure drop in the cooler. Coefficient of performance COP coefficient of performance (COP), is applied to indicate the performance of reversible units in the heating mode. COP = Ph (Net heating capacity) / Pe(h) (Effective power input) Ph - Heat given off from the refrigerant to the liquid per unit time in reverse cycle operation.

Relevant standard - Cooling EN 14511-2:2004 : Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling Part 2: Test conditions Part 3: Test methods Relevant standard -Heating EN 255-3:1997 : Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors - Heating mode Part 3: Testing and requirements for marking for sanitary hot water units

Energy efficiency test specification for Liquid Chillers EUROVENT Air-conditioners up to 100 Kw

EUROVENT: Energy Efficiency Classes

* ducted => air ducted= (Like , ) ** floor ? Note: water cooled:

Refrigeration cycle P-h diagram

<- superheat !

Energy efficient refrigeration systems

2:

3:

1:

4:

Refrigeration efficiency Temperature Lift the difference between the evaporating and condensing temperature is very important factor. Each 1 C reduction in lift gives a 2-4% decrease in energy consumption and increases capacity. COP is also influenced by compressor efficiency and the choice of refrigerant. The choice of refrigerant can also affect COP but energy efficiency is likely to be secondary to Safety and Environmental considerations. Lower condensing temperatures can be achieved when: Ambient temperatures are lower ( : ) Larger and more efficient condensers are installed Condenser performance maintained Higher evaporating temperatures can be achieved by: Raising the temp of the fluid being chilled Installing larger, more efficient evaporators Maintaining evaporator and expansion valve.

Refrigerant Selection

System and seasonal performance SEER Seasonal energy efficiency ratio SSEER System seasonal energy efficiency ratio ESEER European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

Evaporators & Expansion valves Evaporators can be flooded or direct expansion. They should be as large and efficient as is cost-effective to achieve the highest possible evaporating Temp. The expansion valve controls the flow of liquid refrigerant to the Evaporator and can have a significant impact on the performance. The expansion valve controls the flow of refrigerant to maintain a level of superheat at the Evaporator outlet, sufficient to ensure that all the liquid has been boiled before it enters the compressor. It is important to ensure that these valves are correctly commissioned. They are found operating with too high superheats.

 Compressor refrigeration duty and system energy efficiency can be increased by using electronic expansion valves. The valve opening is controlled electronically and can control superheat more effectively. Compressors The energy efficiency of a compressor can vary between 40 and 85% (!) Manufacturers data sometimes quote the shaft power into the compressor, while others quote motor input power. For a motor/drive efficiency of 90% this makes a lot difference in quoted efficiency. Efficient design will usually consist of multiple compressors (even with different capacities in order to meet all demands effectively, avoiding part load operation. Condensers & heat rejection plant Evaporative condensers are the basis for the most efficient refrigeration systems since the condensing temp can closely approach the ambient wet bulb temps A cooling tower achieves a similar performance although the condensing Temp may be somewhat higher. Direct air-cooled condensers are less efficient producing condensing temps several degrees (10 -15 C), above ambient dry bulb temp. Dry air coolers are the most inefficient option producing even higher condensing temperatures. Vapour compression chillers Typical compressor performance data. Selecting higher Cond.g Temp, the lower Cooling duty with higher motor power.

 At part load the evap Temp rises and the cond Temp falls. Part load EER is a balance between increased eff.cy due to smaller Lift and decreased eff.cy due to increased losses.

Part load operation on system performance, which includes the power taken by the pumps. The reduction in comp EER is significant with screw and centrifugal comps at low load.

Reduced efficiency while decreasing part load ratio W/C

Air cooled chillers experimental results

CH1 Optimization of cost/efficiency at full load CH2 Optimization of cost/efficiency at part load

 CH3 Stable cold source at good temperature CH4 Multi-speed strategies & swept volume control CH5 Variable speed strategies CH6 Improved effectiveness of the C.T selection CH7 Optimal loading of compressor stages CH8 Sharing of load among chillers & loading of chillers CH9 Optimal control of cooling tower CH10 Free cooling integrated into the chiller