Copyright 2002, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Gas Technology Symposium held in
Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 30 April2 May 2002.

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Abstract
A new simple method of establishing Inflow Performance
Relationship for gas condensate wells is proposed. The
proposed method uses transient pressure test data to estimate
effective permeability as function of pressure and then uses it
to convert production BHFP data into pseudopressure to
establish well performance. Requirement of relative
permeability as function of saturation thus has been
completely eliminated. Effective permeability of either phase
can be used to predict the production of second phase. A
scheme has also been devised to estimate the effective
permeability using well testing mathematical models available
in literature.
Also mathematical models of well deliverability loss due
to condensate deposition when dew point pressure is reached,
and deliverability gain due to condensate mobility when P* is
reached have been developed. Pseudopressure curves for both
oil and gas phase have been developed for quick conversion of
pressure data into pseudopressure. Relative permeability
curves if available can also be used, however, the knowledge
of saturation has to be known at all the stages of the depletion
to be able to use them.
Gas condensate reservoirs are primarily gas reservoirs. As
the pressure declines with depletion, reservoir conditions of
pressure may go below dew point and liquid begins to buildup.
Such reservoirs may go under liquid buildup without showing
any trace of liquid production. Sudden well deliverability loss
and very high skin factor estimates from pressure tests are
strong indicators of liquid buildup. PVT characteristics like
phase diagram help identify the problem too. As the critical
conditions are reached such reservoirs become two phase
in nature.
Finally, a field example is analyzed to show the use of
new method developed and a step-by-step procedure is used
to establish the well performance. Small operators,
Independents, will benefit from this method at the most, since
data acquisition like relative permeability curves require the
laboratory experiments on cores, an expensive procedure.

Introduction
Retrograde Gas-condensate systems have not been treated
so intensively as solution gas reservoirs have been. Main
reason is the phase behavior of light (C1-C10) hydrocarbons
in the reservoirs. Retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs are
primarily gas reservoirs. A zone of liquid begins to form as the
dew point pressure is reached. The liquid keeps accumulating
and does not flow until the critical liquid saturation is reached.
Pressure at this point in the reservoir is termed P*.
Interestingly, this liquid may re-vaporize as the pressure
further crosses the lower line on two-phase envelope of phase
diagram. This behavior of re-vaporization of the oil phase is
called the Retrograde behavior. Fig.2 through Fig.4 show
the schematics of such phenomenon in vertical and horizontal
well. Deliverability loss in such conditions is mainly due to
two reasons: a) Gas undergoing liquid phase and b)
permeability impairment by the liquid. Thus both have to be
handled mathematically to predict the well performance with
reasonable accuracy.


Fig. 1. Phase behavior of the condensate fluids.


SPE 75503
Establishing Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) for Gas Condensate Wells
Sarfraz A. Jokhio and Djebbar Tiab/University of Oklahoma, SPE MEMBERS

2 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

P e
P d
P
*
P w f
S w c
Fig.2. Three regions in a gas condensate reservoir with
vertical well.

Pi
Pd
P*
Pwf

Fig.3 Three regions indicating two-phase flow around the
horizontal well, single-phase flow but with liquid buildup, and
the free gas flow in the farther region.

Pi
Pd
P*
Pwf


Fig.4 Fluid and pressure distribution around the fully
penetrating horizontal well.

Literature Review
The quantitative two-phase flow in the reservoirs was first
studied by Muskat and Evinger
17
. They were the first
researchers who indicated that the curvature in IPR curve of
solution gas drive reservoirs is due to the decreasing relative
permeability of the oil phase with depletion. Based on
Wellers
2
approximations of constant de-saturation of oil and
constant GOR at a given instant (not for whole life of the
reservoir) in the reservoir, Vogel
1
was able to solve psuedo-
steady state two phase flow equation based on relative
permeabilities of each phase, and provided the industry an
equation that would revolutionize the performance prediction
of solution gas drive reservoirs. Camacho-Raghavan
22
, Jones-
Blount-Glaze
18
, Wiggins
21
, and Sukarnos
19
work on IPRs
follows the Vogels
1
work.
Predicting production behavior of a well in gas-
condensate reservoirs has been a topic of continuous research
lately. Simple correlation for productivity index estimations
for oil wells (J = q/P) was being used until 1968 for solution
gas reservoirs too. Vogel
1
, 1968, first published IPR for
solution-gas reservoirs, which handles the two-phase flow of
oil and gas. Vogel using Wellers concepts was able to
generate family of IPR curve in terms of only two parameters
flow rate and BHP. Recently Raghavan and Jones
4
discuss the
issues in predicting production performance of condensate
systems in vertical wells. Fevang and Whitson
5
model the
Gas-Condensate well deliverability using simulator and by
keeping the track of saturation with pressure and relative
permeability. The most recent work on the gas condensate
well performance comes from Guehria
15
.

Predicting well performance of gas-condensate wells
is challenging and a necessity at the same time. Its use in
optimizing production equipment including tubing, artificial
lift systems, pumps, and surface facilities is of paramount
importance.

Mathematical Basis
Flow of real gases in porous media in the presence of
more than one phase can be expressed using Darcy's law.
Under pseudo-steady state conditions and in field units
total gas flow rate is expressed as follows:
gt gt
mP C q . (1)
Or
s o free g gt
R q q q +
,
(2)
For vertical wells
1
1
]
1

a
w
e
S
r
r
h
C
75 . 0 ln
. 00708 . 0
(3)
And for horizontal wells
1
1
]
1

+ +

a H
w
S C
r
A
b
C
75 . 0 ln ln
. 00708 . 0
2 / 1
(4)
mP, the pseudopressure for gas phase can be written as
5
.

,
_

+
r
wf
P
P
gd gd
rg
s
o o
ro
gt
dp
B
k k
R
B
k k
mP
.
.
.
.
(5)
For convenience we keep the k
e
= k.k
rg
, the effective
permeability inside the integral. Eq.5. can further be
divided into three equations representing Region-1,
Region-2 and the Region-3 as discussed by Fevang and
Whitson
5
.
Region-1 (Inner wellbore region)

,
_

+
*
.
.
.
.
g1
P
P
gd gd
rg
s
o o
ro
wf
dp
B
k k
R
B
k k
mP

(6)
Region-2 (Region where liquid develops)
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 3

,
_

d
P
P
gd gd
rg
dp
B
k k
mP
*
.
.
g2

(7)
Region-3 (Only gas region)

,
_

R
d
P
P
gd gd
wi rg
dp
B
S k k mP
.
1
) ( .
g3
(8)
It is not likely that three regions occur altogether at the same
time. But it is most likely that any of the two exist at a given
moment in time.

Producing Gas Oil Ratio
As the pressure drops below the dew point, producing
gas oil ratio GOR, increases monotonically
15
, i.e., a one-to-one
relationship exists between the producing gas oil ratio and the
pressure as shown in Fig.5. It dives as the P* approaches and
liquid becomes mobile. However, it stabilizes as effective
liquid permeability stabilizes.
By definition
5,15
.
o free g free o
S free o free g
oT
gT
P
R q q
R q q
q
q
R
, ,
, ,
+
+
(9)
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

o
g g
rg
o o
ro
S
o o
ro
g g
rg
OT
gT
P
R
B
k
B
k
C
R
B
k
B
k
C
q
q
R


(10)
On simplification
( )
P o
g g
o o
ro
rg
s P
R R
B
B
k
k
R R

,
_

,
_

+ 1

(11)
1
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
g g
o o
ro
rg
o
g g
o o
ro
rg
s P
B
B
k
k
R
B
B
k
k
R R

(12)
Solving for k
rg
/k
ro
results,
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

o o
g g
P o
s P
ro
rg
B
B
R R
R R
k
k

1
(13)
( )
( )

,
_

o o
ro g g
P o
s P
rg g
B
kk B
R R
R R
kk k

1
(14)
( )
( )

,
_

g g
rg o o
s P
P o
ro o
B
kk B
R R
R R
kk k

1
(15)
Modeling Pseudopressure Function
Substituting Eq.15 and 14 in Eq.6 and simplifying
results the gas phase pseudopressure function in terms of gas
and oil effective permeability, respectively.
Gas Phase
( )
( )
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

*
rg
g g1,
) 1 (
) (
k.k
P
P
s p
S o P
g g
wf
dp P
R R
R R R
B
mP

(16)
( )
( )

1
1
]
1

,
_

+
P
P
p s
s p
s
o o
ro
o g
wf
dp
R R
R R
R
B
k k
mP
1 .
.
, 1

(17)
Oil Phase
9.0E+3
10.0E+3
11.0E+3
12.0E+3
13.0E+3
14.0E+3
15.0E+3
16.0E+3
17.0E+3
3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000
Pressure [psia]
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

G
O
R

[
s
c
f
/
S
T
B
]
P*
Fig. 5. Producing gas oil ratio as a function of pressure
(Eq.12)

1
10
100
1000
10000
3900 3950 4000 4050 4100 4150 4200 4250 4300 4350
Pressure [psi]
k
r
g
/
k
r
o
P* = 4300 psi

Fig.6 Ratio of gas relative permeability to oil relative
permeability as a function of pressure (Eq.13).

8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000
Pressure[psia]
[
s
c
f
/
S
T
B
]
Pd = 5000 psi
P*
Rp
1/Ro
Fig. 7. Determination of P*, pressure at which liquid is mobile
in a multiphase system.

4 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
In order to model oil phase Eq.1 can be written as
q
ot
= q
ofree
+ q
g
.R
o

ot ot
mP C q .
(18)
Since oil phase is mobile in only Region-1 therefore the oil
phase pseudopressure can be written as

,
_

+
*
.
.
.
.
o1
P
P
o
g g
rg
o o
ro
wf
dp R
B
k k
B
k k
mP

(19)
Substituting Eq. 14 and Eq. 15 in Eq. 19 respectively result the
oil phase pseudopressure function in terms of oil and gas
effective permeability, respectively.

,
_

,
_

*
1
1
.
.
o o1,
P
P
p o
s o
o o
ro
wf
dp
R R
R R
B
k k
mP

(20)
( )

,
_

,
_

*
, 1
.
. 1
P
P
g g
rg
o
s p
p o
g o
wf
dp
B
k k
R
R R
R R
mP

(21)

Modeling Effective Permeability as a Function of Pressure:
Vertical Wells (Pressure Drawdown Test)
The effective oil and gas permeability during pressure
transient period can be expressed as follows, respectively
13
:
( )

,
_

t
P
h
B q
kk k
wf
o o free o
ro o
ln
6 . 70
,

(22)
( )
SP
wf
free g
rg g
t
mP
h
q
kk k

,
_

ln
6 . 70
,
(23)
Above equations are valid for a fully developed semi-log
straight line. Both the equation can also be written as

Pressure Buildup

,
_

,
_

t
t t
P
h
B q
kk k
ws
o o o
ro o
ln
6 . 70
(24)
Similarly
SP
ws
free g
rg g
t
t t
mP
h
q
kk k

,
_

,
_

ln
6 . 70
,
(25)
To be more accurate following equation can be used.

( )
SP
ti gi
t g
ws
free g
rg g
c t
c t t
d
dmP
h
q
kk k

,
_

,
_

ln
6 . 70
,
(26)
Several gas well tests were simulated in order to establish
relationship between pressure and effective permeability for
gas wells.
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
Pressure [psi]
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e

P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

[
m
d
]
Ko
Kg

Fig. 8. Effective permeability from pressure test data in a
multiphase system (Vertical Well).

0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure [psi]
K
o

[
m
d
]

Fig.9. Oil effective permeability as a function of pressure
(Vertical Well)

0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure [psia]
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e

P
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

[
m
d
]

Fig. 10. Gas effective permeability as a function of pressure
during a pressure test.
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 5
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
3010 3260 3510 3760 4010 4260 4510 4760 5010
Pressure [psia]
K
o

[
m
d
]
From Left To
Right
qo [STB/D]
10
20
40
60
100
150
200

Fig. 11. Effect of oil flow rate on effective oil permeability
(P
d
= 5000 psi)
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500
Pressure [psi]
K
g

[
m
d
]
From Left
To Right
qg [Mscf/D]
50
100
200
300
500
750
1000

Fig. 12. Effect of gas flow rate on effective gas permeability
(P
d
= 5000 psi)
Horizontal Wells





Fig.13 Early and late radial flow towards horizontal well
16
.

Earlty Time Radial Flow Regime
Equation of this flow regime during a pressure
drawdown test is
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

m
w t
z y
z y w
wf i
s
r c
t k k
k k L
B q
P P
866 . 0 227 . 3
log
6 . 162
2

(27)
According to Darcy law the flow rate of any phase towards the
wellbore is the function of the preesure. But pressure is
function of the distance from the wellore.
w m m
rm
m
r
P
B
rLkk
x q
,
_

1
]
1

2
10 127 . 1
3
(28)
Where absolute permeability
v H
k k k and k
H
and k
v
are
the permeabilty in horizontal and vertical direction
respectively. For t
D
/r
D
2
50 pressure is function of Boltzman
variable z = r
2
/t. Thus one can write
) ln(
2 2 2
t
P
t
P
t
dz
dP
z
r
P
r

,
_

(29)
Substituting above equation in a Darcy law, one gets

,
_

1
]
1

) ln(
2
2
10 127 . 1
3
t
P
B
Lkk
x q
wf
m m
rm
m

(30)
Solving for Effective permeability, results

,
_

) ln(
6 . 70
t
P
L
B q
kk
wf
m m m
rm

(31)
For Oil phase

,
_

) ln(
6 . 70
,
t
P
L
B q
kk
wf
o o free o
ro

(32)
And for gas phase
SP
wf
free g
rg
t
mP
L
q
kk

,
_

) ln(
6 . 70
,
(33)
Similarly for pressure buildup

,
_

) ln(
6 . 70
H
ws
o o o
ro
t
P
L
B q
kk

(34)
SP
H
ws
free g
rg
t
mP
L
q
kk

,
_

) ln(
6 . 70
,
(35)
Where t
H
is the Horner time. Above equations are valid for a
fully developed radial regime that appears for t
D
/r
D
2
50. It is
possible from a transient well pressure data to develop the
relative permeability curves provided absolute formation
permeability is known. Such curves like the absolute
permeability (in single phase systems) obtained from the
6 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
pressure transient data are the averaged values that capture
the effects of fluid and formation properties. If the radial line
is masked by the wellbore effects or the linear flow regime, it
should be extrapolated. Several algorithms are available in the
literature to calculate the log derivative of the pressure.

Early Time Linear Flow Regime
This flow period is represented by
( )
m z
z y w t y z w
wf i
s s
k k L
B q
c
k
t
h L
qB
P P + +

2 . 141 128 . 8
(36)
Taking the derivative of pressure with respect to square root
of time gives
t y z w
c
k h L
qB
t d
P d

128 . 8

(37)
Solving for k
y
, the effective permeability in lateral direction,
y, results
1
128 . 8 ) (

,
_

t d
P d
h L
c
B q P
k z w
t
o
o o ey

(38)
For Gas phase
( )
t
SP
z g
w
g
ey
c
t d
mP d
h
L P
q
P
k

1
) (
128 . 8

(39)
Late Radial Flow Regime
This flow regime is represented by
( )
m z
o
w t
x
x y z
wf i
s s
k
z
k
y
L
w
B q
L c
t
k
k k h
B
o
q
P P
+
+
1
1
]
1

,
_

2 . 141
023 . 2 log
6 . 162
2
(40)
Taking the time log derivative of this equation, and then
solving for effectve permeability, results
Oil Phase
( )
) ln(
6 . 70
t d
dP
h
B
o
q
k k
P k
wf
z
O
x y exy

(41)
Gas Phase
( )
SP
wf
z
free g
x y rg exy
t d
dmP
h
q
k k
k P k

,
_

) ln(
6 . 70
,
(42)
Late Time Linear Flow
This flow period during a drawdown pressure test is
represented by
( )
m z x
z y w
t y z x
s s s
k k
L
B q
c
k
t
h h
qB
P + + +

2 . 141 128 . 8
(43)
Thus effective permeability in y-direction from this period is
estimated as follows
Oil Phase
t
O
z X
O O
ey
c
t d
P d
h
h
B q
P
k

128 . 8
) ( (44)
Gas Phase ( )
t
SP
X Z g
g
ey
c
t d
mP d
h
h
P
q
P
k

1
) (
128 . 8

(45)
10
100
1000
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Time[ hrs]

P

&

t
.
d

P
/
d
l
n
(
t
)

Fig.14. Simulated horizontal wellbore pressure response
without wellbore storage and skin indicating early and late
radial flow regimes.
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
4400 4450 4500 4550 4600 4650 4700 4750 4800 4850 4900
Pressure [psi]
K
o

[
m
d
]
No Flow Upper and Lower
Boundary Effects

Fig.15. Profile of oil effective permability from horizontal
well pressure data with upper and lower noflow
boundary effects.
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900
Pressure [psi]
K
o

[
m
d
]

Fig. 16. Profile of oil effective permability from horizontal
well pressure data without upper and lower noflow
boundary effects.
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 7
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Time[ hrs]

P

&

t
.
d

P
/
d
l
n
(
t
)

Fig. 17. An infinite acting (lateral direction) horizontal well
pressure response without wellbore storage and skin
factor.(Fully developed late radial flow regime)
0
0 . 5
1
1 . 5
2
2 . 5
3
3 . 5
4
4 . 5
5
4 9 8 0 4 9 8 2 4 9 8 4 4 9 8 6 4 9 8 8 4 9 9 0 4 9 9 2 4 9 9 4 4 9 9 6 4 9 9 8 5 0 0 0
P r e s s u r e [ p s i ]
K
o
[
m
d
]

Fig. 18. Profile of oil effective permability from horizontal
well pressure data with upper and lower noflow
boundary effects.
0 . 5
0 . 5 5
0 . 6
0 . 6 5
0 . 7
0 . 7 5
0 . 8
0 . 8 5
0 . 9
0 . 9 5
1
4 9 8 2 4 9 8 4 4 9 8 6 4 9 8 8 4 9 9 0 4 9 9 2 4 9 9 4 4 9 9 6 4 9 9 8 5 0 0 0
P r e s s u r e [ p s i ]
K
g
[
m
d
]

Fig.19. Gas effective permeability profile from pressure test in
horizontal wells.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000
Pressure [psi]
K
o

[
m
d
]
From Left to
Right
qo [STB/D]
10
20
40
60
100
150
200

Fig.20. Effect of condensate flow rate on effective
permeability to oil (Horizontal Well Pd = 5000 psi)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100
Pressure [psi]
K
g

[
m
d
]
From Left to
Right
qg [Mscf/D]
50
100
200
300
500
750
1000

Fig.21. effect of condensate flow rate on effective
permeability to gas (Horizontal Well Pd = 5000 psi)

Effective Permeability With Measured Surface Rate
In phase changing multiphase environment such as gas
condensate systems it is hard to measure the free rate at
surface. The total rate is the combination of the free oil and
gas flow and dissolved gas in oil and vapor phase in the gas
phase. Thus a scheme is devised to get effective permeability
using the surface measured rate from well test analysis instead
of free rate.
Pressure transient response in terms of
pseudopressure can be represented as
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

<
S
r c
P k
t
h
q
mP mP
w t
e
meas g
P P
8686 . 0 2275 . 3
) (
log ) log(
6 . 162
2
,
wf *

(45a)
Gas phase pseudopressure for Region-1 has been define by
Eq.16 and 17. With equation 16, Eq. 45a can be expressed
as follows
8 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
( )
( )
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

S
r c
P k
t
h
q
dp P
R R
R R R
B
w t
e
meas g
P
P
s p
S o P
g g
wf
8686 . 0 2275 . 3
) (
log ) log(
6 . 162
) 1 (
) (
k.k
2
,
*
rg

(46)
Re-arranging, yields
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

1
1
1
]
1

S
r c
P k
t
h dp P
q
dp P
R R B
R R R
w t
e
P
P
meas g
P
P
s p g g
S o P
wf
wf
8686 . 0 2275 . 3
) (
log ) log(
k.k
6 . 162
) (
) 1 (
2
*
rg
,
*

(47)
Now gas phase effective permeability integral as a function
pressure can be estimated as
( )

,
_

) ln(
6 . 162 k.k
, 1
,
*
rg
t d
mP d
h
q
dp P
g g
meas g
P
P
wf
(48)
Gas phase effective permeability now is the derivative of the
above equation. Similarly oil phase effective permeability
integral can be estimated as
( )

,
_

) ln(
6 . 162 k.k
, 1
,
*
ro
t d
mP d
h
q
dp P
o g
meas g
P
P
wf
(49)
Oil phase effective permeability then is the derivative of above
equation. Using surface oil rate
( )

,
_

) ln(
6 . 162 k.k
, 1
,
*
rg
t d
mP d
h
q
dp P
g o
meas o
P
P
wf
(50)
( )

,
_

) ln(
6 . 162 k.k
, 1
,
*
ro
t d
mP d
h
q
dp P
o o
meas o
P
P
wf
(51)
Establishing IPR
Since pseudopressure has been developed, Rawlins
and Schellhard
20
equation can be used to establish well
performance.
Gas phase ( )
n
g g
mP C q . (51a)
Oil phase ( )
n
o o
mP C q . (51b)

Well Deliverability Gain Due to Condensate Production
in Region-1
Single-phase gas pseudopressure for gas reservoirs can be
expressed as

,
_

*
sp g,
.
.
P
P sp
g g
rg
wf
dp
B
k k
mP

(52)
And Eq.16 is the pseudopressure in gas condensate reservoirs.
( )
( )
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

*
rg
g g1,
) 1 (
) (
k.k
P
P
s p
S o P
g g
wf
dp P
R R
R R R
B
mP

(16)
Comparing the integral in Eq.16 with single-phase gas
pseudopressure in Eq. 52, the difference is the gas phase
recovery due to liquid production. Effective permeability in
Eq.16 is lower than that in Eq.52. The recovery term is equal
to
( )
( )

*
*
) 1 (
P
P
wf
s p
S o P
wf
p
P P
d P
R R
R R R
(53)
Or
( )( )
( )
P gt
P
P
wf s p
S O P
sp g
q dp P
P P R R
R R R
q
wf
2 ,
*
,
*
) 1 (

(54)
Term in Eq. 53 is the production gain factor in the Region-1
due to liquid mobility. This can be converted into vapor
equivalent as follows.
o
o
eq
M
V

133,000 (54a)
V
eq
is the gas equivalent of the condensate.

Well Deliverability Loss Due to Condensation
The recovery in the absence of liquid accumulation in Regio-1
would be
q
g,sp
= C mP
g,sp
(55)

,
_

P
P sp
g g
wf
dp
B
k
mP
.
sp g,
(56)

Since q
g,sp
> q
gt,2P
, (flow rate with condensate accumulation)
therefore, well efficiency in this case can be expressed as
100 [%]
,
2 ,
2 ,
x
q
q
sP g
P gt
p w
(57)
And the damage factor then is
sP g
P gt sP g
p w
q
q q
,
2 , ,
2 ,
1

(58)

SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 9
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

P
P sp
g g
rg
P
P
s p
S O P
g g
p w
wf
wf
dp
B
kk
C
dp P
R R
R R R
B
C

.
) 1 (
) (
k.k
*
rg
2 ,
(59)
( )
( )( )
( )

,
_

*
) sp
2
rg
2 ,
*
) 1 (
) (
k.k
P
P
wf s p
S o P
rg
p
p w
wf
dp P
P P R R
R R R
kk
(60)

Since effective permeability in single-phase gas reservoirs is
equal to absolute permeability, therefore, above equation can
be rewritten as
( )
( )( )
( )

,
_

*
2
rg
2 ,
*
) 1 (
k.k
P
P
wf s p
S o P P
p w
wf
dp P
P P R R
R R R
k
(61)

Eq.61 shows that the delivery loss in Region-1 is only due to
relative permeability loss of the gas phase. Partially the loss is
recovered as liquid production.

Damage Factor in Region-2
In this region, only gas phase is mobile, therefore;
( )
( ) *
k.k
1
*
2
rg
2
P P
k
DF
d
P
P
P
d

,
_

(63)

Equation 63 indicates that the delivery loss in Region-2 is the
result of permeability loss due to condensation.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Qg
m
P
w
f
P*
Pwf
P
Pd Production Loss in Region-2
Production Gain in Region-1

Fig.22 Production trend in gas condensate systems

Example-1
This example is taken from reference 12. The 11, 500
ft deep well KAL-5 (Yugoslavia) has following properties.
The initial conditions coincide with retrograde conditions. In
Table 3 the mP values have been estimated using Eq. 16. Once
the derivative of the pseudopressure is estimated, the effective
permeability integral is calculated using Eq.48.


Procedure to calculate Table 2
** Calculate the critical temperature and pressure. I used
correlation for California gases using following equation.
Tpc = 298.6 SG + 181.89
Tpc = 298.6 (0.94) +181.89 = 462.574
o
R
Ppc = -514.01 SG
4
+ 1788.2 SG
3
- 2337.5 SG
2
+ 1305.3SG
+ 415.07

Table 1 Well, reservoir and fluid data is given in
following table.
P
i
6750 psia q
c
2.8 STB/D
P
d
6750 psia h 216.5 ft
GOR 9470 scf/STB 0.062
T 354
o
F r
w
0.54 ft
Gas SG 0.94 [MW =27.17] API 50 [Assumed]
q
g
75.4 Mscf/D T 2.85
o
F/100FT

Ppc = -514.01 (0.94)
4
+ 1788.2 (0.94)
3
- 2337.5 (0.94)
2
+
1305.3(0.94) + 415.07 = 660.57 psi
At 2200 psi
Tr = T/Tpc = 354 + 460 /462.574 = 1.759
Ppr = P/Ppc = 2200/660.57 = 3.33
** Calculate the compressibility factor using Gopal
equations given in Appendix A. Choose proper equation.
Following equation fits the above critical conditions of
temperature and pressure.
Z =P
r
(-0.0284T
r
+ 0.0625) + 0.4714T
r
-0.0011
Z =(3.33) [-0.0284(1.759) + 0.0625] + 0.4714(1.759) -0.001
= 0.8699
** Calculate the Bg using Eq.P-15.
P
zT
B
g
00504 . 0
22
) 460 354 )( 8699 . 0 (
00504 . 0
+

g
B =0.0016 bbl/scf
** Calculate gas density using Eq.P-21
RT
P MW
x
g
.
10 601846 . 1
2

Table 2 PVT Properties for example-1
P Ppr Z Bg Vis Rso Ro
B/scf Cp scf/B B/scf
200 0.3028 0.9818 0.0201 0.015 42.45 -7.59E-06
600 0.9083 0.9491 0.0065 0.016 150.7 4.83E-06
1000 1.5138 0.9186 0.0038 0.016 271.7 1.26E-05
1400 2.1194 0.8992 0.0026 0.017 400.6 1.90E-05
1800 2.7249 0.8797 0.002 0.018 535.3 2.48E-05
2200 3.3304 0.8701 0.0016 0.019 674.7 3.03E-05
2600 3.936 0.8777 0.0014 0.02 818.1 3.59E-05
3000 4.5415 0.8853 0.0012 0.022 965 4.16E-05
3400 5.147 0.8929 0.0011 0.023 1115 4.78E-05
3800 5.7526 0.8811 0.001 0.025 1267 5.45E-05
4200 6.3581 0.9149 0.0009 0.027 1423 6.20E-05
4600 6.9636 0.9487 0.0008 0.029 1580 7.03E-05
5000 7.5692 0.9825 0.0008 0.031 1739 7.98E-05
5400 8.1747 1.0163 0.0008 0.034 1901 9.05E-05
5800 8.7802 1.0501 0.0007 0.037 2064 1.03E-04
6200 9.3858 1.0839 0.0007 0.04 2229 1.16E-04
6750 10.218 1.1304 0.0007 0.045 2459 1.38E-04

Where R (10.73) is the universal gas constant, T is in
o
R and P
is in psi. The gas density is in gm/cc. MW is the molecular
weight of the gas.
10 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
) 460 354 )( 73 . 10 (
00 , 22 ) 17 . 27 (
10 601846 . 1
2
+

x
g
=0.10962 gm/cc
** Calculate the gas viscosity using Eq.P-16,
T M
T M
X
+ +
+

19 209
) 02 . 0 4 . 9 (
5 . 1
1

) 354 ( ) 17 . 27 ( 19 209
) 354 ))( 17 . 27 ( 02 . 0 4 . 9 (
5 . 1
1
+ +
+
X = 61.365
M
T
X 0.01
986
3.5
2
+ +

) 0.01(27.17
354
986
3.5
2
+ + X = 6.557
2 3
2 . 0 4 . 2 X X
) 557 . 6 ( 2 . 0 4 . 2
3
X = 1.0886
)
3
2
( exp
1
4
10
X
X X
g

)
0886 . 1
1096) (6.557)(0. exp ) 365 . 61 (
4
10

g
= 0.011 cp
** Calculate Rso using Eq.P-2
I used following equation for light oils
Rso = (P
1.1535
) (SG / 37.966) 10
(9.441 API / T)

Rso = (2,200
1.1535
) (0.94 / 37.966) 10
(9.441 (50) / (354+460))
=
674.73 scf/STB
** Calculate vapor phase in gas phase, Ro [STB/MMscf],
using following equation.
s
s s o
R
R R x R
3815 . 42
623 . 1 10 706 . 4 66 . 11
3 9
+ +


73 . 674
3815 . 42
) 73 . 674 623 . 1 ) 73 . 674 ( 10 706 . 4 66 . 11
3 9
+ +

x R
o
= 30.31233 STB/MMscf = 3.0312x10
-5
STB/scf.
** Producing gas oil ratio, Rp, is measured at surface during
the well test, 9,470 SCF/STB.

Table 3. Pressure and pseudopressure data, with Eq.16.
Time P mP1g,g mP t.dmP/d(ln(t) Integral[Keg]
hrs psi Eq.16
Pr = 6750 248.3555
0 1083.1 9.690342 0
0.167 1174.5 11.4 1.709663
0.333 1226.7 12.4369 2.746561
0.5 1303.6 14.04406 4.353722 3.84810177
1 1490.6 18.34433 8.653984 6.18010128
2 1751.6 25.25937 15.56903 16.4412385
3 2046 34.35381 24.66347 22.5880236
4 2279.4 42.35781 32.66747 33.7942807
6 2759.4 60.66817 50.97782 49.9686048
8 3246.5 81.41431 71.72397 79.5896594
12 4210 127.6456 117.9553 117.600946
16 5162 174.5628 164.8725 133.490764
22 6161 221.9433 212.2529 92.4258768
28 6336.5 229.9477 220.2574 66.411804 Start of SLL
34 6406.1 233.0914 223.4011 20.7617509 0.002727533
42 6452.5 235.1772 225.4869 12.3720492 0.004577121
50 6487.3 236.7363 227.046 7.66378648 0.007389084
58 6507.6 237.6437 227.9533 7.0386556 0.008045338
68 6526.5 238.4871 228.7967 6.60753927 0.008570265
82 6556.9 239.8407 230.1504 4.96192743 0.011412573
97 6574.3 240.614 230.9236 5.41043564 0.010466507
112 6587.3 241.1909 231.5005 3.83858505 0.014752405
141 6601.8 241.8336 232.1433
Procedure to calculate Table 3
** Having calculated table 2 convert the pressure data into
pseudopressure using Eq.16. without the k.krg term.

( )
( )
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

*
g1
) 1 (
) (
1
P
P
s p
S O P
g g
wf
dp P
R R
R R R
B
mP

The integral can be evaluated numerically as follows
( )
( )
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

*
g1
) 1 (
) (
1
P
P
s p
S O P
g g
wf
dp P
R R
R R R
B
mP

( )

*
g1
P
P
B
dp P X mP
) 0 200 (
2
) 200 (
200 0

X X
mP
) 0 200 (
2
079 . 3242 0
) 200 (
+
mP = 324207.9 = 3242
psi
2
/cp
) 200 600 (
2
76 . 9882 079 . 3242
) 200 ( ) 600 (
+
+ mP mP =
) 200 600 (
2
76 . 9882 079 . 3242
9 . 324207 ) 600 (
+
+ mP =
2949175.7 an so on.
Procedure to calculate pseudopressure derivative group,
t.dmP/d(ln(t)
Using following equation
mp = mP-mP
(t=0)
[ ]
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
) ln( ) ln(
) ln(
) ln(
) ln(
) ln(
) ln(
+

+
+
+

,
_

,
_

,
_

i i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
t t
t
t
mP d
t
t
mP d
t d
mP d

Table 4. Integral evaluation data.
P Bg Gas Vis. Rso Ro
X = R
p
(1R
o
R
s
)/
[(R
p
-R
so
)(B
g

g
)]
psi [bbl/scf] [Cp] [scf/bbl] [B/scf]
Rp = 9,470
200 0.020138962 0.01538971 42.4507256 -7.58E-06 3242.079135
600 0.00648931 0.01583345 150.745544 4.83E-06 9882.761598
1000 0.003768687 0.0164451 271.735901 1.26E-05 16554.87436
1400 0.002634882 0.0171969 400.595154 1.90E-05 22868.63006
1800 0.00200499 0.0180827 535.308167 2.48E-05 28846.64708
2200 0.00162264 0.01910453 674.732422 3.03E-05 34022.62432
2600 0.00138497 0.0202691 818.123291 3.59E-05 37847.212
3000 0.001210678 0.02158655 964.953491 4.16E-05 40893.98613
3400 0.001077396 0.02306997 1114.82825 4.78E-05 43171.70082
3800 0.000951253 0.02473525 1267.43994 5.45E-05 45676.80014
4200 0.000893679 0.02660116 1422.54187 6.20E-05 45136.22568
4600 0.000846117 0.02868952 1579.93115 7.03E-05 43948.96444
5000 0.000806166 0.03102551 1739.43787 7.98E-05 42180.59821
5400 0.000772133 0.03363803 1900.91724 9.05E-05 39887.95688
5800 0.000742794 0.03656014 2064.24487 1.03E-04 37120.43519
6200 0.000717241 0.03982965 2229.31177 1.16E-04 33921.35589
6750 0.000687051 0.04497274 2458.94556 1.38E-04 28887.92587
At t = 68 hours and P = 6526.5 psi
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 11
mP = 511.067-23.3728 = 487.6942
At t = 82 hours and P = 6556.9 psi
mP = 511.9648-23.3728 = 488.592
dmP = mP
(t =82)
- mP
(t =68)
488.592 487.6942 = 0.8978
dln(t) = ln(82)-ln(68) = 0.1872
At t = 97 hours and P = 6574.3 psi
mP = 512.4781-23.3728 = 489.1053
dmP = 489.1053- 488.592 = 0.5133
ln(t) = ln(97)-ln(82) = 0.16799
At t = 112 hours and P = 6587.3 psi
. mP = 512.8614-23.3728 = 489.4886
dmP = 489.4886 489.1053 = 0.3833
dln(t) = ln(112)-ln(91) = 0.143787
Then the derivative at 97 hours, P = 6574.3 is
dmP
i-1
= 0.8978
ln(t)
i-1
= 0.1872
dmP
i+1
= 0.3833
ln(t)
i+1
= 0.143787
[ ] 143787 . 0 1872 . 0
1872 . 0
143787 . 0
3833 . 0
143787 . 0
1872 . 0
8978 . 0
) ln( +

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

i
t d
mP d

= 3.590871565
Where the point i is the point where derivative is calculated
and point i-1 is the point before it and i+1 is the point after it.
ln(t) = ln(t
1
) ln(t
2
)
** Plot the pseudopressure and its derivative and locate the
start of radial straight line. This is the semi-log straight line on
the semi-log plot of pressure vs. time.

The effective permeability
The integral [Keg] is calculated from the straight line portion
and onwards using following equation
( ) ( )
1
,
) ln(
6 . 162 .

,
_

,
_

t d
dmP
h
q
dp P k k
meas g
P
P
rg
wf

The effective permeability integral is calculated using
following equation, after the semi-log straight line has
developed.
( ) ( )
1
,
) ln(
6 . 162 .

,
_

,
_

t d
dmP
h
q
dp P k k
meas g
P
P
rg
wf

( ) ( )
,
_

5 . 216
1000 * 4 . 75
10 5908715 . 3
6 . 162
3 . 6574 .
6
x
dp k k
P
P
rg
wf

= 0.01577
Oil effective permeability
Use same procedure for table 5 with equation 17 instead of
Eq. 16 to calculate pseudopressure and following equation to
calculate oil effective permeability.
( ) ( )
P m h
q
dp P k k
meas g
P
P
ro
wf

,
_

1 6 . 162
.
,

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time [hr]
S
h
u
tin
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
[p
s
i]

Fig.23. Transient pressure semi-log plot.

Table 5. Pressure and Pseudopressure data.
Time P mP1g,o mP t.dmP/d(ln(t) Integral[Keo]
hrs psi Eq.17 MM psi
2
/Cp
Pr = 6750 517.6423
0 1083.1 23.3728 0
0.167 1174.5 25.82054 2.447743
0.333 1226.7 27.24284 3.870043
0.5 1303.6 29.37082 5.998017 4.876688764
1 1490.6 34.71134 11.33854 7.493499072
2 1751.6 42.57468 19.20188 17.59814272
3 2046 52.05665 28.68385 23.02276104
4 2279.4 60.07426 36.70146 33.95911145
6 2759.4 78.13077 54.75797 50.2170588
8 3246.5 99.00624 75.63344 86.65745905
12 4210 151.2229 127.8501 180.0784224
16 5162 233.9581 210.5853 524.924176
22 6161 500.2031 476.8303 142.9481323
28 6336.5 505.4348 482.062 323.2790984 Start of SSL
34 6406.1 507.5021 484.1293 13.60094325 0.004163561
42 6452.5 508.8777 485.5049 8.151117177 0.006947313
50 6487.3 509.908 486.5352 5.062244746 0.011186413
58 6507.6 510.5084 487.1356 4.655564686 0.012163586
68 6526.5 511.067 487.6942 4.376948091 0.012937864
82 6556.9 511.9648 488.592 3.290109705 0.017211694
97 6574.3 512.4781 489.1053 3.590871565 0.015770088
112 6587.3 512.8614 489.4886 2.549689479 0.022209905
141 6601.8 513.2888 489.916

1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Tim e [hrs]

Un-expected
anomaly

Fig.24. Pseudopressure and its derivative vs. time. The
unexpected anomaly is observed. The initial reservoir pressure
is equal to dew point pressure. Thus it is suspected that the
anomaly is the approaching P*.

12 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
Two-point numerical derivative can also be used to calculate
effective permeability as a function of pressure.
1 2
2 2
] [ ] [
.
P P
kg Integral kg Integral
k k
rg

It is possible that the producing gas oil ratio estimated at the
surface may have human error in it. Thus a sensitivity analysis
was performed by increasing the GOR by 10% and see its
impact on the effective permeability and skin factor since in
gas condensate systems skin factor is also added due to change
in effective permeability. This was done by using the skin
factor equation at different values of gas effective
permeability.
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
6300 6350 6400 6450 6500 6550 6600 6650
P ressure [psi]
Expected P *

Fig.25 Gas effective permeability integral as function of
pressure. Vertical solid line is the start of semi-log straight line
[Eq.16]

Fig.26 Gas effective permeability integral extrapolated to
zero pressure.


Table 6 Gas effective permeability as function of pressure.
Pressure Keg Pressure Keg
500 6.005e-08 4000 1.971e-07
1000 5.681e-08 4500 2.952e-07
1500 6.159e-08 5000 4.936e-07
2000 7.107e-08 5500 9.949e-07
2500 8.575e-08 6000 2.974e-06
3000 8.597e-08 6500 4.104e-05
3500 1.418e-07

0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
6300 6350 6400 6450 6500 6550 6600
P ressure [psi]

Fig. 27 Oil effective permeability integral as function of
pressure. Vertical solid line is the start of semi-log straight line
[Eq.17]

Table 7 Effect of 10% increase in GOR on oil
effective permeability.
P Keo Keo % Error
psi Rp = 9,470 Rp = 10,417
6406.1 5.73045E-05 5.16527E-05 9.862689
6452.5 5.99946E-05 5.45406E-05 9.090909
6487.3 0.000121813 0.000110739 9.090909
6507.6 4.81366E-05 4.37605E-05 9.090909
6526.5 4.09671E-05 3.72428E-05 9.090909
6556.9 0.000140586 0.000127806 9.090909
6574.3 8.28509E-05 7.5319E-05 9.090909
6587.3 0.000495371 0.000450337 9.090909
For oil phase effective permeability, slope of Eq. 51 can be
used.
( ) ( )
1
,
) ln(
6 . 162 .

,
_

,
_

t d
dmP
h
q
dp P k k
meas g
P
P
ro
wf

Table 8. Effect of 10% increase in producing GOR on gas
effective permeability.
Time P Keg Keg % Error
hrs psi md md
Rp = 9,470 Rp =10,417
34 6406.1 2.69E-05 2.78E-05 3.02190686
42 6452.5 3.99E-05 4.11E-05 3.06048534
50 6487.3 8.08E-05 8.33E-05 3.04016961
58 6507.6 3.23E-05 3.34E-05 3.21625527
68 6526.5 2.78E-05 2.87E-05 3.35208414
82 6556.9 9.35E-05 9.64E-05 3.07862887
97 6574.3 5.44E-05 5.59E-05 2.88401789
112 6587.3 0.00033 0.00034 3.08949186
141 6601.8
Using following equation for various values of pressure and
effective permeability, skin factor was estimated as function of
pressure. Table 9 indicates that the increase in gas oil ratio
also causes increase in skin factor. This may be due to the fact
that the increase in gas rate gives rise in the non-Darcy flow.
Condensed liquid occupies more space thereby reducing the
rate and the non-Darcy flow effects.
1
1
]
1

,
_

2275 . 3
) (
log 1513 . 1
2
,
1
w t
eg
meas g
g g
r c
P k
q
h M mP
S

SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 13
Table 9. Absolute error in skin factor to gas with 10 %
increase in producing GOR.
P Skin Skin % Error
Psi Rp = 9,470 Rp = 10,417
6452.5 -3.53405 -3.488564948 1.287002
6487.3 -3.92994 -3.866652757 1.610467
6507.6 -3.53555 -3.467571977 1.922726
6526.5 -3.53051 -3.45896314 2.026399
6556.9 -4.18602 -4.098223812 2.097282
6574.3 -4.01019 -3.929811734 2.004447
6587.3 -4.92164 -4.813667252 2.193882

Procedure to calculate IPR
1. Chose the pressure data as shown in Table 10,
column 1.
2. Convert the pressure data into pseudopressure as we
did earlier in this example without Krg term. This is
equal to mP/Mg. (Column-2)
3. Using the same pressure data (Column 1) evaluate
integral using equation given in Fig. 26. This is the
term Mg (Column-3)
4. Now calculate the final value of pseudopressure by
multiplying the mP/Mg with Mg to get mP
(Column-4)
5. Plot the mP Vs flow rate on a log-log plot and
calculate the sole n, and intercept C. In this example
we assumed values such that they match the rate and
BHFP during the well test since we did not have
production data for this well. Estimate these
parameters separately for oil and gas phases.
6. Now establish IPR using Rawlins and Schellhardt
20

equation.
Gas phase: ( )
n
g g
mP C q .
Oil phase ( )
n
o o
mP C q .

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
G as Flow R are [M scf/D ]

Fig.28. Gas Phase IPR vs. pseudopressure. [n = 0.8 and C =
0.0948, assumed and closely matched with rate during well
test, since we did not have the production data for this well]

Oil Phase
For oil phase use following equations
1. Pseudo-critical Temperature, Eq. P-26.
2. Pseudo-critical Pressure, Eq.P-27
3. Oil formation Volume Factor (B
o
), Eq.P-28.
4.Viscosity, Eq.P-30
5. Use Eq.20 without k.kro term. to calculate pseudopressure

,
_

,
_

*
1
1
.
1
o
P
P
p o
s o
o o
wf
dp
R R
R R
B
mP

6. Use equation ( ) ( )
1
,
) ln(
6 . 162 .

,
_

,
_

t d
dmP
h
q
dp P k k
o
meas o
P
P
ro
wf

to calculate oil effective permeability integral.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
P ressure [psi]

Fig. 29. Gas phase IPR against pressure

Table 10. Well performance data. [n = 0.8, C = 0.948,
Assumed Values]
Integral[Keg] mP q
P mP/Mg Mg MM psi
2
/cp Scf/D
0 0 0 0 74.91424
200 0.32339411 7.40445E-05 2.39456E-05 74.91232
600 2.94400525 0.000100002 0.000294406 74.89056
1000 8.25361881 0.000122767 0.001013273 74.83273
1400 16.1918666 0.000146064 0.002365048 74.72395
1800 26.6565599 0.000171361 0.004567893 74.54659
2200 39.5642106 0.000199845 0.007906711 74.27757
2600 54.3308111 0.000232845 0.01265068 73.89491
3000 70.6711157 0.000272102 0.019229763 73.36341
3400 88.3323739 0.000320103 0.028275479 72.63107
3800 107.419393 0.00038065 0.040889153 71.60676
4200 127.150589 0.000459941 0.058481785 70.17197
4600 146.954463 0.000568898 0.083602079 68.11042
5000 166.651224 0.000728781 0.121452239 64.97424
5400 186.091089 0.000987312 0.183729879 59.72925
5800 205.150979 0.001478542 0.303324261 49.31097
6200 223.731447 0.002779552 0.621873294 17.75325
6750 248.355527 0.003 0.74506658 0

Fig.30. Oil effective permeability integral.
14 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
0
0.000001
0.000002
0.000003
0.000004
0.000005
0.000006
0.000007
0.000008
0.000009
0.00001
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
P re ssu re [p si]

Fig. 31. Oil phase effective permeability, derivative of Eq.17.
10
100
1000
10000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Tim e [hrs]

Fig.32. Oil phase pseudopressure and its derivative.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Oil flow Rate [STB/D]
P
s
e
u
d
o
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
[
p
s
ia
2
/c
p
]

Fig.33. Condensate phase well performance vs.
pseudopressure.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2.5 2.55 2.6 2.65 2.7 2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9
Oil Flow Rate [STB/D]
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
[
p
s
i]

Fig.34. Oil phase well performance against pressure.
Table 11. Time, pressure, pseudopressure, and effective
permeability to oil data.
Time P mP
1o,o
mP
t.dmP/d(ln
(t))
Integral[K
eo]
Keo
Hrs psi Psia
2
/cp Eq.20
0 1083.1 37.69242 0
0.167 1174.5 45.06127 7.368851
0.333 1226.7 49.60332 11.9109
0.5 1303.6 56.74562 19.05319 17.46048
1 1490.6 76.42196 38.72953 28.77838
2 1751.6 109.62 71.92376 82.02722
3 2046 155.6 117.9054 120.4391
4 2279.4 198.9084 161.216 191.8662
6 2759.4 308.5168 270.8244 321.6509
8 3246.5 450.2727 412.5802 603.1635
12 4210 829.7878 792.0953 1133.067
16 5162 1339.958 1302.266 1594.884
22 6161 2012.652 1974.959 1104.705
28 6336.5 2143.882 2106.189 969.7653
Start of
SSL

34 6406.1 2196.913 2159.22 344.0685 0.006112 0.0000567
42 6452.5 2232.571 2194.878 210.5204 0.009989 0.0000836
50 6487.3 2259.472 2221.78 131.9755 0.015934 0.0001708
58 6507.6 2275.226 2237.534 121.9627 0.017242 0.0000644
68 6526.5 2289.935 2252.242 115.2834 0.018241 0.0000529
82 6556.9 2313.675 2275.982 86.96564 0.024181 0.0001954
97 6574.3 2327.308 2289.615 95.23596 0.022081 0.0001207
112 6587.3 2337.515 2299.823 67.81678 0.031009 0.0006867
141 6601.8 2348.921 2311.229

Table 12 Oil Phase IPR
P mP
1o,o
/M
o
Integral mP q
o

Eq. 20 M
o
[Fig.30] Psi
2
/cp STB/D
0 0 0 0 2.862683
200 1.005179 7.89E-05 7.93358E-05 2.862681
600 10.36004 0.000139 0.00143703 2.862644
1000 31.6242 0.00019 0.006010048 2.862518
1400 66.47398 0.000242 0.01609866 2.86224
1800 116.5378 0.000299 0.034792975 2.861724
2200 183.47 0.000362 0.066391755 2.860853
2600 268.93 0.000435 0.117008362 2.859458
3000 374.5329 0.000522 0.195527471 2.857294
3400 501.7112 0.000628 0.315218734 2.853995
3800 651.6465 0.000762 0.496653232 2.848993
4200 825.1444 0.000937 0.773404912 2.841363
4600 1022.557 0.001178 1.204296865 2.829481
5000 1243.743 0.00153 1.903079384 2.810206
5400 1488.069 0.002099 3.123445954 2.776527
5800 1754.464 0.003177 5.573699342 2.708841
6200 2041.501 0.006013 12.27577953 2.52324
6600 2347.504 0.034292 80.50032368 0.573717
6750 2466.777 0.04 98.67109403 0

Conclusions
1. New method of projecting performance of gas
condensate wells have been introduced that integrates
well test transient pressure data and the production
test data.
2. Well test data is used to estimate effective
permeability of each (gas and condensate) phase and
then is used to convert production pressure data into
pseudopressure data.
3. Thus relative permeability curves have been
completely eliminated.
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 15
4. Well test equations have been modified in order to
provide effective permeability of each phase as a
function of pressure.
5. The effective permeability of one phase can also be
used to convert the pressure data into pseudopressure
of other phase. This is very useful in case only one
phase production data is available.
6. Sensitivity analysis shows that 10% increase in
producing gas oil ratio causes 9% absolute error in oil
effective permeability and 3% in gas
effective permeability.

Nomenclature
B
o
= Oil FVF, RB/STB
B
gd
= Dry gas FVF cf/scf
k
ro
= Oil relative permeability
k
rg
= Gas relative permeability
q
g
= Gas flow rate, scf/D
R
s
= Solution GOR, SCF/STB
R
sgw
= Solution gas water ratio, scf/STB
R
p
= Producing GOR, scf/STB (q
g
/q
o
)
R
pgw
= Producing gas water ratio, scf/STB
R
pow
= Producing oil water ratio, STB/STB
S = skin
SSL = Semi-log straight line.
S
OC
= Critical oil saturation, fraction
Xe = a = Reservoir width, ft
mP = pseudo-pressure function, MMpsia
2
/cp

o
= Oil viscosity, cp

g
= Gas viscosity, cp
Subscripts
g = Gas
o = Oil
w = Water
r = relative
e = effective
z = in Z direction
x = in X direction
y = in y direction
meas = Measured
1 hr = One hour
w = wellbore (In well testing equations)
cor = Corrected
b = Bubble
d = Dew
trans = Transient
sp = Single phase
sp-trans = Single phase from transient test
wf = wellbore flowing
s = shut-in
t = total
1 = Region-1
2 = Region-1
3 = Region-1
g1,o = gas phase in Region-1 using oil effective permeability
g1,g = gas phase in Region-1 using gas effective permeability
o1,o = Oil phase in Region-1 using oil effective permeability
o1,g = Oil phase in Region-1 using gas effective permeability

References
1. Vogel, J.T.: Inflow Performance Relationships for
Solution-Gas Drive Wells, JPT Jan. 1968, (83-92).
2. Weller, W.T.: Reservoir Performance During Two
Phase Flow, JPT Feb.1966 (240-245).
3. Fetkovich, M.D., Guerrero, E.T., Fetkovich, M.J., and
Thomas, L.K.: Oil and Gas Relative Permeabilities
Determined from Rate-Time Performance Data, paper
SPE 15431 presented at the 1986 SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Oct. 5-8
4. Raghavan, R., Jones, J.R.: Depletion Performance of
Gas-Condensate Reservoirs, JPT Aug. 1996
5. Fevang, O. and Whitson, C.H. Modeling Gas-
Condensate deliverability, Paper SPE 30714 presented at
the 1995 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, Dallas, Oct. 22-25.
6. Gopal, V.N.: Gas Z-Factor Equations Developed For
Computer, Oil and Gas Journal (Aug. 8, 1977) 58-60.
7. Aguilera, R. et al.: Horizontal Wells, Gulf Publishing Co.,
Houston TX.(185-187)
8. McCain, W.D. Jr.: The Properties of Petroleum Reservoir
Fluids, Second Edition, PennWell Publishing company.,
9. Craft, B.C. and Hawkins, M.F: Applied Petroleum
Reservoir Engineering, Second Edition, prentice Hall
PTR Publishing Company.
10. Gopal, V.N.: Gas Z-Factor Equations Developed For
Computer, Oil and Gas Journal (Aug. 8, 1977) 58-60.
11. Standing, M.B. and Katz, D.L.: Density Of Natural
Gases, Trans., AIME (1942), 146, 140-149.
12. Penuela, G. and Civan, F.: Gas-Condensate Well Test
Analysis With and Without Relative Permeability
Curves, SPE 63160.
13. Serra, K.V., Peres, M.M., and Reynolds,. A.C.: Well-
Test Analysis for Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs: Part-1
Determination of Relative and Absolute Permeabilities
SPEFE June 1990, P-124-131.
14. Economides M.J. et al. The Stimulation of a Tight, Very-
High-Temperature Gas Condensate Well SPEFE March
1989, 63-72.
15. Guehria, F.M. Inflow Performance Relationships for Gas
Condensates, SPE 63158.
16. Horne N.R., Modern Well Test Analysis, Second Edition,
Petroway Inc., 1998.
17. Evinger, H.H. and Muskat, M.: Calculation of
Theoretical Productivity Factors, Trans.,AIME (1942)
146, 126-139.
18. Jones, L.G., Blount, E.M. and Glaze, O.H.: Use of Short
Term Multiple Rate Flow Tests to Predict Performance of
Wells Having Turbulence, paper SPE 6133 presented at
the 1976 SPE Annual Technical Meeting and Exhibition,
New Orleans, Oct. 3-6
19. Sukarno, P. and Wisnogroho, A.: Genaralized Two
Phase IPR Curve Equation Under Influence of Non-linear
Flow Efficiency, Proc. of the Soc. of Indonesian
16 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
Petroleum Engineers Production Optimization
International Symposium, Bandung, Indonesia, July 24-
26, 1995, 31-43.
20. Rawlins, E.L. and Schellhardt, M.A.: Backpressure Data
on Natural Gas Wells and Their Application to
Production Practices, USBM (1935) 7.
21. Wiggins, M.L.: Inflow Performance of Oil Wells
Producing Water, PhD dissertation, Texas A&M U.,
College Station, TX (1991).
22. 22. Camacho V. and Raghavan R., Inflow Performance
Relationships for Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs. JPT
(May 1989), P-541-550.

Appendix A: Fluid Properties Used in This Study
Light Oil Properties (API > 31.1)
Bubble point Pressure: To estimate the bubble point pressure
of the liquid phase of the condensate system Standings
modified correlation was chosen.
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

API
T
g
s
b
R
P
. 0148 . 0
0009 . 0
7857 . 0
10
10
. 7648 . 31

(P-1)
Solution Gas Oil Ratio (R
so
): Modified Kartoatmodjo's
Correlation
( ) ( )

,
_

460
12.753.
1.1715 0.3873
,
10 x 0.01347
T
API
b corr g s
P R (P-2)
Where
( )
1
1
]
1

,
_

+

114.7
log . 0.1595. 1 .
0.2466 0.4078
,
sp
sp sp g corr g
P
T API P (P-3)
Dead oil viscosity (
d
)
(Modified Egbogah-Jack's Correlation)
( ) ( )
g od
T API log . 56238 . 0 . 025548 . 0 8513 . 1 1 log . log + (P-4)
Gas saturated oil viscosity:
(Modified Beggs and Robinson Correlation
2
1
. 02865 . 0 . 9289 . 0 032124 . 0 F F
o
+ (P-5)
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
2135 . 0
150 7516 . 2
d
6487 . 0
1
100 1921 . 25

+
+
so
R
o so o
R (P-6)
Condensate specific gravity (
o
)
API
o
+

5 . 131
5 . 141
(P-7)
Molecular weight of condensate (M
o
)
811 . 8
954 , 5

API
M
o
(P-8)
o
o
o
M

008 . 1
43 . 42
(P-9)
Natural Gas Properties
For the temperature range of 300-700
o
F and gravity range of
0.5-1.8 the following parameters are estimated as
Pseudo Critical Temperature
Standing correlation for California gases
T
sp
(
o
R) = 295.48
g,cor
+ 181.89 (P-10)
Standing correlation for Oklahoma gases
T
sp
(
o
R) = 298.6
g,cor
+ 179.44 (P-11)
Pseudo critical pressure
Californian Gases
P
sp
(psia) = -44.906(
g,cor
)
3
+ 93.189(
g,cor
)
2
- 108.17(
g,cor
) +
717.85 (P-12)
Oklahoma gases
P
sp
(psia) = -514.01(
g,cor
)
4
+ 1788.2(
g,cor
)
3
- 2337.5(
g,cor
)
2
+
1305.3(
g,cor
)+ 415.07 (P-13)
Gas formation volume factor (B
g
)
P
zT
B
g
02829 . 0 , cu ft/SCF (P14)
P
zT
B
g
00504 . 0 , bbl/SCF (P-15)
Natural gas viscosity (
g
)
For its convenient mathematical form Lee and Gonzalez
model for viscosity is used.
)
3
2
( exp
1
4
10
X
X X
g


(P-16)
Where
g
is the gas density in g/cc and
g
is the gas viscosity
in cp, and
T M
T M
X
+ +
+

19 209
) 02 . 0 4 . 9 (
5 . 1
1
(P-19)
M
T
X 0.01
986
3.5
2
+ + (P-18)
2 3
2 . 0 4 . 2 X X (P-20)
RT
MP
x
g
2
10 601846 . 1

(P-21)
Where T is in
o
R, is in lb/cu ft, P in psia, R is 10.732 psia-
cuft/[lb-mole-
o
R]
Gas compressibility (Z)
For gas compressibility Gopal
6
equations generated for
computer use have been selected. (Table A)
Gas gravity at reservoir conditions: Three stage separation
( )

,
_

+ + +
+ + +

) (
316 , 133
602 , 4
3 2 1
3 2 1
R R
M
R
R R R
o
o
g g o g
g

(P-22)
Two stage separation,
( )
3
1
1
3 1
316 , 133
602 , 4
R M R
R R
o o
g o g
g
+ +
+ +

(P-23)
Also
eq
g
pa o g
g
V R
G R
+
+ +

1
1
602 , 4
(P-24)
Condensates
Pseudo-critical temperature
T
sp
(
o
R) = -71.647(
g,cor
)
2
+ 333.52(
g,cor
) + 182.2 (P-26)
Pseudo-critical Pressure
P
sp
(psia) = -22.334(
g,cor
)
2
- 35.575(
g,cor
) + 704.99 (P-27)
Oil formation Volume Factor (B
o
)
Standing co-relation
175 . 1
000147 . 0 972 . 0 F B
o
+ (P-28)
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 17
Where T R F
o
g
so
25 . 1
5 . 0
+

,
_

, T =
o
F (P-29)
For crude oil viscosity (In Pa-S), Miadonye et al one
parameter correlation is available
912375 . 6
15 . 303
30
1 30259 . 2 ln
,
_

+
d
o
T
b (P-30)
Where 002 . 3 log
) 0 , 30 (@
+
MPag C
o b (P-31)
And 5364 . 3 006694 . 0 + b d
Where T is in
o
C.
Table A-1Gopal
6
Equations for Estimating Gas
Compressibility Factor (Z).
P
r
T
r
Equations N
o
0.2
To
1.2
1.05 To 1.2
1.2 + To 1.4
1.4+ To 2.0
2.0+ To 3.0
P
r
(1.6643 T
r
- 2.2114) - 0.367 T
r
+ 1.4385
P
r
(0.5222 T
r
- 0.8511) - 0.0364T
r
*+ 1.0490
P
r
(0.1391 T
r
- 0.2988) + 0.0007T
r
* + 0.9969
P
r
(0.0295 T
r
- 0.0825) + 0.0009T
r
* + 0.9967
1
2
3
+
4
+

1.2
+
To
2.8
1.05 To 1.2
1.2 + To 1.4
1.4+ To 2.0
2.0+ To 3.0
P
r
(-1.3570 T
r
+1.4942) + 4.6315 T
r
- 4.7009
P
r
(0.1717 T
r
- 0.3232) + 0.5869 T
r
+0.1229
P
r
(0.0984 T
r
- 0.2053) + 0.0621T
r
+ 0.858
P
r
(0.0211 T
r
- 0.0527) + 0.0127T
r
+ 0.9549
5
+
+

6
7
8
2.8
+
To
5.4
1.05 To 1.2
1.2 + To 1.4
1.4+ To 2.0
2.0+ To 3.0
P
r
(-03278T
r
+ 0.4752) +1.8223T
r
-1.9036
P
r
(-0.2521T
r
+ 0.3871) +1.6087T
r
-1.6635
P
r
(-0.0284T
r
+ 0.0625) + 0.4714T
r
-0.0011*
P
r
(0.0041T
r
+ 0.0039) + 0.0607 T
r
+0.7927
9
+

10
+

11
12
5.4
+
To
15.
0
1.05 To 3.0 P
r
(0.711 + 3.66T
r
)
-1.4667
-1.637/(0.319T
r
+ 0.522) +
2.071

13
*These terms may be ignored.
+For a very slight loss in accuracy, Equations 3 and 4 and
9 and 10 can, respectively, be replaced by the following two equations:
++Preferably use this equation for P
r
up to 2.6 only. For P
r
= 2.6+, equation 9 will give
slightly better results. Also, preferably, use Equation 1 for 1.08 T
r
1.19 and P
r
1.4.
Appendix B: Pseudopressure Function Charts
Gas Phase Region-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
P re ssu re [p si]
Gas Gr avit y
Fr o m T o p -
Bo t t o m
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rp =
5000[ s cf /ST
B]
T = 150 F
API = 45
SG = 0.6
Fig.B-1Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[T = 150
o
F]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pressure [psi]
m
P
[M
M
p
s
i2
/c
p
]/M
g
1
Gas Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rp =
5000[scf/ST
B]
T = 200 F
API = 45
SG = 0.6
Fig.B-2 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[T = 200
o
F]

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pressure [psi]
m
P
[M
M
p
s
i2
/c
p
]/M
g
1
Gas Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rp =
5000[scf/STB
]
T = 300 F
API = 45

Fig.B-3 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[T = 300
o
F]




18 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
Effect of API Gravity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pressure [psi]
m
P
[M
M
p
s
i 2
/c
p
]/M
g
1
Gas Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rp =
5000[scf/STB
]
T = 150 F
API = 50

Fig.B-4 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[API = 50]

0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
P re ssu re [p si]
Gas Gr avity
Fr om Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rp =
5000[s cf/ST
B]
T = 150 F
API = 55


Fig.B-5 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[API = 55]


Effect of Producing Gas Oil Ratio, Rp
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure [psi]
m
P
[
M
M

p
s
i
2
/
c
p
]
/
M
g
1
Gas Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rp
=6000[scf/ST
B]
T = 150 F
API = 45

Fig.B-6 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[Rp = 6,000 scf/STB]


0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure [psi]
m
P
[M
M
p
s
i 2
/c
p
]/M
g
1
Gas Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rp
=7000[scf/ST
B]
T = 150 F
API = 45

Fig.B-7 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[Rp = 7,000 scf/STB]


SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure [psi]
m
P
[M
M
p
s
i 2
/c
p
]/M
g
1
Gas Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rp
=8000[scf/ST
B]
T = 150 F
API = 45


Fig.B-8 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[Rp = 8,000 scf/STB]

Oil Phase Region-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pr e s s ur e [ps i]
P
s
e
u
d
o
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
M
M
p
s
i
2
/
c
p
]
/
M
o
1
Gas
Gr avit y
Fr om Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
T = 150 F
API = 45
d
= 0.5 cp
Pb = 1000
ps i

Fig.B-9 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21]
[T=150
o
F]


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pressure [psi]
P
s
e
u
d
o
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
M
M
p
s
i
2
/
c
p
]
/
M
o
1
Gas
Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
T = 200 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp
Pb = 1000
psi

Fig.B-10 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21]
[T=200
o
F]


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pressure [psi]
P
s
e
u
d
o
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
M
M
p
s
i
2
/
c
p
]
/
M
o
1
Gas
Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
T = 250 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp
Pb = 1000
psi

Fig.B-11 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21]
[T=250
o
F]


20 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pressure [psi]
P
s
e
u
d
o
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
M
M
p
s
i
2
/
c
p
]
/
M
o
1
Gas
Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp = 5000
SCF/STB
T = 400 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp
Pb = 1000
psi

Fig.B-12 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21 ]
[T= 400
o
F]


0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pressure [psi]
P
s
e
u
d
o
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
M
M
p
s
i
2
/
c
p
]
/
M
o
1
Gas
Gravity
From Top-
Bottom
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Rp =
10,000
SCF/STB
T = 150 F
API = 45
d = 0.5 cp
Pb = 1000
psi

Fig.B-13 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21 ]
[Rp = 10,000 scf/STB]