The 85 canons of apostles

1. A Bishop must be ordained by two or three other Bishops. (c. IV of 1st C.; c. III of 7th C.).

Interpretation. The word Bishop primari y and proper y is app ied! in the di"ine and ho y #criptures! to $od! who super"ises and o"ersees a thin%s in the uni"erse &'ote of Trans ator. ( )ere! as in many other simi ar cases!
a word of e*p anation needs to be added in +n% ish for the benefit of readers unfami iar with the etymo o%y of words; I obser"e! therefore! that the correspondin% $ree, word si%nifies -o"erseer../ ! as 0ob bears witness! sayin%1 This

is the portion of an impious man from the Lord, and the heritage appointed to him by the Overseer i.e.! by $od (0ob 23124). And a%ain1 - Thine oversight (or supervision) hath preserved my spirit (ibid. 13112). It is a so app ied to our 5ord 0esus Christ! as the premier of Apost es 6eter says concernin% )im1 -For ye were li e sheep going astray! but have now returned unto the "hepherd and Overseer of your souls (I 6et. 2127). But secondari y and by %race this noun is a so app ied to those who ha"e been desi%nated by $od! 8ust as $od )imse f says concernin% + ea9ar1 - Overseer #lea$ar, a son of %aron the priest ('um. :11;). And to +9e,ie $od said1 -"on of man, & have made thee a wat'hman over the house of &srael (+9e,. <117). And! in sum! the word ="erseers! or Bishops! in the = d Testament refers to super"isors and watchmen of the interna and ecc esiastica administrations and affairs! 8ust as is written concernin% the aforenamed + ea9ar that he had - The oversight (i(e(, supervision) of all the taberna'le ('um. :11;)! and concernin% the hi%h priest 0ehoiada that he appointed o"erseers o"er the house of the 5ord1 - %nd the priest appointed overseers over the house of the Lord (II >in%s 1111?); as we as of the e*terna and ci"i affairs and administrations as super"isors! 8ust as is written1 - %nd )oses was wroth with the overseers of the host, with the 'aptains over a thousand, and with the 'aptains over a hundred ('um. <111:). 'ot one! howe"er! of the Apost es was desi%nated or named a bishop! or o"erseer! durin% the earth y ifetime of the 5ord! who a one is the o"erseer of our sou s; but the on y authority they e*ercised was that of curin% e"ery disease and castin% out demons (@att. 1311; @,. <117). But after the resurrection of our #a"ior from the dead and )is assumpsion into hea"en! the Apost es! who had been sent forth by )im! as )e )imse f had been sent forth by the Aather! into a the wor d! and had recei"ed a authority to bind and to oose and a the %racious %ifts of the A Bho y #pirit on the day of 6entecost! they not on y possessed the name of apost e by "irtue of the facts themse "es! but indeed e"en the name of bishop! or o"erseer! as sacred +piphanius bears witness ()er. 27)1 -Airst were 6eter and 6au ! these two Apost es and Bishops.. 5i,ewise did a the rest! as the Aathers affirm. Aor this reason it was that they ordained! or decreed! that city bishops be ordained by three bishops or two. But a so those who were preachin% in the country and city! as sacred C ement says! in his first epist e to the Corinthians1 -They appointed their firstfruits! tryin% them with the #pirit! as bishops and deacons of those who were %oin% to be ie"e in the future.. )ence! too! I%natius the $odBbearer! in writin% to the faithfu in Tra es (a $ree, city in Asia @inor)! commands1 -Cespect your Bishop! too! i,e Christ! in accordance with what the b issfu Apost es en8oined.. Thus much is a we ha"e to say concernin% the word bishop. As for the $ree, word correspondin% to the +n% ish word ordain in the sense of appoint a person to an office! 'heirotonia! it is etymo o%ica y deri"ed from the $ree, "erb teino! meanin% to stretch (forth the hands! for e*amp e); and it has two si%nifications. Aor the word cheirotonia is used to name the simp e action of choosin% and desi%natin% one to ho d a di%nity of any ,ind! which was performed by t ie peop e by stretchin% forth their hands! accordin% to that sayin% of Demosthenes1 -Ehomsoe"er you ordain a %enera . (in his ftrst 6hi ippic). And especia y in accordance with the

custom in "o%ue in the Church in o den days! when the mu titudes wou d crowd to%ether unhindered and ordain! or! more p ain y spea,in%! desi%nate the chief priests! or bishops! by stretchin% forth their hands! as Fonaras says! thou%h afterwards the counci he d in 5aodicea forbade this in its fifth Canon! wherein it said1 -That ordinations! or! in other words! desi%nations! as si%nified by "otes! must not be performed in the presence of isteners.. Today! howe"er! the word ordination ('heirotonia) si%nifies the sacrament in"o "in% prayers and an in"ocation of the )o y #pirit in the course of which a bishop ays his hand upon the head of the ordinee! in accordance with that Aposto ic sayin%1 Lay not hands upon anyone too *ui' ly And this fact is fami iar to a . #o this Canon prescribes that e"ery chief priest! or pre ate (whether he be a metropo itan! that is to say! or an archbishop or mere y a bishop) is to be ordained by two bishops or three. Apparent y the fi%ure of speech is that which is ca ed in +n% ish -hysteron proteron!. but in $ree, prothysteron! meanin% the p acin% of what wou d natura y come first in a ater position! and "ice "ersa. Aor it wou d ha"e been simp er and more usua to say without the fi%ure of speech1 -A bishop must be ordained by three other bishops or (at east) two.. Thus the Aposto ica In8unctions (which some ha"e inaccurate y trans ated into +n% ish as -Aposto ica Constitutions.) promu %ate the same Canon without any fi%ure of speech by sayin%1 -Ee command that a bishop be ordained by three (other) bishops! or at any rate by at east two.. Concord. Various other canons are in a%reement with this Canon in their e%is ation. Aor a the bishops of a pro"ince (accordin% to c. IV of the 1st C. and c. I of the 7th counci and c. GIG of Antioch)! or many (accordin% to c. GIII of Cartha%e) must meet to%ether and ordain a bishop. But since this is difficu t! the reHuired number is reduced to three as the minimum! and the rest of them participate in the ordination by means of their etters. In confirmin% this Ap. c. the c. 5VIII of Cartha%e says that this ancient form sha be ,ept! in order that no ess than three bishops may suffice for the ordination of a bishop! inc udin%! that is to say! the metropo itan and two other bishops. The same thin% is said in c. I of the oca synod he d in Constantinop e. And c. GII of 5aodicea ordains that bishops shou d be appointed to the ecce siastica office on y with the appro"a of surroundin% bishops. But if! by chance! on y one bishop is eft in office in any one pro"ince! and thou%h in"ited and as,ed by the @etropo itan! he refuses to %o or to act by etters to ordain a candidate for the pre acy! then the @etropo itan must desi%nate and ordain him by means of bishops drawn from a nei%hborin% forei%n (i.e. outside) pro"ince! accordin% to c. VI of the #ardican. The Aposto ica In8unctions (B,. VIII! ch. 27)! on the other hand! command that anyone ordained by a sin% e bishop be deposed from office a on% with the one who ordained him! e*cept on y in case of persecution or some other impediment by reason whereof a number of bishops cannot %et to%ether and he has to be ordained by one a one! 8ust as was #iderius ordained bishop of 6a aibisca! accordin% to #ynesius! not by three! but by one bishop! 6hi o! because of the scarcity of bishops in those times. (c. GIG of Antioch; c. GII of 5aodicea; c. VI of the #ardican; and c. I of Constantinop e). 2. A 6resbyter must be ordained by a sin% e Bishop! and so must a Deacon and other C er%ymen.

Interpretation. This Canon prescribes that 6resbyter and Deacon and a other C er%ymen! #ubdeacons! that is to say! Ceaders! and Cantors! etc. sha be ordained by a sin% e Bishop. 3. If any Bishop or 6resbyter! contrary to the 5ordIs ordinance re atin% to sacrifice! offers anythin% e se at the sacrificia a tar! whether it be honey! or mi ,! or artficia iHuor instead of wine! 2

chic,ens! or any ,ind of anima s! or "e%etab es! contrary to the ordinance! et him be deposed from office1 e*cept ears of new wheat or bunches of %rapes! in due season. 5et it not be permissib e to brin% anythin% e se to the sacrificia a tar but oi for the amp! and incense at the time of the ho y ob ation. (Ap. c. IV; cc. GGVIII! GGGII! 5VII! and GCIG of the ;th C.; c. G5IV of Cartha%e; and c. VIII of Theophi us.). Interpretation. Ehen our 5ord 0esus Christ de i"ered to the Apost es the mystery of the di"ine ser"ice! he en8oined upon them not to ce ebrate it with any other species but ( ea"ened) bread and wine mi*ed with water! after bein% )imse f the first to do this at the time of the @ystic #upper! as is written in the 5itur%y of #t. 0ames the brother of $od1 -of wine ha"in% mi*ed (the cup! that is) with water.. =n this account the di"ine Apost es in the present Canon ordain that any bishop or presbyter infrin%in% the arran%ement which the 5ord ordained for this b ood ess sacrifice! shou d offer on the ho y tab e any other species! whether honey! for instance! or mi ,! or instead of wine any artificia iHuor! or! in other words! any into*icatin% be"era%e! such as is -ra i, a ,ind of iHueur manufactured from "arious fruits! or such as is beer! or what is ca ed a e! made from bar ey! or anythin% simi ar thereto! or shou d offer birds or any other ,ind of anima s! or pu se! et such person be deposed. #o that no one is permitted to offer anythin% e se on the )o y Bema (or a tar)! e*cept oi for the purpose of i umination! and incense at the time when di"ine itur%y is bein% ce ebrated. Concord. The ne*t Canon! IV! in a%reement with the present one! ordains that other ,inds of fruit shou d not be offered at the sacrificia a tar! but at the bishopIs home! as firstfruits. =n the other hand! c. G5IV of Cartha%e decrees that nothin% e se sha be offered at the ho y mysteries! e*cept on y ( ea"ened) bread! and wine united with water. A%ain! c. GGVIII of the ;th prescribes that the %rapes that are brou%ht to the )o y Bema must be b essed by the priest with a specia prayer and b essin% apart from that of the mysteries! in order that! in ta,in% these from the hands of the priests! we may than, $od that )e pro"ides for our sustinence throu%h mi dness of weather. 6riests fai in% to do this! but! instead! combinin% these %rapes with the body and b ood of the 5ord! are sub8ected to deposition. Canon GGGII of the same counci repro"es the Armenians as offerin% wine on y! and not di uted with water. Canon GCIG of the same prohibits offerin% roast meat at the sacrificia a tar. Canon 5VII of the same e*press y prohibits the offerin% of mi , and honey at the sacrificia a tar1 notwithstandin% that these thin%s were former y offered in accordance with said c. G5IV of Cartha%e for infants. Canon VIII of Theophi us ordains what is to be done with what is eft o"er from the ob ations and ibations. 4. 5et a other fruit be sent home to the Bishop and 6resbyters as firstfruits! but not to the sacrificia a tar. It is understood that the Bishop and 6resbyters sha distribute a fair share to the Deacons and other C er%ymen. (Ap. c. I ; c. GGVIII! GGGII! 5VII! and 5IG of the ;th; c. G5IV of Cartha%e; c. VIII of Theophi us). Interpretation. This Canon ordains that any other fruit (e*cept ears of wheat and %rapes and oi and incense) sha not be offered at the )o y Bema! but must be sent to the home of the Bishop and of the 6resbyters! as concerns firstBfruits! in order that those sendin% them may offer due than,s to $od by them! that )e %a"e them such %oods %racious y. It is p ain that the Bishop and 6resbyters wi not wish to en8oy <

them by themse "es! but wi ta,e care to distribute a %ood y share of them a so to the Deacons and other C er%ymen! in order that they may ha"e a portion too. #ee the interpretation of Ap. c. III. 5. 'o Bishop! 6resbyter! or Deacon sha put away his own wife under prete*t of re"erence. If! howe"er! he put her away! et him be e*communicated!. and if he persist in so doin%! et him be deposed from office. (Canons GIII! G5VIII of ;th; c. IV of $an%ra; cc. IV! GGGIII of Carth.). Interpretation. The o d 5aw permitted married men to di"orce their wi"es whene"er they wanted and without any reasonab e occasion. The 5ord! howe"er! stern y forbade this in the $ospe . )ence it is that the Apost es! too! fo owin% the 5ordIs in8unction! prohibit this in the present Canon! and say that a bishop! or a presbyter! or a deacon may not put away! i.e.! forcib y di"orce! his wife ( without her consent! that is to say ( under prete*t or pretense of re"erence; but if he shou d ne"erthe ess di"orce her! that he is to be e*communicated! unti such time as he can be persuaded to ta,e her bac, into his home. But if he persist in his obstinacy and wi not recei"e her! he is to be deposed from office a to%ether! since it is apparent from this which he does that he dishonors marria%e! which! accordin% to the Apost e! is honorab e ()eb. 1<1:)! and that he thin,s bed and intercourse to be impure! which! howe"er! is ca ed undefi ed by the same Apost e ( ibid.). I need not state that adu tery wi operate as cause for di"orce in this case! as the 5ord said1 - +hosoever shall put away his wife, save for the 'ause of forni'ation, 'auseth her to 'ommit adultery (@att. 71<2). The Apost e! too! has said1 -%rt thou bound unto a wife, see not to be freed (I Cor. 7127); and --eprive ye not one of the other, unless it be by mutual agreement for a time, in order to have leisure for fasting and prayer (ibid. 7). Concord. Thus a so the #i*th in its c. GIII ordains that marria%es of those in ho y orders are to remain una terab e and di"orce ess; and that if they were married e"en before admission to ho y orders! they are not to be pre"ented from admission by reason of marria%e; nor! when ordained! are they ob i%ed to a%ree that as soon as they ha"e become priests they wi di"orce their wi"es! as was an i e%a custom which had come to pre"ai in Come. +"en if cc. IV and GGGIII of Cartha%e say for bishops and presbyters and deacons and subdeacons to ,eep sober and to abstain from their wi"es accordin% to the same definitions! but the interpreters of the Canons ( Fonaras! I mean! and Ba samon! and especia y the #i*th in its c. GIII! in interpretin% the fore%oin% Canons ( say for them to abstain durin% the times on y of their curacy! and not at a times! with the e*ception of bishops1 and see there. 6. A Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon must not underta,e wor d y cares. If he does! et him be deposed from office. (Ap. c. 5GGGI; c. 5GGGIII of the :th; cc. III! VII of 7th; c. G of the and c. GVIII of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. Those in ho y orders are not a owed to %et themse "es in"o "ed in wor d y matters! but are reHuired to de"ote their time to the di"ine ser"ice of their profession! and to ,eep their mind free from a confusion and disturbance of ife. )ence it is that the present Canon decrees that a bishop! or a presbyter! or a deacon must not underta,e or ta,e upon himse f cares of ife. If! thou%h! he do so and refuses to for%o them! but on the contrary persists in them! et him be deposed. The .omi'on of :

6hotius! in Tit e VIII! says that bishops must not underta,e cares and become trustees! e"en of their own re ati"es! accordin% to cc. GIII! GIV! GV of Tit e I of B,. III of the Basi iar! e*cept on y in case that trusteeship is for the purpose of distributin% a ms or charitab e %ifts in beha f of their deceased re ati"e! accordin% to 'o"e ;? of 5eo the Eise. Cead a so the abo"e concordant Canons! prohibitin% c er%ymen from wor d y cares. 7. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon ce ebrate the ho y day of +aster before the "erna eHuino* with the 0ews! et him be deposed. (Ap. cc. 5GI! 5GG! 5GGI; c. GI of the ;th; c. I of Antioch; cc. GGGVII! GGGVIII of 5aodicea; and cc. 5G! 5GGGI! CGVII of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. The sun passes throu%h two eHuino*es durin% the year! one in the sprin%time and the other in the season of autumn. They are ca ed eHuino*es because the day is then eHua to the ni%ht! and! con"erse y! the ni%ht is eHua to the day. The autumna eHuino* occurs durin% #eptember when the sun is enterin% the first di"ision of the 9odiac! ca ed 5ibra (i.e.! the Ba ance)! not of the starry and sensib e one! but of the star ess and supersensib e one. The "erna ! or sprin%! eHuino*! on the other hand! occurs in the month of @arch! when the sun is enterin% the first si%n of the 9odiac! ca ed Aries (i.e.! the Cam)! not of the sensib e and starry one! w iich is rea y "ariab e! but of the supersensib e and star ess one! which is rea y in"ariab e! accordin% to astronomers. Ee ! this "erna eHuino*! because of an irre%u arity of the sunIs course in its motion from west to east! does not occur a ways on one and the same day! but in the time of the ho y Apost es it was on the 22nd day of the month of Drystrus! or @arch! accordin% to the In8unction of the same Apost es (Boo, V! chap. 17)! or! accordin% to others! on the 2<rd; whereas! at the time of the Airst +cumen ica Counci it was on the 21st day of @arch! accordin% to #ebastus and others. And now in our times it occurs on the th! or e"en the 13th near y! of @arch (for! accordin% to the o der astronomers! 6to emy and others! the eHuino* descends a fu day of 2: hours in the course of a itt e o"er three hundred years; but accordin% to modern astronomers it descends the space of a day and ni%ht in 1<: years! as appears on pa%e 7:3 of the Tome of o"e). These facts ha"in% a ready become ,nown! the present Aposto ica Canon ordains that any bishop or presbyter or deacon that ce ebrates ho y +aster before the eHuino* of sprin%! with the e%a 6asso"er of the 0ews! is to be deposed from office (for e"en amon% the 0ews the wisest and most earned ones obser"ed the ce ebration of 6asso"er at the time of the eHuino*! accordin% to B astaris! 8ust as @oses had en8oined it! but the ess refined ones ce ebrated it before the eHuino* in accordance with the present Canon! and conseHuent y they ce ebrated 6asso"er twice in the same year! as is made p ain y e"ident in the etter +mperor Constantine concernin% +aster! which is to be found in Boo, I of the history written by Theodoret! chap. 13! or 4 accordin% to others). But when is this performedJ After the eHuino*! that is to say! and after the e%a 6asso"er. After the eHuino*! of course! because the eHuino*! because of its bein% a measure di"idin% the who e year into two ha "es! in case we ce ebrate +aster before the eHuino*! wi ma,e us obser"e +aster twice in the same year; and! in that e"ent! we shou d conseHuent y be mar,in% the death of the #on of $od twice. But if we ce ebrate it after the eHuino*! we obser"e but one +aster! and conseHuent y denounce but one death of Christ. That is why the Apost es themse "es! in their In8unctions (B,. V! ch. 17)! say the fo owin%1 -Brethren! you must fi* the days of +aster accurate y! with a di i%ence! after the turn of the eHuino*! and not commemorate one sufferin% twice a year! but once a year )im who died but once.. A%ain! after the 6asso"er of the 0ews! for one thin%! in order to ha"e the type! or! more p ain y spea,in%! the s au%hter of the amb! precede! and ha"e what is typified! or! more p ain y spea,in%! 7

the death and resurrection of the 5ord! afterwards fo ow. And! for another thin%! in order not to ce ebrate it on any other day of the wee,! as the 0ews ce ebrate 6asso"er on any day that happens to be the fourteenth of the moon! but a ways on a #unday! and the Apost es a so say in the same p ace. =n this account! moreo"er! whene"er it so happens that the e%a 6asso"er fa s on a #unday! we do not ce ebrate +aster on that day! but on #unday ne*t thereafter! to a"oid ce ebratin% a on% with the 0ews. Aor! e"en accordin% to the "ery truth of the matter! it was then that the 0ews first ce ebrated their 6asso"er! and the resurrection of the 5ord occurred afterwards! the +aster which we now ce ebrate e"ery year ser"in% as a fi%ure to remind us of it. Concord. 'ot on y does Ap. c. 5GG ordain that we must not ce ebrate with the 0ews! but so does a so cc. GGGVII and GGGVIII of 5aodicea. But neither must we e"en pray to%ether with them! accordin% to Ap. c. 5GV! nor ta,e oi to their syna%o%ues! Cecordin% to Ap. c. 5GGI. Canon I of Antioch! in fact! deposes those in ho y orders who fai to ,eep the definition of the Airst Counci concernin%K +aster! but ce ebrate it with the 0ews. Canons 5G! 5GGGI! and CGVII of Cartha%e ordain with reference to the date of +aster when it is to be found and where it is to be written! and to be announced to others. Canon GI of the #i*tft e"en %oes so far as to prohibit a Christian from ca in% the 0ews for medica treatment or bathin% with them. 7. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon! or anyone e se in the sacerdota ist! fai to parta,e of communion when the ob ation has been offered! he must te the reason! and if it is %ood e*cuse! he sha recei"e a pardon. But if he refuses to te it! he sha be e*communicated! on the %round that he has become a cause of harm to the aity and has insti ed a suspicion as a%ainst the offerer of it that the atter has fai ed to present it in a sound manner. Interpretation. It is the intention of the present Canon that a ! and especia y those in ho y orders! shou d be prepared beforehand and worthy to parta,e of the di"ine mysteries when the ob ation is offered! or what amounts to the sacred ser"ice of the body of Christ. In case any one of them fai to parta,e when present at the di"ine itur%y! or communion! he is reHuired to te the reason or cause why he did not parta,e1 then if it is a 8ust and ri%hteous and reasonab e one! he is to recei"e a pardon! or be e*cused; but if he refuses to te it! he is to be e*communicated! since he a so becomes a cause of harm to the aity by eadin% the mu titude to suspect that that priest who officiated at itur%y was not worthy and that it was on this account that the person in Huestion refused to communicate from him. 9. A those faithfu who enter and isten to the #criptures! but do not stay for prayer and )o y Communion must be e*communicated! on the %round that they are causin% the Church a breach of order. (Canon 5GVI of the ;th; c. II of Antioch; cc. I ! GIII of Tim.). Interpretation. Both e*e%etes of the sacred Canons ( Fonaras! I mean! and Ba samon ( in interpretin% the present Aposto ica Canon a%ree in sayin% that a Christians who enter the church when the di"ine itur%y is bein% ce ebrated! and who isten to the di"ine #criptures! but do not remain to the end nor parta,e! must be e*communicated! as causin% a disorder to the church. Thus Fonaras says "erbatim1 -The present Canon demands that a those who are in the church when the ho y sacrifice is bein% performed sha patient y remain to the end for prayer and ho y communion.. Aor e"en the aity then ;

were reHuired to parta,e continua y. Ba samon says1 -The ordainment of the present Canon is "ery acrid; for it e*communicates those attendin% church but not stayin% to the end nor parta,in%.. Concord. A%reeab y with the present Canon c. II of Antioch ordains that a those who enter the church durin% the time of di"ine itur%y and isten to the #criptures! but turn away and a"oid (which is the same as to say! on account of pretended re"erence and humi ity they shun! accordin% to interpretation of the best interpreter! Fonaras) di"ine communion in a disorder y manner are to be e*communicated. The continuity of communion is confirmed a so by c. 5GVI of the ;th! which commands Christians throu%hout 'o"ationa Eee, (i.e.! +aster Eee,) to ta,e time off for psa ms and hymns! and to indu %e in the di"ine mysteries to their heartsI content. But indeed e"en from the third canon of #t. Timothy the continuity of communion can be inferred. Aor if he permits one possessed by demons to parta,e! not howe"er e"ery day! but on y on #unday (thou%h in other copies it is written! on occasions on y)! it is i,e y that those riot possessed by demons are permitted to communicate e"en more freHuent y. #ome contend that for this reason it was that the same Timothy! in c. I ! ordains that on #aturday and #unday that a man and his wife shou d not ha"e mutua intercourse! in order! that is! that they mi%ht parta,e! since in that period it was on y on those days! as we ha"e said! that the di"ine itur%y was ce ebrated. This opinion of theirs is confirmed by di"ine 0ustin! who says in his second apo o%y that -on the day of the sun. ( meanin%! #unday ( a Christians used to assemb e in the churches (which on this account were a so ca ed - /yria a!. i.e.! p aces of the 5ord) and partoo, of the di"ine mysteries. That! on the other hand! a Christians ou%ht to freHuent di"ine communion is confirmed from the Eest by di"ine Ambrose! who says thus1 -Ee see many brethren comin% to church ne% i%ent y! and indeed on #undays not e"en bein% present at the mysteries.. And a%ain! in b amin% those who fai to parta,e continua y! the same saint says of the mystic bread1 -$od %a"e us this bread as a dai y affair! and we ma,e it a year y affair.. Arom Asia! on the other hand! di"ine Chrysostom demands this of Christians! and! indeed! par e0'ellen'e. And see in his preamb e to his commentary of the +pist e to the Comans! discourse VIII! and to the )ebrews! discourse GVIII! on the Acts! and #ermon V on the Airst +pist e to Timothy! and #ermon GVII on the +pist e to the )ebrews! and his discourse on those at first fastin% on +aster! #ermon III to the +phesians! discourse addressed to those who ea"e the di"ine assemb ies ( syna0eis)! #ermon GGVIII on the Airst +pist e to the Corinthians! a discourse addressed to b issfu 6hi o%onius! and a discourse about fastin%. Therein you can see how that %ood y ton%ue stri"es and how many e*hortations it rhetorica y ur%es in order to induce Christians to parta,e at the same time! and worthi y! and continua y. But see a so Basi the $reat! in his epist e to Caesaria 6atricia and in his first discourse about baptism. But then how can it be thou%ht that whoe"er pays any attention to the prayers of a the di"ine itur%y can fai to see p ain y enou%h that a of these are aimed at ha"in% it arran%ed that Christians assemb ed at the di"ine itur%y shou d parta,e ( as many! that is to say! as are worthyJ 10. If anyone pray in company with one who has been e*communicated! he sha e*communicated himse f. be

Interpretation. The noun a oinonetos has three si%nifications1 for! either it denotes one standin% in church and prayin% in company with the rest of the Christians! but not communin% with the di"ine mysteries; or it denotes one who neither communes nor stands and prays with the faithfu in the church! but who has been e*communicated from them and is e*c uded from church and prayer; or fina y it may denote any c er%yman who becomes e*communicated from the c er%y! as! say! a bishop from his 7

fe ow bishops! or a presbyter from his fe ow presbyters! or a deacon from his fe ow deacons! and so on. Accordin% y! e"ery a oinonetos is the same as sayin% e*communicated from the faithfu who are in the church; and he is at the same time a so e*communicated from the @ysteries. But not e"eryone that is e*communicated from the @ysteries is a so e*communicated from the con%re%ation of the faithfu ! as are deposed c er%ymen; and from the penitents those who stand to%ether and who neither commune nor stay out of the church i,e catechumens! as we ha"e said. In the present Canon the word a oinonetos is ta,en in the second sense of the word. That is why it says that whoe"er prays in company with one who has been e*communicated because of sin from the con%re%ation and prayer of the faithfu ! e"en thou%h he shou d not pray a on% with them in church! but in a house! whether he be in ho y orders or a ayman! he is to be e*communicated in the same way as he was from church and prayer with Christians1 because that common en%a%ement in prayer which he performs in con8unction with a person that has been e*communicated! wittin% y and ,nowin% y him to be such! is aimed at dishonorin% and condemnin% the e*communicator! and traduces him as ha"in% e*communicated him wron% y and un8ust y. 11. If anyone who is a c er%yman pray in company with a deposed c er%yman! he sha be deposed too. Interpretation. The present Canon can be interpreted in two different ways. If the phrase -pray in company with. be ta,en for -officiate in con8unction with!. the meanin% of the who e Canon wi be as fo ows. 5et any c er%yman be deposed who ,nowin% y officiates in con8unction with a deposed c er%yman! 8ust as the atter was (which is more correct too). But if the phrase -pray in common with. denotes what it proper y si%nifies! i.e.! to pray a on% with someone e se! the meanin% of the Canon is as fo ows. 5et any c er%yman who ,nowin% y prays a on% with another c er%yman who not on y has been deposed but has e"en dared to en%a%e in the performance of functions pecu iar to the c er%y! or has e"en been deposed on account of sins from his c erica office! but after the deposition has fa en into the same sins! et him be deposed too! 8ust as was the other man. 12. If any c er%yman! or ayman! who has been e*communicated! or who has not been admitted to penance! sha %o away and be recei"ed in another city! without commendatory etters! both the recei"er and the one recei"ed sha be e*communicated. (Ap. c. GGGII! GGGIII; cc. GI! GIII of the :th; c. GVII of the ;th; cc. VII! VIII! GI of Antioch; cc. VII! VIII! IG of the #ardican.). Interpretation. =ne e*communicated is not the same as one who has not been admitted. Aor the one who has been e*communicated is e*c uded from the church and the prayer of the faithfu . The one who! on the other hand! has not been admitted cannot! for many reasons! be admitted by the pre ate. #o the present Canon! thou%h ha"in% in mind both of the two! mentions here on y the one who has not been admitted. Eherefore it may be said that the phrase -or who. is not e*p anatory of the one e*communicated! but is a dis8uncti"e partic e combined with -who. and used to distin%uish the one e*communicated from the one who has not been admitted. )ence it may be said that it prescribes the fo owin% ru e. In case a c er%yman or ayman fai to be admitted by his pre ate (or bishop) ( the ayman perhaps because he has been accused by him of some fau t; the c er%yman because he is see,in% to be ordained! and! after e*aminin% his Hua ifications! has found some f aws on account of which he has not accepted him for ordination ( and afterwards %oes to another pro"ince! and he ?

shou d be admitted by the bishop there! without his ha"in% etters from his own bishop! comB mendatory of his faith! and of his ife! and of his ordination! and especia y of his reputation which has been impeached! et both the pre ate who admitted him thus and he who has been in this manner by him be e*communicated ( the former because he accepted him without etters; the atter either because he fai ed to %et a etter commendatory of his reputation! or because by yin% he succeeded in decei"in% the bishop into admittin% him. 13. If he has been e*communicated! et his e*communication be au%mented! on the %round that he has ied and that he has decei"ed the Church of $od. (Ap. c. GII; and c. CGVI of Cartha%e.) Interpretation. The present Canon is re ated to c. GII both as respects meanin% and as respects synta* and phraseo o%y. Aor c. GII! as we ha"e e*p ained! spo,e of an unadmitted c er%yman and ayman! whi e this Canon spea,s of an e*communicated c er%yman and ayman! by sayin%1 If any c er%yman or ayman has been e*communicated by his bishop! and is %oin% to another re%ion! and he concea s and fai s to ac,now ed%e the fact that he has been e*communicated! and as a resu t of such concea ment shou d be admitted by the bishop of that re%ion! who did not ,now about the e*communication! in such cases the e*communication is to be au%mented further because of the fact that he to d a ie and decei"ed the bishop of that re%ion. 14. A Bishop sha not abandon his own parish and %o outside of it to inter ope to another one! e"en thou%h ur%ed by a number of persons to %o there! un ess there be a %ood reason for doin% so! on the %round that he can be of %reater he p to the inhabitants there! by reason of his piety. And e"en then he must not do so of his own accord! but in obedience to the 8ud%ment of many Bishops and at their ur%ent reHuest. (Cf. c. GV of the 1st; c. V of the :th; cc. GVI! GGI of Antioch; cc. I! II of the #ardican; and c. 5VII of Cartha%e.) Interpretation. Inter opin% and intrusion from one pro"ince to another is a different matter from transfer and emi%ration. Thus! inter opin% is when a bishop actuated by %reed and his own preferences ea"es his own pro"ince (or! not ha"in% a pro"ince of his own! is without a cure) and %rabs another i o%ica y. #uch inter opin% is condemned and is pena i9ed with canonica penances! accordin% to cc. I and II of the #ardican. Transfer! on the other hand is when as a resu t of %reat need and for the sa,e of bo sterin% up piety at the reHuest of many bishops! a pre ate %oes from one pro"ince to another for %reater spiritua benefit to the inhabitants of the atter (and e"en then perhaps on y for a season! and not for the rest of his ife). This chan%e is one permitted in certain cases of accomodation. )ence it may be said that the present Canon too ordains that it is not a owab e for a bishop to ea"e his own pro"ince %reedi y and of his own accord! without any reasonab e cause! and to inter ope into another! e"en thou%h he be ur%ed to do so by others. It is on y when there is a %ood e*cuse and a 8ust reason forcin% him to ta,e such a step that he may %o to another pro"ince! be it ar%er or sma er or "acant; in other words! when he cause the Christians of that pro"ince %reater profit to the sou ! and spiritua benefit! with the pious words of his teachin%! than some other bishop. Let he must not e"en do this of his own accord! that is to say! on his own initiati"e! but may do it on y in conformity with the 8ud%ment and "ote of many bishops and at their most ur%ent reHuest and demand. 4

15. If any 6resbyter! or Deacon! or anyone at a in the #acerdota 5ist! abandonin% his own pro"ince! departs to another! and after desertin% it entire y! so8ourns in another! contrary to the opinion of his own Bishop! we bid him to officiate no on%er; especia y if his Bishop summons him to return! and he has not obeyed and persists in his disorder iness! he may! howe"er! commune there as a ayman. (Cf. cc. GV! GVI of the 1st; cc. V! G! GG! GGIII of the :th; cc. GVII! GVIII of the ;th; cc. G! GV of the 7th; c. I of Antioch; cc. GV! GVI! GVII of the #ardican; and cc. 5GIII! GCVIII of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. Canon VI of the Aourth Counci commands that a presbyter! or a deacon! or any other c er%yman is not to be ordained simp y and indefinite y in e"ery church! but is to be appointed to the church of some town! or "i a%e! or monastery. #o! in the case of any person bein% so ordained! the present Aposto ica Canon ordains that he is not to ea"e the appointed church and %o to another in a stran%e pro"ince! without the consent and a dimissory etter of his own bishop. But if he shou d so do! it commands that he abstain from officiatin% there in the church in any priest y or c erica function; and especia y if he shou d ha"e happened to ha"e been summoned or in"ited by his bishop to return and remains in his disorder iness and obstinacy! and has fai ed to obey by returnin%! in such a case et him ha"e the ri%ht! howe"er! to pray a on% with the Christians of that church and et him parta,e of communion with them. Cead a so the Canons referred to in the mar%in. 16. If! on the other hand! the Bishop with whom they are associatin%! admits them as c er%ymen in defiance of the depri"ation prescribed a%ainst them! he sha be e*communicated as a teacher of disorder. (Cf. cc. VII! GVIII of the ;th; c. III of Antioch; and cc. 5GIII! 5GIV of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. =n y the bishop of Cartha%e has a ri%ht to ta,e c er%ymen from where"er he chooses! in accordance with an accepted and ancient custom (thou%h in any case from bishops sub8ect to him)! and to a ocate them to the churches of his own pro"ince! in accordance with c. 5GIV of the same counci . But as for other bishops! they are ne"er %i"en such a ri%ht. =n this account the present Aposto ica Canon! bein% dependent on the abo"e Canon! both as respectin% the phraseo o%y and as respectin% the meanin%! says1 -But if the bishop in whose pro"ince these forei%n c er%ymen are dwe in%! notwithstandin% that he is aware that they ha"e been suspended from office in accordance with the Canons by their own bishop! shou d admit them as c er%ymen performin% their duties as such ( any duties! that is to say! of the c er%y ( et such bishop be e*communicated! for the reason that he is becomin% a teacher of disorder iness and of scanda s. 17. Ehoe"er has entered into two marria%es after baptism! or has possessed himse f of a concubine! cannot be a Bishop! or a 6resbyter! or a Deacon! or anythin% e se in the #acerdota 5ist. (Cf. c. I of the ;th; and c. GII of Basi Is.). Interpretation. 'o matter how many sins a man has committed before baptism they cannot pre"ent him from ta,in% ho y orders and 8oinin% the c er%y! since! and we so be ie"e! )o y Baptism washes them a away. 'ot so! howe"er! in the matter of sins committed after baptism. =n this account the present Canon ordains that whoe"er after )o y Baptism marries twice (one marries twice not on y by ta,in% a second wife! but a so by becomin% forma y betrothed to another woman by "irtue of a re i%ious rite! 13

or e"en if he weds a woman p i%hted to another man! or ,eeps a woman as a concubine! he cannot become a bishop! or a presbyter! or a deacon! or be in anyway p aced amon% the number or in any ran, of the #acerdota 5ist. 18. 'o one who has ta,en a widow! or a di"orced woman! or a har ot! or a house maid! or any actress as his wife! may be a Bishop! or a 6resbyter! or a Deacon! or ho d any other position at a in the #acerdota 5ist. (Cf. cc. II! GGVI of the ;th; and c. GGVII of Basi ). Interpretation. If the 0ews who were priests were forbidden to ta,e as wi"es any prostitute or woman chased out of house by her husband! or one ha"in% a disreputab e name of any ,ind ( for it says! - They shall not ta e a wife that is a whore or profane! neither shall they ta e a woman 'ast out by her husband1 for he is holy unto his Lord 2od3 %nd he shall ta e a wife in her virginity (5e". 2117! 1<)! how much more is not this forbidden to the priests of the $ospe J Aor! it says! - Behold, in this pla'e is one who is greater than the temple (@att. 121;). =n this account the present Canon ordains that anyone who ta,es as his wife a widow or a woman who has been chased out of house by her husband! or a whore! or a s a"e %ir ! or one of those women who p ay on the sta%e or ha"e a ro e in comedies or p ay the part of "arious persons! cannot in any way at a be counted amon% those on the #acerdota 5ist1 because a these women ha"e been ma i%ned and %i"en a bad name. Those men who are in ho y orders must be irreproachab e from a an% es! and b ame ess! as b issfu #t. 6au says (I Tim. <12). Canon III of the #i*th says that presbyters! deacons! and subdeacons who ha"e ta,en a widow! or who after ordination ha"e fa en into an i e%a marria%e! if they di"orce their wi"es! may be a owed to remain suspended from priest y orders for a short whi e and be sub8ected to penances. Afterwards they may resume their proper ran, in ho y orders! but may not ad"ance to any hi%her ran,! notwithstandin% that the #i*th accomodati"e y pro"ided a compromise for such c er%ymen at that time1 thenceforth! howe"er! it prescribed that the present Aposto ica was a%ain to be in fu force and effect. 19. Ehoe"er marries two sisters! or a niece! may not be a c er%yman. (Cf. cc. I ! GGVI of the ;th; c. II of 'eocaesarea; cc. GGIII! G5VII of Basi 1 and c. V of Theophi us). Interpretation. Amon% marria%es some are ca ed i icit! which are those contracted with re ati"es or heretics! and others are ca ed i e%a ! such as those of one who ta,es as his wife a woman of whom his father had acted as %uardian since she was an infant! and other damnab e marria%es! such as those in which one ta,es as his wife a woman who had been consecrated to $od! or a nun. In a common appe ation a these marria%es may be ca ed un awfu (as the #i*th in its c. I terms un awfu a marria%es common y that are embraced in Ap. cc. GVII and GVIII); but the present Canon dea s on y with i icit marria%es! by prescribin%1 Ehosoe"er ta,es to wife two sisters! or ta,es an o der niece of his as his wife! cannot become a c er%yman. Because any i icit marria%e! whether by reason of b ood or of marria%e ties! not on y pre"ents one from becomin% a c er%yman! but a so sub8ects him to penances. Aor #t. Basi the $reat in mentionin% those ta,in% two sisters in his cc. 5GGVIII and 5GGGVII! ru es that they sha abstain from the mysteries for se"en years! accordin% to his 5GVIII! whi e c. II of 'eocaesarea ordains that any woman sha be e*pe ed from @eta epsis! or participation in the 5ordIs #upper! for ife who has married two brothers. Canon GGVII of Basi the 11

$reat prescribes that any presbyter who sha unwittin% y fa into an un awfu marria%e! i.e.! one in"o "in% a re ati"e! sha be a owed to share on y the honor of his seat! but sha abstain from a other acti"ities connected with the priesthood! and sha not b ess anyone either secret y or open y! nor sha he in any case administer communion to anyone. This same canon of #t. Basi was repeated "erbatim by the #i*th +cumenica Counci in its c. GGVI! addin% thereto that the un awfu marria%e is to be disso "ed first! and thus sha he ha"e a ri%ht to en8oy the honor of his seat. Canon V of Theophi us says that anyone who ta,es his niece before his baptism and is ordained a deacon after his baptism! is not to be deposed if she has died or he has eft her before cohabitin% with her carna y. The ci"i aw! contained in B,. ;! Tit e GGGVII! commands that a un awfu marria%es be disso "ed and punished. As for those who are cohabitin% with two sisters! or with their niece (as this Aposto ica Canon en8oins)! it commands that their nose be cut off! and they themse "es sha be sound y cud%e ed! as we as the women who ruined themse "es a on% with them. If! on the other hand! such persons refuse to be separated! they must be parted with the mi%ht of the aw a%ainst their wi . 20. Any C er%yman that %i"es surety sha be deposed from office. (Cf. c. GGG of the :th.). Interpretation. The phrase -%i"e surety. has two si%nifications. Aor! either one %i"es himse f as surety for another! or he %i"es another surety for himse f. The present Canon! bein% ta,en as referrin% to the first si%nification! that of %i"in% surety for another! says1 If any c er%yman shou d %i"e himse f as surety for another man! et him be deposed from office. Aor! in such a case the surety for the most part is en%a%ed in human affairs! i.e.! in such matters as those of custom houses! ban,s! commercia businesses! and! in brief! transactions of trade! from a which sur"i"ant and wor d y affairs c er%ymen must be free; and moreo"er such cases of surety resu t in many other temptations too! into which they ou%ht not to f in% themse "es "o untari y. Aor! says the pro"erbBwriter! - if thou stand surety for a friend of thine, thou shall deliver thy hand to an enemy( Therefore give thou not thyself as surety out of shame( For if thou hast not wherewithal to pay, they will ta e the mattress from under thy ribs (6ro". 2;1;! 13! and 22). Aor sur"i"ant thin%s! profits! and affairs! c er%ymen! as we ha"e said! ou%ht not to %i"e themse "es as surety. Aor! thou%h we are commanded to ris, our ife for the o"e of a brother of ours! yet this is not meant with reference to human duties! accordin% to Basi the $reat (see abstract of his 1;2). Aor the ad"anta%e of our brethren! with respect to the purpose of p easin% $od! not on y must c er%ymen %i"e themse "es as sureties! but e"en their i"es. Aor instance1 if a c er%yman meets a man who is bein% un8ust y dra%%ed a on% to be thrown into prison! because the man has no one to offer as surety to the 8ud%e! and the c er%yman shou d ha"e mercy on his ca amitous p i%ht and shou d %i"e himse f as surety for his brother! such a c er%yman! I say! not on y is not deposed but is e"en praised by $od and men! as ha"in% fu fi ed an +"an%e ica and di"ine commandment1 for it says1 -4es'ue a man being treated un5ustly, and those who are being dragged to death! and be not too stingy to buy off those who are 'ondemned to death (6ro". 2:111). Thus much for the first si%nification! that of not %i"in% onese f as surety for another! as e*p ained. The Aourth +cumenica Counci ! ta,in% the words -%i"e surety. in the second sense! reHuired the bishops of +%ypt to %i"e others as sureties on their part! in its c. GGG! that they wou d not depart from Constantinop e unti the archbishop of A e*andria had been ordained1 and in this manner the Canons are found to be consonant with each other! the Aposto ica Canon! that is! and that of the Aourth Counci ! and they are seen not to conf ict with each other! since the Aposto ica Canon too, the phrase -%i"e surety. in a different sense than that in which it was ta,en by the Canon of the Aourth Counci . 12

21. A +unuch! whether he became such by inf uence of men! or was depri"ed of his "iri e parts under persecution! or was born thus! may! if he is worthy! become a Bishop. (Ap. cc. GGIII! GGIV; c. I of the 1st; and c. VIII of the stBandB2nd.). Interpretation. +unuchs as a %enus are di"ided into three species! name y1 spadones! %e din%s! and castrates. #padones are those who were born without testic es and "iri e members from the womb of their mother! concernin% whom the 5ord said1 -There are some eunu'hs who were born thus from their mother6s womb (@att. 14112); an e*amp e was Dorotheus! a presbyter in the church of Antioch! as +usebius bears witness in his +cc esiastica )istory! B,. 7! ch. <2). $e din%s are those whose "iri e members were so compressed and sHuee9ed by their parents when they were infants that they rendered use ess for the purpose of be%ettin% chi dren by bein% so sHuee9ed. Castrates are those who ha"e depri"ed themse "es of their %enita s either with a ,nife or by some other means or contri"ance of a mechanica ,ind. These facts bein% ,nown beforehand! the present Canon says1 1. In case anyone has become a eunuch as a resu t of wic,edness and in8ury inf icted by other men! or in times of persecution they his %enita s ha"e been cut off! or he was born without any from his motherIs womb! but he is worthy of ho y orders! et him be made a bishop! 2. since he himse f was not the cause of such muti ation! but! on the contrary! he suffered the in8ury either as a resu t of nature or at the hands of wic,ed men! and ou%ht on this account to be treated mercifu y! and not be hated and casti%ated. Concernin% eunuchism Ap. cc. GGII! GGIII! and GGIV a so ha"e somethin% to say. In addition! c. I of the Airst +cumenica Counci says that any c er%yman who is eunuchi9ed by physicians on account of an i ness or by barbarians sha be permitted to remain in the c er%y; or! if he be a ayman! he may be made a c er%yman. But as for anyone in %ood hea th who has eunuchi9ed himse f! if he be a c er%yman! et him cease performin% the functions of priesthood; or! if he be a ayman! et him not be made a c er%yman. A%ain! c. VIII of the AirstBandB#econd! citin% this same canon of the Airst! says1 Any c er%yman who eunuchi9es another! or himse f with his own hand or anotherIs! et him be deposed from office; as for any ayman who does this! et him be e*communicated. But if priests or aymen eunuchi9e those who are aff icted with a disease of a "enerea nature! they are not to be b amed. 34. 5et no one who has muti ated himse f become a c er%yman; for he is a murderer of himse f! and an enemy of $odIs creation. (Ap. cc. GGI! GGIII! GGIV; c. I of 1st; c. VIII of stBMB2nd.). Interpretation. The precedin% Canon prescribes mandatori y re%ardin% those who ha"e been eunuchi9ed! whereas the present Canon prescribes optiona y about men who ha"e been eunuchi9ed! by sayin%1 Ehoe"er wi fu y eunuchi9es himse f when in sound condition! whether he do so with his own hands or has someone e se eunuchi9e him! et him not be made a c er%yman! since he himse f is a murderer of himse f by himse f! and is an enemy of $odIs creation. Aor $od created him a man comp ete with %enita s! but! by remo"in% these! he con"erts himse f into an odd and out andish nature; since he is neither a man! because he cannot perform the chief functions of a man and be%et a human bein% i,e himse f! nor! a%ain! is he a woman! because he is incapab e of under%oin% the duties of women! or! more e*p icit y spea,in%! he cannot be made pre%nant and %i"e birth to chi dren i,e women! but after a certain fashion he is a third ,ind of monster! and is! so to spea,! a bein% intermediate between the ma e and the fema e species of man,ind1 see a so the Interpretation of Ap. c. GGI. 1<

23. If anyone who is a c er%yman shou d muti ate himse f! et him be deposed from office. Aor he is a se fBmurderer. (Ap. cc. GGI! GGII! GGIV; c. I of the 1st; c. VIII of the stBMB2nd.). Interpretation. This Canon too! i,e the one abo"e! dea s with cases of eunuchism. But the former prescribes that he sha not be made a c er%yman who! whi e a ayman! shou d eunuchi9e himse f; whereas this Canon says that if anyone who was pre"ious y a c er%yman shou d eunuchi9e himse f when in sound hea th! or ha"e someone e se eunuchi9e him! he is to be deposed from office; since he is a murderer of himse f. But besides the di"ine Canons e"en the po itica aws too casti%ate those who eunuchi9e or castrate either themse "es or others with "arious punishments! ran%in% a the way from confiscation of their property! e*i e! or reta iation! i.e.! by compe in% them to be eunuchi9ed themse "es by some other person. If! a%ain! it shou d happen that a s a"e! whether we or i ! shou d eunuchi9e himse f or be eunuchi9ed by another! the aws command that he be set free. (6hotius! ch. 1: of Tit e I). Cead a so the Interpretation of Ap. c. GGI. 14. Any ayman who has muti ated himse f sha be e*communicated for three years. Aor he is a p otter a%ainst his own ife. (Ap. cc. GGI! GGII! GGIII; c. I of the 1st; and c. VIII of the stB2nd.). Interpretation. If! on the other hand! it be a ayman that shou d muti ate and castrate himse f when in %ood hea th! or ha"e someone e se eunuchi9e him! the present Canon commands that he be e*communicated from the @ysteries and from the con%re%ation of Christians in the church for a period of three years; since with the eunuchi9ation he becomes a dan%er to his own ife. 25. Any Bishop! or presbyter! or Deacon that is ta,en in the act of committin% fornication! or per8ury! or theft! sha be deposed from office! but sha not be e*communicated. Aor #cripture says1 -Thou sha not e*act re"en%e twice for the same offense.. The same ru e app ies a so to the rest of c er%ymen. (c. IG of the 1st; cc. IV! GGI of the ;th; c. I of 'eocaesarea; c. GGGV of Cartha%e; cc. I ! GVII! GGGII! G5IV! 5I! and 5GG of Basi .). Interpretation. A men who are in ho y orders or who are c er%ymen must be pure and unimpeachab e. Aor this reason the present Canon decrees thus1 Any bishop! or presbyter! or deacon that %ets cau%ht! i.e.! or is pro"ed to ha"e en%a%ed! in the act of fornication! or "io ence of an oath! or capita theft! by which phrase is meant! accordin% to c. GGVIII of the Aaster! one entai in% capita punishment. Capita punishment! howe"er! is not decapitation! or death otherwise spea,in%! accordin% to the interpretation %i"en by Ba samon in commentin% on ch. 27 of Tit e IG of the 'omocanon of 6hotius! but e*i e! abacination (or e*cecation)! cuttin% off one hand! and other simi ar punishments! for any offense. As for such offender! the Canon says to et him be deposed from ho y orders! but not be e*communicated a so from the church and prayer of Christians. Aor di"ine #cripture says1 Thou sha t not punish twice one and the same sinfu act. And! i,e those in ho y orders! a other c er%ymen too that may be cau%ht in the aforementioned sinfu acts sha a so be deposed from their c erica offices and ri%hts! but sha not be e*communicated. Two thin%s deser"in% attention are 1:

embraced in the present Canon1 one is that these men in ho y orders and those who are c er%ymen! notwithstandin% that they are not e*communicated from communion! or! more e*press y spea,in%! from the con%re%ation and prayer of the Christians in the church! i,e catechumens! accordin% to cc. I ! GGGII! and 5I of #t. Basi the $reat! yet they cannot parta,e a so of the Intemerate @ysteries (or )o y #acraments) accordin% to the same Canon! on the %round that they are unworthy and are under a canon unti such time as the pre ate or their spiritua father (i.e.! confessor) sees fit to permit them to do so. And another thin% is that those who ha"e been cau%ht! not in a the sinfu acts named! but on y in these particu ar ones that are mentioned in the present Canon! inc udin% both those in ho y orders and those in the c er%y (un ess they be cau%ht in other acts i,e these! as! for instance! in adu tery or in hi%h treason)! are mere y deposed from office and are not e*communicated. Aor there are other sins in which a those who are cau%ht in the act of committin% them! whether in ho y orders or simp e c er%ymen! are deposed from office and a so e*communicated. #uch are those who ha"e been ordained in e*chan%e for money or with the e*ercise of the authority of po itica ru ers! accordin% to cc. GGIG and GGG of the Apost es. 'ote further that those in ho y orders as we as c er%ymen who were deposed from office because of the abo"e sinfu acts! but were not e*communicated! if they re apsed into the same! or into other sins! after their deposition from office! then and in that e"ent they were e*communicated from the Church entire y! i,e catechumens. That is why c. I of 'eocaesarea! too! decrees that if a presbyter commits fornication or adu tery! he is e*communicated from the Church! i,e penitent aymen. This canon of 'eocaesarea! I may say! is entire y consistent and thorou%h y compatib e with the present Aposto ica Canon if it be understood and considered that it refers to a presbyter that has committed fornication or adu tery twice or thrice o"er. Concord. But c. VIII too of the same 'eocaesarean Counci says that a priest who is cohabitin% with his wife after she has committed adu tery must be deposed from office. A%ain! c. GGI of the ;th says1 C er%ymen who ha"e been entire y deposed from office on account of canonica crimes! if they "o untari y repent! et them cut their hair after the sty e of c er%ymen; but if they are unwi in% to %i"e up the sin "o untari y! et them %row hair! i,e aymen. Canon GVII of Basi says that as for those presbyters who ha"e ta,en an oath not to perform the functions connected with ho y orders (as a resu t of some necessity or dan%er) must not officiate open y ( est they scanda i9e those who happen to ,now that they too, such an oath)! thou%h they may do so secret y; yet they must repent of the oath they ha"e ta,en. Canon 5GG of the same Aather decrees that in case a deacon! or a presbyter! shou d sin with a woman on y to the e*tent of ,issin% her! he sha ea"e the ho y orders for a time! accordin% to Fonaras! but he sha ha"e the ri%ht to parta,e of the mysteries to%ether with his fe ow presbyters and fe ow deacons. But if it shou d come to i%ht that he sinned further than the ,iss! he sha be deposed from office. Canon IV of the ;th deposes any bishop! or presbyter! or deacon! or other c er%yman that has se*ua intercourse with a woman consecrated to $od! i.e.! a nun. 0ohn the Aaster says that if anyone fe into masturbation (which some saints ca se fBfornication) before bein% admitted to ho y orders! he is to be penanced and afterwards to be admitted to ho y orders. But if he fe after admission to ho y orders! he is to remain suspended for one year! and is to be canoni9ed (i.e.! discip ined) with other penances! and thereafter be a owed to officiate. If! howe"er! e"en after becomin% fu y conscious of the sinfu ness of the act! he a%ain fa s into this mishap two or three times he is to be deposed! and put in the c ass of an ana%nost (or church reader). 24. As to bache ors who ha"e entered the c er%y! we a ow on y ana%nosts and psa ts to marry! if they wish to do so. (c. GIV of the :th; c. VI of the ;th; cc. GIG! GGGIII of Carth.; c. 5GIG of Basi .). 17

Interpretation. Before bein% ordained! presbyters! deacons! and subdeacons ha"e a ri%ht to ta,e a wife and to be ordained after marria%e. But if after ordination they shou d wish to marry! they are deposed from their order in accordance with c. VI of the ;th. Ana%nosts! on the other hand! and psa ts (i.e.! chanter or psa mists) and the ower c erics ha"e a ri%ht to marry without pre8udice e"en after becomin% c erics and to be ad"anced to hi%her orders. )ence it is that the present Canon commands that such c erics be a owed to marry e"en after ta,in% orders! thou%h on y with an =rthodo* woman! and not with a heterodo* woman! in accordance with c. GIV of the :th +cumenica Counci . 'e"erthe ess! c. IG of. Cartha%e ordains that when ana%nosts reach the a%e of puberty! or the fourteenth year of their ife! they are to be compe ed either to marry or to ta,e a "ow of continence! or! more p ain y spea,in%! to remain "ir%ins. But after marryin%! they are not to be compe ed to be more continent than is reHuired! accordin% to c. GGGIII of the same. Canon 5GIG of Basi the $reat says that if an ana%nost shou d fa with his fiancee before bein% wedded! he is to be suspended for a year! after which he is to be accepted! but must not be promoted to any hi%her ran,. If! on the other hand! he marry c andestine y without a betrotha ! he is to be dischar%ed from the ser"ice. Canon VI of the ;th promu %ates the present Canon verbatim. 27. As for a Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon that stri,es be ie"ers for sinnin%! or unbe ie"ers for wron%Bdoin%! with the idea of ma,in% them afraid! we command that he be deposed from office. Aor the 5ord has nowhere tau%ht that1 on the contrary! )e )imse f when struc, did not stri,e bac,; when re"i ed! )e did not re"i e )is re"i ers; when sufferin%! )e did not threaten. (c. IG of the stBMB2nd; c. V of Antioch; cc. 5VII! 5GII! 5GGVI! C! CVI! CVII; and I 6et. 212<.). Interpretation. In teachin% )is discip es )is di"ine commandments the 5ord used to say1 - %nd what & say to you, & say to all1 +at'h( (@ar, 1<1<7). =ne of )is commandments is to turn our eft chee, to anyone that stri,es our ri%ht chee, (@att. 71<4). If! therefore! this commandment ou%ht to be ,ept by a Christians! it ou%ht much more to be obeyed by those in ho y orders! and especia y by bishops! re%ardin% whom di"ine 6au wrote to Timothy that a bishop ou%ht not to be a stri,er (I Tim. <1<). That is why the present Canon says too1 If any bishop! or presbyter! or deacon stri,es those Christians who offend him! or unbe ie"ers that do wron% to others! with a "iew to ma,in% others afraid of him with such b ows! we command that he be deposed from office. Aor in no part of the $ospe has the 5ord tau%ht to do such a thin% as that1 in fact! )e has tau%ht us Huite the contrary with )is e*amp e; since when beaten by the so diers and 0ews! at the time of )is passion! )e did not ift a hand to beat them in return. Ehen accused and insu ted! )e did not insu t others! nor did )e accuse them. +"en when sufferin% on the cross! )e did not threaten to chastise them! but be%%ed )is Aather to pardon them. -Those in holy orders ought to imitate the Lord by rebu ing sinners and wrongdoers, in order that others may be afraid (I Tim. 7123)! as #t. 6au says! and -by soberin% them! at times with teachin% and admonition! and at times with ecc esiastica penances! but not ta,in% re"en%e with wrath and an%er! for "i ainy say! or for any offense such persons may ha"e %i"en them! or by beatin% them and thrashin% them.. In mentionin% this same Canon! c. IG of the stBMB2nd a so says that not on y are those in ho y orders to be deposed who stri,e others with their own hands! but a so those who %et others to de i"er the b ows. 28. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon! who has been 8ust y deposed from office for pro"en crimes! shou d dare to touch the itur%y which had once been put in his hands! et him be cut off from the Church a to%ether. 1;

(cc. IV! GII! GV of Antioch; c.GIV of #ard.; Basi Is epist e to $re%ory! which is his c. 5GGGVIII.). Interpretation. The present Canon ordains that if any bishop! or presbyter! or deacon happens to ha"e been 8ust y and awfu y deposed from office on account of manifest and pro"en crimes ( the bishop by the synod! the presbyter and the deacon either by their bishop or by their synod ( and after such awfu deposition he shou d ha"e the hardihood to use a%ain the itur%ica office to which he had been pri"i e%ed (by - itur%ica office. is meant here both the pre acy of the bishop and the priesthood of the presbyter and deacon)! any such person! I say! sha be e*communicated from the Church entire y. Aor one thin%! because of his e*treme hardihood and rashness; for another thin%! because after deposition there remains no other canonica chastisement for those in ho y orders but to e*communicate them entire y e"en from the Church. And that is 8ust and ri%ht. Aor if it shou d happen! accordin% to c. GIV of the #ardican! that anyone who has not been deposed 8ust y shou d ha"e the hardihood to perform the functions of the c er%y after his deposition and before another synodica 8ud%ment or decision! he ou%ht to be sobered by bitter and se"ere words. In fact! accordin% to c. V of the 1st! if e"en in case one is unchurched! not as a matter of 8ustice! but as a matter of some pusi animity and contentiousness of his bishop! he cannot hand e anythin% priest y unti a synodica e*amination and in"esti%ation is carried out! how much more is not one incapacitated for the performance of any function be on%in% to ho y orders who has been 8ust y deposed on account of manifest sinsJ A%ain! if Basi the $reat threatened to condemn $re%ory! who had been mere y suspended by him! to anathema if he shou d ha"e the hardihood to e*ercise any function before his correction! how can it be said that one ou%ht not to be entire y cut off from the Church who has been 8ust y deposed from office for manifest sins! but after the deposition has had the hardihood to e*ercise any priest y functionJ Concord. Canon GGGVII of Cartha%e says that that bishop! or any other c er%yman whatsoe"er! condemns himse f who! after becomin% e*c uded from communion! shou d dare to communicate with others. Ehoe"er ta,es the part of one who has been condemned for a crime! sha be fined and forfeit his honor! accordin% to c. 5GGI of the same. =ne who has been condemned 8ust y by the bishops and refuses to ,eep the peace in other re%ions! ou%ht to be run down there too! accordin% to c. 5GGIV of the same. Canon VII of 'icetas of )erac eia demands that anyone who officiates after bein% canonica y deposed be chased away from the Church unti he repent! i,e aymen! and to recei"e penance in the c ass of penitents. The ci"i aw! in Boo, III of the Basi ica! Tit e I! ch. 1! decrees thus. If a bishop deposed from office by the synod shou d cause a disturbance with a "iew to %ettin% bac, his bishopric! he must be chased a hundred mi es away from it and not be a owed to %o e"en to the emperor. Those who end him protection are made iab e to chastisement. Di"ine Chrysostom! howe"er! says (#ermon III on ho y orders) that anyone who is deposed on account of en"y or any other un8ust cause! actua y %ains himse f a %reater reward than that of ho y orders; hence he ou%ht to re8oice witha and not be sorry1 to those! on the other hand! who ha"e un8ust y deposed him! he causes punishment in he . 29. If any Bishop become the recipient of this office by means of money! or any 6resbyter! or any Deacon! et him be deposed as we as the one who ordained him! and et him be cut off entire y e"en from communion! as was #imon the #orcerer by me, 6eter. (c. II of the :th; cc. GGII! GGIII of the ;th; cc. IV! V! IG of the 7th; c. GC =f Basi ; +pist. $enn. 71; and Taras. on 'ahum 114.). 17

Interpretation. In their c. GGV the di"ine Apost es said that thou sha t not e*act "en%eance twice for the same offense. In the present Canon they chastise those who %et themse "es ordained by means of money with a doub e chastisement on account of the e*cessi"eness of the wic,edness! sayin% thus1 Any bishop! or presbyter! or deacon! that %ets the office of ho y orders with money is to be deposed a on% with the one who ordained him! and et him be entire y e*communicated from the Church and from the prayer of the faithfu ! 8ust as #imon the #orcerer (Acts 1<1;) was e*communicated by me 6eter. Aor no %ra"er and worse sin can be found than that of se in% and buyin% the unse ab e and unpurchaseab e %race of the )o y #pirit. )ence di"ine Tarasius in writin% to Adrian or )adrian)! emperor of Come! pointed out that those who ordain others for money are more un%od y than the pneumatomach @acedonius. Aor the atter did nothin% but pratt e that the )o y #pirit was a s a"e and creature of $od the Aather; whereas those who ordain others for money appear to ma,e the )o y #pirit a s a"e of their own! by se in% It as a s a"e to those payin% the money; and those thus ordained i,ewise buy It as a s a"e from the se ers. In fact! 8ust as 0udas the traitor so d the #on of $od! so too do they se the )o y #pirit for money. 'e"erthe ess! in the same epist e of Tarasius! the di"ine Chrysostom and his synod appear to ha"e eHuated matters and to ha"e permitted men to commune within the )o y Bema (or #anctuary) who they paid money to Bishop Antoninus and were ordained. Concord. 'ot on y bishops! and presbyters! and deacons! accordin% to the present Canon! but a so subdeacons! and ana%nosts! and psa ts! down to the steward! and the ecdicus (or ad"ocate)! and the 6rosmonarius (or warden)! a of these officeBho ders! I say! who ha"e been ordained for money! are to be deposed accordin% to c. II of the :th; and accordin% to the epist e of $ennadms they are to be sub8ected to the curse of anathema. But a so a those who become bro,ers or intermediaries in such ordinations for money! if c er%ymen! they are to be deposed from office; if aymen! or mon,s! they are to be anathemati9ed! accordin% to the same c. II of the :th. A%ain! c. GGII of the ;th deposes from office both those ordained and those who ordained them for money! bishops and c er%ymen! the c. V of the 7th;reduces them tcir ne owest %rade of their order. In dea in% with those who boast of ha"in% become numbered amon% the members of an order of ecc esiastics throu%h money! reproachin% others with the assertion that they %ot into the ran,s of the c er%y without payin% any money. It a so Huotes the present Aposto ica canon and c. II of the :th. But c. GIG of the same 7th commands that neither those who 8oin the priest y order IIor those who become mon,s throu%h payment of money sha be accepted. Canon GGIII of the ;th adds that a bishops or presbyters or deacons that demand money or any artic es of "a ue from those to whom they e*pect to administer communion or the di"ine mysteries! for the sa,e of ettin% them parta,e thereof! are to be deposed from office. Canon IV of the 7th e*communicates any bishop that e*communicates one of his c er%ymen! or suspends him! or c oses a temp e of $od! on account of any demand for money or other artic es of "a ue. #ee a so the eHuation of matters emp oyed by Basi the $reat in re%ard to simoniacs in the third footnote to his c. GC. 30. If any Bishop comes into possession of a church by emp oyin% secu ar ru ers! et him be deposed from office! and et him be e*communicated. And a those who communicate with him too. (c. II of the :th; cc. I and V of the 7th; c. GIII of 5aodicea.). Interpretation. 1?

This Canon too! i,e the one abo"e! pro"ides doub e chastisement for one and the same sinfu act; for it says1 Any bishop that emp oys secu ar officia s and throu%h their aid or a%ency contri"es to %et any bishopric or metropo is! sha be deposed and at the same time e*communicated from the Church. 5i,ewise a c er%ymen that may communicate with him! whether they be the pre ates who ordained him! or presbyters! or deacons! or subdeacons! or ana%nosts ( a ! I say! sha be deposed from their c ericature and sha be e*communicated. Concord. Those ru ers! or officia s! on the other hand! who acted as intermediaries or a%ents not on y are to be e*communicated! but are e"en to be anathemati9ed by the second canon of the Aourth +cumenica Counci ! as aforesaid. And especia y in case that ordination in connection with which they acted as intermediaries was one performed for money. Aor accordin% to c. I of the 7th secu ar ru ers ou%ht not to choose bishops! or presbyters! or deacons! nor ou%ht the masses to participate in the e ection of men to ho y orders! accordin% to c. GIII of 5aodicea (in a precedent way! that is)! but on y the bishops and priests of the same order. I said -in a precedent way. because aymen do not "ote! since in a seHuent way they too ha"e to be as,ed whether they consent to the "ote! either a or a ma8ority (and see in the footnote to Ap. c. II! and that to c. V of 5aodicea)! first! because if they can point out any true accusation a%ainst the candidate! his ordination ou%ht to be prohibited! in accordance with the interpretation of Ap. c. 5GI; and second y! e"en thou%h they fai to consent to his e ection! it is possib e that they may not accept that pre ate for whom on y the synod "otes; and hence may ensue confusion and di"ision between the bishops and the Christians1 thou%h! in point of fact! today the aity are not e"en as,ed and their consent is not e"en ta,en into consideration in a seHuent way. Cead a so Ap. c. 5GI. 31. If any 6resbyter! condemnin% his own bishop! draw peop e aside! and set up another a tar! without findin% anythin% wron% with the Bishop in point of piety and ri%hteousness! et him be deposed! on the %round that he is an officeBsee,er. Aor he is a tyrant. 5et the rest of c er%ymen be treated i,ewise! and a those who abet him. But et the aymen be e*communicated. 5et these thin%s be done after one! and a second! and a third reHuest of the Bishop. (c. GVIII of the :th; cc. GGGI! GGGIV of the ;th; cc. GIII! GIV! GV of the stBMB2nd; c. VI of $an%r.; c. V of Antioch; cc. G! GI! 5GII of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. =rder sustains the coherence of both hea"en y thin%s and earth y thin%s! accordin% to #t. $re%ory the Theo o%ian. #o %ood order ou%ht to be ,ept e"erywhere as he pin% coherence and preser"in% the estab ished system! and especia y amon% ecc esiastics! who need to ,now their own standards! and to a"oid e*ceedin% the imits and bounds of their own c ass. But as for 6resbyters! and Deacons! and a c er%ymen! they ou%ht to submit to their own Bishop; the Bishops! in turn! to their own @etropo itan; the @etropo itans! to their own 6atriarch. =n this account the present Aposto ica Canon ordains as fo ows1 Any presbyter that scorns his own bishop! and without ,nowin% that the atter is manifest y at fau t either in point of piety or in point of ri%hteousness ( that is to say! without ,nowin% him to be manifest y either heretica or un8ust ( proceeds to %ather the Christians into a distinct %roup and to bui d another church! and shou d ho d ser"ices therein separate y! without the permission and appro"a of his bishop in so doin%! on the %round of his bein% an officeB see,er he is to be deposed; since i,e a tyrant with "io ence and tyranny he is tryin% to wrest away the authority which be on%s to his bishop. But a so any other c er%ymen that a%ree with him in such apostasy must be deposed from office too 8ust as he must; but as for those who are aymen! et them be e*communicated. These thin%s! howe"er! are to be done after the bishop three times %ent y and 14

b and y ur%es those who ha"e separated from him to for%o such a mo"ement! and they obstinate y refuse to do so. As for those! howe"er! who separate from their bishop before a synodica in"esti%ation because he himse f is preachin% some misbe ief and heresy pub ic y! not on y are not sub8ect to the abo"e penances! but ha"e a ri%ht to c aim the honor due to =rthodo* Christians! accordin% to c. GV of the stBMB2nd. Concord. In a%reement! and a most in the same words! c. V of Antioch cites this Aposto ica Canon! addin% on y that if these men in ho y orders who ha"e formed a -parasyna%o%ue!. or con"entic e! a%ain disturb the Church after their deposition from office! they are to be sobered with e*terna chastiseB ment (concernin% which see footnote 1 to Ap. c. GGVII). Both c. GVIII of the :th and c. GGGIV of the ;th depose c er%ymen that enter into a conspiracy and faction a%ainst their bishop and his fe ow c er%ymen. Canon VI deposes those who bapti9e! or ho d ser"ices in prayerBhouses! contrary to the ad"ice of their bishop. #ee a so c. 5GII of Cartha%e. 'ot on y this atter! but a so c. GIII of the stBMB 2nd! deposes that presbyter or deacon who on account of some crimes or other of his bishop shou d separate from his communion and refuse to mention his name as usua in the sacred rites before there has been any synodica in"esti%ation of his crimes. 5i,ewise a bishop is to be deposed if he dares to do such a thin% a%ainst his own metropo itan! accordin% to c. GIV of the same stBMB2nd. +"en a metropo itan is i,ewise to be deposed if he separates from the communion of his own patriarch! accordin% to c. GV of the same. Accordin% to c. VI of $an%ra! and cc. G and GI of Cartha%e! presbyters who separate from their own bishop are not on y to be deposed but are a so to be sub8ected to anathema. These thin%s are said with reference to! those who separate from their own bishops under the prete*t of certain crimes. But c. I of #t. Basi the $reat chastises priests adherin% to parasyna%o%ues by mere y suspendin% them temporari y from ho y orders. 32. If any Bishop e*communicates any 6resbyter or Deacon! these men must not be incardinated by anyone e se but the one who e*communicated them! un ess by a coincidence the Bishop who e*communicated them shou d decease. (Ap. cc. GII! GIII; c.V of the 1st; c.I of #t. #ophia1 c.VI of Antioch; c.GIV of #ardican; c.GI! GGVII! CIGI of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. A so in their cc. GII and GIII the di"ine Apost es say that c er%ymen who ha"e been made inadmissib e and e*communicated by their own bishops ou%ht not to be admitted by other bishops. And in this Canon they i,ewise ordain the same "ery thin% with some addition! by sayin%1 As for any presbyter or deacon that has been e*communicated by his bishop! he is not a owed to be admitted and to be freed from the e*communication! not on y by the bishop of any other pro"ince! but not e"en by any other of the same pro"ince and metropo is! but can on y be admitted and be freed from the e*communication by that same bishop who e*communicated him in the first p ace1 with the so e e*ception that he may resort to another if the bishop or metropo itan or patriarch! as the case may be! who e*communicated him has by any chance died before the presbyter or deacon has recei"ed a pardon. Aor in that e"ent e"en a bishop or metropo itan or patriarch who has become the successor after the death of the one who e*communicated him may free him from the bond! and not anyone e se. There are two thin%s that one ou%ht to note in connection with the present Canon1 one of them is! that a those who ha"e been e*communicated by their bishop! whether 8ust y or un8ust y! ou%ht to abide thus e*communicated! and not dare to i%nore the e*communication! unti an ecc esiastica 23

inHuiry into this matter has been made! accordin% to c. GIV of #ardica and c. GGGVII of Cartha%e. The so e e*ception is that if by any chance they shou d be condemned before bein% %i"en a tria and summoned into an ecc esiastica court. Another thin% to note is that accordin% to c. CGGI of Cartha%e if a bishop shou d e*communicate anyone because , thou%h ha"in% pre"ious y confessed his sin to him he ater denied it! the other bishops too must refuse to communicate with the one e*communicatin% him! for as on% a time as he does not communicate with the one who has been e*communicated by him. And this is to be done for the fina purpose of ,eepin% the bishop from accusin% anyone without bein% ab e to pro"e the accusation to be true. But accordin% to the 'omicon of 6hotius! Tit e and ch. 4! and the commentator Ba samon! if by chance a bishop or presbyter shou d e*communicate anyone from communion (whether it be that of the mysteries! accordin% to Ba samon and B astaris! or e"en from standin% to%ether with the faithfu and from prayer in church) without any canonica and reasonab e cause! the e*communication is to be remo"ed by the senior priest! whi e the bishop or presbyter who imposed the e*communication is to be e*communicated by his superior for as on% a period of time as the atter deems sufficient. This is to be done so that he may suffer 8ust y that same punishment which he inf icted upon the other man un8ust y. )ence in the "o ume of the synodica records! pa%e 11! it is written that e"en whi e the e*communicator is sti a i"e! the e*communication may be remo"ed by the synod if it was not imposed 8ust y. )ence c. VII of 'icho as a so says that an unreasonab e bond which an abbot when dyin% may ay upon another man in order to ma,e him remain in the abbey! thou%h he afterwards has departed! that bond! I say! is one that wi not ho d! and on this account the one bound by a pre ate can be disso "ed. #ee a so the Interpretation of Ap. c. GII. 33. 'one of the forei%n Bishops! or 6resbyters! or Deacons sha be recei"ed without etters commendatory. +"en when they bear such! they sha be e*amined. And if they rea y are preachers of piety! they sha be recei"ed; but if they are not! after furnishin% them what they ha"e need of! they sha not be admitted to communion. Aor many thin%s are done with a "iew to rapine. (Ap. c. GII; cc. GI! GIII of the :th; c. GIV of the ;th; cc. VII! VIII of Antioch; c. G5I of 5aodicea; cc. GGGI! GCVII of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. In their c. GII the Apost es ordain that no forei%n or stran%e c er%yman be admitted by another bishop un ess he is pro"ided with etters commendatory. Accordin% y! in the present Canon they are i,ewise ordainin% this "ery same ru e with an addition! by sayin%1 'o forei%n or stran%e bishop! or presbyter! or deacon ou%ht to be recei"ed by other bishops un ess such bishop bears etters from his metropo itan! or such presbyter or deacon from his bishop or metropo itan! commendatory both of his faith and of his %ood ife! and especia y of his reputation if the atter has been impu%ned. But e"en if they do bear such etters commendatory on their person! they are ne"erthe ess to be further e*amined as to whether they are =rthodo* or not; for they may entertain mista,en be iefs! and the one who %a"e them the etters recommendatory may be unaware of them. But if upon e*amination they be found to be in rea ity preachers of =rthodo*y and of piety! then et them be recei"ed and admitted to communion (but et them not a so be a owed to participate in the e*ercises of any church in that "icinity and perform the functions of ho y orders without ha"in% with them in addition to etters commendatory a so a etter of dismissa indicatin% that they ha"e permission to conduct ser"ices where they are %oin%! in accordance with c. GVII of the ;th. If! on the other hand! they be found to be cacodo*ica and heretica ! do not communicate with them! it says! but %i"e them whate"er they need in the way of necessities! and send them pac,in%; for many unseem y effects resu t from such stran%ers in the nature of rapine for fai ure to conduct a proper in"esti%ation of them. #ee a so the footnote to Ap. c. GII. 21

34. It beho"es the Bishops of e"ery nation to ,now the one amon% them who is the premier or chief! and to reco%nise him as their head! and to refrain from doin% anythin% superf uous without his ad"ice and appro"a 1 but! instead! each of them shou d do on y whate"er is necessitated by his own parish and by the territories under him. But et not e"en such a one do anythin% without the ad"ice and consent and appro"a of a . Aor thus wi there be concord! and $od wi be % orified throu%h the 5ord in )o y #pirit! the Aather! and the #on! and the )o y #pirit. (cc. VI! VII of the 1st; cc. II! III of the 2nd; c. VIII of the <rd; o. GGVIII of the :th; cc. GGGVI! GGGIG of the ;th; c. IG of Antioch.). Interpretation. 0ust as! when the head is unwe and fai s to function proper y! the other members of the body a so are i disposed or e"en utter y use ess! so and in i,e manner it may be said that if the one actin% as head in the Church does not honor her fit y! a the rest of the body of the Church wi be out of order and unab e to function. It is for this reason that the present Canon ordains that a bishops of e"ery pro"ince ou%ht to ,now who is the chief amon% them! i.e.! the metropo itan; and ou%ht to re%ard him as their head! and not to do anythin% unnecessary without consu tin% him! as respectin%! that is to say! anythin% that does not pertain to the parishes of their bishoprics! but! e*tendin% beyond these imits! ha"e to do with the common condition of the who e pro"ince! as! for instance! do Huestions concernin% the do%mas! matters in"o "in% ad8ustments and corrections of common mista,es! the insta ation and ordination of pre ates! and other simi ar thin%s. Instead! they are to meet with the metropo itan and confer with him in re%ard to such common matters! and decide in common on what appears to them the best thin% to be done. +ach of the bishops shou d do by himse f! without consu tin% his metropo itan! on y those thin%s that are confined to the imits and boundaries of his bishopric and to the territories that are sub8ect thereto. But 8ust as bishops shou d do nothin% of common interest without consu tin% the metropo itan! so and in i,e manner a metropo itan ou%ht not to do anythin% of such common interest a one and by himse f without consu tin% a his bishops. Aor in this way there wi be concord and o"e! both between bishops and metropo itans and between c er%ymen and aymen. The outcome of this concord and o"e wi be that $od the Aather wi be % orified throu%h )is #on! our 5ord 0esus Christ! who acHuainted men with the name of )is Aather and aid down the aw reHuirin% o"e! when )e said1 - By this shall all men now that ye are my dis'iples, if ye have love one for another (0ohn 1<1<7). And )e wi be % orified in )is )o y #pirit! which throu%h Its %race has united us in one spiritua association. That is the same as sayin% that as a resu t of this concord the )o y Trinity ( the Aather! the #on! and the )o y #pirit ( wi be % orified! in accordance with the "oice of the $ospe which says1 - Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good wor s, and may glorify your Father who is in heaven (@att. 711;). Concord. A most identica y the same thin%s are seen to be ordained a so in c. IG of Antioch. That is why c. VI of the Airst +cumenica Counci commands that the ancient customs are to ho d ; those! that is to say! which had been pre"a ent in accordance with this Ap. c.; so that the patriarch of A e*andria had contro of affairs in +%ypt and 5ibya and 6entapo is! since such was a so the custom in connection with the patriarch of Come too. 5i,ewise the patriarch of Antioch had contro of his own pro"inces; and! in %enera ! the same pri"i e%es were preser"ed to e"ery Church and @etropo is! so that e"ery metropo itan shou d ha"e contro o"er the pro"inces sub8ect to him. Canon VII of the same Counci ordains that the patriarch of Ae ia! i.e.! of 0erusa em! is to ha"e the obser"ance of the ancient honor and the di%nity of his own @etropo is! Canon III of the 2nd commands that the patriarch of 22

Constantinop e is to ha"e the hi%hest honor. Canon VIII of the <rd! too! demands that the ri%hts be on%in% to each pro"ince be free from constraint and impurity a%ain e"en as in the be%innin%! accordin% to the o d custom! and especia y as respects those of Cyprus. In addition! c. GGGIG of the ;th confirms the same c. VIII of the <rd. 35. A Bishop sha not dare to confer ordinations outside of his own boundaries! in cities and! territories not sub8ect to him. If he be pro"ed to ha"e done so a%ainst the wishes of those ha"in% possession of those cities or territories! et him be deposed! as we as those whom he ordained. (c. II of the 2nd; c. VIII of the <rd; c. GG of the ;th; cc. GIII! GGII of Antioch; cc. I ! GI! GII ofIthe #ardican.). Interpretation. This Canon too was ordained for the concord and %ood order of bishops and metropo itans. It says in effect that a bishop ou%ht not to dare to confer ordinations outside of the boundaries of his bishopric! or to perform any other ecc esiastica function in those cities and countries that are not within his own territory (but neither has a metropo itan the iberty to %o into the parishes of his bishops and perform ordinations or any other pre atica ceremony). =n y then has he the iberty to perform such functions! when he has been in"ited by the bishop of the re%ion in Huestion. If! ne"erthe ess! it transpire that he did this without the consent and permission of the bishops who contro those cities and territories! et him be deposed who ordained men beyond his boundaries! to%ether with those whom he ordained. Aor in such a case it wou d appear that there were two bishops in one and the same p ace! or two metropo itans! which is un awfu and prohibited by c. VIII of the 1st! and by c. GII of the :th. )ence! in its c. GG the #i*th +cum. C. ordains that whoe"er %oes to a stran%e bishopric and pub ic y teaches on his own account and of his own accord! without the oca bishopIs permission! sha ose his position in the pre acy and sha be a owed to perform on y the functions of a presbyter. 6erhaps for no other purpose was this pro"ision made than that of pre"entin% the occurrence of this absurd anoma y! to wit! that of ha"in% two bishops at the same time in the same bishopric! one wantin% this and the other that! which he dared to do. Aor if that was not the purpose that this counci had in mind! why shou d it de%rade the bishop to the ran, of a presbyter! at a time when this de%radation amounts to sacri e%e! accordin% to c. GGIG of the :thJ Besides! if a bishop teachin% beyond his boundaries is unworthy! he ou%ht to be unworthy a so of the presbytery; but if he is worthy of the presbytery! why shou d he not be worthy a so of the episcopateJ #o it is apparent that the reason why it reduces him to the ran, of a presbyter is to ea"e one bishop a%ain in one bishopric! and not two. Aor he sinned immediate y a%ainst the episcopa office by causin% two bishops to be in the same bishopric! on which account he is deposed therefrom; he did not sin! howe"er! a%ainst the office of presbyter! since two or more presbyters are not prohibited from bein% in the same bishopric! wherefore neither is he deposed therefrom (a thou%h Fonaras and Ba samon say that anyone that teaches pub ic y contrary to the wi of the oca bishop is on this account reduced to the ran, of presbyter! in order to humb e him! on the %round that he became "ain% orious and e*a ted himse f). )ence sacred 6hotius (Tit e IG! ch. 11), to do away with the apparent contradiction of the canons ( that is! of c. GGIG of the :th and c. GG of the ; th B, proposed c. VIII of the 1st. 'e"erthe ess! e"en when it comes to performin% the office of a presbyter! a bishop from beyond the boundaries must obtain the permission and consent of the oca bishop. If he does not ha"e such permission! he cannot e*ercise the function; he simp y has the standin% of a aymen in that case as on% as he remains in that forei%n re%ion! accordin% to the canons. In order to sum up the entirety of the present Aposto ica Canon! we may say thus1 A bishop who performs a pre atica ser"ice in a stran%e bishopric, with the consent of the bishop thereof, is not performin% it with the 2<

power and operation of his own episcopate (for in that case there wou d be two bishops in one bishopric as thou%h possessin% two distinct and separate powers and facu ties); but! on the contrary! so e y with the episcopa power and facu ty of the oca bishop (for in this case the two bishops are re%arded as one bishop). And if this be so! as indeed it is! anyone that performs a pre atica function a%ainst the wi of the oca bishop! is deposed e"en from his own episcopa power! which! without possessin% it! on the score of his bein% beyond his boundaries! he e*ercised; as we as from the stran%e episcopa power of the oca bishop! which he mi%ht ha"e possessed with the consent and permission of the atter! but which he sto e and appropriated as his own. Concord. The same thin%s are ordained a so by c. II of the 2nd , wherein the atter prohibits anyone (whether a patriarch or a metropo itan) from medd in% in other dioceses beyond his boundaries in order to perform ordinations or to e*ecute other ecc esiastica accomodations. But sti more is that true of c. VIII of the <rd! which ordains that the bishop of Antioch sha not ha"e authority to carry out ordinations in Cyprus! beyond the boundaries of that diocese! which! it says! is contrary to the Aposto ica Canons! meanin% the present one. Both c. GIII and c. GGIV of Antioch a%ree in ordainin% that no bishop sha dare to medd e in a forei%n pro"ince and perform any ordinations therein! e*cept on y in case he %oes there pro"ided with etters of the bishop in"itin% him; if he do so under contrary circumstances! the ordinations and a other ser"ices he may perform sha remain "oid and in"a id. If! howe"er! it so happen that one bishop has ands! say! and substantia property in the pro"ince of another bishop! c. GII of the #ardican a ows him to %o there in order to %ather produce! and for three wee,sI duration to attend church in the church that is in the "icinity of his property! but not to %o any c oser to the city in which the bishop is. That a bishop may not e"en teach in territory beyond his own boundaries without the consent of the oca bishop is stated in c. GG of the ;th abo"e and in c. GI of the #ardican. Canon III of the #ardican! in fact! not on y prohibits this! but does not e"en a ow a bishop to %o to the pro"ince of another bishop without bein% in"ited. 36. In case any Bishop who has been ordained refuses the office and the care of the aity which has been entrusted to him! he sha be e*communicated and remain so unti such time as he accepts it. 5i,ewise as touchin% a 6resbyter and a Deacon. But if! upon departin%! he fai to accept it! not contrary to his own inc ination! but because of the spitefu ness of the aity! et him be a bishop! but et the c er%y of that city be e*communicated! since no one can correct such an insubordinate aity. (c. GGGVII of the ;th; c. GVIII of Aiicyra; cc. GVII and GVIII of Antioch.) Interpretation. Obey your rulers and submit ()eb. 1<117). -Let everyone abide in that whereunto he is 'alled (I Cor. 712:)! says the di"ine Apost e. This same thin% is what the present Canon ordains! which says1 Ehoe"er is ordained! by the di"ine ceremony of prayers! to be the bishop of a pro"ince! or a presbyter or a deacon of a parish! and afterwards wi not accept that di"ine office! and the protection of the aity which has been entrusted to him! but refuses! and does not %o to the church assi%ned to him! et him be e*communicated unti he consent to ta,e it. But if! on the other hand! the bishop ta,es the pro"ince! but the aity of the pro"ince! because of its insubordination! and spitefu ness! and not because of any e"i mind and b ameworthy cause of the bishop! shou d refuse to recei"e him! et him be a bishop ( that is to say! et him share in the di%nity and office which become a bishop ( and et the c er%ymen of the pro"ince which wou d not recei"e him be 2:

e*communicated! since they fai ed to train that insubordinate aity better with their teachin% and their %ood e*amp e. 37. Twice a year et a counci of bishops be he d! and et them e*amine one another in re%ard to do%mas of piety! and et incidenta ecc esiastica contradictions be e iminated1 the first one! in the fourth wee, of 6entecost! the second one! on the twe fth of )yperberetaeus. (c. V of the 1st; c. GIG of the :th; c. VIII of the ;th; c. VI of the 7th; c. GG of Antioch; c. G5 of 5aod.; cc. GGVI! 5G! 5GI! 5GGGI! 5GGGIV! 5GGGV! and CIV of Carti a%e.). Interpretation. In re%ard to doubts concernin% do%mas! and in re%ard to contradictions in matters ecc esiastica ! which may beset anyone! and! in %enera ! for the sett ement of canonica Huestions! the di"ine Apost es command in this Canon that twice in e"ery year there be he d a oca counci ! or synod! of bishops to%ether with the metropo itan of e"ery pro"ince! in order to e*amine into the doubts that attend do%mas of piety! and to e iminate e"ery ecc esiastica contradiction that anyone may ha"e in reference to his bishop! about anythin%! say! either as to why he was e*communicated by him! or as to why he recei"ed from him un8ust y any other ecc esiastica rebu,e or chastisement. Accordin% y! one counci is to be he d in the fourth wee, of 6entecost! or! more p ain y spea,in%! after )o y +aster; whi e the other counci is to be he d on the twe fth day of the month of )yperBberetaeus! or! more p ain y spea,in%! =ctober. As for how a oca counci ! or synod! differs from an ecumenica counci ! see the 6ro e%omena to the Airst +cumenica Counci . 5i,ewise as to how it differs from a pri"y counci see the 6ro e%omena to the counci he d in the time of #t. Cyprian (in Cartha%e! but herein referred to as -the Counci of Cyprian.). As for the term synod (the officia name! in $ree,! of a the "arious ecc esiastica counci s of the =rthodo* Church)! in %enera ! it desi%nates! accordin% to B astaris! an assemb y of pre ates he d either in order to ha"e a decision made in re%ard to piety (and %ood order of the Church) or in order to ha"e any dama%e that mi%ht ha"e pre"ious y occurred or may in the future occur as touchin% piety (and "irtue)! with the weapons of piety. 38. 5et the Bishop ha"e the care of a ecc esiastica matters and et him mana%e them! on the understandin% that $od is o"erseein% and super"isin%. 5et him not be a owed to appropriate anythin% therefrom or to %i"e $odIs thin%s to his re ati"es. If they be indi%ent! et him pro"ide for them as indi%ents! but et him not trade off thin%s of the Church under this prete*t. (Ap. c. G5I; c. GGVI of the :th; cc. GI! GII of the 7th; c. VII of the stBMB2nd; c. GV of Ancyra; cc. VII! VIII of $an%ra; cc. GGIV! GGV of Antioch; cc. GGGIV! G5I of Cartha%e; c. I of Theophi us; c. II of Cyri .). Interpretation. If a bishop is entrusted with the sou s of men! of which a persons are not worthy! much more ou%ht he to be entrusted with the thin%s be on%in% to the Church. Aor this reason the present Canon ordains that a bishop shou d be %i"en the care of a the thin%s be on%in% to the Church! whether fie ds and rea estate or 8ewe s and furniture; and that he shou d mana%e them with fear and carefu ness! bearin% in mind that $od is the super"isor and e*aminer of his mana%ement. 'e"erthe ess! in spite of the fact that he has the care and mana%ement of them! he has no permission or ri%ht to ma,e them his own or to c aim any of them as his own! or to %i"e his re ati"es thin%s consecrated to $od. But if his re ati"es in Huestion are poor! et him %i"e them what they ha"e need of! 8ust as he %i"es to other poor peop e. That is to say! et him bestow a ms upon them as he wou d upon the poor in %enera ! 27

and not as upon re ati"es. Let he may %i"e them a ms out of the fruits and produce %athered e"ery year from the property of the Church! and not on their account may he se any of them. Concord. Consonant y and word for word in a%reement with the abo"e Aposto ica Canon c. GGIV of Antioch says that thin%s be on%in% to the Church ou%ht to be administered with 8ud%ment and by authority of the bishop! and that they must be %uarded we and ,ept in the church that possesses them! with faith in $od! who is the super"isor and o"erseer of a . And c. II of Cyri says that they are to remain ina ienab e in the churches that possess them! be they 8ewe s or rea estate; and the bishops are to administer the economy of the e*penses incurred. Canon GV of Ancyra says that whate"er thin%s of the 5ordIs house presbyters may se without the consent of the bishop! he himse f sha ta,e them bac, or reco"er them. Canons VII and VIII of $an%ra anathemati9e those who ta,e or %i"e the produce of the church without the consent of the bishop and of the steward. In the 'omicon of 6hotius! Tit e and ch. 2! ordinance 21 of Tit e II of Boo, I of the Code it is written that whoe"er buys sacred utensi s and spreads! or ta,es them in pawn and ends money on them oses his money; e*cept on y in case he buys them in order that the money may be %i"en for the iberation of s a"es. 5i,ewise in the same ordinance it is noted that there must be no a ienation of necessary and immo"ab e properties of the temp es from the church possessin% them. #ee a so the footnote to Ap. C. 5GGII. The third ordinance of Tit e II of the 'o"e s! which is 0ustinian 'o"e 1<1! to be found in Boo, 7 of Tit e III (in 6hotius! Tit e II ch. 1)! ordains that in case anyone ea"es any %ift by wi to a "enerab e house for charity ( no matter what ,ind of thin% it be ( if the thin% in Huestion is near the church to which it was consecrated! it must not be a ienated therefrom. But if it be far away! and both parties are wi in% ( that is to say! both the stewards and the officers of the church! on the one hand! and the heirs of the one who eft it in his wi ( they ha"e permission to e*chan%e it for somethin% near at hand and affordin% produce or a crop that is easy to carry or easy to hau ! %i"in%! if need be! somethin% additiona in the e*chan%e! amountin% to not ess than oneBfourth of the "a ue of the thin% which was eft in his wi . =r! if they wish to se it! they must %et as %reat a price for it as they cou d deri"e from its crop and produce as profit durin% the space of <7 years. This price! thou%h! must be %i"en a%ain to the same church as that to which the charity was eft. 39. 5et 6resbyters and Deacons do nothin% without the consent of the Bishop. Aor he is the one entrusted with the 5ordIs peop e! and it is from him that an accountin% wi be demanded with respect to their sou s. (c. GIV of the 7th; c. 5VII of 5aod.; cc. VI! VII! G5I! 5 of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. The present Aposto ica Canon ordains that presbyters and deacons cannot perform any sacerdota or priest y function or office without the consent and permission of their bishop! inc udin% both those functions which appertain to the pre atica authority of the bishop and those for which they themse "es possess the reHuisite power! by "irtue of the mystery of ordination! but the ce ebration of which they cannot perform without the bishopIs consent. (These! for e*amp e! are their inabi ity to hear confession of sins! or to for%i"e penitents! accordin% to cc. VI! VII! and 5 of Cartha%e! the ri%ht to consecrate "ir%ins to $od! accordin% to c. VI of the same! their inabi ity to instate and tonsure ana%nosts or mon,s! and other simi ar thin%s). Aor! it says! the bishop main y and preBeminent y has been entrusted with the 5ordIs peop e! and it is from him preBeminent y! as a shepherd! that an accountin% wi be demanded by $od with respect to what he owes! a strict statement concernin% the sou s of his f oc,. 2;

Concord. )ence accordin% to the present Canon! and in their In8unctions (Boo, 2! ch. <1 and <2)! the di"ine Apost es ordain that a deacon cannot! of his own accord and on his own initiati"e! do e"en the distributin% and di"idin% of the ear iest fruits of the season! and of other fruits that are offered to the bishops by the Christians! amon% needy c er%ymen! but must distribute these with the ad"ice and consent of the bishop. Eith the ad"ice and consent of the bishop! too! the presbyters may se property of the church if this happens to be necessary (see in the Interpretation of Ap. c. GGGVIII)! and hear the confession of and %rant pardon to repentant sinners! accordin% to cc. VII and 5 of Cartha%e! and may tonsure mon,s! accordin% to Ba samon in his interpretation of c. GIV of the 7th! and may instate ana%nosts in the same monastery! bein% abbots throu%h imposition of the hands of a bishop! accordin% to c. GIV of the 7th! but a so subdeacons! accordin% to c. VI of 'icephorus! and they may e"en set up a staurope%ion! accordin% to c. GGVIII of the same 'icephorus! and may e*communicate a c er%ymen and aymen that are sub8ect to their 8urisdiction! whene"er they are at fau t! accordin% to the In8unctions of the Apost es (Boo, ?! ch. 2?)! and they may e*ercise many other function when actin% with the consent of the bishop. Besides this! e"en deacons! when they recei"e the bishopIs authori9ation! may impose canonica penances upon ower c er%ymen and aymen! but as for the %reat misdeeds of these men! they brin% them to the notice of the bishop! accordin% to the same In8unctions (Boo, 2! ch. ::). A%ain! at a time when no presbyter is at hand! they ha"e permission to e*communicate ower c er%ymen! when the atter deser"e to be e*communicated for misdeeds! accordin% to the same In8unctions (Boo, ?! ch. 2?). Eherefore! fo owin% the present Aposto ica Canon! $odBbearin% I%natius! in his epist e to the @a%nesians! says the fo owin%1 -6recise y! then! as the 5ord does nothin% without the Aather! so we too without the bishop. 'either a presbyter nor a deacon. And in his epist e to the #myrneans1 -It is not permissib e without the bishop either to bapti9e or to offer an ob ation or to prepare a sacrifice! or to consummate an acceptance! but on y whate"er seems ri%ht to him! accordin% to $odIs p easure; in order that whate"er ye may do may be secure and certain.. Canon 5VII of 5aodicea! too! commands that neither chorepiscopi (a term which some ha"e trans ated -country bishops.)! nor e*archs! nor presbyters may do anythin% without the consent of the bishop of the city. 40. 5et the BishopIs own property (if! indeed! he has any ) be pub ic y ,nown! and et the 5ordIs be pub ic y ,nown. In order that the Bishop may ha"e authority to dispose of his own property when he dies! and ea"e it to whomsoe"er he wishes and as he wishes. And est by reason of any prete*t of ecc esiastica property that of the Bishop be submer%ed! be it that he has a wife and chi dren! or re ati"es! or house ser"ants. Aor it is on y 8ust with $od and men that neither the church shou d suffer any oss owin% to i%norance of the BishopIs property! nor the Bishop! or his re ati"es! shou d ha"e their property confiscated on the prete*t that it be on%ed to the church. =r e"en to ha"e troub e with those who are Huarre in% o"er his property! and to ha"e his death in"o "ed in aspersions. (c. of the :th; c. GGGV of the ;th; c. GGIV of Antioch; cc. GGG! G5! 5GGGIG of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. The di"ine Apost es! esteemin% nothin% more than 8ustice! prescribe in this Canon of theirs that it must be pub ic y ,nown what property the bishop owns of his own (if he has any of his own! seein% that he himse f is dead to the wor d and to the thin%s of the wor d)! whether it be thin%s that he acHuired pre"ious to becomin% a bishop! or thin%s that came to him from inheritance! or a %ift of his re ati"es. The property of the bishop! I mean! must be as we ,nown as the property of the church! of the episcopate! or of the metropo is. To what endJ In order that the bishop may ha"e authority! when he dies! to ea"e his own property to those to whom he wishes to ea"e it and in any manner that he may wish! pro"ided that he ea"es it to =rthodo* persons! and not to heretics! and in order to 27

a"oid any oss of the bishopIs property because of its bein% confused with property be on%in% to the church! since it may sometimes happen that he has a wife and chi dren (and see Ap. c. V)! or re ati"es! or poor ser"ants. Because it is on y 8ust and ri%ht! both in connection with $od and in connection with men! that neither the church shou d suffer any oss of her own property from any possib e re ati"es or creditors of the bishop! because of his property bein% separate! but mi*ed up with that of the church! nor the bishop or the re ati"es of the bishop be depri"ed of property be on%in% to them! because of its bein% mi*ed up with property of the church. But neither is it 8ust and ri%ht for re ati"es and heirs of the bishop to be tempted and drawn into many words and court tria s in order to separate his property from the property of the church! and on account of a these thin%s for the memory of the dead bishop to be b asphemed! instead of bein% b essed. #o! in order to e iminate a those infinite discussions! the bishop must ,eep a c ean set of account boo,s in which his own property is du y entered! and in accordance with that set of boo,s he ou%ht to draw up his wi to be e*ecuted upon his death! and to ea"e! as we ha"e said! his property to whom he wishes. ('e"erthe ess! the heirs of the bishop ou%ht to pay his debts if he had any). If! howe"er! a bishop! or any other c er%yman! or e"en a deaconess! shou d die without ma,in% a wi of his own property! and without ha"in% e%a heirs! their property de"o "es upon that church in which they were ordained! accordin% to the 'omicon of 6hotius (Tit e G! ch. 7; ordinance < of Tit e II of the 'o"e s). Concord. In promu %atin% this Aposto ica Canon in its own c. GGIV the Counci of Antioch ordains the same thin%s. Canon GGII of the :th says that c er%ymen must not be permitted to p under the property of the bishop after his death! as is a so forbidden by the o d Canons (p ain y this means the present Aposto ica Canon and that of Antioch); otherwise they incur oss of their ran,. Canon GGGV of the ;th says that not e"en a metropo itan has permission to ta,e the property of the bishop when the atter dies! but! instead! the c er%ymen of his bishopric must %uard it unti a new bishop is insta ed! to whom it is to be %i"en. If! howe"er! it shou d so happen that no c er%ymen ha"e been eft in the bishopric! the metropo itan is to ,eep it safe unti he can %i"e it to the one who is the incumbentBtoB be. 41. Ee command that the Bishop ha"e authority o"er the property of the church. Aor if the precious sou s of human bein%s ou%ht to be entrusted to him! there is itt e need of any specia in8unction concernin% money! so that e"erythin% may be entrusted to be %o"erned in accordance with his authority! and he may %rant to those in need throu%h the presbyters and deacons with fear of $od and a re"erence! whi e he himse f may parta,e thereof whate"er he needs (if he needs anythin%) for his necessary wants! and for brethren who are his %uests! so as not to depri"e them of anythin%! in any manner. Aor $odIs aw has en8oined that those who ser"e at the a tar are to be maintained at the a tarIs e*pense. The more so in "iew of the fact that not e"en a so dier e"er bears arms a%ainst be i%erents at his own e*pense. (Ap. c. GGGVIII; c. GGVI of the :th; c. GII of the 7th; cc. GGIV! GGV of Antioch; cc. G! GI of Theophi us; c. II of Cyri ; I Cor. 411<! ib. 7.). Interpretation. This Canon too! i,e c. GGGVIII! %i"es the bishop a authority o"er ecc esiastica property! by sayin%1 Ee command that a bishop ha"e authority of the property of the church. Aor! if we entrust the precious sou s of human bein%s to him! which not a the wor d deser"es to be trusted with! we are at itt e pains! that is to say! there is no need of our %i"in% specia orders! that a the money and property of the church ou%ht to be mana%ed in accordance with the authority he possesses and that it shou d be distributed amon% the poor and the indi%ent with fear of $od and e"ery re"erence! by 2?

means of the presbyters and deacons. And why shou d these matters be mana%ed and thin%s distributed by means of these menJ In order that the bishop may ,eep himse f abo"e e"ery suspicion! and accusation! as that a e%ed y he consumed it a himse f and a so ma,es a bad 8ob of mana%in% it. Because he must be we pro"ided for! not on y in the eyes of $od! but a so in the eyes of men! 8ust as the author of 6ro"erbs was the first to say! and the Apost e 6au said ater; and because he must ,eep himse f from %i"in% offense to anyone! and must be irreproachab e in e"erythin% (6ro". <1:; Com. 12117; I Cor. 131<2; I Tim. <12). 'e"erthe ess! e"en a bishop! it says! must %et some of the property of the church for his e*penses! inc udin% both the necessary wants of his own (if he has wants! that is! and is poor) and a so for the wants of a brethren who may become his %uests when they "isit him! so that in no manner sha either he himse f or any of his %uests be depri"ed of necessaries. Aor $odIs aw! too! has commanded that those attend the a tar and offer sacrifices as priests sha be supp ied with and maintained from the a tar! that is to say! from the sacrifices which are offered at the a tar. Besides! no so dier e"er ta,es up arms a%ainst the enemies ( i.e ne"er %oes to war ( at his own e*pense. 'ote! howe"er! that the Canon states that bishops are to e*pend the foodstuffs of the Church on y for necessities! and not for superf uities! or in en8oyment and re"e ries! and that they ou%ht to be hospitab e! friend y to the poor! 8ust as b essed #t. 6au recommends to Titus and to Timothy that bishops shou d be (I Tim. <12; Tit. 11?). Concord. In a%reement with the present Aposto ica Canon! c. GI of Theophi us a so ordains that widows and indi%ents and stran%ers must be pro"ided with a comfort from the property of the Church! and that no bishop must appropriate any of it for himse f. #ee further the Interpretation of Ap. c. GGGVIII. 42. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon wastes his time by p ayin% dice! or %ettin% drun,! either et him desist therefrom or et him be deposed from office. (Ap. cc. G5III! 5IV; cc. IG! 5 of the ;th; c. GGII of the 7th; cc. GGIV! 5V of 5aod.; cc. G5VII! 5GIG of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. Those in ho y orders to stand before a men as i"in% e*amp es and pictures of a %ood order and "irtue! and as incitements to the doin% of %ood wor,s. But inasmuch as some of them stray away from what is %ood and "irtuous! and emp oy themse "es in p ayin% dice! i.e.! in -shootin% craps. ( in which is inc uded the p ayin% of cards and of other %ames ( not to mention drun,en carousa s and merryma,in% with food and drin,! the present Aposto ica Canon! ta,in% co%ni9ance of this! ordains that any bishop! or presbyter! or deacon who occupies himse f with such indecent acti"ities sha either cease them or be deposed from ho y orders. Concord. 5i,ewise Ap. c. G5III ordains that those c er%ymen! inc udin% aymen as we ! who occupy themse "es in drun,enness and dice sha either cease or be e*communicated. 'ot on y are c er%ymen forbidden to %et drun,! but neither are they e"en permitted to enter ta"erns at a to eat! accordin% to Ap. c. 5IV and c. IG of the ;th and c. G5VII of Cartha%e and c. GGIV of 5aodicea! nor are they a owed to own a ta"ern shop at a ! accordin% to the same c. IG of the ;th. @oreo"er! a c er%ymen and a Christian aymen are forbidden by c. 5 of the #i*th +cumenica Counci to p ay dice or cards or other %ames. In case they are cau%ht doin% so! c er%ymen are to be deposed! and aymen are to be e*communicated. In addition to these prohibitions! c. IV of 5aodicea ordains that they must not ho d banHuets by a%reement or with contributions co ected from a number of persons %athered to%ether at the same time and p ace! whether they be in ho y orders or c er%ymen or 24

aymen. Canon 5GIG of Cartha%e commands that Christians cease ho din% banHuets and ba s (or dances) and %ames to the memory of or as feasts to martyrs and other saints! such as those customs which are pecu iar to the $ree,s and due to their error and %od essness. But neither ou%ht Christians to eat and drin, to the accompaniment of musica instruments and whorish and demonish son%s! accordin% to c. GGII of the 7th +cum. C. The 'omicon of 6hotius (Tit e IG! ch. 27) says that ordinance <: of the fourth Tit e of Boo, I of the Code decrees as fo ows1 If any bishop or c er%yman p ays dice or other such %ames! or ho ds communion with those who p ay them! or sits by and watches them p ay! is to be e*communicated from e"ery sacred function! and to ose the ration he %ets from his bishopric or c erica office! unti such fi*ed time imit as he is a owed to repent in. But in case he shou d persist in his "ice e"en after the e*piration of the time imit a owed him for repentance! he is to be dri"en out of the c er%y with a his estate! and become a member of the e%is ature! or! in other words! a secu ar officia of that po itica state in which he was a c er%yman. The same fate is shared by those c er%ymen who participate in huntin% spectac es and other theatrica e*hibitions. It is permissib e! howe"er! to a bishop when he sees the prompt repentance of any c er%yman p ayin% to reduce the time of the penance of sustension proportionate y! and accordin% y to %i"e him permission sooner to officiate in his sacerdota capacity! accordin% to c. GGGIG of the same (7th)! titu ar ordinance 2 of Tit e I of the 'o"e s. 0ustinian 'o"e 12<! on the other hand! accordin% to Armenopou os! commands that c er%ymen %ui ty of %ettin% drun, or of p ayin% dice sha be e*communicated and be shut up in a monastery1 see a so c. GGIV of the ;th +cum. C. 43. 5et any #ubdeacon! or Ana%nost! or 6sa t! who does i,e thin%s either desist or be e*communicated. 5i,ewise any 5ayman. (Ap. c. G5IV! 5IV; cc. IG! 5 of the ;th; cc. GGIV! 5V of 5aod.; cc. G5VII! 5GIG of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. This Canon! too! orders that any subdeacon! or ana%nost! or psa t (i.e.! chanter) who does i,e thin%s! such as are prohibited by the abo"e c. G5II! or! in other words! who p ays dice or cards or any other %ames! or who spends time in drun,enness and eatin% and drin,in% bouts! sha either cease from such indecent doin%s! or! if he fai s to do so! sha be e*communicated. 5i,ewise aymen! too! who spend time in the same way sha either cease doin% so or be e*communicated from the con%re%ation of the faithfu . #ee a so the precedin% c. G5II. 44. 5et any Bishop or 6resbyter or Deacon who demands interest on money ent to others either cease doin% so or be deposed from office. (c. GVII of 1st; c. G of ;th; c. IV of 5aod.; cc. V. VI of Carth; c. GIV of Bas.). Interpretation. A person is prohibited from endin% money at interest e"en by the o d 5aw. Aor $od says in Deuteronomy (ch. 1<)1 -Thou shalt not e0a't interest from thy brother for money, or for food, or for anything else that thou lendest to him( Da"id! in praisin% the ri%hteous man! enumerates amon% his many "irtues this one too! where he says1 - 3who hath not lent out his money at interest (7s( 8919)( But if this was prohibited to the :ews, mu'h more is it forbidden now to us ;hristians1 in this pla'e is one who is greater than the temple (@att. 121;). But if this is forbidden to a Christians! how much more is it not forbidden to those in ho y orders and c er%ymen! who ou%ht to be a mode and e*amp e of e"erythin% %oodJ And especia y to ascetics and hermits! men crucified to the wor dJ An ascetic endin% money at interest is somethin% utter y repu%nant in truth to human ears. #o! on this <3

account! the present Ap. c. ordains that if any bishop or presbyter or deacon ends money to peop e with the e*pectation of char%in% the borrowers of it interest! he must either cease such profiteerin% or be deposed. 5i,ewise! on the same %rounds! mon,s too must under%o suitab e penances for such practice! to wit! e*communication and e*c usion from communion! with a firm promise henceforth to abstain from this open and condemnab e trans%ression of the aw. Concord. This same thin% is commanded a so by c. G of the ;th and c. IV of 5aodicea! both of which prohibit men in ho y orders from char%in% either 12 per cent interest! or e"en the ha f thereof! i.e.! either a do ar a month on a hundred do ars! or e"en ha f a do ar! as interest in addition to the ori%ina sum. Canon GVII of the 1st forbids such %reed and profiteerin% to those in ho y orders! but a so in %enera to a canonics! or c er%ymen. Canon V of Cartha%e %oes e"en further! in that it forbids aymen! and sti more so c er%ymen! not on y to char%e interest on money ent! but e"en on anythin% e se; for if (accordin% to the 'o"e of 5eo cited by ArmenoBpou os in Boo, <! Tit e VII) c er%ymen are not a owed to spend time in bana affairs! but must de"ote a their time to ecc esiastica affairs! how can they be a owed to char%e interestJ Canon GG of the same Cartha%e says that whate"er money a c er%yman ends he is to ta,e the same amount bac,! and whate"er e se he %i"es he is to recei"e it bac, and nothin% more. 'icephorus the Confessor in his Canon GGIG commands that priests refuse to administer communion to c er%ymen or aymen who do not cease char%in% interest! and that one must not e"en eat with them. Di"ine Chrysostom! too! says (#ermon :1 on $enesis) in discussin% the aw which says -Thou shalt not lend money at interest to thy brother and thy neighbor (Deut. 2<114)1 -Ehat sort of p ea can we Christians offer in our own defense when we become e"en more crue than the 0ews themse "esJ and when we become ower! or! rather to say! worse! than 0ews within the aw! in spite of the %race of the $ospe and after the incarnate economy of the 5ord of a thin%sJ Aor they did not char%e their fe ow 0ews interest who were of the same faith! whereas we dare to char%e our Christian brethren interest and usury.. 'ote a so what Basi the $reat remar,s in interpretin% that sayin% in 6sa m 17 which says1 -who hath not lent out his money at interest (6s. 1717)1 -This thin% is indeed inhuman with a "en%eance! when an indi%ent and poor man borrows from a rich man! in order to a e"iate his misfortune! for the rich man not to rest content with his principa ! but to e*act a profit and interest from the poor manIs misfortune. In $ree, the name for the interest char%ed on money is tocos! i.e.! -birth!. because of the %reat pro i%erousness of the e"i ! because of the fact that the money of enders at interest and of usurers is %i"in% birth to more money a the time that it remains ent! and more of it is a ways ready to be be%otten. =r perhaps it was on this account that interest was ca ed birth in $ree,! to wit! the fact that it natura y causes debtors the sorrows and pan%s of chi dbirthJ At any rate! 8ust as the pan%s of chi dbirth are a sorrow to a pre%nant woman! so and in i,e manner it may be said to be a sorrow to a debtor when interest fa s due and has to be paid on the money he has borrowed.. In his c. GIV he says that a man who char%es interest on money he ends may become a priest if he distributes his i B%otten %ain to poor peop e and henceforth renounces his a"arice. Cead a so ch. 1: of +9e,ie wherein! a on% with his other "irtues that man who wi not end his money at interest! and who wi not ta,e any e*cess! is deemed worthy to i"e; whereas that man! on the other hand! who! in addition to his other "ices! char%es interest on the money he ends is deemed worthy of death. Chapter ; of Boo, : of the Aposto ica In8unctions commands priests not to accept either offerin%s or donations from those who char%e interest on oans. 45. 5et any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon that mere y 8oins in prayer with heretics be suspended! but if he has permitted them to perform any ser"ice as C er%ymen! et him be deposed (sc.from office). <1

Interpretation. The present Canon prescribes that any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon that sha on y 8oin in prayer! and not coBofficiate in di"ine ser"ices! with any heretics is to be suspended! or temporari y depri"ed of the ri%ht to ce ebrate the sacraments (ca ed -mysteries. in the =rthodo* Church). Aor anyone that prays in company with e*communicants (as heretics are) must himse f be e*communicated a on% with them! accordin% to the tenth Canon of the same Apost es. But if he went so far as to a ow those heretics to perform any ser"ice in church as C er%ymen! he is to be deposed from office a to%ether. Aor any C er%yman that officiates at ser"ices in company with others who ha"e been deposed (as ha"e heretics! accordin% to the second and fourth Canons of the Third +cumenica Counci ) is himse f ipso facto deposed a on% with them! accordin% to the e e"enth Canon of the Apost es. It behoo"es us to hate and shun heretics! but ne"er to 8oin them in prayer or to a ow them to perform any ecc esiastica function! either as C er%ymen or as 6riests. Concord. Aposto ica Canon 5GV says that if anyone enters a con%re%ation of heretics in order to pray! in case he is a C er%yman he is to be deposed! but in case he is a 5ayman he is to be suspended. The #ynod of 5aodicea in its si*th Canon forbids heretics from enterin% the church; and in its thirtyBsecond it says1 -=ne must not accept b essin%s from heretics! which are f ummeries! and not b essin%s.. 'either must one pray in con8unction with heretics or schismatics! accordin% to its thirtyBthird Canon. Its thirtyBfourth Canon anathemati9es those who ea"e the martyrs of Christ out of consideration and %o to the pseudomartyrs of heretics. The ninth Canon of Timothy forbids heretics to be present at the time of di"ine ser"ices! un ess they promise to repent and to abandon the heresy. @oreo"er! the ninth Canon of the #ynod of 5aodicea e*communicates Christians that %o to the cemeteries or martyriums of heretics in order to pray or for the sa,e of hea in% their sic,. But neither ou%ht any Christian to ce ebrate any feast to%ether with heretics! nor to accept any %ifts they may send him on their ho idays! accordin% to the thirtyBse"enth Canon of the same #ynod of 5aodicea. 46. Ee order any Bishop! or 6resbyter! that has accepted any hereticsI Baptism! or sacrifice! to be deposed; for -what consonancy hath Christ with Be iart or what part hath the be ie"er with an infide J. Interpretation. It behoo"es =rthodo* Christians to shun heretics and the ceremonies and rites of heretics. They! i.e.! heretics! ou%ht rather to be critici9ed and admonished by Bishops and 6resbyters! in the hope of their apprehendin% and returnin% from their error. Aor this reason the present Canon prescribes if any Bishop or 6resbyter sha accept a heretic 's Baptism as correct and true! or any sacrifice offered by them! it is ordered that he be dropped. Aor what a%reement hath Christ with the De"i J or what portion hath the be ie"er with an unbe ie"erJ Those who accept the doin%s of heretics either themse "es entertain simi ar "iews to theirs or at any rate they ac, an ea%erness to free them from their misbe ief. Aor how can those who acHuiese in their re i%ious ceremonies and rites critici9e them with the "iew of persuadin% them to %i"e up their cacodo*ica and erroneous heresyJ 47. If a Bishop or 6resbyter bapti9e anew anyone that has had a true baptism! of fai to bapti9e anyone that has been po uted by the impious! et him be deposed! on the %round that he is moc,in% the Cross and death of the 5ord and rai in% to distin%uish priests from pseudopriests. <2

Interpretation. =ne Baptism has been handed down to us =rthodo* Christians (+ph. :1:) by our 5ord as we as by the di"ine Apost es and the ho y Aathers! because the cross and the death of the 5ord! in the type! or simi itude! of which baptism is ce ebrated! were but one. Aor this reason the present Aposto ica Canon prescribes that in case any Bishop or 6resbyter shou d bapti9e a second time anew and be%innin% a o"er a%ain! as thou%h dea in% with one utter y unbapti9ed! a person who has been tru y bapti9ed in accordance with the order %i"en by the 5ord and iterated by the Apost es and the di"ine Aathers! in the "ery seme manner! that is to say! as =rthodo* Christians are bapti9ed! he sha be deposed! because with this second rebaptism he is recrucifyin% and pub ic y ridicu in% the #on of $od! wrhich #t. 6au says is impossib e! and he is offerin% a second death to the 5ord! whom death no on%er can conHuer ()eb. ;1:); Com. ;17)! accordin% to the same #t. 6au . 5i,ewise in case any Bishop or 6resbyter shou d refuse to bapti9e with the re%u ar baptism of the Catho ic Church one who has been po uted! by which is meant a person who has been bapti9ed by the impious! or! in p ainer an%ua%e! heretics! he is to be deposed! since he is deridin% or ma,in% fun of the cross and death of the 5ord! wron% y and mista,en y thin,in% that the po uted and dis%ustfu baptism of heretics is a type! or simi itude! of the cross and death of the 5ord! which! howe"er! it is not! and for this reason accepts it and ho ds it to be eHua to the baptism of the =rthodo* Christians. And in addition because it fai s to distin%uish the true priest of the =rthodo* from the fa se priests of the heretics! but! instead! accepts them both as eHua y true. Aor neither can the abominab e baptism of heretics ma,e true Christians out of those who are bapti9ed with it! nor can their ordination ma,e true priests out of those ordained! accordin% to Aposto ica Canon 5GVIII. 'ote! moreo"er! that! as we ha"e said! ho y Baptism is performed in the type! or simi itude! of the cross and death of the 5ord. Aor #t. 6au says that -all of us who have been bapti$ed in :esus ;hrist have been bapti$ed in <is death (Com. ;1<). And -Therefore we have been buried with <im by baptism in death (Com. ;1:). And -we have been planted together in the li eness of <is death (Com. ;17). Ehy! e"en the cross was ca ed a baptism by the 5ord! accordin% to Chrysostom! when )e said1 -Are ye ab e N be bapti9ed with the baptism that I am bapti9ed withJ N Le sha N indeed ... be bapti9ed with the baptism that I am bapti9ed with. (@att. 23122B2<; Com. ;14). And a%ain1 - & have a baptism to be bapti$ed with, and how & am distressed till it be a''omplished (5u,e 12173). 48. If any ayman who has di"orced his wife ta,es another! or one di"orced by another man! et him be e*communicated. (c. 5GGGVII of ;th; c. GG of Anc.; c. GIII of Carth.; cc. GGI! GGGV! and 5GGVII of Basi .). Interpretation. Inasmuch as the 5ord decreed in )is $ospe that -Ehosoe"er sha di"orce his wife! sa"e on account of fornication! is causin% her to commit adu tery1 and whoso marrieth her who hath been di"orced doth commit adu tery. (@att. 71<2; 1414)! therefore the di"ine Apost es too! fo owin% the 5ordIs decree! say in the present Canon of theirs1 If any ayman who insists upon di"orcin% his wife! e*cept on the %round of fornication! which is to say adu tery (for the +"an%e ist here mistoo, the word fornication for adu tery. Concernin% this point see a so c. IV of 'yssa)! and ta,es another woman that is free to marry! et him be e*communicated. 5i,ewise et him be e*communicated if! after bein% di"orced from his wife without the %round of fornication! he ta,es another woman who is one a so di"orced from her husband without the %round of fornication! or! in other words! of adu tery. These thin%s which we ha"e said with reference to the husband must be understood to app y a so to the wife who ea"es her husband! sa"e on account of fornication! and ta,es another man as her husband. As for any man or any woman that separates from his or her mate without a reasonab e cause and remarries or is remarried! he or she sha be canoni9ed to ha"e no communion <<

for se"en "ears! accordin% to c. 5GGGVII of the ;th! c. GG of Ancyra! and cc. 5GGVII and GGGVII of Basi . Cead a so c. G5III of Cartha%e which prescribes that if a married coup e separate without the commission of fornication on the part of either spouse! either they must remain unmarried or they must become reconci iated and be reunited! as #t. 6au a so sas in chapter 7 of his AirstI +pist e to the Corinthians. 49. If any Bishop or 6resbyter bapti9e anyone not into the Aather and the #on and the )o y #pirit in accordance with the 5ordIs ordinance! but into three be%innin% ess bein%s or into three sons or into three comforters! et him be deposed. Interpretation. Ehen the 5ord sent forth )is discip es to preach the $ospe ! )e to d them1 -$o ye! therefore! and ma,e discip es of a nations! bapti9in% them in the name of the Aather! and of the #on! and of the )o y #pirit. (@att. 2?114). #o the present Aposto ica Canon prescribes that any Bishop or 6resbyter who! instead of bapti9in% in that manner! in accordance with the ordinance of the 5ordIs! bapti9es into three be%innin% ess bein%s! into three sons! or into three comforters sha be deposed. Aor certain heretics! b asphemin% a%ainst the )o y Trinity! were bein% bapti9ed in such a manner notwithstandin% that the Church of orthodo* Christians had recei"ed instructions to say the Aather on account of )is bein% be%innin%B ess and unbe%otten! e"en thou%h the #on is a so said to be be%innin% ess as respects any be%innin% in point of time! as #t. $re%ory the Theo o%ian theo o%ica y ar%ues1 and i,ewise to say the )o y #pirit! thou%h not with respect to cause and natura be%innin%! for this character be on%s on y to the Aather. Accordin% y! the formu a inc udes a #on on account of )is ineffab e birth! and a 6arac ete (or Comforter)! the )o y #pirit! on acc ount of )is superBrationa procession out of the Aather a one. 'ote! on the other hand! that a the Canons of the Apost es that re ate to and spea, of baptism mention on y Bishops and 6resbyters. Aor they a one ha"e permission to bapti9e! and deacons and other c er%ymen ha"e not. 50. Trine immersion in baptism. If any Bishop or 6resbyter does not perform three immersions ( itera y! -three baptisms.) in ma,in% one baptism ( itera y! -one initiation.)! but (sc. on y) a sin% e immersion ( itera y! -a sin% e baptism.)! that %i"en into the death of the 5ord! et him be deposed (sc. from office). Aor the 5ord did not say! -Bapti9e ye into my death!. but! - 2o ye and ma e dis'iples of all nations, bapti$ing them in the name of the Father, and of the "on, and of the <oly "pirit (@att. 2?114). Interpretation. There are three thin%s Huite necessary and in any case a to%ether indispensab e in the mystery (i.e.! sacrament) of )o y Baptism1 ho y water; trine immersion and emersion in the water; and an in"ocation of each of the three #uper%od #ubstances. In the fore%oin% :4th Canon the di"ine Apost es ordered and tau%ht concernin% the three in"ocations! what names we are to say! and in what order. In the present! or 73th! Canon they proceed to ordain concernin% the three immersions and emersions. This means! as we ha"e said! that these are necessary as re%ards what is simp y ca ed necessary! and are constituents of the true and orthodo* baptism. Accordin% y! without them not on y is a baptism incomp ete! but it cannot e"en be ca ed a baptism at a . Aor! if to bapti9e means in more fami iar an%ua%e to dip! then spea,in% of immersions in the water is the same thin% as spea,in% of three dips or baptisms; a dip is a so ca ed a baptism! and is not so ca ed because of anythin% e se. But et us see what the Apost es decree in re%ard to the word. Ehate"er bishop or presbyter in the sin% e mystery of baptism fai s to perform three baptisms! or three immersions! but <:

instead performs on y one immersion carried out as thou%h into the one death of the 5ord! et him be deposed from office. (#ee this Aposto ica Canon refutin% +unomius ( a Coman Catho ic bishop deposed A.D. <;1 ( the first to substitute a sin% e immersion in baptism! as we said before! thou%h other heretics may ha"e been doin% this e"en in the time of the ho y Apost es). #ince the 5ord did not te us! )is Apost es! when )e was sendin% us forth to preach! -Bapti9e ye in my death!. but instead )e to d us! -2o ye and ma e dis'iples of all nations, bapti$ing them in the name of the Father, and of the "on, and of the <oly "pirit ( which means! of course, bapti9e ye them with three immersions and emersions! and with each immersion add ye a oud each sin% e name of the )o y Trinity. Aor in a sin% e immersion and emersion neither is the three daysI death of the #a"ior perspicuous y represented nor are the mystery and the theo%nosy (i.e.! ,now ed%e of $od) of the )o y Trinity at a indicated. )ence any such baptism! bein% destitute of theo o%y! and of the incarnate economy! is most impious and cacodo*ica . But with three immersions and emersions both faith in the )o y Trinity is c ear y affirmed and the three daysI death and buria and resurrection of the #a"ior are at the same time symbo i9ed. Thence it conseHuent y fo ows that our baptism comprises the two foremost do%mas of our e*pression of the orthodo* faith ( that! I mean! of the theo o%y of the "i"ifyin% Trinity! and that of the incarnate economy of the $od 5o%os. 51. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon! or anyone at a on the sacerdota ist! abstains from marria%e! or meat! or wine! not as a matter of mortification! but out of an abhorrence thereof! for%ettin% that a thin%s are e*ceedin% y %ood! and that $od made man ma e and fema e! and b asphemous y misrepresentin% $odIs wor, of creation! either et him mend his ways or et him be deposed from office and e*pe ed from the Church. 5et a ayman be treated simi ar y. (Ap. c. 5III; c. GIII of the ;th; c. GIV of Ancyra; cc. I! IG! GIV! GGI of $an%ra; c. 5GGGVI of Basi .). Interpretation. #ince a thin%s are pure unto the pure in heart and conscience (Tit. 1117). - For every 'reature of 2od is good, and nothing is to be re5e'teds if it be re'eived with than sgiving (I Tim. :1:); 8ust as #t. 6au says in particu ar1 and there is nothin% that is common or -unc ean of itse f!. i.e.! impure in respect of its own nature and entity (Com. 1:11:). Aor this reason! too! the di"ine Apost es in their present Canon are at one in ordainin% that any bishop or presbyter or deacon! or anyone on the sacerdota ist of priests and c er%ymen! who for%ets that e"erythin% that $od has made is %ood! and that $od created man ma e and fema e ($en. 1127)! and abstains from marria%e! and from the eatin% of meat! and from the drin,in% of wine! not by way of mortification and temperance and discip ine of the f esh! but because he oathes them! and in this way b asphemes and misrepresents the wor, of $odIs creation by considerin% that it is unc ean and bad! any such person! I say! must either correct himse f and earn not to oathe and shun these thin%s by bethin,in% himse f of the fact that neither marria%e! nor awfu intercourse with a woman is harmfu ! nor is meat! nor wine! but on y the misuse of them. If! howe"er! he fai s to correct himse f! 0et him be deposed! and at the same time be e*communicated from the Church. 5i,ewise et any ayman who shou d oathe these thin%s be e*communicated. Concord In a%reement a so with their c. 5III the same Apost es depose those in ho y orders who fai to eat meat on feast days! or to drin, wine on such days! not for the sa,e of mortification! but out of abhorrence or abomination. The counci he d in $an%ra! on the other hand! e"en sub8ects to anathema those men who dispara%e matrimony and oathe a Christian woman who s eeps with her <7

awfu husband (in its c. I); and particu ar y those who remain "ir%ins! not for the sa,e of the %ood of "ir%inity itse f! but because they oathe awfu marria%e (c. IG); and that a woman who departs from her husband on the %round that she finds marria%e dis%ustin% (c. GIV). Aor this reason the #i*th +cum. C. in its c. GIII! fo owin% the present Aposto ica Canon and Ap. c. V! further ordains that the marria%e contracts of those in ho y orders are to remain in fu force and effect and indisso ub e; and that none of them are not to be forbidden the ho y orders simp y because they ha"e a awfu wife! seein% that! accordin% to the Apost e! - marriage is honorable, and the bed undefined ()eb. 1<1:). The counci held in Arcyra prescribes (in its c. GIV) that those presbyters and deacons who do not eat meat! as a matter of temperance! ou%ht to taste a itt e of it in order to a"oid rousin% the suspicion that they oathe it! and then e*ercise temperance and refrain from eatin% any more of it. 52. If any Bishop or 6resbyter sha refuse to we come bac, anyone returnin% from sin! but! on the contrary! re8ects him! et him be deposed from office! since he %rie"es Christ! who said1 -There is 8oy in hea"en o"er a sin% e sinner who repenteth.. (cc. 5III and GII of Cartha%e; @att. 1?112B1:; 5u,e 1717B13). Interpretation. <im that 'ometh to me & will in no wise 'ast out (0ohn ;1<7)! says the 5ord. It is for this reason that the di"ine Apost es in this Canon ordain that if any bishop or presbyter refuses to recei"e someone who is returnin% from sin and is repentant! but re8ects him and chases him away! i,e that 'o"atian who! oathin% him! in a way! and shunnin% him because of his sins! et him be deposed1 for by what he is doin% he is %rie"in% Christ! who has said! - there is 5oy in heaven, that is to say! amon% the an%e s in hea"en! -on a''ount of a single sinner who repents of=his previous sins (5u,e 1717). And if )e said )imse f a%ain! -& am not 'ome to 'all the righteous, but sinners to repentan'e (@att. 411<)! it is e"ident that one who refuses to we come bac, sinners is thwartin% and opposin% Christ. 'o one that thwarts Christ is a discip e of )is. 'o one who is not a discip e deser"es to be in ho y orders. Aor how can anyone be in ho y orders and be acceptab e to Christ when he has made himse f an antichrist and is thwartin% ChristIs wi J Concord. In ,eepin% herewith c. 5III of Cartha%e a so ordains that no bishop sha refuse $odIs %race and reconci iation to (theatrica ) actors and mimics when they return to $od. After such men ha"e become Christians they are not to be compe ed to return to the same p ays! accordin% to c. 5GGII of the same counci . Aor this reason the same Apost es in their In8unctions (Boo, 2! chapters 17 and :3) %i"e orders to the bishop with reference to those men who may be e*communicated by the rest of Christians on account of their sins! that he himse f is not to re8ect them or cast them away! but! on the contrary! is to associate with them and ta,e care of them! comfortin% and assistin% them! and te in% them1 -Be strong, ye wea hands and feeble nees (Isa. <71<)! est as a resu t of e*cessi"e %rief they become insane and mad. 0ust as #t. 6au too commanded the Corinthians to associate and ma,e o"e with that one who had been pre"ious y e*communicated! est as a resu t of o"erwhe min% %rief he be swa owed up by #atan and become despondent. Cead a so the epist e of Dionysius the Areopa%ite which he wrote to the Therapeutic Demophi us! and see how stron% y he censures and rebu,es him because he e8ected and ,ic,ed away from the Church a man who had returned from sin and had repented. In writin% to a certain presbyter by the name of Charic es who appeared to be hard on penitents! #t. 'i e censured him because he dared to appa Aaustinus with %rief notwithstandin% that the atter had confessed his sins outspo,en y and with %reat humi ity. The words of the Church Aather were the fo owin%1 -It seems! Charic es! that in p antin% the "ines of Christ you are s ac,! whereas in cuttin% off those p anted by )im and throwin% them out of the "ineyard you are ea%er <;

enou%h. @an a i"e! do not try to te us that when a person has done wron% but confesses outspo,en y he is not acceptab e to $od. Aor in sayin% these thin%s you are not far away from the 'o"atians! who deny repentance after baptism! as you refuse to accept ora repentance! and indeed when you ha"e earned that %reat @oses demanded the heB%oat from Aaron not ne% i%ent y but "io ent y! and thereby re"ea ed the confession and pardon of a sinfu sou . =f course it is we and hi%h y appropriate for the sou to repent with deeds and wor,s! that is! with fastin% and bodi y hardship. Let if anyone happens to be depri"ed of these he ps on account of wea,ness of the body or any other accident! but has a c ean ora confession! he is acceptab e to $od! who died for our sins; 8ust as @oses mi*ed %oat hair with byssus and %o d! "a ue ess thin%s with precious thin%s! in ma,in% the Tabernac e. I as, you what troub e the pub ican went to in order to be sa"ed. Eas he not sa"ed by mere words of humi ityJ Did the robber sweat much in %ettin% himse f transferred from the Cross to 6aradiseJ Eas he not sa"ed at the e*pense of a few wordsJ The same is true of @anasses. Ee ! then! care not so much about $odIs indi%nation! Charic es! but consider a so )is immense charitab eness and phi anthropy of $od. >For great is thy mer'y toward me,6 it says (6s. ?;11<). #o do not thou%ht ess y say that $od wi not accept words of repentance. Aor I wi retort that when you thin, that $od wants the si "er and %o d and any other cost y %ifts! but does not care for the twopence of the widow! how can you e*pect me to be ie"e that you ,now the Bib e! seein% that you for%et the #a"iorIs words! wherein he said that )is Aather does not want one of these itt e ones to be ost (@att. 1?11:)! whi e you demand many and ar%e onesJ @an a i"e! you are teachin% thin%s that are contrary to the #a"iorK And where do you put the sayin% of Isaiah1 >Be the first to tell thy sins, that thou mayest be 5ustified6 (Isa. :<12;)J $od! who created us! accepts not on y chastity of body! ordea s of martyrs! and ascetic stru%% es! but e"en sadness of countenance! when it is worn on account of oneIs sins. Lea! e"en fruit of ips ()eb. 1<117) confessin% the name of Christ. Aor some men can fi%ht bac,! whi e others cannot! because they are easi y defeated. And! to sum up the matter in a few words! many thin%s are done by sinners that seem to be trif es! yet they occasion %reat sa "ation to the penitents. 'otice that @oses! too! or rather $od throu%h @oses! ordains that men shou d offer as sacrifices for their sins not on y o*en and %oats (which are thin%s owned by the rich)! but! with attention to the weary men humb in% themse "es with the humb e! to pre"ent them from despondin%! )e moderated the aw so far as to demand on y a do"e and a itt e wheat f our. #o you too! presbyter! must be carefu to treat the man decent y who shows a contrite heart! and et him return and be sa"ed! not on y by as,in% sinners for fruits in the way of achie"ements and ascetic wor,s! but a so by acceptin% penitentia words of one who confesses his sins with humi ity and contrition of heart.. 53. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon! on the days of feasts wi not parta,e of meat and wine! because he oathes these thin%s! and not on account of asceticism! et him be deposed from office! on the %round that he has his own conscience seared and has become a cause of scanda to many. (Ap. c. 5I; c. GIV of Ancyra; cc. I! IG! GIV! GVIII of $an%ra; c. 5GGGVI of Basi .). Interpretation. This Canon too! i,e c. 5I (which a so read)! ordains that if any bishop or presbyter or deacon refuses to eat meat or to drin, wine on feast days! not as a matter of mortification and temperance! but because he oathes these thin%s! et him be deposed1 seein% that he has a seared conscience! or! to put it otherwise! he is ca ous (or insensib e! or unfee in%) and insentient (in much the same way as members of the human body become insentient when they happen to %et burned)! or one which is attainted and infected (in much the same way as those who ha"e cauteri9ed a sore e*udin% matter and pus); and seein% that he becomes an ob8ect of scanda to the mu titude of men who! %atherin% to%ether on feast days! are wont to ma,e a%apes! or common tab es! and to eat a to%ether1 such <7

tab es are ca ed by #t. 6au the 5ordIs supper! or the common mea ! in his Airst +pist e to the Corinthians (11121); concernin% them see the footnote to c. 5GGIV of the #i*th +cum. Counci . Concord. This accords with what #t. 6au says particu ar y in his Airst +pist e to Timothy (:12) about those heretics who had their conscience seared with a hot iron and who tau%ht men to abstain from foods because of oathsomeness. Cead a so Ap. c. 5I. 54. If any c er%yman be cau%ht eatin% in a ta"ern or any restaurant where into*icatin% be"era%es are ser"ed! et him be e*communicated! e*cept on y in case it happens to be at a wayside inn where he has put up for the ni%ht by necessity. (Ap. cc. G5II! G5III; c. IG of the ;th; c. GGII of the 7th; c. GGIV of 5aodicea; cc. G5VII! 5GIG of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. Those who ha"e been enro ed in $od ou%ht to be a mode of decent ife to the aity! in order to a"oid ha"in% the name of $od b asphemed on their account. Aor this reason the present Canon ordains that if any c er%yman be found eatin% a mea at a ta"ern! he sha be e*communicated. Aor what e se does the fact that they %o to a ta"ern si%nify than that they are i"in% an indecent ife! and that they are depra"ed! not on y as touchin% their desire for food and drin,! but a so as re%ards their other habits; seein% that indecent men and indecent and immodest women con%re%ate in ta"erns! so that he who associates with them cannot of course remain without a share in their "ices! since! accordin% to #t. 6au ! -e"i communications corrupt %ood manners. (I Cor. 171<<). The so e e*ception is when a c er%yman happens to be tra"e in% and! ha"in% no other p ace to %o to in order to spend the ni%ht! is ob i%ed to stop at a hote or wayside inn to ta,e a rest from his 8ourney. Cead a so the Interpretation of Ap. c. G5II. 55. If any C er%yman shou d insu t the Bishop! et him be deposed from office. Aor - thou sha not spea, i of thy peop eIs ru er.. (c. I of #t. #ophia (or -)o y Eisdom.); +*od. 2212?.). Interpretation. In "iew of the fact that a bishop and pre ate is considered to ha"e been mo ded conformab y to the 5ord and to be the sensib e (or tan%ib e) head of the body of the Church! he ou%ht to recei"e more honor than the rest of men in ho y orders. Aor this reason the present Canon ordains that any c er%ymen who insu ts the bishop sha be deposed from office! because it is written in the 5aw1 -Thou sha t not say bad thin%s about the eader and ru er of thy peop e! whether it be interna and spiritua ! that is to say! or e*terna and bodi y or corporea abuse. Aor it is for this reason that the bishop is a so ca ed a pre ate! as bein% the ru er of the priests! and a hierarch! as bein% the ru er of sacred thin%s! accordin% to di"ine @a*imus as we as Dionysius the Areopa%ite. Canon III of the counci he d at #t. #ophia says1 -Ehoe"er dares to stri,e or to imprison a bishop! without cause or for any fictitious and fa se cause! such a person sha be anathemati9ed.. 56. If any C er%yman shou d insu t a 6resbyter or a Deacon! et him be e*communicated. Interpretation. <?

6resbyters and deacons! functionin% as hands by which the bishop %o"erns the church! ou%ht to be accorded due honor a so! thou%h not so much as the pre ate. It is for this reason that the present Canon ordains that any c er%yman who insu ts a presbyter or deacon sha be e*communicated on y (which is a i%hter punishment)! and not be deposed from office! i,e the one who insu ts the bishop (which is an offense meritin% a hea"ier punishment). Aor! 8ust as the head is superior to the hands and a other members of the human body! whi e the hands are inferior to the head! so it fo ows too that those who dishonor the head deser"e %reater punishment! whi e those who dishonor the hands deser"e ess punishment. 57. If any C er%yman 8eers! f eers! or f outs! or contume ious y or scurri ous y or derisi"e y or moc,in% y scoffs or sneers at anyone who is ame or maimed! or who is deaf! or who is b ind! or who is a cripp e! et him be e*communicated. The same ru e app ies a so to a ayman. Interpretation. Those who ha"e members of their body cripp ed or maimed ou%ht indeed to e*pect and recei"e mercifu treatment! to be he ped and to be ed by those who ha"e hea thy and sound members! in fact! and not to be au%hed at and moc,ed. )ence the present Canon ordains that if any c er%yman moc,s a ame man! or a deaf man! or a b ind man! or a cripp e (i.e.! one whose e%s or feet ha"e been in8ured or maimed so as to be incapab e of efficient use)! et him be e*communicated. 5i,ewise if any ayman do such a thin%! et him be e*communicated. Aor is not the punishment and chastisement enou%h which $od %i"es them! by 8ud%ments whereof )e a one has ,now ed%e! and for that reason in addition to such chastisement must men ta,e $odIs 8ud%ment into their own hands and inf ict e*tra punishment on those unfortunates with their moc,ery and derisionJ =h what %reat ac, of fear of $od and what madnessK Aor the 5ordIs sa,e! brethren! hereafter ne"er dare to moc, or to shun such cripp es as thou%h they were an untouchab e fire or miasma! and to fo ow that i o%ica and most foo ish custom prescribed in the pro"erb which says1 -A"oid defecti"es.. =n the contrary! rather he p them in e"ery way that you can; in order that you may ha"e mercy bestowed upon you by the 5ord! for ha"in% shown yourse "es sympathetic and compassionate in re%ard to your fe ow ser"ants. That is why $od a so commands that no one sha b ame a deaf person for not hearin%! nor put obstac es in front of the feet of a b ind man because he cannot see. - Thou shalt not spea bad things about one who is deaf, and in front of one who is blind thou shalt not set a stumbling blo' 1 and thou shalt fear the Lord thy 2od (5e". 1411:). 58. If any Bishop or 6resbyter ne% ects the C er%y or the aity! and fai s to instruct them in piety! et him be e*communicated1 but if he persists in his ne% i%ence and indo ence! et him be deposed from office. (c GGV of :th; cc. GIG! 5GGG of ;th; c. GVI of stBandB2nd; cc. GI! GII of #ard. ec. 5GGIG! 5GGGII! 5GGGVI! CGGGI! CGGGII! CGGGIII of Cartha%e; c. VI of 'yssa; c. G of Archbishop 6eter.). Interpretation. It is the bishopIs indispensab e duty to teach the aity sub8ect to him the do%mas of piety e"ery day! and to ad8ust it to a correct be ief and to a "irtuous manner of ife. Aor $od says throu%h the prophet +9e,ie ! to the eaders of peop es1 - "on of man, & have made thee a wat'hman over the house of &srael, and over the house of :udah1 unless thou give warning, and state publi'ly, that the ini*uitous man shall die in his ini*uity, & will re*uire his blood at thy hand (+9e,. <117B1?). <4

It is for that reason that the present Canon ordains that if any bishop or presbyter (presbyters too need to teach) ne% ects his c er%ymen and a the rest of the aity! and fai s to teach them the doctrines and wor,s of piety! et him be e*communicated unti he corrects himse f. If! howe"er! he persists in his ne% i%ence and indo ence! et him be deposed as unworthy of the episcopate or presbytery! as the case may be. Concord. It is furthermore notab e that e"en the #i*th in its c. GIG ordains that whi e the eaders of peop es ou%ht to teach their c er%y and aity e"ery day! yet they ou%ht to do so especia y and thorou%h y on #undays! by readin% from the )o y #criptures the thou%hts of truth! 8ust as they are interpreted by the Aathers and $odBbearin% teachers of the Church. Canon CGGGII of Cartha%e says that if a bishop payin% no attention to heretics in his pro"ince is reminded of this fact by nei%hborin% bishops! and after si* months he has ta,en no measures to correct the situation! those re%ions are to be turned o"er to another bishop who can con"ert them. If! on the other hand! the ne% ectfu bishop has stated fa se y that those heretics ha"e 8oined the catho ic Church! and that on this account he paid no attention to them! such bishop sha ose his episcopate! accordin% to c. CGGGIII of the same C. A%ain! c. 5GGIG of the same C. ordains that neither must he stay for a on% time in re%ions that are sub8ect to his 8urisdiction! whi e ne% ectin% that re%ion in which his own throne is situated. Canon GVI of the stBMB2nd deposes one who is absent from his pro"ince for more than si* months (without i ness or Imperia or 6atriarcha business to transact or ser"ices to perform)! and in such a case it commands that another man be ordained in his stead. In this connection! cc. GI and GII of the #ardican a ows him a shorter time yet! name y! on y three wee,s! to absent himse f from it. The same time is specified in c. 5GGG of the ;th. But c. GGV of the :th ordains that metropo itans may defer ordination of their bishops on y for three months e*cept on y a on%er period is indispensab y necessary. Eith a "iew to such a contin%ency and the "ariances of the aity c. 5GGGII of Cartha%e a ows a year for the insta ation of a bishop in a "acant pro"ince! but not more. A%ain! its c. 5GGGVI is a"erse to ha"in% pro"inces eft for a on% time without the ser"ices of a bishop of their own. +"en c. G of Archibishop 6eter deposes those who ea"e the f oc, of the 5ord! but %o of their own accord to martyrdom! and who ha"e first denied! but ha"e ater confessed the faith. #o %reat is the ob i%ation and indispensab e the ser"ice which pre ates owe to the aity entrusted to their care. )ence e"en thou%h there be nothin% e se to restrain them from ne% ectin% their duty! yet! un ess they are drun,! et them be incited to do their duty by the name of Bishop which they bear and which si%nifies %uardin% and ,eepin% a watch. Bein% on %uard! they ou%ht to ,eep awa,e and ,eep their eyes open and see what is %oin% on! and not to ne% ect matters and become s eepy. Aor it was on this account! indeed! that the sacred synthronus has been estab ished and ocated in the "icinity of the sacrificia a tar! in order that! by ascendin% upon it and sittin% in it! the bishop may oo, down from abo"e and o"ersee! as from a ofty coi%n of "anta%e! the aity sub8ect to him and beneath him! and can o"ersee it more accurate y; whi e the presbyters standin% beside him or sittin% ne*t to him are hence incited and stimu ated to super"ise thin%s themse "es and to offer the aity preparati"e instruction and %uidance! as coBwor,ers a otted to the bishop! as Fonaras says. The same conception is afforded by the bishopIs throne which stands in the church! bein% hi%her than other seats! and on this account ca ed the hi%hest Eatchtower! and sacred pinnac e of the throne! accordin% to Deacon I%natius (in his ife of 6atriarch 'icephorus). If! on the other hand! the bishop and the presbyters are i%norant and ha"e no abi ity to teach! they ou%ht! to be consistent! to in"ite teachers and preachers to come in from other re%ions! a owin% them enou%h to i"e on and payin% them a suitab e remuneration. They ou%ht further to estab ish schoo s in their parishes! and by means of them to defray the cost of teachin% which they owe to the peop e. =therwise the authority of the Canons must pre"ai at a times. :3

59. If any Bishop or 6resbyter fai s to supp y necessities when any of the c er%y is in want! et him be e*communicated. If he persists! et him be deposed! as ha"in% murdered his brother. (Ap. cc. IV! G5I.). Interpretation. The property and re"enue of the churches are ca ed resources! because they are the sources from which necessities are distributed to the po"ertyBstric,en. And if the officia s of the churches ou%ht to distribute them to the needy and those in want in any other cases! how much more ou%ht they not to distribute them to the c er%ymen dependent upon them who are indi%ent and in wantJ That is the reason why the present Canon ordains that if any bishop or presbyter fai s to supp y the necessities of ife from the resources of the bishopric or parish (for e"en the parishes of presbyters had a re"enue! concernin% which see the footnote to c. IV of the :th) to any c er%yman of that bishopric or of that parish that is in want! et him be e*communicated unti such time as he starts %i"in% a supp y. If! howe"er! he persists in his piti essness! et him be deposed entire y; for! so far ay within his wi ! be became the murderer of his brother; for! of course! anyone who ac,s the necessities of ife must die; whi e one who has them and refuses to %i"e to one who ac,s them and is in dan%er! is indisputab e a s ayer of this person. If! howe"er! the atter did not rea y die! di"ine 6ro"idence ha"in% pro"ided for him throu%h other friends of the poor! the one who had and wou d not %i"e is 8ud%ed to be a murderer because of his piti essness and crue ty. Cead a so Ap. c. IV; and further G5V! which ordains that the bishop ou%ht to supp y the needs both of himse f and of any brethren who happen to be his %uests! from the property and re"enue of the churches. But if he ou%ht to supp y the needs of his %uests! how much ou%ht not he to supp y those of the c er%ymen who are sub8ect to himJ 60. If anyone reads to the pub ic in churches the boo,s of impious writers bearin% fa se inscriptions and purportin% to be ho y! to the in8ury of aity and c er%y! et him be deposed. (cc. II and 5GIII of the ;th; c. IG of the 7th; c. 5I of 5aodicea.). Interpretation. =f e*istin% boo,s some! written by heretics or other impious men! ha"e been fa se y ascribed to saints in their tit eBpa%e or co"er! with a "iew to decei"in% and mis eadin% the more simp eBminded. +*amp es of such boo,s are the soBca ed -$ospe accordin% to #t. Thomas!. which was written by @anichees but ascribed to the Apost e Thomas by name; the soBca ed -Ce"e ations. of Abraham! of Isaac! of 0acob! and of the Theoto,e (i.e.! Vir%in @ary); the babb ements of Chrysoma es! which the heretic 6amphi us inscribed as Theo o%ica Verses; and count ess other such wor,s! mention of which is made by #t. @e etius the Confessor in b an, "erse in what he entit ed -The A phabet of a phabets.. =ther boo,s which were =rthodo* and pious! and written by =rthodo* Christians and saints! were adu terated by heretics ater! 8ust as the In8unctions of the Apost es throu%h C emens were adu terated by cacodo*ica miscreants! on which account they were re8ected too! as asserted by the #i*th +cumenica Counci in its second Canon. A so the apocrypha boo,s of + i8ah! and of 0eremiah! and of +noch! and of sti other eminent prophets and patriarchs. )ence it is that the present Aposto ica Canon ordains that whoe"er ma,es pub ic and has peop e read in church as ho y boo,s the boo,s of heretics and cacodo*ica authors bearin% fa se tit es or fa se y ascribed to others! in order to hurt the sou s of the common aity and of c er%ymen! sha be deposed from office. Aor such boo,s ou%ht to be condemned! or at east to be hidden away from si%ht! and not to be read in church. :1

Concord. Eherefore the #i*th Counci in its c. 5GIII ordains that as for the martyro o%ies fictitious y for%ed by the enemies of the truth! in order to dishonor the martyrs of Christ! and in order to cause peop e to become disbe ie"ers because of the stran%eness of their contents! they must not be pub ished! but must be consi%ned to the f ames. But a so as re%ardin% those who accept them as true! they are to be anthemati9ed. #o those are not doin% ri%ht who read in church the ta e ascribed to 0ames the brother of $od at the feast of the birthday of the Theoto,e1 for one thin%! because it contains a ot of stran%e thin%s which no other Aather of our Church mentions! such as that especia y which it says to the effect that 0oseph the husbandBtoBbe brou%ht a midwife to assist in that awfu and snowBwhite birth of our 5ord out of the Vir%in which surpasses the human inte ect; and for another thin%! because the said #t. @e etius c asses this ta e too amon% the spurious and fa se yBentit ed boo,s of heretics. Canon IG of the 7th deposes c er%ymen! and e*communicates aymen and mon,s who concea and fai to re"ea fa se writin%s that are a%ainst the ho y icons! in order that they may not become pub ic y ,nown! but be put a on% with the other boo,s of heretics in the ibrary of Constantinop e. 61. If a char%e of fornication! or of adu tery! or of any other forbidden act be brou%ht a%ainst a faithfu one! and be pro"ed! et him not be promoted to the c er%y. (c. VI of the 2nd; cc. 5IG! CGGGVIII of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. If any man be cau%ht in fornication! or adu tery! or any other such impropriety! not on y when he is a c er%yman and in ho y orders! accordin% to c. GGV of the Apost es! but e"en when he is a ayman! he is pre"ented from becomin%! not on y a priest! but e"en a mere c er%yman! that is to say! e"en an ana%nost or a psa t or a 8anitor! or anythin% at a in the way of minor offices of the church! as the present Canon ordains! by sayin%1 If anyone shou d brin% a char%e a%ainst any Christian on the a e%ed %round that he has committed fornication or adu tery or any other sinfu act forbidden by the sacred Canons! if it be pro"ed beyond a doubt that such Christian rea y committed the sinfu act with which he is char%ed! et him not be promoted to a c erica office! i.e.! et him not be ordained a c er%yman of the Church. )owe"er! the persons of the accusers and of the %ainsayers ou%ht to be e*amined first! to ma,e sure they are not s a"es or persons that ha"e been emancipated from s a"ery! and that they are not forbidden by ci"i aws to brin% char%es! accordin% to c. CGGGVIII of Cartha%e! which says1 -6ro"ided they are not themse "es accused by others. Aor none of these men are a owed to brin% char%es a%ainst any person whatsoe"er! un ess they first pro"e themse "es innocent of those crimes of which they ha"e been accused! both accordin% to Armenopou os (Boo, 1! Tit e II) and accordin% to c. VI of the 2nd +cum. C. If! howe"er! the accusers are free from the abo"e impediments and pro"e the char%e to be true which they brou%ht a%ainst the candidate in Huestion! the atter cannot become a c er%yman. But if! on the other hand! they are unab e to pro"e the char%e within three months! they themse "es are to be e*communicated fore"er from the communion of the intemerate mysteries by the pre ate who is about to ordain the c er%yman! on the %round that they are s anderers and ca umniators! whi e the one s andered and ca umnious y misrepresented is to be ordained a c er%yman as ha"in% shown himse f to be c ear and not %ui ty of the char%e; as is en8oined in the first ordinance of the first tit e of the 'o"e s (6hotius! Tit e I! ch. ?). Aor this reason the same 'o"e prescribes that ordinations ( that is to say! the "otes of bishops and c er%ymen ( must be %i"en in front of a the aity of the church! so that anyone who wishes to spea, may ha"e permission and the opportunity to do so . )ence in conformity therewith c. 5IG of Cartha%e says the same thin%! prescribin% that if! when the "otes are ta,en and the e ections are he d of pre ates! any ob8ection be raised by anyone in the way of an accusation of crimes! the ob8ectors are to be e*amined! and after the candidate appears to be c ear before the eyes of a the aity of the char%e that ha"e been brou%ht a%ainst him! then he is to be ordained a bishop. But it is p ain that this :2

which the Counci says with reference to a bishop! is to be understood as app yin% a so to c er%ymen. Concernin% the atter see the footnotes to Ap. c. II and cc. V and GIII of 5aodicea! and Ap. c. GGG. 62. If any C er%yman! for fear of any human bein%! whether the atter be a 0ew or a $ree, or a heretic! shou d deny the name of Christ! et him be cast out and re8ectedI! or if he deny the name of c er%yman! et him be deposed! and if he repent! et him be accepted as a ayman. (c. G of the 1st; cc. I! II! III! GII of Ancyra; of 6eter the Archbishop G! GIV; 5etter of Athanasius to Cuf.; c. G5V of Basi ; c. II of Theophi us.). Interpretation. The present Canon commands that if any c er%yman! out of fear of human punishment! at the hands! that is to say! of 0ews! or of $ree,s! or of heretics! shou d deny the name of Christ! et him be deposed! after he has repented! from his c erica office! but a so et him additiona y be cast out of the Church and e*c uded therefrom! and et him stand in the c ass of penitents. But if on account of fear of any human bein% he shou d disa"ow the name of his c erica office! which is the same as sayin% if he shou d deny that he is such or such a c er%ymen! or an ana%nost! that is to say! or a psa t! or anythin% e se! et him be deposed on y from his c erica office. Aor it be but 8ust that he shou d be depri"ed of that which he has denied and disowned. But after such a one has repented! et him be a owed to accept communion a on% with the faithfu as a ayman! or! in other words! et him be a owed to 8oin in prayer with the faithfu . Concord. Canons I and II of Ancyra ordains that those presbyters and deacons who ha"e tru y sacrificed and denied on account of tortures inf icted by persecutors! but afterwards! ha"in% "anHuished the enemy! ha"e confessed their faith! are commanded to ha"e the honor of sittin% a on% with presbyters in hi%h seats! but are not to offer sacrifice or to teach or to perform any sacerdota office. 5i,ewise c. G of 6eter the Archbishop depri"es those of the ministry who ha"e "o untari y and of their own accord rushed to martyrdom! but after denyin%! ha"e ater a%ain %ained the "ictory and ha"e confessed the faith. But a c er%ymen who ha"e ta,en incense in their hands! or any food! under stress of coercion! and ha"e uphe d the faith "a iant y! not on y are they not to ose their ministeria office! but they are e"en to be numbered amon% confessors! accordin% to c. GIV of 6eter. 'ot on y are those who ha"e denied after bein% admitted to ho y order to be deposed from office! but a so those who had former y denied but had afterwards been ordained and ha"e been disco"ered are to be deposed from office. A so see c. G of the Airst. 63. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon! or anyone e se on the sacerdota ist at a ! eat meat in the b ood of its sou ! or that has been ,i ed by a wi d beast! or that has died a natura death! et him be deposed. Aor the 5aw has forbidden this. But if any ayman do the same! et him be e*communicated. (c. 5GVII of ;th; c. II of Ancyra; Acts 1712?B24.). Interpretation. Because of the fact that e"en $od in %i"in% the aw about comestib es to 'oah said to him1 -+"ery mo"in% thin% that i"eth sha be food for you; e"en i,e the %reen herb ha"e I %i"en you a thin%s. But meat in the b ood of its sou sha ye not eat. ($en. 41<B:)! in the present Canon the di"ine Apost es ordain that any bishop! or presbyter! or deacon! or anyone e se on the ist of priests and :<

c er%ymen! sha be deposed from office if he eat meat with b ood! which is the anima Is ife! meanin% stran% ed! accordin% to Chrysostom; or if he shou d eat meat ,i ed by a wi d beast ( that is to say! an anima cau%ht and ,i ed by a wo f! say! or by a bear! or by any other such beast! or by a "u ture; or if he shou d eat meat that has died a natura death ( that is to say! a carcass that has died of itse f1 any c er%yman! in other words! that is %ui ty of eatin% such f esh sha be deposed from office! since the 5aw too prohibits the eatin% of it! inc udin% both the aw %i"en to 'oah! as we ha"e said! and that %i"en to @oses in ch. 17 of 5e"iticus. If! howe"er! the one who ate it shou d be a ayman! he sha be e*communicated. Concord. @oreo"er! in the new 5aw of the $ospe too such thin%s are not a owed to be eaten. Aor these same Apost es he d a meetin% and wrote to the heathen inhabitants of Antioch and of #yria and of Ci icia the fo owin% words1 -&t has seemed right to the <oly "pirit and to us not to impose any further burden upon you, e0'ept what is ne'essary in these matters, to wit1 to abstain from eating food offered to idols, and blood, and forni'ation (Acts 1712?B24). The reason why anima s ,i ed by wi d beasts or preyed upon by "u tures! and those which ha"e died a natura death or which ha"e been stran% ed! are forbidden is that not a their b ood has been remo"ed! but! on the contrary! most of it remains in them! bein% scattered throu%hout the "ein ets of a the meat! from which "ein ets there is no way for it to escape. Eherefore those who eat them are eatin% meat in the b ood of its sou . Accordin% y! c. 5GVII of the ;th deposes any c er%yman that eats b ood in any manner or by any de"ice whate"er! whi e! on the other hand! it e*communicates a ayman for doin% so. Canon II of $an%ra a so forbids the eatin% of b ood and stran% ed f esh and food offered to ido s. 64. If any C er%yman be found fastin% on #unday! or on #aturday with the e*ception of one on y! et him be deposed from office. If! howe"er! he is a ayman! et him be e*communicated. (cc. 5V! 5VI of ;th; c. GVIII of $an%ra; c. GGIG of 5aodicea; c. GV of 6eter the Archbishop; c. I of Theophi us.). Interpretation. Aastin% is one thin%! and ea"in% off fastin% is another thin%! and abo ishin% fastin% is sti another thin%. Thus! fastin%! proper y spea,in%! is comp ete abstinence from food of a ,inds! or e"en when one eats but once a day! about the ninth hour! dry food! or! more e*p icit y spea,in%! p ain bread and water a one. 5ea"in% off fastin% is when one eats before the ninth hour! e"en thou%h it be mere y fi%s! or mere y currants or raisins! or anythin% e se of this ,ind; or if! besides bread and water! he shou d eat a so some ,inds of fru%a and cheap comestib es! such as! for instance! e%umes! wine! o i"e oi ! or she fish. Abo ishin% fastin%! on the other hand! is when one eats of a foodstuffIs! inc udin% meat! say! and fish! and mi ,! and cheese! and the rest. #o it may be said that in the present Canon the di"ine Apost es ordain that if any c er%yman be found in the habit of fastin% on #unday or on #aturday with comp ete abstinence from a food of e"ery ,ind whatsoe"er! or e"en by eatin% on y bread and water at the ninth hour! with the e*ception of one #aturday on y! name y! that which is ,nown as -$reat #aturday. amon% =rthodo* Christians (thou%h by others ca ed -)o y #aturday.)! durin% which the body of the 5ord was in the sepu cher! and durin% which a of us =rthodo* Christians habitua y fast! in accordance with the utterance of the 5ord! who said1 - the days will 'ome, when the bridegroom shall be ta en from them, and then shall they fast (@att. 4117); see a so the footnote to c. GGIG of the ;th ( then and in that case! I say! et any such c er%yman be deposed from office! or if it be a ayman that is fastin% on any of these days! et him be e*communicated. Aor as re%ards #aturday we do not fast! main y and essentia y because it is a day of rest and the one on which $od rested from a )is wor,s of creation! in accordance with the ::

Apost esI In8unctions (usua y ca ed -Constitutions. in +n% ish)! but improper y and inessentia y because the @arcionists used to fast on that day! thereby contra"enin% the honor due to the Creator of a thin%s! accordin% to #t. +piphanius (in his )aer! ad"ersus @arcionem). Besides! e"en @ar%ounius! in his interpretation of c. GI of Ancyra! says that the heretics ca ed Co outhians and Apo inarians a so used to fast on #aturday with a "iew to redeemin% the s eepin% ones. #o! in addition to the rea and inner reason why we do not fast on #aturday! which is! as we said! that on that day the Creator of a thin%s too, a rest! there is the further reason for not fastin% in that we thus a"oid the semb ance of a%reein% with the said heretics. =n #unday! of course! we do not fast on account of the uni"ersa 8oy attendin% the resurrection of our 5ord. Aor it brin%s remembrance of the #abbath of the first creation and formation of the wor d as its end and sea . But #unday preser"es a picture of the second creation and reformation as its be%innin%! but rather a so as the be%innin% of the first creation too. Concord. That is why the #i*th Counci ! confirmin% in its c. 5V the present Aposto ica Canon! commands that those residin% in o d Come shou d ,eep it without any a teration of it! as they were in the habit of fastin% on #aturdays of )o y 5ent! whereas 6eter the ho y martyr in his c. GV ca s #unday a day of %reat 8oy. Eith these e*ceptions! howe"er! that ha"e been made in what has been said! there is no permission %i"en to anyone to abo ish the #aturdays and #undays of the 5ent in re%ard to cheese and e%%s! accordin% to c. GVI of the ;th! but on y in re%ard to wine and oi and she fish. But neither has anyone permission to suspend a wor, on #aturday! but on y on #unday. Aor c. GGIG of 5aodicea anathemati9es Christians doin% this! on the %round that they are 0udai9in%. #ince! howe"er! the Counci of $an%ra! in its c. GVIII! anathemati9es those who fast on #unday! not for true mortification and temperance! but for ostensib e! or! more p ain y spea,in%! such as is mere y fei%ned and hypocritica ; and since c. 5III of the Apost es deposes any c er%yman that does not eat meat nor drin, wine on feast days! not with a "iew to se fBmortification and temperance! but because he oathes these thin%s! it is to be inferred as a conseHuence of these premises that those men are not trans%ressors of this Canon who for the sa,e of true se fBmortification carried out with %od inessand modesty fast for ten or fifteen days and as an ine"itab e conseHuence fast a so on the inter"enin% days of #aturday and #unday herein forbidden! as is a so ac,now ed%ed by both Fonaras and Ba samon in unison! as much in their interpretation of Ap. c. 5III as in that of the present Ap. c. Let e"en such persons! on these days! and especia y on #unday! ou%ht not to fast a day on%; that is the same as sayin% that they ou%ht not pass the day without parta,in% of any feed at a ! but! instead! ou%ht to ea"e off their fastin%! e"en before the ninth hcur and with some sort of comestib e that wi ser"e them as a means of ea"in% off but not abo ishin% their fast. In such a fashion! for e*amp e! c. I of Theophi us! with a "iew to a"oidin% the heresies of those who did not honor #unday as the 5ordIs day! pro"ided a way to ea"e off fastin% on this day by mere y parta,in% of dates! with remar,ab e science and discernment. Aor as a matter of fact precise y in the same way with this pro"ision for ea"in% off oneIs fastin%! he both ,ept the Canons which ordain that we must not fast on #unday! and at the same time preser"ed the respectabi ity of the reHuirement to fast on the e"e of Theophany e"en when it happens to fa on a #unday! so too did they succeed in accomp ishin% their purpose of temperance and se fBmortification by ea"in% off fastin% throu%h the he p of the pro"ision to parta,e of a itt e food of some sort before the ninth hour! and thus they do not become trans%ressors of the Canons. Di"ine #t. 0erome a so confirms the permissibi ity of fastin% on #aturday for the sa,e of true temperance and se fBmortification. Aor in rep y to 5ycinius when the atter as,ed whether he ou%ht to fast on #aturday! #t. 0erome answered1 -As far as desirab e $od %a"e us power to fast e"ery day.. 'ot because of any oathin% of food! that is to say! not for any ostensib e and fictitious se fB mortification! not by way of showin% contempt for the Canons! not on account of any obser"ance of :7

the 5aw! but for the sa,e of true temperance! as we ha"e said! and re"erence! - though every man that striveth for mastery is temperate in all things (I Cor. 4127). 65. If any C er%yman! or 5ayman! enter a syna%o%ue of 0ews! or of heretics! to pray! et him be both deposed and e*communicated. (Ap. cc. VII! G5V! 5GGI; c. GI of the =th; c. I of Antioch; cc. VI! GGGII! GGGIII! GGGVII! GGGVIII of 5aodicea.). Interpretation. The present Canon rec,ons it a %reat sin for a Christian to enter a syna%o%ue of 0ews or of heretics in order to pray( For what portion hath a believer with an infidel, (II Cor. ;117)! accordin% to the di"ine Apost e. Aor if the 0ews themse "es are "io atin% the 5aw by %oin% into their syna%o%ues and offerin% sacrifices! in "iew of the fact that the offerin% of sacrifices anywhere outside of 0erusa em is forbidden! accordin% to the 5aw (as is attested by di"ine #t. 0ustin in his dia o%ue with Tryphon! and by #o9omenus in his +cc esiastica )istory! Boo, 7! ch. 21! and by #t. Chrysostom in his second discourse a%ainst the 0ews)! how much more is not that Christian "io atin% the aw who prays a on% with the crucifiers of ChristJ @oreo"er! it is a so to be emphasi9ed that any church of heretics! or any re i%ious meetin% of theirs! ou%ht not to be honored or attended! but rather ou%ht to be despised and re8ected! on the %round that they be ie"e thin%s contrary to the be iefs of =rthodo* Christians. )ence it is that the present Canon ordains that if any c er%yman or ayman enters the syna%o%ue of the 0ews or that of heretics for the sa,e of prayer! the c er%yman sha be deposed from office and at the same time be e*communicated on the %round that he has committed a %reat sin! but as for the ayman he is to be e*communicated on y! since! inasmuch as he is a ayman! he has sinned to a ess de%ree than has the c er%yman! in so doin%! and because as a ayman he is not iab e to deposition and cannot therefore be deposed. =r! to spea, more correct y! as others interpret the matter! the c er%yman that enters a syna%o%ue of 0ews or heretics to pray sha be deposed from office! whi e any ayman that does the same thin% sha be e*communicated. Cead a so the interpretation of Ap. c. VII and that of Ap. c. G5V. 66. If any C er%yman stri,es anyone in a fi%ht! and ,i s by a sin% e b ow! et him be deposed from office for his inso ence. But if he be a ayman! et him be e*communicated. (c. GCI of the ;th; cc. GGI! GGII! GGIII of Ancyra; Athanasius in his +pist es; cc. II! VIII! GI! GIII! GGGIII! G5III! 5II! 5IV! 5VI! 5VII; c. V of 'yssa.). Interpretation. In their c. GGVII the di"ine Apost es depose c er%ymen who either stri,e be ie"ers for ha"in% sinned or unbe ie"ers for ha"in% wron%ed someone! as we e*p ained in connection with the interpretation of that Canon. But in the present Canon they ordain that if any c er%yman durin% a fi%ht! i.e.! in a Huarre ! shou d stri,e anyone e"en a sin% e hea"y b ow and from this a one the man shou d die! such c er%yman sha be deposed from office! if not because he struc, a hea"y b ow! if not because he ,i ed the man without wantin% to do so! but because he was o"ercome by an%er and pro"ed inso ent and pert in iftin% his arm and stri,in% a b ow! a thin% which is forbidden to c er%ymen (I omit sayin% for the %reat and dead y sin of the murder he committed); but if it be a ayman that committed the murder! he sha be e*communicated e"en from the mysteries as we as from the con%re%ation and church of the faithfu . Concord. :;

'ote that accordin% to c. VIII of #t. Basi the $reat some murders are wi fu ! and other murders are somethin% between in"o untary and wi fu ! or rather to say they appro*imate more or ess c ose y to wi fu and intentiona murders. Thus an in"o untary murder is one which occurs when anyone throwin% a stone at a tree or at a do% happens to hit a human bein% with it and ,i s the atter. A wi fu murder! on the other hand! is one in which someone ta,es a ,nife or a %un in order to ,i ! after the manner of those who are robbers and those who %o to war. Thus! accordin% to c. V of 'yssa a wi fu murder is that which ta,es p ace with preparation and de iberation or meditation. But a,in to wi fu murders is that in which whi e fi%htin% with another a man hits him with a stic, or c ub or unmercifu y with his fist! in a spot that is dan%erous and fata . The Bishop of 'yssa in his abo"eB mentioned Canon 8ud%es such a s ayin% to be wi fu murder! a s ayin%! that is to say! such as is the one referred to abo"e in the present Aposto ica Canon! which is wi fu accordin% to Canon of 'yssa! and near y wi fu ! accordin% to Basi ! because the murderer used such an instrument in order to hit another person! and because he struc, the man unmercifu y in a dead y spot! when he himse f was utter y o"ercome by an%er. =n the who e! to state the case brief y! a murder! accordin% to the 'omicon of 6hotius! Tit e IG! ch. 2;! must be considered with due re%ard to the disposition and intention of the s ayer! that is to say! as to whether he had the intention and purpose to ,i a person! or not. The disposition a%ain must be considered with due re%ard to the instrument or weapon he used in the s ayin%. Aor this reason many times when someone stri,es another but does not ,i him he is punished as a murderer on account of the intention he had to ,i . =n the contrary a man is not punished as a murderer simp y because he ,i ed another man if he intended on y to hit the man but not to ,i him. #o that these two considerations suffice to determine the difference between wi fu murder and in"o untary homicide with due re%ard to the disposition and impetuosity of the s ayer and with due re%ard to the instrument or weapon he used. Amon% wi fu murders are those committed by women who %i"e herbs to pre%nant women in order to ,i the embryos; and i,ewise those who accept such herbs as is decreed by the #i*th Counci in its c. GCI and by the Counci of Ancyra in its c. GGI and by #t. Basi accordin% to his cc. II and VIII. But more charitab y they are condemned and sentenced not for ife but for a term of ten years by both this same c. GGI of the Counci of Ancyra and c. II of #t. Basi . @oreo"er those women who %i"e men dru%s and herbs in order to entice them into the c utches of their #atanic o"e which thin%s (often ca ed o"e potions in +n% ish) ma,e those ta,in% them di99y and not infreHuent y cause their death as is mentioned by Basi the $reat in his aforesaid c. VIII are i,ewise %ui ty of murder. +"en a woman that ne% ects her chi d and ets it die is considered a murderess! accordin% to cc. GGGIII and 51I of the same Basi . The Aaster (0ohn) in his c. GGVI says that women that throw down their infants at the doors of churches are considered murderesses. Armenopou os (in his +pitome of the Canons) adds that this "ery same aw has been decreed by a conci iar decision or that it has been made by a synodica decree. In his c. GGIII the same Aaster says that any mother that fa s as eep on top of her infant and smothers it to death is considered a murderess it this occurred as a resu t of her ne% i%ence and care essness. In c. G5II1 he says that whoe"er has %i"en his brother a dead y wound (or dead y b ow) is a murderer whether he was the one who started the matter by stri,in% the first b ow! or it was his brother who did so. As for in"o untary murder (or homicide)! the Counci of Ancyra accordin% to its c. GGIII fi*es the pena ty at se"en years or fi"e years! whi e c. 5VII of #t. Basi fi*es it at e e"en years. A so in his c. GI he says that e e"en years are enou%h to ser"e as punishment for the in"o untary murder which one has committed if he i"es on% enou%h to ser"e it out. Canon V of 'yssa fi*es it at nine years. Canon GG of the Aaster fi*es it at three years. But as for wi fu murder! the Counci of Ancyra separates the murderer from the @ysteries for the rest of his ife! accordin% to its c. GGII! whi e #t. Basi ! in his c. 5VI sentences him to a term of twenty years; and the Bishop of 'yssa to a term of twentyBse"en years! in his c. V; fina y! the Aaster! in his c. GG! fi*es the term at fi"e years. As for any c er%ymen that stri,e and ,i robbers who ha"e attac,ed them! they are to be deposed from :7

office! accordin% to Basi Is c. 5V. +"en the Bishop of 'yssa says! in his c. V! that thou%h one murder a man in"o untari y! he is ne"erthe ess to be depri"ed of the %race of ho y orders. And %enera y spea,in% from a uni"ersa point of "iew it may be said that a c er%ymen without e*ception that ,i anyone! whether it be intentiona y or unintentiona y! and whether it be that they ha"e done so with their own hands or ha"e had others do the actua ,i in%! are ipso facto deposed! accordin% to the determination made by Constantine the 6atriarch of Ch iarinus. Those men! on the other hand! who %o to war and ,i the enemies for pietyIs sa,e (i.e.! in the cause of re i%ion) to assure the sobriety and common peace of their brethren! deser"e to be praised! accordin% to Athanasius! in his etter to Ammoun; whereas! accordin% to Basi ! they must abstain from the mysteries for three years on y on the %round that their hands are not free from the stain of b ood! accordin% to his c. GIII. Aor the so ution of this apparent contradiction! see the footnote to the same c. GIII of Basi . 67. If anyone is ,eepin% a "ir%in whom he has forcib y raped! thou%h she be not en%a%ed to another man! et him be e*communicated. And et it not be permissib e for him! to ta,e another! but et him be ob i%ed to ,eep her whom he has made his choice e"en thou%h she happen to be indi%ent. (cc. GGII! GGIII! GGV! GGVI of Basi .). Interpretation. The present Canon ordains that whosoe"er rapes a "ir%in by force and "io ence that is not en%a%ed to be married to another man! and is ,eepin% her in his house or at his home! sha be e*communicated for this forcib e rape! and he is not to be permitted to ta,e another woman instead of her! but! on the contrary! is to be ob i%ed to rest content with this same %ir ! whom he himse f chose! e"en thou%h she be one of humb e birth and poor. Concord. Eith reference to the sub8ect of the present Canon #t. Basi in his cc. GGII and GGV ordains that the man who forcib y rapes a "ir%in sha be a owed to ha"e her as his wife! but sha ne"erthe ess be canoni9ed with the pena ty attachin% to fornication. That is to say! to be depri"ed of the ri%ht to communion for four years. But in his c. GGVI the same saint says that those who commit fornication first and marry ater had better be separated; or in case they wi not consent under any circumstances to their bein% separated! et them be eft united. 'e"erthe ess! in the case of a matter of this ,ind consideration must be paid to what $od says in the twentyBsecond chapter of Deuteronomy (27B27); that is to say! there must be an in"esti%ation as to whether the "ir%in happened to be found in a desert p ace! and whether she ye ed and no one came to her rescue. Aor then she wou d be free from responsibi ity ... -there is in the damse no sin worthy of death!. it says; -for as when a man riseth up a%ainst his nei%hbor! and s ayeth his sou ! e"en so is this matter1 for he found her in the fie d! and the damse shouted! and there was no one to sa"e her.. But when it a happened when she was not in a desert p ace or in the wi derness! and she did not ye ! it appears that he ruined her with her consent (see a so footnote 1 to c. II of $re%ory the @irac eBwor,er. It shou d a so be ascertained whether the man who raped her has parents i"in% (or whether he is married); and i,ewise as to the "ir%in who has been raped1 and whether they or their parents are disposed to consent to their marria%e! accordin% to c. GGII of Basi . There must be no coercion in this matter. Accordin% to the ci"i aw (Armenopou os! Boo, ;! Tit e III)! if the man who raped the %ir is rich! he sha %i"e her a pound of %o d! but if he is poor! he sha %i"e her ha f his entire property. But if he is without property! he sha be cud%e ed! shorn! and e*i ed. But if any man shou d ruin a %ir before she is of proper a%e! that is to say! before she has become thirteen years o d! he sha ha"e his nose cut off! and sha %i"e ha f of a his wea th to the ruined %ir . :?

68. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon accepts a second ordination from anyone! et him and the one who ordained him be deposed. On ess it be estab ished that his ordination has been performed by heretics. Aor those who ha"e been bapti9ed or ordained by such persons cannot possib y be either faithfu Christians or c er%ymen. (Ap. cc. G5VI! G5VII; c. VIII of the 1st; c. VII of the 2nd; c. GCV of the ;th and cc. 5VII! 5GGVII! and CI of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. Aor one to be ordained twice may be understood in different ways. +ither because the one ordained has come to ho d in contempt the one who ordained him! or because he thin,s that he may recei"e more %race from the one who has ordained him the second time! on the %round that he has %reater faith in him; or for some other reason. )ence the present Canon ordains that if any bishop or presbyter or deacon accepts a second ordination from anyone! he sha be deposed from office as we as the one who performed the ordination. The so e e*ception is that presented in case it be pro"ed that his ordination was performed by heretics. Aor a those who ha"e been bapti9ed or ordained by heretics are sub8ect to the feature that this fact pre"ents any of them from bein% Hua ified in any way whatsoe"er as Christians by "irtue of their heretica baptism! or rather to say! po ution! nor as priests and c er%ymen by "irtue of their heretica ordination. =n this account there is no dan%er whate"er in bapti9in% such persons by =rthodo* priests! and in ordainin% them by =rthodo* bishops. )ence in a%reement herewith #t. Basi the $reat in writin% to the Christians of 'icopo is says1 -I wi ne"er count one a true priest of Christ that has been ordained and has recei"ed patrona%e of aity from the profane hands of heretics to sub"ersion of the =rthodo* faith. Concord. 'otwithstandin% that the Airst +cum. C. in its c. VIII accepted the ordinations performed by the 'o"atians! and the Counci he d at Cartha%e those performed by the Donatists! the fact remains that the 'o"atians on the one hand! were not rea y heretics! but on y schismatics! accordin% to c. I of Basi ! whi e! on the other hand! the ordinations of the Donatists were accepted on y by the Counci he d at Cartha%e on account of the %reat need and want which Africa had of c er%ymen! accordin% to its c. 5GVI. This is the same as sayin% that they accepted them -economica y. (i.e.! by way of a concession) and as a matter of necessity. That is why the Counci he d in Ita y refused to accept them! since it was in no such straits! accordin% to c. 5GGVII of the same Counci . @oreo"er! e"en the Counci he d in Cartha%e! accordin% to the terms of its c. CI! reHuired that a who ordained heretics! or who were ordained by heretics or who admitted to the pri"i e%e of ho din% ser"ices shou d be entit ed to recei"e ten pounds of %o d as compensation for their oss of presti%e and for their condescension in endin% consent to such unorthodo* proceedin%s. Actua y! too! the #e"enth +cumenica Counci ! thou%h it did accept the ordinations performed by the heretics ca ed Iconomachs (or Iconoc asts) ( not! howe"er! those performed by the chief eaders of the heresy nor those performed by such of these heretics as cherished any rancor and who were not %enuine y and tru y repentant! as di"ine Tarasius said; but on y ordinations performed by the fo owers of the chief eaders of the heresy and of those who were tru y and %enuine y repentant1 concernin% which see the interpretation of the etter of Athanasius the $reat to Coufianus ( and those who had been ordained by them and who he d the =rthodo* faith they did not reordain! as appears from its first act! but it did this -economica y. because of the %reat mu titudes of Iconomachs that was then in e"idence; 8ust as the #econd +cumenica Counci accepted the baptism performed by some heretics! as a matter of -economy!. i.e.! by way of -accomodation!. as we ha"e a ready said. )ence in "iew of the fact that it did not ma,e this tempora and circumstantia -economy. a -definition!. i.e.! a definiti"e ru e! it cannot be said to conf ict with the present Aposto ica Canon. Ehy! e"en the patriarch :4

Anato ious was ordained by the heretic Dioscous and his heretica synod; and e"en #t. @e etius of Antioch was ordained by Arians! accordin% to #o9omenus (Boo, :! ch. 2?); and many others were ordained by heretics and were thereafter accepted by the =rthodo* eaders. But such e*amp es are re ati"e y rare and occasiona and due to the circumstances of the case! and they ac, canonicity. Anythin%! howe"er! that is due to circumstances and that is a rarity is not a aw of the Church! both accordin% to c. GVII of the stBMB2nd and accordin% to $re%ory the Theo o%ian! and a so accordin% to the second act of the Counci he d in #t. #ophia and accordin% to that e%a dictum which says1 -Ehate"er is contrary to the spirit of the Canons cannot be drawn upon as a mode .. #econd ordinations of the =rthodo* are a so prohibited by c. 5VII of Cartha%e. Cead a so the interpretations and footnotes to Ap. cc. G5VI and G5VII. 69. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon! or #ubdeacon! or Ana%nost! or 6sa t fai s to fast throu%hout the forty days of )o y 5ent! or on Eednesday! or on Ariday! et him be deposed from office. On ess he has been pre"ented from doin% so by reason of bodi y i ness. If! on the other hand! a ayman fai to do so! et him be e*communicated. (cc. GG+G! 5GGGIG of the ;th; cc. G5IG! 5I! 5II of 5aodieea; c. GV of 6eter the Archbishop; c. I of Dionysius; cc. VIII! G of Tim.). Interpretation. The present canon commands a a i,e! inc udin% aymen and those in ho y orders! to fast i,ewise and on an eHua footin% not on y durin% the forty daysI period common y ,nown as the $reat 5ent! but a so on e"ery Eednesday and Ariday in the year; since it ma,es an e*p icit statement to this effect by sayin% "erbatim1 If any bishop or presbyter or deacon or subBdeacon or Ana%nost or psa t fai s to fast throu%hout the forty days of )o y 5ent! or on e"ery Eednesday! or on e"ery Ariday! et him be deposed1 un ess he has been pre"ented from doin% so because of some bodi y i ness. If! on the other hand! any ayman fai s to fast on the aforesaid days! et him be e*communicated. Aor we do not fast durin% )o y 5ent! accordin% to di"ine Chrysostom (Discourse on those who fast on the first +asters)! not on account of +aster! not on account of the Cross! but on account of our sins1 since +aster is not a sub8ect for fastin% and mournin%! but! on the contrary! an occasion for cheer and 8oy. )ence we ou%ht not to say that we are mournin% on account of the Cross. Aor it is not because of that we are mournin%1 $od forbidK But it is rea y on account of our own sins. Ee fast durin% the forty days of 5ent in imitation of the 5ord! who fasted on the mountain for forty days strai%ht. As for the two days in the wee, on which we a so fast! name y! Eednesday and Ariday! we fast on Eednesday because it was on that day of the wee, that the counci was he d in connection with the betraya of our 5ord; and we fast on Ariday because it was on that day of the wee, that )e suffered in f esh )is death in beha f of our sa "ation! 8ust as the sacred martyr 6eter says in his c. GV! and 8ust as di"ine 0erome says too. But inasmuch as c. 5 of 5aodi cea commands us to eat dry bread throu%hout 5ent! as di"ine +piphanius says in )aer. 5GV! to the effect that durin% the fast of 5ent eatin% dry bread and practicin% continence are incumbent! whi e the present Aposto ica Canon counts Eednesday and Ariday a on% with 5ent as occasions for fastin%! it is e"ident that fastin% on e"ery Eednesday and Ariday ou%ht to be done by eatin% dry bread in a simi ar manner as in the case of 5ent. +atin% dry bread is the eatin% of bread once a day! at the ninth hour! without eatin% o i"e oi or drin,in% wine! as we ha"e e*p ained in the Interpretation of Ap. c. 5GIV. )ence it is that Ba samon says that e"en the eatin% of she fish on Eednesday and Ariday and durin% 5ent is prohibited. This truth is ac,now ed%ed a so by di"ine +piphanius! who says1 -Aastin% on Eednesday and on the day precedin% #aturday! i.e.! on Ariday! unti the ninth hour.. In addition 6hi ostor%ius (in Boo, 13 of his +cc esiastica )istory) says1 -Aastin% on Eednesday and Ariday is most certain y not restricted to mere abstinence from meat! but! on the contrary! is canoni9ed to the point that one is not 73

a owed to eat any food whate"er unti e"enin%. This e*p ains why b issfu Benedict in his c. G5I orders mon,s sub8ect to him to fast on Eednesday and Ariday unti the ninth hour. $odBbearin% #t. I%natius! too! in his +pist e to the 6hi ippians says1 -Do not disre%ard 5ent. Aor it contains an imitation of the 5ordIs po ity. After 6assion Eee,! do not fai to fast on Eednesday and Ariday! a ottin% the surp us to the indi%ent.. #o et not certain men "io ate a reason by dec arin% that fastin% on Eednesday and Ariday is not Aposto ica e%is ation. Aor here! beho d! you ha"e direct and unambi%uous proof that the Apost es in their own canons inc ude this fast a on% with the fast of $reat 5ent! whi e in their In8unctions they p ace it on a par with the fast of $reat Eee, (i.e.! of 6assion Eee,). Aor it is written in those In8unctions1 -It is ob i%atory to fast durin% $reat Eee, and on Eednesday and Ariday.. But why shou d I be sayin% that the Apost es made it a awJ Ehy! Christ )imse f made fastin% on these two days a aw. And to assure yourse "es that this is true! isten to the )o y Apost es themse "es and hear what they say in their In8unctions (Boo, 7! ch. 1:)1 -)e )imse f has ordered us to fast on Eednesday and Ariday.. But since! as has been shown! the fast of 5ent is on a par with fastin% on Eednesday and Ariday! it fo ows that ea"in% off these two fastin%s in the case of sic,ness or i ness is a so on an eHua footin%. )ence! 8ust as Timothy in his ei%hth and tenth canons permits a woman that %i"es birth to a chi d durin% 5ent to drin, wine and to eat sufficient food to enab e her to ,eep up! and! on the other hand! permits a man %reat y emaciated owin% to i ness of unusua se"erity to eat o i"e oi in 5ent! sayin%1 -Aor to parta,e of o i"e oi when a man has once become emaciated is a ri%ht!. so and in i,e manner it may be said that anyone who has become withered and wasted by se"ere i ness ou%ht to be a owed to eat on y o i"e oi and to drin, wine on Eednesdays and Aridays. That is why e"en di"ine 0erome says1 -=n Eednesdays and Aridays fastin% must not be omitted un ess there be %reat need of this.. The same thin% is asserted a so by sacred Au%ustine. Let! in "iew of the fact that f eshB o"ers wishin% to circum"ent 5ent and Eednesday and Ariday either pretend that they are i when they are not! or! thou%h rea y i ! c aim that the oi and wine are not enou%h to support their wea, condition! because of such prete*ts it is necessary that an e*perienced physician be as,ed who is a so a man that fears $od what food is suitab e to support their wea,ened condition! and thus in accordance with the opinion of the physician the Bishop or Confessor in Huestion may abso "e the sic, man from the ob i%ation to fast and a ow him to brea, off or dispense with fastin% to that e*tent! and not trust the pretensefu or prete*tuous words of sic, men! and especia y whene"er such sic, men happen to be on% to the c ass of soBca ed nob emen or the i,e. Concord. It is furthermore a fact that c. G5IG of 5aodicea says that no comp ete itur%y shou d be ce ebrated durin% 5ent! and its c. 5I says that the birthdays of martyrs are not to be ce ebrated in 5ent; and c. 5II of the same ordains that marria%es are not to be ce ebrated or weddin%s he d in 5ent. A these canons! I mean! ha"e the same tenor! to the effect as the abo"eBHuoted canons. Aor they too end confirmation to the necessity of fastin% and to the mournfu tone of 5ent. Aor a which reasons marria%es are not permitted in the midst of it nor birthday ce ebrations! because they imp y a state of 8oyfu ness and of a*ity. )ence in conformity with this the #i*th +cum. C. in its c. 5GGGIG ordains that we shou d pass the days of )o y 6assion with fastin% as we as prayer and contrition of heart! showin% that fastin% a one is insufficient to be of benefit! as Chrysostom says ()orn. < to the Antiochians)1 -Ee abstain not on y from foods! but a so from sins;. and Isidore too says! in his +pist e :3<1.Aastin% in respect of food is of no benefit to those who fai to fast with a their senses; for whoe"er is successfu y fi%htin% his batt e must be temperate in a thin%s.. #t. 'ic ephorus a so says in his c. GVI that mon,s ou%ht not to perform a%ricu tura abor durin% 5ent in order to find a prete*t or e*cuse to consume oi and wine. In his c. GIG he says that -the mon,s in the monastery ou%ht to eat but once a day on Eednesday and Ariday.. 'ote! moreo"er! that in spea,in% of 5ent the present Aposto ica Canon intends to inc ude therewith the entire $reat Eee, of the 6assion! and 71

therefore fastin% must a so be obser"ed throu%hout this period too. #ee a so the footnote to c. GGIG of the ;th. 70. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon! or anyone at a who is on the ist of c er%ymen! fasts to%ether with 0ews! or ce ebrates a ho iday to%ether with them!! or accepts from them ho iday %ifts or fa"ors! such as un ea"ened wafers! or anythin% of the i,e! et him be deposed from office. If a ayman do i,ewise! howe"er! et him be e*communicated. (Ap. cc. VII! 5GV! 5GGI; c. GI of the ;th; cc. GGIG! GGGVII! GGGVIII of 5aodicea; cc. 5G! 5GGGI! CGVII of Cartha%e!). Interpretation. In case anyone prays in company with e*communicated persons on y! he is e*communicated; or if it be that he does so with persons that ha"e been deposed on y! he is deposed from office1 how much more! then! is it not proper that any c er%yman that fasts in company with the ChristB,i in% 0ews or ce ebrates any festi"a with them ou%ht to be deposed from office! or if any ayman do the same! he shou d be e*communicatedJ )ence it is that the present Aposto ica Canon ordains that if any bishop or presbyter or deacon! or anyone e se at a that is on the ist of c er%ymen! fasts a on% with the 0ews or ce ebrates +aster (i.e.! 6asso"er) a on% with them! or any other festi"a s or ho idays! or accepts any festi"a %ifts from them! such as un ea"ened wafers (which they eat durin% the days of their 6asso"er; and on e"ery feast day of theirs and on the occasion of e"ery sacrifice they offer un ea"ened wafers or somethin% simi ar thereto)! et him be deposed from office. If! on the other hand! any ayman does i,ewise! et him be e*communicated. Aor e"en thou%h the ones who accept such thin%s and 8oin in fastin% or ce ebratin% are not of the same mind as the 0ews and do not entertain the same re i%ious be iefs and "iews as the atter (for if they did! they ou%ht not on y to be deposed or e*communicated! as the case mi%ht be! but a so to be consi%ned to anathema! accordin% to c. GGIG of 5aodicea)! yet! as a matter of fact! they do afford occasion for scanda and %i"e rise to a suspicion that they are actua y honorin% the ceremonies of the 0ews! a thin% which is a ien to =rthodo*y. I omit mention of the fact that such persons are a so po utin% themse "es by associatin% with ChristB,i ers. To them $od says -@y sou hates your fastin% and your cessation from wor, and your festi"a s.. #ee a so the Interpretation of Ap. c. VII. 71. If any Christian con"eys oi to a temp e of heathen! or to a syna%o%ue of 0ews! in their festi"a s! or i%hts amps for them! et him be e*communicated. (Ap. cc. VII! 5GV! 5GG; c. GI of the ;th; cc. GGIG! GGGVII! GGGVIII of 5aodicea; and cc 5IG! 5GGGII! and CGGIII of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. This Canon too! i,e the one abo"e! e*communicates any Christian that shou d offer oi to a temp e of heathen or of ido aters! or to a syna%o%ue of 0ews! when they are ha"in% their festi"a s! or shou d i%ht their amps. Aor in doin% this he appears to be ie"e that their fa se ceremonies and rites are true! and that their tainted mysteries are %enuine. Cead a so the Interpretation of Ap. c. VII. 72. If any C er%yman! or 5ayman! ta,es a wa* cand e or any oi from the ho y church! et him be e*communicated and be compe ed to %i"e bac, what he too,! to%ether with a fifth part of its "a ue to boot. (Ap. c. 5GGIII; c. G of the stBandB2nd; c. VIII of 'yssa.). 72

Interpretation. The present Canon further prescribes that if any c er%yman or ayman shou d ta,e from the church a cand e or oi ! and use it for any unsacred and common purpose! et him be e*communicated. And after he returns them to the same church from which he too, them! intact and undama%ed! 8ust as he too, them! et him %i"e them to it to%ether with oneBfifth of their "a ue. But Aristenus has interpreted it to mean fi"eBfo d. #o that accordin% to him the Canon says that the one %ui ty of sacri e%e in ha"in% ta,en a cand e or some oi sha return what he too, and fi"e times as much in addition thereto. And 0oseph the +%yptian! who paraphrased the Canons in Arabic! rendered the $ree, word epipempton as fi"efo d! instead of a fifth more. 'e"erthe ess! the e*p anation %i"en first in this Interpretation is better and preferab e. Aor the word epipempton or epidecaton (i.e.! a tithe) of the fruits! which the 0ews used to %i"e to their priests! is mentioned in many parts of the )o y Bib e and means not fi"efo d or tenfo d! but one. in fi"e or ten. That is why Anonymus the (anonymous) interpreter of the Canons interpreted the word by simp y repeatin% it as found in the Canon. Concord. Canon G of the stBMB2nd Counci says that those c er%ymen who pi fer or who con"ert to unsacred use or ser"ice any of the sacred "esse s and "estments that are ,ept in the ho y bema (or that part of the church which is common y ca ed the sanctuary in ordinary +n% ish)! are comp ete y deposed from their ran,. Aor to use these in any unsacred ser"ice is to profane them; and! on the other hand! to stea them is sacri e%e. As for those who con"ert to an unsacred use or ser"ice! either of themse "es or of others! any sacred "esse s or "estments outside the ho y bema! these persons accordin% to Ap.c.5GGIII are to be e*communicated! and we 8oin in e*communicatin% him too. But as for anyone that stea s them outri%ht from the temp e! we ma,e him iab e to the pena ty pro"ided for sacriB e%ists. The pena ty for sacri e%e! accordin% to c. VIII of 'yssa! as far as concerns the = d Testament was not any i%hter than that pena ty which was attached to murder! since both a murderer and a sacri e%ist incurred the same punishment of stonin% to death (as appears from the e*amp e of Achar a son of Carmi (I Chron. 217). But in "irtue of ecc esiastica custom there came to pre"ai a miti%ation! and accordin% y sacri e%e is pena i9ed e"en ess se"ere y than adu tery. 6ope Boniface V says! howe"er! that sacri e%ists ou%ht at a times to be anathemati9ed. 73. 5et no one appropriate any on%er for his own use any %o den or si "er "esse that has been sanctified! or any c oth1 for it is un awfu to do so. If anyone be cau%ht in the act! et him be punished with e*communication. (Ap. c. 5GGII; c. G of the stBandB2nd; c. VIII of 'yssa.). Interpretation. This Canon too! i,e the one abo"e! prohibits the promiscuous use of sacred thin%s! by ordainin% the fo owin%. 5et no one ta,e or use for his own ser"ice any %o d or si "er "esse s! or any chasub e or "estments that are sanctified and consecrated to $od! because the ta,in% of them itse f and the use of them is somethin% odious to $od and actua y un awfu . But if anyone shou d be cau%ht doin% this! et him under%o e*communication as the pena ty. But what punishment is meted out by $od to men who profane thin%s consecrated to )im and who put them to common use has been shown best of a by Be sha99ar (or Ba tasar) the ,in% (Dan. 711)! who on account of his ha"in% profaned the %o d and si "er "esse s which his father 'ebuchadne99ar pur oined from the temp e of $od which stood in 0erusa em! by ha"in% them used for the drin,in% of wine both by himse f and by the % randees of his ,in%dom! and by his concubines and wi"es (Dan. 712<)! in that same ni%ht in which he did this! he was s ain and his ,in%dom was di"ided amon% the @edes and 6ersians. 6ope #tephen! accordin% to 7<

6 atina (or Barto ommeo deI #acchi)! says that not e"en a priest may wear the sacred "estments for nonBecc esiastica purposes. Cead a so the Interpretation of the abo"e Ap. c. 5GGII. 74. Ehen a Bishop has been accused of somethin% by trustworthy men! he must b e summoned by Bishops; and if he answers and confesses! or is found %ui ty! et the pena ty be fi*ed. But if when summoned he refuses to obey! et him be summoned a second time by sendin% two Bishops to him. If e"en then he refuses to obey! et him be summoned a third time! two Bishops a%ain bein% sent to him; but if e"en then he shows contempt and fai s to answer! et the synod decide the matter a%ainst him in whate"er way seems best! so that it may not seem that he is %ettin% the benefit by e"adin% a tria . (c. VI of the 2nd; cc. IG! GVII! GGI of the :th; cc. GIV! GV of Antioch; c. IV of #arican; cc! VIII! GII! GVI! GGVII! GCVI! CV! CGGGI! CGGGVII! CGGGIG of Cartha%e; and c. IG of Theophi us.). Interpretation. The accusation brou%ht a%ainst the Bishop and mentioned in the present Canon is not one in"o "in% a financia matter! that is to say! not anythin% of a pri"ate nature and ca in% for persona b ame! as! for instance! that a man )as been un8ust y treated by the Bishop or that he has been %reedi y "ictimi9ed! as Ba samon has incorrect y interpreted it! but! on the contrary! it is one in"o "in% an ecc esiastica matter such as mi%ht be e*pected to imperi his ran,. But how can this be determinedJ By the 1 trustworthy men whom the Canon produces as accusers. Aor men brin%in% char%es a%ainst a bishop on account o financia c aims or persona %rie"ances are not e*amined as to whether they are =rthodo* or are misbe ie"ers! nor as to whether they are under suspicion or abo"e suspicion! that is to say! thorou%h y trustworthy! but! on the contrary! no matter what sort of persons they may be they are entit ed to ha"e their chan%es sifted! accordin% to c. VI of the 2nd! and cc. VIII and GGVII ot Cartha%e. But as for those who accuse him on ecc esiastica %rounds and m re%ard to ecc esiastica matters must be both =rthodo* and abo"e suspicion! or trustworthy; or e se they are not admissib e as accusers! accordin% to the same canons. That is why Fonaras too appears to a%ree with such an acceptation of this Canon. #o what the Canon means is simp y this1 If any bishop shou d be accused by trustworthy and unaccused men of any ecc esiastica crime he must be summoned to tria by the other bishops. Then if he appears and confesses of his own accord that the accusation is true! or! thou%h he deny it! it is pro"ed by indisputab e e"idence offered by his accusers that he is %ui ty of such a char%e! then it sha be determined by the bishops what pena ty he ou%ht to bear. If! on the other hand! he be summoned and refuse to appear for tria ! et two bishops be sent to him and et them summon him a second time. If he a%ain refuses to appear! et two bishops be sent to him once m Dre! and et them summon him a third time. If e"en for a third time he scorns the summons and refuses to %o! henceforward et the synod of bishops decide the case a%ainst him e"en in his absence and decree whate"er it deems 8ust and ri%ht and awfu pena ties! est he consider that he is %ainin% any benefit by such tactics in a"oidin% tria and postponin% the time. Concord. Canon GGVII of Cartha%e adds that the synod of bishops ou%ht to send the accused bishop etters of reHuest! and if within a space of one month he does not appear! he is to be e*c uded from communion. =r if he pro"e that necessary business pre"ented his appearin% for tria ! he is to be a owed another monthIs time. After the second month has passed without his appearin% for tria ! he is to be e*c uded from communion unti he pro"es himse f innocent of the crime with which he is char%ed. But Ba samon says that the thiee summons which the Canon reHuires to be ser"ed upon the accused bishop are to be spaced thirty days apart. #o that if the accused bishop fai s to appear for tria before the synod within a period of three months! he is thereafter to be condemned at an e* 7:

parte hearin%. Accordin% y in the days of the )o y Apost es! on account of the tact that there were no patriarchates as yet! two bishops had to be sent to summon a bishop; but nowdays it is sufficient if he is notified and this fact is "erified by the 6atriarcha notaries. Accordin% to cc. GII and CGI of Cartha%e twe "e bishops are reHuired to try a bishop! si* to try a presbyter! three to try a deacon! and their own metropo itan and bishop. If! howe"er! by consent! they appoint umpires (or chosen 8ud%es)! e"en thou%h the atter be ess in number than the number ordained! they sha ha"e no ri%ht of appea ! accordin% to cc. GVI and CV and CGGGI of the same counci . If! on the other hand! any bishop promised at first to et his ease be tried by the bishops! but afterwards refuses to consent to this! he is to be e*c uded from communion. 'e"erthe ess! unti his case has been fina y disposed of! accordin% to c. GCVI of the same counci ! he is to be depri"ed of his episcopate. If anyone accuses a bishop! the case is to be tried first before the bishops of the synod of the pro"ince in Huestion. But if this synod is unab e to hand e the case! et the tria be he d by a ar%er synod of the diocese! in accordance with c. VI of the 1st. But if anyone has a case to be tried with a metropo itan! et him app y either to the e*arch of the diocese or to the patriarch of Constantinop e! accordin% to cc. IG and GVII of the :th. If when the bishop is tried some of the bishops of the pro"ince are in fa"or of acHuittin% him whi e others insist upon condemnin% him! et the @etropo itan ca other bishops from nearby districts and et them decide the ease! accordin% to c. GIV of Antioeh. But if a the bishops of the pro"ince unanimous y arri"e at one and the same decision a%ainst the accused! et the one thus condemned not be tried any more by other! accordin% to c. GV of the same counci . But c. IV of #ardican ordains that if the deposed bishop who has been tried by nei%hborin% bishops c aims to ha"e a new defense! no one e se is to be ordained in his stead unti a better in"esti%ation has been made. But that men who accuse bishops and c er%ymen of crimina offenses must be men abo"e suspicion and =rthodo* is decreed more especia y by c. CGGGVIII of Cartha%e! which states that s a"es or e"en freed men are not acceptab e as accusers of c er%ymen a%ainst their own ords! nor are mimes and buffoons or any persons that are infamous! and in %enera a those who are inadmissib e as accusers in the case of ci"i aws. @oreo"er! c. CGGGIG of the same C. says1 Ehen anyone has char%ed a c er%yman with a number of crimes! if he be unab e to pro"e the first crime! et him not be accepted any on%er with respect to the rest of his char%es as credib e. But neither are those who are sti under e*communication admissib e as accusers! accordin% to c. CGGGVII of the same counci . But it such persons are inadmissib e as accusers of c er%ymen! sti more are they inadmissib e as a%ainst bishops. In addition! c. GGI of the :th says that the reputation of those accusin% bishops and c er%ymen ou%ht to be in"esti%ated; and c. IG of Theophi us says the same thin% too. #ee a so the Interpretation of c. VI of the 2nd! and that of c. IG of the :th. 75. As a witness a%ainst a bishop no heretic sha be accepted! but neither sha one faithfu a one1 for -every 'harge shall be established by the mouth of two or three witnesses (Deut. 171;; @att. 1?11;). (c. II of the 1st; c. G5 of Cartha%e; c. IG of Theophi us; Deut. 171;.). Interpretation. 'ot on y must those accusin% a bishop not be heretics! as we said abo"e! but neither must those bearin% witness a%ainst him; neither is any one person a one admissib e as a witness a%ainst a bishop. That is why the present Canon says that no heretic sha be a owed to %i"e testimony a%ainst a bishop! nor sha a sin% e =rthodo* and faithfu one be a owed to stand a one as a witness a%ainst a bishop; because it is written in the o d 5aw! that by the mouth of two or three witnesses e"ery doubtfu word and char%e sha be e*amined and "erified. Concord. 77

The %reat #t. 6au says the same thin%s especia y in writin% to Timothy1 -A%ainst an e der (i.e.! a presbyter) recei"e no accusation un ess it been% supported by two or three witnesses. (I Tim. 7114). Canon CG5 of Cartha%e ordains that if any persons are inadmissib e as accusers they are inadmissib e a so as witnesses. But neither are those persons admissib e as witnesses who are brou%ht in by an accuser from his own home! which is the same as sayin%! the re ati"es of the accuser! and his intimates and those who arc sub8ect to his authority. 'either ou%ht anyoneIs testimony to be admitted in e"idence when he is under a%e! ess than fourteen years o d! accordin% to the same Canon of Cartha%e! a thou%h! on the other hand! ch. 23 of Tit e I of Boo, 21 says that anyone under the a%e of twenty is disHua ified as a witness in court. The Airst +cum. C. in its c. II commands that if a bishop or presbyter be con"icted of any sin by the testimony of two or three witnesses! he must be ousted from the C er%y. @oreo"er! c. IG of Theophi us ordains that if any c er%yman accused of fornication be pro"ed %ui ty of this crime by the testimony of credib e witnesses! he sha be ousted from the C er%y. Canon GGGVIII of Cartha%e says that if an accuser cannot brin% witness from the district of the one accused! on account of some fear! the court is to be he d nearer to that oca ity so that witnesses may easi y attend it. Canon 5GVIII says for c er%ymen not to be ha ed into court a%ainst their wi to %i"e testimony. A sin% e witness is ne"er to be be ie"ed at any time! e"en thou%h he be a %reat man! or a di%nitary! or a senator! accordin% to Tit e IG! ch. 2. of the 'omicon of 6hotius. #ee a so Ap. c. 5GGIV. 76. It is decreed that no Bishop sha be a owed to ordain whomsoe"er he wishes to the office of the +piscopate as a matter of concession to a brother! or to a son! or to a re ati"e. Aor it is not ri%ht for heirs to the +piscopate to be created! by sub8ectin% $odIs thin%s to human passion; for $odIs Church ou%ht not to be entrusted to heirs. If anyone sha do this! et the ordination remain in"a id and "oid! and et the bishop himse f be penanced with e*communication. (c. GGIII of Antioch; c. G5 of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. 6re atica authority is admitted y a %race and %ift of the )o y #pirit. #o how can anyone bestow it upon another as an inheritab e ri%htJ Eherefore the present Aposto ica Canon decrees that a bishop ou%ht not to fa"or any of his brothers or sons or re ati"es by ordainin% him as his successor to the office of the episcopate! because it is not ri%ht for one to create heirs to the episcopate and pre acy (as is done! that is to say! in the case of other affairs amon% secu ars)! and to bestow the %racious %ifts of $od upon another as a fa"or! such as the pre atica authority! on account of human passion! or! in other words! on account of considerations of re ationship or of friendship. 'or ou%ht anyone to sub8ect the Church of $od to inheritance! by so actin% as to cause it to be ca ed a patrimony. But if any one of the bishops shou d do this and ordain any re ati"e of his as his successor to the episcopate! the ordination so performed sha be in"a id and of no effect! whi e he himse f who ordained that person sha be e*communicated; for bishops must be made by a synod. Accordin% y if! as dec ared in c. G5 of Cartha%e! bishops ha"e no authority to ea"e to their re ati"es! or to anyone e se they may choose! any property that they acHuired after the episcopate! by way of e%acy (e*cept on y whate"er they ha"e acHuired by inheritance from re ati"es or any bestowed upon them by someone e se in to,en of honor)! how can they ea"e as a e%acy to their re ati"es! or to anyone e se they may wish! the episcopate itse fJ Concord. Eherefore consistent y herewith c. GGIII of Antioch commands that no bishop sha ha"e authority to appoint a successor to himse f e"en thou%h he be at the point of death on the contrary! the synod and the 8ud%ment of the bishops composin% it sha ha"e so e authority to appoint whomsoe"er they 7;

find to be worthy! after the decease of the defunct bishop. )ence it was that this "ery same thin% was prohibited a so in connection with ancient Israe . It was on this %round that they aid an accusation a%ainst @oses char%in% that he appointed his brother Aaron to the office of hi%h priest! and the atterIs sons too. Accordin% y! had not $od )imse f confirmed their appointment to ho y orders by means of the si%n of the rod which sprouted and b ossomed! there is itt e doubt that they wou d ha"e been deposed from office. 77. If any cripp e! or anyone with a defect in an eye or in a e%! is worthy of the episcopate! et him be made a bishop. Aor it is not an in8ury to the body that defi es one! but a po ution of the sou . (c. GGGIII of the ;th.). Interpretation. The o d 5aw commanded that those about to become priests must not ha"e defect of body! but must be sound and ab eBbodied and without b emish. -Aor whatsoe"er man he be that hath a b emish!. it says! -he sha not approach ( a b ind man! or a ame man! or one that has a foreshortened nose! or one that has had his ears cut off; or any man that has had his hand or his foot crushed; or any man that is humpbac,ed! or frec, ed; or that has defecti"e eyes; or any man whatsoe"er in whom there is the condition ,nown as wi d itch! or who has but one testic e. (5e". 2111?B23). But a so e"en in case they came by any such b emish in the body after admission to ho y orders! they had to cease officiatin% in connection with their sacred office. The new 5aw! howe"er! of the %race of the $ospe does not consider such b emishes and in8uries of the body to be obstac es to ho y orders! but demands rather that they ha"e their sou c ear from any fi th or cenosity. Eherefore the present Canon says in effect1 If anyone has been in8ured in his eyes! as! for instance! if he has but one eye! or is sHuintBeyed! or is crossBeyed! or is shortBsi%hted; or if anyone Phas bro,en e%! or! what amounts to the same thin%! if he is ame in either e%; or if anyone that has any other defect or in8ury in his body that does not pre"ent him from e*ercisin% the functions of the sacred offices is otherwise worthy and deser"es to be made a bishop! et him be ordained; since the bodi y defect does not render him unworthy! but on y a po ution of the sou due to sin. Concord. Canon GGGIII of the ;th e*communicates pre ates that ma,e c er%ymen on y of those who are descended from a priest y ine! by decreein% that they must not re%ard inea%e in a 0ewish way! but much rather ha"e consideration for the worthiness of the sou . #t. 'icephorus! on the other hand! in his c. VIII says that e"en those who ha"e been born of a concubine or of a bi%amist may be ordained if they are worthy. The same thin% is said a so in c. IG of 'icetas of )erac ea. 78. 5et no one that is deaf nor anyone that is b ind be made a Bishop! not on the %round that he is deficient mora y! but est he shou d be embarrased in the e*ercise of ecc esiastica functions. Interpretation. If! howe"er! the present Canon %oes on to say! anyone is b ind in both eyes! or is deaf in both ears! et such a person not be made a bishop! not because these defects imp y any mora unfitness or that he is unworthy! but because he is pre"ented by these defects from performin% the sacred rites in the church. Aor how can anyone that cannot see or that cannot hear officiate at the a tar J or how can he hand e the sacred e ements! or read the sacred boo,s! or isten to the words uttered by the aityJ 'ote! howe"er! that those who ha"e been stric,en deaf or b ind after attainin% to ho y orders ou%ht not to be deposed therefore; for such procedure wou d indicate ac, of sympathy! because the ci"i aw! in Boo, ?! Tit e I! ch. 1! sub8ect :! says that a b ind man can e"en try cases as a 8ud%e! and is not 77

to be ousted from office; thou%h he cannot recei"e any other authority! but! on the contrary! has to remain content with that which he possessed before the accident. 79. If anyone is possessed of a demon! et him not be made a C er%yman! nor e"en be a owed to pray in company with the faithfu . But after he has been c eansed thereof! et him be recei"ed! and if worthy be made one. (c. VII of the ;th; and II Tim. <117.). Interpretation. +"eryone that is possessed of demons is considered unc ean! because he en%enders the suspicion that because of the wic,edness of his ife he has afforded the De"i permission to enter him. )ow! therefore! can any such person be promoted to the c er%y! seein% that e"en oi of myrhh used in ma,in% chrism is not trusted when it is in a rotten container! accordin% to #t. $re%ory the Theo o%ian. )ence the present Canon decrees that if anyone is permanent y possessed of a demon! such a person sha not be made a c er%yman. 'either sha he be a owed to pray in church .a on% with the faithfu ! est he disturb their prayin% and the do*o o%y they are offerin% to $od! with his disorder y actions and his demoniaca cries! which are usua to those possessed of demons. But after he has been c eansed and freed from the demon! et him be admitted to prayer a on% with the faithfu ; and if he is worthy to become a c er%yman! et him be made one. Concord. But why does c. I of Timothy of A e*andria permit one possessed of a demon to parta,e of communion if he does not confess or b aspheme the mystery! at a time when the present Canon does not e"en permit him topray a on% with the faithfu J This is e*p ainab e by the fact that the present Canon refers to one that is permanent y and continuous y ener%i9ed by a demon! whereas that of Timothy contemp ates a person who is ener%i9ed by a demon with now and then an interruption at "arious times. )e therefore a ows him to parta,e of the di"ine mysteries when he is not bein% ener%i9ed and sufferin%. Accordin% y! in this manner the two Canons are reconci ed with each other and are seen not to be contrary to each other. 'e"erthe ess! e"en when demoni9ed on y at times a person ou%ht not to be admitted to the c er%y and be made a priest! est ho y orders or the priesthood be b asphemed as a resu t! and est durin% the time of the awfu ser"ices bein% he d the demon shou d ener%i9e him and the ho y e ements be round y insu ted. 6atriarch 'icho as says this "ery same thin% in decreein%! in his c. IV! that if anyone is sufferin% from atrabi iousness he wi appear to most persons to be possessed of a demon in case he parta,es of communion. But if he is actua y possessed of a demon! says 'icho as! et him abstain from communion. The counci he d in Trou on! on the other hand! says that those who pretend to be possessed of a demon! without actua y bein% possessed of one! sha be penanced with the same penance that wou d be meted out to them in case they actua y were possessed of a demon! and et them be compe ed to under%o the same hardships and fastin%s as the tru y possessed ha"e to under%o. 80. It is not ri%ht to ordain a man a bishop immediate y after he has 8oined the Church and been bapti9ed if he has hitherto been eadin% a heathenish ife! or has been con"erted from wic,ed beha"iour. Aor it is wron% to et one without e*perience become the teacher of others! un ess in some specia case this be a owed as a matter of di"ine fa"or and %race. (c. II of the 1st; c. GVII of the stBandB2nd; c. GII of 'eoces.; c. GII of #ard;! c. I of 5aodicea; c. IV of Cyri .). Interpretation. The present Canon dec ares that it is not ri%ht for one to be made a bishop immediate y when he has been a heathen and infide a his ife and has 8ust 8oined the pious faith and been bapti9ed! or has 7?

repented after eadin% a "icious and ma icious ife! such as is that of theatrica actors and buffoons and others i,e them. Aor it is un8ust and unfair and wron% for one to become a teacher of others such as is a bishop! when he has not yet afforded any proof or %i"en any demonstration to show that he is sound in matters of faith and irreproachab e in respect of ife. Any such test reHuires time! and cannot be put throu%h in a short inter"a . The so e e*ception is that he may be ordained a bishop if a specia re"e ation from $od is %ranted him! as happened in the case of the Apost e Ananias! in re%ard to #t. 6au ! when the 5ord to d him in a "ision1 - 2o thy way1 for he is a 'hosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before nations, and ings, and the 'hildren of &srael (Acts 4117). Concord. #t. 6au a so commands this same thin% in writin% to Timothy! sayin%1 - .ot a novi'e, lest being lifted up with pride he fall into the -evil6s 5udgment and trap (I Tim. <1;)! with reference to ordainin% one who has been on y recent y catechi9ed and fresh y p anted in the "ineyard of Christ. )ence it was that c. II of the Airst +cum. C. commanded that those 8oinin% the faith and comin% from a heathen ife must not be e e"ated to the ran, of either bishop or presbyter unti they ha"e first %i"en a fair demonstration of their faith and ha"e shown it in their ife. A so c. I of 5aodicea says that persons new y bapti9ed ou%ht not to be admitted to ho y orders. Canon G of #ardican! on the other hand! decrees that no rich business man or anyhow no co e%e professor ou%ht to be made a bishop un ess he first ser"e as a deacon and presbyter! in order that his faith and faithfu ness may be thereby attested! and est he be oo,ed upon as a no"ice! but that in e"ery ran, he is to be tried for no ess than a sufficient en%th of time. @oreo"er! e"en c. GVII of the stBMB2nd decrees the same thin%s! in that it forbids both aymen and mon,s from ascendin% at once to the e*a ted ran, of the episcopate without his first bein% du y e*amined with respect to the ecc esiastica de%rees. Canon GII of 'eocesarea forbids anyone bein% made a presbyter if he is one that has been bapti9ed durin% i ness! un ess it be because of his capacity or a ac, of suitab e men. Canon III of Cyri prohibits new yweds from bein% made c er%ymen! as we as men that ha"e been e*pe ed by a pre ate! and men that come from a monastery! and those who are who y disreputab e. Concernin% which see the footnote to c. GIG of the Airst +cum. C. 81. Ee ha"e said that a Bishop! or a 6resbyter! must not descend himse f into pub ic offices! but must attend to ecc esiastica needs. +ither et him be persuaded! therefore! not to do so! or et him be deposed. Aor no one can ser"e two masters! accordin% to the 5ordIs in8unction. (Ap. cc. VI! GGIII; cc. I ! VII of the :th; c. G of the 7th; c. GI of the stBMB2nd; c. GVIII of Cartha%e). Interpretation. This Canon too! i,e the si*th one! prescribes that those in ho y orders must not medd e in wor d y affairs! since it says1 Ee ha"e said (i.e.! in our Canon VI) that a bishop or presbyter must not ower himse f into po itica and secu ar affairs and business! but must confine his acti"ities to sedu ous y oo,in% after the ser"ice and wants of the Church. #o either et him be persuaded not do anythin% of the ,ind henceforth! or! if he cannot be persuaded! et him be deposed. Aor no one can ser"e two masters and p ease both of them! as the 5ord says (@att. ;12:; 5u,e 1;1<). #ee a so the Interpretation of Ap. c. VI. 82. Ee do not permit house ser"ants to be ordained to the c er%y without the consent of their masters! to the sorrow of the masters ownin% them. Aor such a thin% causes an uphea"a in the househo ds. But if any house ser"ant shou d appear to be worthy to be ordained to any ran,! as our own =nesimus did! and their masters are wi in% to permit it! and %rant them their freedom (by iberatin% them from s a"ery)! and a ow them to ea"e home! et him be so ordained. 74

(c. IV of the :th; c. 5GGGV of the ;th; c. I of Ancyra; c. GC of Cartha%e; cc. G5! G5I! G5II of Basi ; and +pist e to 6hi emon). Interpretation. =ne must not do thin%s that become causes of scanda or of sorrow to others. =ne cause of scanda ! of course! and of sorrow is that which resu ts whene"er a s a"e is ordained without the consent of his own master. Eherefore the present Canon prohibits this! sayin% 1 Ee do not a ow s a"es to be promoted to the c er%y and ho y orders without the consent of their masters! est we cause sorrow to the masters themse "es by doin% so. Because this sort of thin% upsets who e househo ds (for it mi%ht happen that the s a"e admitted to the c er%y was either the mana%er of his masterIs househo d! or the superintendent of his factory! or had the care of his masterIs money; and on a such accounts his ordination mi%ht cause his master %rief). But if any s a"e shou d appear to be worthy for ordination! as did our own =nesimus! the bishop ou%ht to notify his master to this effect! and if the atter consents and is wi in%! and at the mouth of two or three witnesses accordin% to the 5GGGV of the ;th! and sends him home as a si%n of tota iberty! then et him be ordained. That is what #t. 6au did! since he refused to ,eep the s a"e =nesimus! and in spite of the fact that he found him to be "ery usefu in the ministry of preachin% he sent him bac, to his master 6hi emon. Concord. 'or must s a"es be admitted to monasteries to become mon,s without the consent of their masters! accordin% to c. IV of the :th. And any fema e s a"e who %ets married without the consent of her master has thereby become %ui ty of har otry! accordin% to cc. G5 and G5II of #t. Basi ; for! accordin% to him! a%reements and promises made by "assa s are unre iab e. And accordin% to his c. G5I any marria%e or weddin% that ta,es p ace without the consent of the master of a fema e s a"e must be disso "ed if he does not want it. That is why the counci he d in $an%ra anathemati9es in its c. I anyone who on the prete*t of %od iness teaches a s a"e to ho d his master in contempt and to ea"e his ser"ice. Accordin% to c. 5GGIII of Cartha%e! on the other hand! the iberties of s a"es ou%ht to be preached in the churches. 83. If any Bishop! or 6resbyter! or Deacon is en%a%ed in mi itary matters! and wishes to ho d both a Coman (i.e.! ci"i ) and a sacerdota office! et him be deposed. Aor (render) - unto ;aesar the things whi'h are ;aesars! and unto 2od the things that are 2od6s (@att. 22121)! (Ap. cc. VI! 5GGGI; cc. I and VII of the :th; c. G of the 7th; c. GI of the stBMB2nd; c. GVIII of Cartha%e.). Interpretation. In other Canons too the di"ine Apost es prohibit those in ho y orders from en%a%in% in the mana%ement of pub ic affairs and from underta,in% wor d y cares! but in this one they a so do i,ewise by sayin%1 If any bishop or presbyter or deacon occupies himse f with mi itary matters ( by which is meant! not the use of weapons or actua participation in warfare! but the mana%ement or hand in% of mi itary matters! such as the distribution of rations to the so diers! reception of their food! and other such business which is desi%nated by ci"i ians as mi itary matters ( and wants to ha"e both 8obs! to wit! that of e*ercisin% imperia Coman authority! and that of priest y and ecc esiastica functions! or what may be more apt y described as e*terna and interna affairs! et any such di%nitary of the Church be deposed if he fai s to desist therefrom. Aor thin%s and offices that be on% to Caesar or to the emperor ou%ht to be eft to Caesar; or! in other words! they ou%ht to be %i"en to e*terna and imperia ! or roya ! men 1 thin%s and offices that are $odIs! on the other hand! ou%ht to be %i"en in a simi ar manner to those to whom they be on%! which is the same as sayin%! to ;3

di"ine and interna men! such as are bishops and presbyters and deacons. Cead a so the Interpretation of Ap. c. VI. 84. If anyone insu ts an emperor or ,in%! or any other ru er! contrary to what is ri%ht and 8ust! et him pay the pena ty. Accordin% y! if he is a c er%yman! et him be deposed; but if he is a ayman! et him be e*communicated. Interpretation. The @osaic 5aw says1 -Thou shalt not spea ill of thy people6s ruler (+*od. 2212?); whi e 6eter the eadin% Apost e especia y says1 -<onor the ing (I 6et. 2117). #t. 6au a so commands us to pray for ,in%s and a that are in positions of authority (I Tim. 212)! no matter e"en thou%h they be infide s. )ere! in the present Canon! the Apost es say in common that whoe"er insu ts a ,in% or emperor or any other ru er contrary to what is ri%ht and 8ust! and without any 8ust cause! et him be punished; accordin% y! if he is a c er%yman! et him be deposed! but if he is a ayman! et him be e*communicated. Insu ts in connection with ,in%s and emperors are considered the se"erest reproaches. By prohibitin% one from insu tin% a ,in% or emperor contrary to what is ri%ht and 8ust! the Canon has eft it imp ied by way of contradistinction that if ,in%s and other ru ers manifest impiety or indu %e in sin it is permissib e for those to criticise and e*pose them to whom the ri%ht to criticise such persona%es be on%s. @oreo"er! e"en the one who has insu ted such a persona%e in such a case ou%ht not to be punished direct y; and see the footnote to Ap. c. 5V. 85. To a you C er%ymen and 5aymen et the fo owin% boo,s be "enerab e and sacred1 =f the = d Testament! the fi"e of @oses! name y! $enesis! +*odus! 5e"iticus! 'umbers! and Deuteronomy; the one of 0esus of 'a"e (common y ca ed 0oshua in +n% ish); the one of 0ud%es; the one of Cuth; the four of the >in%doms; two 6ara ipomena of the Boo, of Days; two of +sdras; one of +sther; three of the @accabees; one of 0ob; one 6sa ter (common y ca ed the 6sa ms in +n% ish and a so in $ree,); three of #o omon! name y! 6ro"erbs! +cc esiastes! and the #on% of #on%s; twe "e of the 6rophets; one of Isaiah; one of 0eremiah; one of +9e,ie ; one of Danie ; outside of these it is permissib e for you to recount in addition thereto a so the Eisdom of "ery earned #irach by way of teachin% your youn%er fo ,s. =ur own boo,s! that is to say! those of the 'ew Testament! comprisin% four $ospe s! name y! that of @atthew! of @ar,! of 5u,e! and of 0ohn; fourteen +pist es of 6au ; two +pist es of 6eter! three +pist es of 0ohn; one of 0ames; one of 0ude; two +pist es of C ement; and the In8unctions addressed to you Bishops throu%h me! C ement! in ei%ht boo,s! which ou%ht not to be di"u %ed to a on account of the secret matters they contain) and the Acts of us Apost es. Interpretation. After teachin% and e%is atin% in their sacred Canons in what manner it befits those in ho y orders and ay Christians in %enera to conduct themse "es as a matter of po icy! the Apost es ast y teach a so what boo,s they ou%ht to read. Thus in their c. IG they tau%ht us not to read boo,s that are uncanonica and fa se y entit ed and ascribed to others than their rea authors! whi e in the present Canon they teach us to read the canonica and ho y boo,s which they a so enumerate! as they appear isted here. These boo,s are a so mentioned in c. IG of the Counci he d in 5aodicea! and in c. GGGII of that he d in Cartha%e. @oreo"er! Athanasius the $reat in his <4th festa etter! and #t. $re%ory the Theo o%ian! in his +pic Verses! and Amphi ochins the Bishop of Iconion in his Iambic 5ines a so mention them. In fact Athanasius the $reat in his said etter di"ides a the boo,s of the =0d Testament into two %roups1 the canonica ! and the readab e. As re%ardin% the ones in the = d Testament ca ed canonica he says that they are twentyBtwo boo,s! in a%reement with the number twentyBtwo of etters in the )ebrew a phabet (as is stated a so by #t. $re%ory the Theo o%ian and by ;1

di"ine 0ohn of Damascus)! bein% named as fo ows1 1! $enesis; 2! +*odus; <! 5e"iticus; :! 'umbers; 7! Deuteronomy; ;! 0esus of 'a"e (or 0oshua); 7! 0ud%es; ?! Cuth; 4! >in%doms first and second ta,en to%ether (wrhich are a so ,nown as the Boo,s of #amue amon% the 0ews); 13! >in%doms third and fourth (ca ed a so the Airst and #econd Boo,s of >in%s! respecti"e y); 11! 6arahpomena first and second ta,en to%ether (ca ed in +n% ish -the Airst Boo, of the Chronic es. and -The #econd Boo, of the Chronic es!. respecti"e y); 12! the Airst and the #econd Boo, of +sdras! ta,en to%ether; 1<! The 6sa ms; 1:! 6ro"erbs; 17! +ec esiBastes; 1;! The #on% of #on%s; 17! 0ob; 1?! The twe "e esser 6rophets! named as a sin% e boo,; 14! Isaiah; 23! 0eremiah to%ether with 5amentations! and Baruch! and an epist e; 21! +9e,ie ; 22! Danie . Ceadab e boo,s to be studied by the recent y catechi9ed are the fo owin%1 Eisdom of #o omon! which is a so ca ed a B"irtuous accordin% to +usebius (Boo, 11! ch. 7! concernin% +"an%e ica preparation); Eisdom of #irach! which is a so ca ed a B"irtuous! accordin% to $eor%e #yn%e os (note! howe"er! that #irach is ca ed by Eesterners -+cc esiasticus.); +sther; 0udith; and Tobias Ta,e note! howe"er!of the fact that the boo, of +sther! which is but one! is a so inc uded amon% the Canonica Boo,s! 8ust as the present Aposto ica Canon a so ists it amon% the canonica boo,s; and so does the counci he d in 5aodicea! and that he d in Cartha%e. But e"en the Eisdom of #o omon! and 0udith! and Tobit are enumerated amon% the canonica boo,s by the counci of Cartha%e. In the present Ap. c. the first three boo,s of the @accabees are a so isted as canonica boo,s.137 =f the 'ew Testament the canonica boo,s are the fo owin%1 The four $ospe s; the Acts of the Apost es; the se"en +pist es $enera ! name y! one of 0ames! two of 6eter! three of 0ohn! and one of 0ude; fourteen +pist es of 6au ; and the Boo, of Ce"e ation! concernin% which! howe"er! di"ine Amphi ochius in his Iambics says that thou%h many appro"e it as %enuine! most authorities deem it spurious. The Boo, of Ce"e ation was ne"erthe ess accepted by the Counci of Cartha%e as a canonica boo,! as attested by its c. GGG; and by Athansius the $reat in his aforesaid etter 'o. <4; and by di"ine Dionysius the Areopa%ite! who ca s it a mystica intuition; and the scho iast of #t. Dionysius di"ine @a*imus mentions in many p aces in his scho ia; it is a so appro"ed by #t. 0erome! who ca s it the most sub ime boo, in the wor d. But if #t. $re%ory the Theo o%ian fai s to mention it in his +pic Verses! yet in the constituent address which he made to the one hundred and fifty bishops composin% the #econd +cumenica Counci he e*press y mentioned it! sayin%1 -Aor I! am persuaded that other ones (i.e.! an%e s) super"ise other churches! as 0ohn teaches me in Ce"e ation.. =ri%en! too! had a communication on Ce"e ation. Cyri of A e*andria a so mentions it (in p. ;74 of the 6entateuch); and i,ewise does C ement of A e*andria (in p. ?7; of the 6entateuch); it is accepted a so by Apo inaris! +phraim! 6apias! 0ustin! Irenaeus! Tertu ian! 5actantinus! #e"erus! #y picius! Au%ustine! @ethodius! )ippo ytus! Andrew of Caesarea! and the #econd +cumenica Counci itse f! before which #t. $re%ory the Theo o%ian de i"ered his constituent address in which he mentioned the boo, of Ce"e ation. It is a so reco%ni9ed by @e iton the bishop of #ardis! and by Theophi us the bishop of Aiitioch! and by others. As for the two +pist es of C ement mentioned in the present Aposto ica Canon! they were addressed to the Corinthians on the part of the Church of Come! and were pub ished in the co ection of the first "o ume of the Cecords of the Counci s; but the second one is deemed spurious by 6hotius (fo io 17; of the @yriobib us). As for the In8unctions of the Apost es! which are a so ca ed the Didache of the Apost es by Athansius the $reat! they were re8ected by c. II of the ;th +cumenica Counci ! on the %round that they had been %arb ed by heretics. But since not a of them were %arb ed! but on y certain parts of them! therefore many of the Aathers e"en before the #i*th! amon% whom #t. $re%ory the Theo o%ian in particu ar! but a so sacred @a*imus as we ! adopted sayin%s ta,en therefrom. Thus the Theo o%ian in his discourse on +aster! with reference to the proposition sayin%! -I wi be on my %uard!. e*p ain the word sheep as representin% Christ a e%orica y on account of the coat of imperishabi ity! which sayin% was % eaned from the In8unctions! accordin% to @icetas; whi e di"ine @a*imus uses who e e*cerpts from the In8unctions in his scho ia on Dionysius. But why am I spea,in% of indi"idua sJ The Aifth +cumenica Counci itse f bears witness to the In8unctions! in the ;2

etter of 0ustinian! to the effect that a ms ou%ht; to be %i"en in beha f of the dyin%! p. <42 of the second "o ume of the co ection of the counci s. But e"en after the #i*th Counci the Counci assemb ed in #t. #ophia adopted testimony from the In8unctions. @ichae ! too7 the patriarch of Constantinop e! simamed Ceru arius! to%ether with the synod attendin% him! i"in% A.D. 137<! adopted testimony a%ainst the cuttin% off of the beard which is found in Boo, I of the Aposto ica In8unctions! ch. <! readin% as fo ows1 -Le sha not depi ate your beards1 for $od the Creator made this becomin% in women! but unsuited to men.. #ec a so pa%e 47? of "o ume II of the Conci iar Cecords. Besides! as they are now found printed! it does not appear to me that they contain anythin% spurious or improper. The #hepherd! which Athanasius the $reat mentions in his oftenBcited epist e! was a boo, which has not been preser"ed to our times. 6erhaps it was such an affair as the discourse which 0ohn of C ima* attributes to a shepherd! and! brief y spea,in%! there was such a boo, teachin% the shepherd of rationa sheep how to shepherd them towards a pasture conduci"e to sa "ation! and how to ,eep them safe from the c utches and c aws of rationa wo "es! and of demons and cacodo*ica human bein%s as we . Ee ha"e been informed that this #hepherd is found as a "ery o d boo, in some monastery in $reece and that it is a wor, of Quartus! one of the se"enty Apost es. The #hepherd is mentioned a so by #t. @a*imus in his scho ia on di"ine Dion"sius. Its si9e is about that of the 6sa ter. 'ote that e. 5IV of Cartha%e commands that besides the boo,s of the = d and 'ew Testaments the 5i"es of the @artyrs are to be read which contain an account of their ordea s on the da"s of their festi"a s.

;<