EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD PRNORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE VORNORM

UDC Descriptors:

prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

23rd April 2001

English version

Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures Part 1.9 : Fatigue strength of steel structures

Calcul des structures en acier

Partie 1.9 : Fatigue

20xx Copyright reserved to all CEN members

pr 2 nd el im D R in A ar FT y re & v. co nf id en tia
Teil 1.9 : Ermdung

Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten

CEN
European Committee for Standardisation Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

Ref. No. EN 1993-1.9 : 20xx. E

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Content
1 Introduction 1.1 Scope 1.2 Terms and definitions 1.2.1 General 1.2.2 Fatigue loading parameters 1.2.3 Fatigue strength 1.3 Symbols 1.4 Assumptions 2 3 4 5 6 Basic requirements and methods Reliability concept Modelling for fatigue action effects Calculation of stresses Calculation of stress ranges 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 General Design value of nominal stress range Design value of geometrical stress range Design value of stress range for welded joints of hollow sections

Page 3 3 4 4 4 6 7 7 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 14 14 14 14 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 27

Fatigue strength 7.1 General 7.2 Fatigue strength modifications 7.2.1 Non welded or stress relieved welded details 7.2.2 Fatigue strength adjustment for fatigue limits

Fatigue assessment

Annex A.1 [normative] Determination of fatigue load parameters and verification formats A.1.1 Scope A.1.2 Determination of fatigue load parameters A.1.2.1 Determination of loading events A.1.2.2 Stress history at detail A.1.2.3 Cycle counting A.1.2.4 Stress range spectrum A.1.2.5 Cycles to failure A.1.3 Verification formats Annex A.2 [normative] Fatigue resistance against geometric stress reference S-N-curves

2nd draft rev. 23rd April 2001

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1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
(1) This part presents a method for the check of durability of structural details of members, connections and joints loaded in fatigue. (2) This method is based on fatigue tests with large scale tests, that include effects of geometrical and structural imperfections from material production and execution (e.g. the effects of tolerances and residual stresses from welding). (3) The method for the fatigue assessment given in this part follows the concept of design verifications with a separation of action effects and resistances taking account that for fatigue such a separation is only possible when fatigue actions are determined with parameters of fatigue resistances and vice versa. (4) Fatigue actions are determined according to the requirements of the fatigue assessment. They are different to actions for ultimate limit state and serviceability verifications. (5) Fatigue resistances are mainly determined by metallurgical and geometric notch effects. In the fatigue details presented in this part the probable spot of crack initiation is indicated. (6) Any cracks that may occur during service life do not mean the end of the service life. Cracks may be stopped by drilling the crack ends, replacement of the member or in exceptional cases be repaired by welding with particular care for execution to avoid more severe notch conditions. (7) The assessment method presented in this code uses as fatigue resistances

S-N-curves for standard details applicable to nominal stresses S-N-curves for reference weld configurations applicable to geometric stresses.

(8) The reliability of a structure designed to the fatigue assessment method given in this part is controlled E\ WKH LQLWLDO YDOXH FKRVHQ WKDW GHFUHDVHV ZLWK VHUYLFH WLPH 7KHUH DUH WZR VWUDWHJLHV IRU GHDOLQJ ZLWK reliability: 1. measures to achieve damage tolerance by

selecting details, materials and stress levels that in case of the formation of cracks would provide a low rate of crack propagation and long critical crack length, provision of multiple load path provision of crack-arresting details, provision of readily inspectable details. YDOXHV UHVXOWLQJ LQ
Mf

'DPDJH WROHUDQW GHWDLOV PD\ EH GHVLJQHG ZLWK 2. measures to achieve safe-life details by

 YDOXHV

VHOHFWLQJ GHWDLOV DQG VWUHVV OHYHOV UHVXOWLQJ LQ D IDWLJXH OLIH VXIILFLHQW WR DFKLHYH WKH for ultimate limit state verifications at the end of the design service life.
Mf

6DIH OLIH GHWDLOV QHHG

values > 1,00.

(9) The assessment method given in this part is applicable to all grades of structural steels, stainless steels and unprotected weathering steels except where indicated differently in the fatigue classification tables. (10) Other method rather than the S-N methods as the notch strain method or fracture mechanics methods are not given in this part. (11) Also the effects of particular post treatment technologies to improve the fatigue resistance are not dealt with in this part.

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1.2 Terms and definitions

(1) For the purpose of this European Standard and the Annexes A.1 and A.2 the following terms and definitions apply. 1.2.1 1.2.1.1 fatigue damage in a structural part through crack initiation and/or crack propagation caused by repeated stress fluctuations 1.2.1.2 nominal stress a stress in the parent material or in a weld adjacent to a potential crack location calculated in accordance with elastic theory excluding all stress concentration effects NOTE A stress may be a direct stress or shear stress or a principal stress or equivalent stress. 1.2.1.3 modified nominal stress a nominal stress increased by an appropriate stress concentration factor, to allow for a geometric discontinuity which has not been taken into account in the classification of a particular constructional detail 1.2.1.4 geometric stress hot spot stress the maximum principal stress in the parent material adjacent to the weld toe taking into account stress concentration effects due to the overall geometry of a particular constructional detail NOTE Local stress concentration effects e.g. from weld configuration (included in the reference SN-curve in Annex A.2) need not to be considered. 1.2.2 1.2.2.1 loading event a defined loading sequence applied to the structure and giving rise to a stress history 1.2.2.2 stress history a record or a calculation of the stress variation at a particular point in a structure during a loading event Fatigue loading parameters General

2nd draft rev. 23rd April 2001 1.2.2.3 rainflow method

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particular cycle counting method of producing a stress-range spectrum from a given stress history 1.2.2.4 reservoir method particular cycle counting method of producing a stress-range spectrum from a given stress history NOTE For the mathematical determination see annex A. 1.2.2.5 stress range the algebraic difference between the two extremes of a particular stress cycle forming part of a stress history 1.2.2.6 stress-range spectrum histogram of the frequency of occurrence for all stress ranges of different magnitudes recorded or calculated for a particular loading event 1.2.2.7 design spectra the total of all stress-range spectra relevant to the fatigue assessment 1.2.2.8 design life the reference period of time for which a structure is required to perform safely with an acceptable probability that failure by fatigue cracking will not occur 1.2.2.9 fatigue life the predicted period of time corresponding to the total number of cycles of stress variation to cause fatigue failure 1.2.2.10 Miners summation a linear cumulative damage calculation based on the Palmgren-Miner rule 1.2.2.11 equivalent constant amplitude stress range

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the constant-amplitude stress range that would result in the same fatigue life as for the spectrum of variable amplitude stress ranges, when the comparison is based on a Miners summation NOTE For the mathematical determination see annex A. 1.2.2.12 fatigue loading a set of action parameters based on typical loading events described by the positions of loads, their magnitudes and their relative frequencies of occurrence and phasing NOTE The action parameters as given in EN 1991 are either

Qmax, nmax, standardised spectrum or

Q E,n max related to nmax or

QE,2 related to n = 26 cycles.

Dynamic effects are included in these parameters unless otherwise stated. 1.2.2.13 equivalent constant amplitude fatigue loading simplified constant amplitude loading representing the fatigue effects of actual variable amplitude loading events 1.2.3 1.2.3.1 fatigue strength curve S-N-curve the quantitative relationship relating fatigue failure to stress range and number of stress cycles, used for the fatigue assessment of a category of constructional detail 1.2.3.2 detail category the designation given to a particular detail, in order to indicate which fatigue strength curve is applicable for the fatigue assessment 1.2.3.3 constant amplitude fatigue limit the limiting stress range of direct or shear stress value below which no fatigue damage will occur 1.2.3.4 cut-off limit limit below which stress ranges of the design spectrum do not contribute to the calculated cumulative damage Fatigue strength

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1.3 Symbols
stress range (direct stress) stress range (shear stress)
E E,2 C D L Ff Mf C D L E E,2

equivalent constant amplitude stress range related to nmax equivalent constant amplitude stress range related to 2 million cycles reference value of the fatigue strength at NC = 2 million cycles fatigue limit for constant amplitude stress ranges at the number of cycles ND cut-off limit for stress ranges at the number of cycle NL SDUWLDO IDFWRU IRU HTXLYDOHQW FRQVWDQW DPSOLWXGH VWUHVV UDQJHV SDUWLDO IDFWRU IRU IDWLJXH VWUHQJWK slope of fatigue strength curve damage equivalent factors.
C C E E

m
i

1.4 Assumptions
(1) When using the method for the fatigue assessment specified in this part the following assumptions apply: a) b) c) the material conform with the requirements for structural applications cross sections are fully effective for characteristic combinations of actions (Aeff = Agross) stress ranges due to frequent loads are limited to

( 1Q k ) 1,5 f y ( 1Q k ) 1,5 f y / 3
d) e) f) corrosion actions are limited by suitable corrosion protection and maintenance temperature actions do not cause damages interfering with fatigue (T +150C) execution conforms with EN 1090

2 Basic requirements and methods

RQ

(1) Structural members shall be designed against the limit state of fatigue such that with an acceptable level of probability their performance is satisfactory during their entire design life such, that the structure is not likely to fail by fatigue or to require repair of damage caused by fatigue. (2) Structures designed to the method using fatigue actions from EN 1991 and fatigue strength according to this part may be deemed to satisfy this requirement. NOTE 1 The fatigue actions in EN 1991 are upper bound values based on evaluations of measurements of loading effects according Annex A.1. NOTE 2 The fatigue strength given in this part are lower bound values based one evaluations of fatigue tests with large scale test specimens in accordance with EN 1990 Annex D.

PE

PE

(3)

Annex A.1 may be used to determine a specific loading model, when

no fatigue load model is available in EN 1991, a more accurate fatigue load model is required.

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NOTE Requirements for determining specific fatigue loading models are specified in the National Annex.
PE

(4)

Fatigue tests may be carried out

to determine fatigue strength for details not included in this part, to determine the fatigue life of prototypes, for actual or for damage equivalent fatigue loads.

RQ

(5)

In performing and evaluating fatigue tests EN 1990 shall be taken into account (see also 7.1). NOTE Requirements for determining fatigue strength from tests are specified in the National Annex.

3 Reliability concept
PE

(1)

For fatigue assessment two reliability concepts may be considered:

damage tolerant concept and safe life concept

NOTE The damage tolerant concept is based on limiting the growth of fatigue cracking and its consequence by means of a mandatory inspection program.
RC

(2) The damage tolerant concept is recommended as long as load redistribution between components of structural elements can occur. (3) (4) A mandatory inspection program should be installed. If a crack is detected, the part should be repaired or replaced. NOTE The safe life concept is based on calculation of damage during the structure designs life using standard lower bound endurance data and an upper bound estimate of fatigue loading.

RC

RC

RC

(5) The damage tolerant concept is recommended in cases where local formation of cracks in one component rapidly lead to failure of the structural elements or structure. (6) A mandatory inspection program may be installed but is not necessary for safety. NOTE 1 Structures that are designed to this part, the material of which is chosen according to EN 1993-1-10 and which are subjected to regular maintenance are deemed to be damaged tolerant. NOTE 2 Recommended partial factors are given in Table 3.1.

PE

Table 3.1 3DUWLDO VDIHW\ IDFWRU IRU IDWLJXH VWUHQJWK

Safety concept Damage tolerant concept Safe life concept NOTE 3 1XPHULFDO YDOXHV IRU
Mf

Mf

Consequence of failure Low consequence High consequence 1,00 1,15 1,15 1,35 are specified in the National Annex.

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4 Modelling for fatigue action effects

RC

(1) Modelling for nominal stresses should be realistic in considering all effects (also distorsional effects) and based on a linear elastic model for members and connections (2) For latticed girders made of hollow sections the modelling may be based on a simplified truss model with hinged connections in joints, if the effects from secondary meoments due to the stiffness of the connection are taken into account by k-factors (see 6.4) according to

PE

Table 4.1 for circular sections, Table 4.2 for rectangular sections.

Table 4.1: Coefficients k1 to account for secondary bending moments in joints of lattice girders made from circular hollow sections under in-plane loading
Type of joint K type / KT type Gap joints N type K type / KT type Overlap joints N type Chords 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 Verticals 1,0 1,8 1,0 1,65 Diagonals 1,3 1,4 1,2 1,25

Table 4.2: Coefficients k1 to account for secondary bending moments in joints of lattice girders made from rectangular hollow sections under in-plane loading
Type of joint K type / KT type Gap joints N type K type / KT type Overlap joints N type Chords 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 Verticals 1,0 2,2 1,0 2,0 Diagonals 1,5 1,6 1,3 1,4

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5 Calculation of stresses
DEF

(1)

The relevant stresses in the parent material are

direct stresses shear stresses

DEF

(2)

The relevant stresses in the welds are, see Figure 5.1

QRUPDO VWUHVVHV VKHDU VWUHVVHV

w

transverse to the axis of the weld: w =

2 2 +

longitudinal to the axis of the weld: w = ||

lw

w =

Fw a l

w =

Fw || a l

Figure 5.1: Relevant stresses in the welds

DEF

(3) ,Q FDVH RI FRPELQHG DFWLRQV RI DQG WKH SULQFLSOH VWUHVVHV p DSSO\ XQOHVV WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI is considered by  UDWLRV LQ WKH WDEOHV IRU IDWLJXH FDWHJRULHV VHH 7.1(4)).

DQG

6 Calculation of stress ranges

6.1 General
RC

(1)

Depending upon the fatigue assessment carried out

nominal stress ranges, modified nominal stress ranges or geometric stress ranges

should be evaluated.
RC

(2) The design value of stress range to be used for the fatigue assessment should be the damage equivalent stress ranges Ff E,2 related to NC = 26 cycles.

6.2 Design value of nominal stress range

RC

(1)

The design value of nominal stress range should be determined from Ff

E,2

= Ff

 

4 (6.1)

Ff E,2 = Ff

(Q)

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where
i

4 (Q) is the stress range caused by the fatigue loads specified in EN 1991 are damage equivalent factors depending on the spectra as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993.

PE

(2) ,Q FDVH QR VSHFLILHG GDWD IRU i are available the design value of nominal stress range may be determined using the principles in annex A.1.

6.3 Design value of geometrical stress range

RC

(1) The design value of modified nominal stress range or geometrical stress range should be determined from Ff
E,2

= Ff 6&)

 

4 (6.2)

Ff E,2 = Ff 6&)

(Q)

where SCF is the stress concentration factor to consider the local stress magnification in relation to detail geometry included in the reference S-N-curve
PE

(2)

In case no SCF-values are available in handbooks appropriate FEM-calculation may be carried out.

6.4 Design value of stress range for welded joints of hollow sections
PE

(1) Unless more accurate calculations are carried out the design value of modified nominal stress range Ff (,2 should be determined using the simplified model in 4(2)

Ff E , 2 = k 1 Ff * E,2

(6.3)

where Ff * is the design value of stress range calculated with a simplified truss model with hinged E,2 joints k1 is the magnification factor according to Table 4.1 and Table 4.2.

7 Fatigue strength
7.1 General
DEF

(1) The fatigue strength for nominal stresses is defined by a series of (lRJ R) (log N) curves and (log R) (log N) curves (S-N-curves), each applying to a typical detail category. Each detail category is designated by a number which represents, in N/mm2 WKH UHIHUHQFH YDOXH C DQG C for the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles. NOTE 1 When test data were used to determine the appropriate detail category for a particular FRQVWUXFWLRQDO GHWDLO WKH YDOXH RI WKH VWUHVV UDQJH C corresponding to a value of NC = 2 million cycles were calculated for a 75% confidence level of 95% probability of survival for log N, taking into account the standard deviation and the sample size and residual stress effects. The number of data points (not lower than 10) was considered in the statistical analysis, see annex D of EN 1990.

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Normal stress range R [N/mm]

Detail category C 160 140 125 112 100 90 80 71 63 56 50 45 40 36

Constant amplitude fatigue limit D

1 100 m m=3

Cut-off limit L

m=5

10 1,0E+04

1,0E+05

1,0E+06

1,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

Number of cycles N

Figure 7.1: Fatigue strength curves for normal stress ranges

NOTE 2 The fatigue strength curves for constant amplitude nominal stresses as shown in Figure 7.1 are defined by:
m 6 m R N R = C 2 10 m 6 m R N R = C 2 10

with m = 3 for N 5 10 6 with m = 5 for N 10 8

is the constant amplitude fatigue limit and is the cut off limit.

2 where D = 5

1/ m

C
1/ m

2 L = 100

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1000

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Shear stress range R [N/mm]

1 m=5 100 80 100

Detail category C

Cut-off limit L

10 1,0E+04

1,0E+05

1,0E+06

1,0E+07

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

Number of cycles N

Figure 7.2: Fatigue strength curves for shear stress ranges

NOTE 3 For nominal stress spectra with stress ranges above and below the constant amplitude fatigue limit the fatigue damage can be referred to the extended fatigue strength curves:
m 6 m R N R = C 2 10 m 6 m R N R = D 5 10

with m = 3 for N 5 10 6 with m = 5 for 5 10 6 N R 10 8

D
is the cut off limit.

5 where L = 100
DEF

1/ m

(2)

7KH IDWLJXH VWUHQJWK FDWHJRULHV Table 8.1 for unwelded details

DQG

for nominal stresses are given in

Table 8.2 for welded built-up sections Table 8.3 for transverse butt welds Table 8.4 for weld attachments and stiffeners Table 8.5 for welded joints Table 8.6 for hollow sections Table 8.7 for lattice girder joints Table 8.8 for orthotropic decks closed stringers Table 8.9 for orthotropic decks open stringers Table 8.10 for top flange to web junctions of runway beams

Page 14 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx 7KH IDWLJXH VWUHQJWK FDWHJRULHV

2nd draft rev. 23 April 2001

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DEF

(3)

for geometric stress ranges are given in Annex A.2.

7.2 Fatigue strength modifications

7.2.1
PE

Non welded or stress relieved welded details

(1) In non welded details or stress relieved welded details, the mean stress influence on the fatigue VWUHQJWK PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG E\ GHWHUPLQLQJ D UHGXFHG HIIHFWLYH VWUHVV UDQJH E,2 in the fatigue assessment. (2) The effective stress range may be calculated by adding the tensile portion of the stress range and 60% of the modulus compressive portion of the stress range, see Figure 7.3.
+

PE

Fmax Fmax )F = |Fmax|+0,6@ |Fmin| 0,6@ Fmin

Figure 7.3: Modified stress range for non-welded or stress relieved details

7.2.2
PE

Fatigue strength adjustment for fatigue limits

(1) Details identified by an asterisk in Tables 8.1 to 8.10 have been allocated to a category that is one detail class lower than appropriate for 26 million cycles in order to accommodate with the definition of 6 D at ND = 5 cycles. The classification of such detail may be increased by one detail category provided * 7 WKDW D is modified to * D at N D = 10 cycles for m = 3.

8 Fatigue assessment
RQ

(1)

It shall be verified that

Ff E , 2 C / Mf
and

1,0
(8.1)

Ff E , 2 C / Mf
RC

1,0
RU are available the verification format in Annex A.2 should be used.

(2)

:KHQ QR GDWD IRU

E,2

E,2

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Table 8.1: Non-welded details

Detail category Constructional detail Description Requirements Details 1) to 3): Sharp edges, surface and rolling flaws to be improved by grinding. NOTE The fatigue strength curve associated with category 160 Rolled and extruded products: is the highest. No detail can reach a better fatigue strength at any 1) Plates and flats; number of cycles. 2) Rolled sections; 3) Seamless hollow sections (see Table 8.6 and Table 8.7). Sheared or gas cut plates: 140

160

125

4) All visible signs of edge discontinuities should be 4) Machine gas cut material with removed. The cut areas are to be subsequent dressing. machined or ground and all burrs 5) Material with machine gas cut are to be removed. edges having shallow and P Any machinery lines to be regular drag lines or manual gas parallel to the stresses! cut material, subsequently dressed to remove all edge Details 4) and 5): - Re-entrant corners to be discontinuities. improved by grinding (slope Machine gas cut with cut quality 1:4) or evaluated using the defined in ENV 1090-1, appropriate stress concentration 12.3.2.1. factors. - No repair by weld refill. 6) Double covered symmetrical joint with preloaded high strength bolts. 6) Stresses to be calculated on the gross cross-section. 6) ... gross cross-section. 7) ... net crosssection. 7) ... net crosssection. 8) ... gross cross-section. 8) ... gross cross-section. 9) ... net crosssection. 10) ... net cross-section. 10) ... net cross-section. 11) ... net cross-section. Low detail category for details 7 to 11 to be clarified. For bolted connections (Details 6) to 11)) in general: End distance: e1 G Edge distance: e2 G Spacing: p1 G Spacing: p2 G

For detail 1 5 made of weathering steel use the next lower category.

112 6) Double covered symmetrical joint with preloaded injection bolts. 7) Double covered joint with fitted bolts. 7) Double covered joint with non preloaded injection bolts. 8) One sided connection with preloaded high strength bolts. 8) One sided connection with preloaded injection bolts. 9) Structural element with holes subject to bending and axial forces 10) One sided connection with fitted bolts. 10) One sided connection with non-preloaded injection bolts. 11) One sided connection with non-preloaded bolts in normal clearance holes. No load reversals. Double covered joint with non preloaded bolts No load reversals. 12) Bolts and rods with rolled threads in tension. For preloaded bolts, the beneficial effect for the stress range may be taken into account. For large diameters (anchor bolts) the size effect has to be taken into account using the reduction formula: (30/i)0,25 for i > 30mm what about cutted threads? Bolts in single or double shear Thread not in the shear plane 13) Fitted bolts or normal bolts without loads reversals (bolts of grade 5.6, 8.8 or 10.9)

90

80

50

to be added

36

12) Tensile stresses to be calculated using the tensile stress area of the bolt. If prying stresses are knowing to be absent or if those resulting from prying effects and bending stresses from other sources are taken into account, the detail category may be increased to 50*.
6HSDUDWHDVVHVVPHQWVIRU VHH DQG

f it ted bo lt no rm al bo lts wi tho ut loa d reve rsa ls

100 m=5

13

13) - Design shear stress calculated on the shank area of the bolt. - Only bearing type fitted bolts are covered by this detail category.

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Table 8.2: Welded built-up sections

Detail category Constructional detail Description Continuous longitudinal welds: 1) Automatic butt welds carried out from both sides. 2) Automatic fillet welds. Cover plate ends shall be verified using detail 5) or 6) in Table 8.5. 3) Automatic fillet or butt weld carried out from both sides but containing stop/start positions. 112 4) Automatic butt welds made from one side only, with a continuous backing bar, but without stop/start positions. 5) Manual fillet or butt weld. 6) Manual or automatic butt welds carried out from one side only, particularly for box girders Requirements Details 1) and 2): No stop/start position is permitted except when the repair is performed by a specialist and inspection is carried out to verify the proper execution of the repair. 4) When this detail contains stop/start positions use category 100.

125

100

6) A very good fit between the flange and web plates is essential. Prepare the web edge such that the root face is adequate for the achievement of regular root penetration without break-out.

7) Repaired automatic or manual 7) Improvement methods which fillet or butt welds. are adequately verified may restore the original category. 100

8) Continuous longitudinal weld that crosses a transverse butt weld. 80

80 71 63 56 50 45 40 36 71 63 56 50 45 40 36 125 112 90 125 90

0 0,0 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,3 0,3 - 0,4 0,4 - 0,5 0,5 - 0,6 0,6 - 0,7 > 0,7


9) Intermittent longitudinal fillet welds.

DQG

EDVHGRQQRUPDO DQGVKHDUVWUHVV

VWUHVVLQIODQJH

LQZHEDQGZHOGHQGV

g/h  10) Longitudinal butt weld, fillet weld or intermittent weld with cope holes, cope holes not higher than 40% of web.
 DQG EDVHGRQQRUPDO DQGVKHDUVWUHVV

0 0,0 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,3 0,3 - 0,4 0,4 - 0,5 0,5 - 0,6 > 0,6

VWUHVVLQIODQJH

LQZHEDQGZHOGHQGV

Has the sequence of welding any influence on the detail category ?

11

12

11) Longitudinal butt weld, both sides ground flush parallel to load direction, 100% NDT 11) No grinding and no start/stop 11) with start/stop positions 12) Automatic longitudinal seam weld without stop/start positions in hollow sections 12) with stop/start positions

2nd draft rev. 23rd April 2001

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Table 8.3: Transverse butt welds

Detail category Constructional detail Description Without backing bar: size effect for t>25mm: ks=(25/t)0,2
1 2
1 4 s lop e < 1/ 4
1

Requirements Details 1) to 3): - All welds ground flush to plate surface parallel to direction of the arrow. - Weld run-on and run-off pieces to be used and subsequently removed, plate edges to be ground flush in direction of stress. - Welded from both sides. Details 4) and 5): - The height of the weld convexity to be not greater than 10% of the weld width, with smooth transition to the plate surface. - Welds made in flat position. - Weld run-on and run-off pieces to be used and subsequently removed, plate edges to be ground flush in direction of stress. - Welded from both sides. - Weld not ground flush - Weld run-on and run-off pieces to be used and subsequently removed, plate edges to be ground flush in direction of stress. - Welded from both sides. - All welds ground flush to plate surface parallel to direction of the arrow. This may be wrong because it makes the difference to detail 2 - Weld run-on and run-off pieces to be used and subsequently removed, plate edges to be ground flush in direction of stress. - Welded from both sides. 8) Without backing strip. size effect to be confirmed

112

1) Transverse splices in plates, flats and rolled sections. 2) Flange and web splices in plate girders before assembly. 3) Transverse splices in plates or flats tapered in width or in thickness, with a slope  4) Transverse splices in plates or flats. 5) Transverse splices in plates or flats tapered in width or in thickness with a slope  Translation of welds to be machined notch free.

90

size effect for t>25mm: ks=(25/t)0,2

a s wel de d
1

1 4 sl ope < 1/ 4

< 0 ,1 b

80

size effect for t>25mm: ks=(25/t)0,2

6 7

6) Transverse splices in welded plate girders without cope hole. 7) Transverse splices in plates, flats, rolled sections or plate girders.

63
7a

7a) Flange and web splices in rolled girders before assembly without backing bar. Transverse splices in rolled girders without elongated cope hole.

36* size effect for t>25mm: ks=(25/t)0,2 size effect for t>25mm: ks=(25/t)0,2 size effect for t>25mm: ks=(25/t)0,2 size effect due to the plate thickness in which the crack grows ks = (25/t1)0,2 slope < 1:2
t2 t1
12
f ill et weld sl ope 1: 4 >10 mm 9 10

71

8) Butt welds made from one side only. 8) Butt welds made from one side only when root controlled by appropriate NDT.

71

50

With backing strip: 9) Transverse splice. 10) Transverse butt weld tapered in width or thickness with a slope  Also valid for curved plates. 11) Transverse butt weld on a permanent backing strip. Also valid for curved plates.

Details 9) and 10): Fillet welds attaching the backing strip to terminate PPIURP the edges of the stressed plate. size effect to be confirmed 11) Where backing strip fillet welds end < 10 mm from the plate edge, or if a good fit cannot be guaranteed. size effect to be confirmed 12) To be generalised for eccentricity with
,5 6e t 1 1 ke = 1 + t t1,5 + t1,5 ks 1 1 2

71

12) Transverse butt weld, different thicknesses without transition, centres aligned. In cases, where weld profile is equivalent to a moderate slope transition.

t2 $ t1

50
13

13) Transverse butt weld at crossing flanges. Crack starting at butt weld. NOTE The fatigue strength in the perpendicular direction has to be checked with Table 8.4, detail 2.

Detail 13 may be deleted as it is included in Table 8.5, detail 1.

Page 18 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

2nd draft rev. 23 April 2001

rd

Table 8.4: Weld attachments and stiffeners

Detail category 80 71 63 56
PP

Constructional detail

Description Longitudinal attachments:

Requirements

50< 80<

PP

PP

1) The detail category varies according to the length of the attachment 

!PP

2) Longitudinal attachments to tubes

!PP

71


80

3) Longitudinal fillet welded c < 2t , max = 25mm gusset with radius transition, end r > 150 mm of fillet weld reinforced, full penetration and fully ground. definition of t to be clarified 4) Gusset plate, welded to the edge of a plate or beam flange. 4) Smooth transition radius r formed by initially machining or gas cutting the gusset plate before welding, then grinding subsequently the weld area parallel to the direction of the arrow so that the transverse weld roe is fully removed.

90
r 1 w 3 or r>150mm
w

71

1 r 1 6 w 3

50

r 1 < w 6

Transverse attachments:
R

80

PP
> 10 mm

5) Welds which terminate more than 10 mm from the edge of the plate. 6) Vertical stiffeners welded to a beam or plate girder. 6) The stress range should be calculated using principal stresses if the stiffener terminates in the web.

> 10 mm

R R

71

50<

PP

7) Diaphragm of box girders welded to the flange or the web. Not possible for hollow sections! The values are also valid for ring stiffeners! 8) The effect of welded shear connectors on base material.

80
8

2nd draft rev. 23rd April 2001

Page 19 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

Table 8.5: Welded joints

Detail category 80 71 63 56 56 50 45 40 Constructional detail


Description Cruciform and Tee joints: 1) Toe failure in full penetration butt welds and all partial penetration joints.

Requirements 1) Inspected and found free from discontinuities and misalignments outside the tolerances of EN 25817, quality C. 2) In partial penetration joints two fatigue assessments are required. Firstly, root crackings evaluated to 5XVLQJFDWHJRU\ IRU w DQGFDWHJRU\IRU w. Secondly, toe cracking is evaluated by determining the stress range in the load-carrying plates. Details 1) and 2): The misalignment of the loadcarrying plates should not exceed 15 % of the thickness of the intermediate plate. 3) Stress in the main plate to be calculated on the basis of area shown in the sketch. 4) Stresses to be calculated in the overlapping plates. Details 3) and 4): - Weld terminations more than 10 mm from plate edge. - Shear cracking in the weld should be verified using detail 7). 5) If the cover plate is wider than the flange, a frontal weld is needed. This weld should be carefully ground to remove undercut. The minimum length of the cover plate is 300 mm.

50<  80<  100< 

!

120< 200<



! 

! !

all t all t all t all t t t>20 20<t t>30 30<t t>50

36*
2

2) Root failure in partial penetration Tee-butt joints or fillet welded joint and effective full penetration in Tee-butt joint.

> 10 m m

As detail 1 in Table 8.5

>10

3
t s l o pe 1 / 2

mm

st r e s se d a r e a of m a in p l at e

Overlapped welded joints: 3) Fillet welded lap joint.

Overlapped: 45* 4) Fillet welded lap joint.

tc<t 56* 50 45 40 36 t 20<t 30<t t>20 -

tcW t 20<t 30<t t>20 reinforced front weld

1:4

tc

tc

Cover plates in beams and plate girders: 5) End zones of single or multiple welded cover plates, with or without frontal weld.

6) Cover plates in beams and plate girders.

6

56
5t c

6) For tc>20mm front of plate at the end ground with a slope <1:4. Front weld ground flush.

tc

80 m=5

7) Continuous fillet welds transmitting a shear flow, such as web to flange welds in plate girders. 8) Fillet welded lap joint.

95 m=8 (see EN 1994-2)

Welds in shear: 9) For composite application

7) Stress range to be calculated from the weld throat area. 8) Stress range to be calculated from the weld throat area considering the total length of the weld. Weld terminations more than 10 mm from the plate edge. 9) The shear stress to be calculated on the nominal cross section of the stud. 10) Modified nominal stress in pipe, toe crack

10) Flat flange with 80% full penetration butt welds 71

10
11) Tube-plate joint, tubes flatted, butt weld (X-groove) 71
11

11) tube diameter < 200 mm plate thickness < 20 mm

71



12) Tube-plate joint, tube slitted and welded to plate

12

12) tube diameter < 200 mm and plate thickness < 20 mm 12) tube diameter > 200 mm or plate thickness > 20 mm

63

!

"

Page 20 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

2nd draft rev. 23 April 2001

rd

Table 8.6: Hollow sections (t  PP

Detail category Constructional detail Description Rolled and extruded products: 160 1) Non-welded elements. Requirements 1) Sharp edges and surface flaws to be improved by grinding.

Continuous longitudinal welds: 2) Automatic longitudinal seam welds. (For all other cases, see Table 8.2).

140

2) No stop/start positions, and free from defects outside the tolerances of category C of EN 1090.

Transverse butt welds: 71

3

56

3) Butt-welded end-to-end connections between circular structural hollow sections. 4) Butt-welded end-to-end connections between rectangular structural hollow sections. Welded attachments:

Details 3) and 4): - Weld convexity RIZHOG width, with smooth transitions. - Welded in flat position, inspected and found free from defects outside the tolerances of category C of EN 1090. - Classify 2 detail categories higher if t > 8 mm. 5) - Non load-carrying welds. - Width parallel to stress direction
PP

71
R

1 00 mm

10 0 mm

5) Circular or rectangular structural hollow section, filletwelded to another section. Welded splices:

- Other cases see Table 8.4. Details 6) and 7): - Load-carrying welds. - Welds inspected and found free from defects outside the tolerances of quality level 3 as defined in ENV 1090-5. - Classify 1 detail category higher if t > 8 mm.

50

6) Circular structural hollow sections, butt-welded end-to-end with an intermediate plate. 7) Rectangular structural hollow sections, butt welded end-to-end with an intermediate plate.

45

8) Circular structural hollow sections, fillet-welded end-toend with an intermediate plate. 40

Details 8) and 9): - Load-carrying welds. - Wall thickness t PP

9) Rectangular structural hollow sections, fillet-welded end-toend with an intermediate plate. 36

2nd draft rev. 23rd April 2001

Page 21 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

Table 8.7: Lattice girder joints

Detail category Constructional detail Gap joints: Detail 1): K and N joints, circular structural hollow sections:
d0

Requirements Details 1) and 2): - Separate assessments needed for the chords and the braces. - For intermediate values of the ratio to/ti interpolate linearly between detail categories. - Fillet welds permitted for braces with wall thickness t 8 mm. - t PP,IW!PP see 2) - 35  - b0/t0  - d0/t0  - 0,4 Ei/b0  - 0,25 Gi/d0  - b0 PP - d0 PP - - 0,5h0 Hi/p K0 - - 0,5d0 Hi/p G0 - eo/p E0 or G0 [eo/p is out-of-plane eccentricity] Detail 2): 0,5(bo - bi) JEo - bi) and g Wo Details 3) and 4): - 30 % RYHUODS - overlap = (q/p) 100 % - Separate assessments needed for the chords and the braces. - For intermediate values of the ratio to/ti interpolate linearly between detail categories. - Fillet welds permitted for braces with wall thickness t 8 mm. - t PP,IW!PP see 2) - 35  - b0/t0  - d0/t0  - 0,4 Ei/b0  - 0,25 Gi/d0  - b0 PP - d0 PP - - 0,5h0 Hi/p K0 - - 0,5d0 Hi/p G0 - eo/p E0 or G0 [eo/p is out-of-plane eccentricity]

90 m=5

t0 2,0 ti
+e i/p

t
i

45 m=5

t0 1,0 ti

Gap joints: Detail 2): K and N joints, rectangular structural hollow sections: 71 m=5
b
0

t0 2,0 ti

t
h0 t0 2
i

36 m=5

t0 1,0 ti

+e i/p

Overlap joints: Detail 3): K joints, circular or rectangular structural hollow sections:

71 m=5

-e i/p

d0

t0 1,4 ti

b0

56 m=5

t0 1,0 ti

h t

3
Overlap joints: Detail 4): N joints, circular or rectangular structural hollow sections:
b
i

t
i

71 m=5

t0 1,4 ti

-e i/p
d0 b0

Definition of p and q:
h0

50 m=5

t0 1,0 ti

Page 22 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

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rd

Table 8.8: Orthotropic decks closed stringers

Detail category 80 tPP

Constructional detail

Description 1) Continuous longitudinal rib, with additional cutout in cross girder.

Requirements 1) Assessment based on the

EHQGLQJVWUHVVUDQJH LQWKH

rib.

71

t>12mm

80

tPP

2) Continuous longitudinal rib, no additional cutout in cross girder.

2) Assessment based on the

EHQGLQJVWUHVVUDQJH LQWKH

rib.

71

t>12mm
2

3) Separate longitudinal ribs each side of the cross girder. 36

3

3) Assessment based on the

EHQGLQJVWUHVVUDQJH LQWKH

ribs. [Do not use for railway bridges]

71

4) Joint in rib, full penetration butt weld with steel backing plate. [Do not use single-sided butt welds for railway bridges]

4) Assessment based on the

EHQGLQJVWUHVVUDQJH LQWKH

rib.

112

90

80

see detail 1), 2, 3) of Table 8.3 see detail 1), 2, 3) of Table 8.3 see detail 1), 2, 3) of Table 8.3

5) Full penetration butt weld in rib, welded from both sides, without backing plate. [Do not use single-sided butt welds for railway bridges]

5) Assessment based on the

EHQGLQJVWUHVVUDQJH LQWKHULE

6) Connection of continuous longitudinal rib to cross girder.

6) Assessment based on combining the shear stress range

DQGEHQGLQJVWUHVVUDQJH LQ

the web, as an equivalent stress range:

6

36

eq = 2 + 2

=
Ml

M s Wnet ,s
Mr

Vs A w , net ,s
Weld connecting deck plate to trapezoidal or V-section rib 7) Partial penetration weld due to the detailing recommendations given in EN 1993-2 7) - a W - 100% inspection to confirm weld penetration and throat thickness - Ww calculated on the basis of t

at

2 mm

71
Mw
2 mm

M w Ww

7
t

fillet weld

Mr
0.5 mm

8) Fillet weld or partial penetration welds out of the range of detail 7)

8) Ww calculated on the basis of a

50

Ml Mw

8
t

2nd draft rev. 23rd April 2001

Page 23 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

Table 8.9: Orthotropic decks open stringers

Detail category 80 tPP
1

Constructional detail

Description 1) Connection of continuous longitudinal rib to cross girder.

Requirements 1) Assessment based on the

EHQGLQJVWUHVVUDQJH LQWKH

rib.

71

t>12mm
s

2) Connection of continuous longitudinal rib to cross girder.

2) Assessment based on combining the shear stress range

DQGEHQGLQJVWUHVVUDQJH

M s = Wnet ,s
= Vs A w , net ,s

in the web of the cross girder, as an equivalent stress range:

eq =

1 + 2 + 4 2 2

s s
2

56 Check also stress range between ribs as defined in EN 1993-2.

Table 8.10: Top flange to web junction of runway beams

Detail category Constructional detail Description 1) Rolled I- or H-sections 160 Requirements 1) Vertical compressive stress in web due to wheel loads

71

2) Full penetration tee-butt weld

2) Vertical compressive stress in web due to wheel loads

36*

36*

3) Partial penetration tee-butt welds, or effective full penetration tee-butt weld conforming with x.x.x of Part 1.8 (6.6.3(1) of ENV 1993-1-1) [should be avoided] 4) Fillet welds [should be avoided]

3) Stresses in weld throat due to vertical compression from wheel loads

4) Stresses in weld throat due to vertical compression from wheel loads

71

5) T-section flange with full penetration tee-butt weld

5) Vertical compressive stress in web due to wheel loads

36*

36*

6) T-section flange with partial penetration tee-butt weld, or effective full penetration tee-butt weld conforming with x.x.x of Part 1.8 (6.6.3(1) of ENV 19931-1) 7) T-section flange with fillet welds

6) Stresses in weld throat due to vertical compression from wheel loads

7) Stresses in weld throat due to vertical compression from wheel loads

Page 24 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

2nd draft rev. 23 April 2001

rd

Annex A.1 [normative] Determination of fatigue load parameters and verification formats
A.1.1 Scope
(1) This annex A.1 to EN 1993-1-9 specifies

how fatigue loading parameters can be determined in case EN 1991 does not give appropriate data how the fatigue verification can be performed either i) by damage summation or ii)by assessing the stress ranges.

(2)

The procedure described in this annex refers to the S-N-curves defined in EN 1993-1-9.

A.1.2 Determination of fatigue load parameters

A.1.2.1 Determination of loading events (1) Typical loading sequences that can be considered as an upper estimate of all service load events expected during fatigue life should be determined using prior knowledge from similar cases. A.1.2.2 Stress history at detail (1) From the loading events a stress history should be determined at the structural detail considered taking account of the type and shape of influence lines to be considered and the effects of dynamic magnification of the structural response. (2) Stress histories may also be determined from measurements at similar structures or from dynamic calculations of the structure. A.1.2.3 Cycle counting (1) Stress histories may be evaluated by the following cycle counting methods:

rainflow method reservoir method. stress ranges and their numbers mean stresses where the mean stress influence shall be considered.

to determine

A.1.2.4 Stress range spectrum (1) By presenting the stress ranges and the associated number of cycles in descending order a stress range spectrum is determined. (2) Stress range spectra may be modified by neglecting peak values of stress ranges representing less than 1% of the total damage and also small stress ranges from after vibrations below the cut off limit. (3) Stress range spectra may be standardised according to their shape, e.g. as p-spectra with the

coordinates = 1,0 and n = 1,0 .

2nd draft rev. 23rd April 2001

Page 25 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

A.1.2.5 Cycles to failure (1) ,Q XVLQJ WKH GHVLJQ VWUHVV UDQJH VSHFWUD E\ DSSO\LQJ Ff IDFWRUV WR WKH VWUHVV UDQJHV i and the design Sd1FXUYHV E\ DSSO\LQJ Mf factors to the characteristic Sk1FXUYHV  C Mf) the damage summation

Dd =

n Ei ( Ff i ) N Ri ( C / Mf )

may be performed, where

n Ei ( Ff i )

is the number of cycles associated with the stress range Ff i

N Ri ( C / Mf ) is the number of cycles corresponding to the design Sd-N-curve C / Mf on the level Ff i

(2) Failure may be assumed when Dd  (3) On the basis of equivalence of Dd the design stress range spectrum may be transformed into any equivalent design stress range spectrum, e.g. a constant amplitude design stress range spectrum yielding the fatigue equivalent load Qe associated with the cycle number nmax = Qi or QE,2 associated with the cycle number NC = 26.

A.1.3 Verification formats

(1) The fatigue assessment may be performed on the basis of

damage accumulation, see A.1.2.4, damage equivalent constant amplitude stress ranges.

(2)

The design value of the damage equivalent stress range may be obtained from

fF E , 2 = m D d

C Mf

Page 26 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

P1

2nd draft rev. 23 April 2001

rd

Typical load cycle (repeated n times in the design life)

Time a) Loading sequence

P2

Time

F b) Stress history at detail Time

c) Cycle counting

)F1

)F3

)F4

)F2

Reservoir method

)F

)F1

d) Stress-range spectrum

)F2

)F3

)F4 n4
Total cy cles in design lif e

n1 )F (log scale) )F1 e) Cycles to failure

n2

n3

)F-N-line for the detail

)F2 )F3 )F4 N1 N 2N 3 N 4

Cycles (log scale)

f) Damage summation (Palmgren-Miner rule)

n n n n ni = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 DL N4 N3 N2 N1 Ni

Figure A.1.1: Cumulative damage method

2nd draft rev. 23rd April 2001

Page 27 prEN 1993-1-9 : 20xx

Annex A.2 [normative] Fatigue resistance against geometric stress reference S-N-curves
(1) For the application of the geometric stress method reference S-N-curves are given in Table A.2.1 for

flat butt welds, fillet welds at toe, cruciform joints.

Table A.2.1: Fatigue resistance against geometric stress

No. Description Flat butt welds, full penetration, with a possible misalignment Transverse loaded butt weld (X-groove or Vgroove) ground flush to plate, 100% NDT Transverse loaded butt weld made in shop in flat position, toe angle  1'7 Transverse loaded butt weld not satisfying conditions of detail above 2 Detail category 125 100 80

Fillet welds at toe toe ground 112 Pay attention to the potential risk of root m=3 toe as welded cracking. 100 Cruciform joints with a possible misalignment, not yet accounted for in determination of geometric stress Cruciform joint or T-joint, K- butt welds, full penetration, no lamellar tearing, misalignment e < 0,15t, weld toes ground, toe crack

80

Cruciform joint or T-joint, K- butt welds, full penetration, no lamellar tearing, misalignment e < 0,15t, toe crack

71

Cruciform joint or T-joint, full penetration, no lamellar tearing, misalignment e < 0,15t, toe crack

63