New technology of electric power transmission

D. S. STREBKOV, S. V. AVRAMENKO, A. I. NEKRASOV

The All-Russian Research Institute for Electrification of Agriculture, Moscow, Russia

ABSTRACT: Low cost and low losses single-wire electric power system (SWEPS) was developed. The new technology of
electric power transmission uses idle operation regime of the transmission line and reactive capacitive current for transmission
of active electric power. Three different SWEPS were constructed and tested: 230 V, 10 kV and 100 kV each is of one kilowatt
capacity. Resonance mode of oscillation with frequency from 3 to 30 kHz was used to provide the most efficient power trans-
mission. Frequency converter and modified Tesla transformer are applied at the generator site to generate high frequency reac-
tive capacitive current. Reversal Tesla transformer and standard rectifier and invertor were used at the user’s end to convert the
reactive high frequency electric power to standard 50–60 Hz electricity. It was experimentally proved that SWEPS has quasi-
superconductive properties for reactive capacitive current flow along the line even at high operation temperature of the electric
conductor. SWEPS has no resistance losses for following tested conductor materials of the line: copper, aluminum, steel, tung-
sten, carbon, water, damp soil. The result of theoretical calculation and experimental study shows that SWEPS can be applied
both for the energy transmission from renewable powerful generation site to a large energy system and for transmission lines
for connecting different parts of renewable energy system.

Keywords: energy system; electric power transmission; high frequency conductor

Implementation of renewable-based technologies for The objective of this paper is to introduce the low
rural electrification would contribute to the social and cost and low losses single-wire electric power system
economic growth of the rural communities and would (SWEPS) for electric grid instead of three phase net-
serve sustainable progress of the remote regions. work.
The electric grid faces specific problems of non-effi-
cient operations, including transmission losses and the THREE PHASE NETWORK FOR ELECTRIC
high cost of grid extension in remote sparsely popu- POWER TRANSMISSION
lated areas (STREBKOV 1994). For example off-shore
wind turbines, micro-hydro or geothermal generators It is known that the total transmitted power over elec-
are often located far from the consumer and require tric transmission line
costly installation of long distance transmission lines
which usually have from 6% to 10% electric losses. S = P2 + Q2 (1)
Hybrid system, with jointly operating small power
generators of equal capacity, faces the problem of joint where: P and Q – active and reactive powers.
electromagnetic operation stability during renewable
The important parameter of transmission line affect-
energy potential or electric load variation.
ing the energy transmission capability is surplus reac-
We have made computer simulation of solar power
tive capacity, which is depending on the regime of
system, consisting of three or more solar power plants
energy transmission. When the line operates in the idle
of equal capacity connected by superconducting elec-
regime its surplus reactive capacity is equal to the ca-
tric transmission lines. One solar power plant is lo-
pacity of electrical the field of the line (ALEXANDROV,
cated in Spain, another solar plant is installed in Far
SMOLOVIC 1999):
East region of Russia, the third one is situated in As-
trakhan region near Caspian Sea. P = 0 S = Q = P · l (2)
n λ
(2)
The computer simulation shows that this distributed
Europe-Asia solar power system is generating electric- where: Pn – natural power which is equal to the surge imped-
ity 24 hours per day 6 months a year and it does not ance Z loading of the line.
require electric accumulator or back up generator dur-
ing the night. In winter season solar electricity should L0
Z= = νL0 (3)
be transmitted from Africa, India and Australia and for C0
this United Solar Electric Power System new low cost
and low losses electric power transmission technology L0 and C0 are the specific inductance and capacitance
should be applied. of the line.

RES. AGR. ENG., 48, 2002 (1): 29–35 29

 lλ – wavelength of the line, which is equal to the varia-
tion of wave phase during the wave propagation along
line of length l
ω
lλ = l = βl (4)
ν signed wasted power is 443 MW (4.43%). In future direct
where: ω =2 πf,
f – frequency of generator,
β – the phase variation coefficient of the electromag-
netic wave,
ν – the velocity of electromagnetic wave propaga-
tion.
No-load operation mode is dangerous for electric po-
wer transmission because of voltage rise due to electro-
magnetic wave oscillation. When the generator fre-
quency is equal to the resonance frequency of the line
the overvoltage has maximum value. The voltage coef-
ficient of the line
•
• In this paper we consider new technology for electri-
| U max |
KV = •
= q⋅ | E | (5)
|E|
where: |E|. – a generator voltage and q is the quality factor of
the line.
In natural (nominal) regime of active electrical power
transmission the magnetic field of the line completely
compensates the electric field of the line and surplus re-
active line capacity is equal to zero. In this ideal case
reactive current and reactive power are equal to zero.
The angleΘ between vectors of voltage at the begin-
ning of the line u(o)
. and at the end of the line u(l) . is
equal to wave length of the line, Θ = β l.
The voltage is stable along the line |u(o)
. | = | u(l)
. |.
The active current and the active power transmission
are controlled by variation of angle Θ and voltage along
the line.
When a transmitted power is decreased and varies the
compensation of electric field is not complete, the volt-
age will become higher and for its limitation shunt reac-
tors are used to compensate the surplus reactive
capacity of the line.
The equivalent circuit of this line is similar to series
connection of active resistance and inductive impedance
and such line has no wave and resonance characteristics.
Flexible alternative current transmission systems with
fast acting shunt reactors and series capacitate compen-
sation control system allows providing the stable en-
ergy transmission over the line length 1,000–3,000 km.
The transmitted power is limited by resistance losses
and by electrical isolation of the air. The installation
cost of the 10–35 kV aerial transmission line is 10,000–
25,000 US$/km.
A three phase a.c. 1.2 MV, 10 GW, 1,000 km long extra-
high-voltage power transmission line costs
1.31 × 106 US$/km, and the whole power transmis-
sion system including transformer’s substations and
other electrical equipment has the installation cost
5.1 × 106 US$/km (MOGILLIS 1991).
30
Very costly direct current transmission lines for longer
distance (7,000 km) and higher transmission capability
(up to 70 GW) are proposed.
The installation cost of 10 GW, 1,000 km, ± 600 kv bipo-
lar d.c. transmission line is 5.8 × 106 US$/km, and de-
current transmission will provide even higher capability
using advanced superconducting technology. The ge-
neral conclusion regarding widely applied power trans-
mission systems is that reactive power should be
completely limited and compensated in order to provide
stability of power transmission, to avoid the dangerous
overvoltage and to secure the oscillation damping.
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC POWER
TRANSMISSION
cal power transmission using idle operation regime
and wattless capacitive circulating power for transmis-
sion of active power to the user’s end of the line. In the
open-ended line the active current and the magnetic
field of the line are equal to zero, while the electric
field has maximum value and it is created by the reac-
tive displacement current which is charging the ca-
pacitance of the line. The angle Θ between voltage
vectors at the beginning and at the end of the line is
equal to zero.
Practically because we use the open-circuit line
we offer one-pole single-wire electric power system
(SWEPS) instead of three-phase network (AVRAMENKO
1997, 1998).
The most important problems, which are to be
solved:
1. How to provide the high density reactive capacitive
current at the beginning point of the line;
2. How to convert the reactive capacitance current and
reactive power to active power and heat at the user’s
end of the line.
Schematic circuit of SWEPS is shown in Fig.1. Be-
cause the traditional three phase 50–60 Hz generators
and other a.c. electrical equipment are widely used we
offer electrical devices (black boxes), which can be in-
stalled at the beginning, and at the end of transmission
line and can provide electromagnetic compatibility of
new technology with standard a.c. electricity. Fre-
quency converter and modified Tesla transformer with
ferrite corn were applied at the generator site to gener-
ate high voltage and high frequency reactive electro-
magnetic power. Reversal Tesla transformer and stan-
dard rectifier and inverter were used at the consumer’s
end of high voltage SWEPS to decrease the voltage
and to convert the reactive high frequency electric
power to standard three phase 50 Hz electric power.
For proper operation of SWEPS it is necessary to con-
nect the neutral primary voltage terminal of reversal
Tesla transformer to artificial natural capacitance like an
insulated metallic sphere or the frame of equipment.
RES. AGR. ENG., 48, 2002 (1): 29–35
 Fig. 1a. Low voltage single-wire
a) line 10–1,000 V
1b. High voltage single-wire line
1–1,000 kV
1 – High frequency converter
2 – Step-up high frequency Tesla
transformer
3 – Single-wire line 1–300 kHz
4 – Diode-capacitor block
5 – Thyristor electronic key
6 – Electric load
7 – Step-down Tesla transformer
8 – Electric capacitance
9 – Rectifier
b)

A reactive capacitive current flows trough Tesla trans-
former and provide resonance overvoltage on its induc-
tance impedance.
Another technique of conversion of capacitive reac-
tive power to active power is application of diode-ca-
pacitor device which is usually used in d. c. voltage
doubling circuit in low voltage SWEPS (Fig. 1b).
generates capacitive current, which is charging the ca-
pacitance of the line. For standard 50 Hz 500 kV line the
capacitive current is 1.13 A/km, and reactive capacitive
power is 0.98 MVAR/km. A single-wire overhead line ca-
pacitance is defined under the known formula:

CALCULATION OF SWEPS PARAMETERS

du1
In order to increase the transmitted power the operat- ∂u
ing frequency was significantly increased due to well- h u u+ dx
known equation for reactive power. du2 ∂x
2
Q = 2πfcU
The quality factor, q at frequency 10 kHz is increased
by 200 times comparing with 50 Hz power system. The dx
upper value of frequency 100–300 kHz is limited by irra-
diation of electromagnetic power. Effective radiated
power Pir of the unloaded line can be calculated using S
known formula for transmitter’s antenna i x x+dx
2
l
Pir = 80π 2 I 2   (6) ∂i
λ i+ dx
∂x
For I = 100 A, λ= 30,000 m, l = 100 m, f = 10 kHz,
Pir = 8 × 10–3W ∂u
Consequently the radiated power is low at this fre- gdxu + Cdx
quency. ∂t
Let us consider a single-wire capacitive-inductive se-
ries resonant circuit without corona losses connected dx
to the Tesla transformer without the magnetic shunt
(Figs. 2, 3). As the line is open-ended the conduction
current is equal to zero (Fig. 3). The Tesla transformer Fig. 2. Currents and voltage drops in single-wire line

RES. AGR. ENG., 48, 2002 (1): 29–35 31

 l As the line is open-ended the current i(l) = 0
γ – coefficient of electromagnetic wave propagation
γ = α + iß
o α – damping factor
xL xc
r
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of SWEPS α = (12)
L
XL – inductactive impedance of Tesla transformers and single- 2
wire line C
Xc – capacitance of the line and the load At high frequencies ωC > g , ωL > r
L
α = 0 γ = iβ β = ω LC Z=
l C
Cо =
4h
2 ln (7)
• •
cos βx
U ( o ) = u( l ) cos
d • (13)
where: l – the length of the line, •
u( l )
I( o ) = j sin
sin βx
d – diameter of a conductor, z
h – distance between the earth and conductor. The maximum voltage is equal
For l = 1 km, d = 0.1 cm, h = 6 m, Co = 15,505 mµF. 4
U (l ) = qE (14)
The open line is grounded through leakage current π
and displacement current, which are distributed on all where: E – a voltage of Tesla transformer.
space, enclosing a conductor. The displacement cur- The capacitive current Ic = 2 π f C U
rent and voltage depends on time and on coordinate. Assuming u(o) = E = 10 kV, q = 10, f = 5 kHz,
The equation of continuity for current C = 0.1 µF, u(l = 15 km) = 127.25 kV
The capacitive current Ic = 39.75 A
(8) The reactive power Q = 2 πfCu 2 = 5.08 MVAR
where: gdxu – leakage current, Energy stored by the capacitor 0.1 µF.
g – conductance of air. Cu 2
Ec = = 0.,809 kJ
∂u – displacement current. 2
Cdx Takeoff active power from capacitor transmitted
∂t
through electronic key with switching frequency
The equation for voltages: fo = 1 kHz P = Ec × fo = 0.809 MW

(9) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Three different types of SWEPS were designed and

where:
tested: 230 V, 10 kV and 100 kV, each one being of one-
We obtain a set of equations for calculation of pa- kilowatt capacity. Tesla transformer has C-type unclosed
rameters of single-wire line. magnetic circuit with ferrite core of 40–50 mm dia-
meter. Secondary high voltage bobbin coil is wound
∂u ∂i – voltage drop across an inductive resistance. upon ferrite core and it has 4–6 thousand of winding
− = L
∂x ∂t turns. One terminal of the secondary coil is in the cen-
(10)
∂i ∂u ter of secondary coil and from this terminal the current
− = gu + C is taken to single-wire line. External neutral terminal
∂x ∂t
of the secondary coil has a zero potential in relation to
These equations differ from known (RASEVICH 1976) the ground. This neutral terminal is isolated.
the ohmic voltage drops across resistance being equal Primary coil is wound around in proximity to the
to zero and the specific parameters g, L and C having secondary coil. Primary coil has 40–50 winding turns.
been considered for one conductor in relation to the The terminals of primary coil are connected to fre-
ground but not for two-wire or three-wire lines. quency converter. SWEPS comprises two Tesla trans-
The solutions of the equations for operating complex formers, connected by single-wire line. Reversal
voltages and currents: step-down Tesla transformer at the user’s end has the
• • •
same structure of coils as a step-up Tesla transformer
u( o ) = u( l ) × ch γ l (Tesla 1900).
•
•
•
(11) As a material of conductor copper, aluminum, steel, and
u( l )
i( o ) = × sh γ l
z tungsten were used. The diameter of wire is
5–100 microns. The transmitted power is 1 kW at volt-
u (o) and u (l) – voltage at the beginning and at the end age from 230 V to 100 kV. Diode-capacitor block compri-
of the line. ses 0.25 µF, 16 kV capacitor. As a conductor also non-

32 RES. AGR. ENG., 48, 2002 (1): 29–35

metallic conductive media were used, like carbon wire of
100m/km diameter with resistivity 100 Ohm/m, plastic
water tube of 10 mm diameter, plastic saucer with 10 mm
layer of damp soil, ITO conductive film on glass sub-
strate. Conductive film has a resistivity 30 Ohm/m and
a thickness of 0.3 microns.
The current, voltage and power of SWEPS were mea-
sured by standard 50 Hz devices at the beginning of the
line.
As electric load appliances a.c. motors and filament
lamp were used. The parameters of the load are mea-
sured by standard a.c. electric meters.
Single-wire circuit was tuned by frequency variation.
At resonance mode the capacity of the load is at its
maximum. The experiments showed that in resonance
mode the current transiting to the load through set-
down Tesla transformer in ten times exceeds a current
transiting through the secondary coil and charging the
natural capacitance. Transmitted power does not vary
at any diameter and material of a single-wire circuit.
The wire room temperature does not increase after sev-
eral hours of power transmission. The powerful elec-
tric oscillation produces stationary waves in unloaded
single-wire line.
The wavelength is defined by frequency of generator
or frequency converter. But when the electric load is
switched on, traveling waves appear. The reactive
power transmission is carried out by electromagnetic
field propagation along the line which one executes
a role of guiding system.
Transmitted power of single-line-to-ground short is
equal to zero because of a detuned circuit.
Resonant frequency is dependent on distributed ca-
pacitance and inductance of the Tesla transformer, the
line and the load. At removal of ferrite core the reso-
nant frequency was augmented by 2–3 times.
The Tesla coil generates also electromagnetic waves
of 4–5 cm length, which is equal to diameter of sec-
ondary coil of a setup Tesla transformer. These waves
were observed by connecting several series connected
fluorescent lamps to the inner terminal of secondary
coil. In the loaded line the transversal dark and light
areas displaced. The size of each area was 2–3 cm. So
the secondary coil of set-up Tesla transformer plays
a role of spiral antenna, emitting electromagnetic
waves. The wavelength is defined by the diameter of
the resonator and waveguide, the functions of which
are executed by secondary Tesla coil.
SWEPS includes mono-polar low loss single-wire
line. In a spark-gap of loaded single-wire line there
was a plasma discharge of reactive power. We called
this reactive plasma as cold plasma. There is a great
difference between cold plasma discharge of reactive
power and arcing short discharge of two-wire line
transmitting an active power.
If a water layer is included as part of the loaded
single-wire line and a spark-gap is created between the
conductor and the surface of water, the cold plasma dis-
charge between conductor and water is initiated. This
RES. AGR. ENG., 48, 2002 (1): 29–35
cold plasma discharge does not change the temperature
of water and does not evaporate water during 30 minutes
of operation of line. We use spring water as well as sea
water and water seems to be an ideal superconducting
material for capacitive reactive power transmission.
When arcing short was created by an active power in
a spark-gap between water and standard 50 Hz two-
wire line we could observe splashes and evaporation of
water. The industrial electrode boiler is a good illustra-
tion of effective electric power conversion to heat.
The plasma discharge in spark-gap of unloaded
single-wire line decreases and depends on natural ca-
pacitance of a body. Using this property of one pole
single-wire line we develop cold plasma coagulator for
application in medicine and chemistry (AVRAMENKO,
STUPIN 1997).
DISCUSSION
The electrostatic analogy is one of the visual argu-
ments of operation principles of SWEPS.
Transversal electromagnetic waves are propagated
along the line and these waves can have any frequency,
including zero. The structure of wave field in a trans-
versal plane is identical to electrostatic field and sta-
tionary magnetic field. The step-up Tesla transformer
generates during half-cycle the charges of high density
and high electrostatic potential. The free charges are
moving along the line from generator site with high
potential to the user’s end with small potential and this
capacitive charging current is stipulated by Coulomb
forces. These charges are moving on the surface of
wire and this current is not affected by Joule’s rule. So
Tesla transformer is operating during one half-cycle as
electrostatic generator continuously generating free
charges and supporting high potential at the generator
site. In the following half-cycle there is a change of the
sign of charges, which are recharging the line capaci-
tance but the potential difference between the genera-
tor and the end of the line is saved and charges of the
other sign are moving along the line to the load.
A displacement current in the space surrounding the
wire corresponds to change of an electric field strength.
The displacement current as well as capacitive charg-
ing current is not affected by Joule’s rule.
Another component of displacement current takes
into account moving charges and polarization in di-
electric surrounding a wire. Polarization losses can be
used for direct conversion of idle power to heat. But
this effect has quite different nature than Joule losses
physics. We found out the very high temperature in-
crease of fresh wood when we use it as a conductor
material for loaded single-wire line.
This simple method can be used for fast wood drying
and one can find a lot of materials, which can be used
to provide heat from reactive electric power using po-
larization losses mechanism.
One hundred years ago Nicola Tesla has developed
his apparatus for transmission of electric energy using
33
single-wire technology (Tesla 1956). In 1900 there was
no photovoltaic industry, radio engineering, laser tech-
nology and superconductivity. Now we better under-
stand the theory and application possibilities of
SWEPS. Nicola Tesla considered that one terminal of
secondary and primary coil of step-up and step-down
transformers must be connected to the earth. That
means that single-wire line can be applied only to the
power transmission along the earth.
Now we know that electric power can be transmitted
to any body, not connected to the earth, for example, to
air balloon, plane or even to satellite. We even do not
need to apply a step-down transformer for single-wire
power transmission (Fig. 1a) and we can use for power
transmission non-metallic conducting media, like iso-
lated water tubes, cables made from carbon or conduct-
ing oxides on glass etc. We developed SWEPS using
laser beam as a single-wire line (S TREBKOV et al.
1999a). Laser beam creates ionized conducting chan-
nel in the air with ionic concentration 1015/cm3. Step-
up frequency Tesla transformer generates high voltage
(more than 1,000 kV) potential and traveling electro-
magnetic waves which flow along this conducting
channel. At the voltage level of 1,000 kV the transmit-
ted power may reach the value of 1,000 MW, depend-
ing on the frequency and capacitance of the load.
Another field of SWEPS application is the electric
transport. We offer electric transport systems using hy-
brid electric car and public transport: bus, tram,
trolleybus, metro, electric train using single trolley
line, isolated from the earth (STREBKOV et al. 1999b).
5 W 12 V experimental model of single-trolley car was
constructed and tested.
New principles of electric power transmission, using
capacitive and displacement current in single-wire one
pole circuit in future can be applied for construction of
United Global Solar Electric Power System for the
world.
CONCLUSIONS
– Single-wire electric power system for electric grid
can be applied instead of three-phase network. SWEPS
uses one pole single-wire open-tuned circuit, capaci-
tive and displacement current for transmission of ac-
tive power. Modified step-up Tesla transformer was
applied at the generator site to generate high frequency
reactive capacitive current. Reversal step-down Tesla
transformer or diode-capacitor block was used at the
user’s end to convert high frequency reactive power to
standard a.c. 50 Hz or d.c. electricity.
– Three different 1 kW capacity SWEPS were tested:
230 V, 10 kV and 100 kV. Resonance mode of oscilla-
tion with frequency from 5 to 15 kHz was used to pro-
vide the most efficient power transmission. The
transmitted active power is proportionate to the fre-
quency, capacitance of the load and quadrate of the
load voltage. SWEPS and three-phase transmission line
have the same parameter affecting energy transmission
34
capability and this parameter is surplus reactive capac-
ity of the line, which is equal to the capacity of the
line’s electrical field. So both lines have the same trans-
mission capabilities in the range from 1 W to 10 GW.
Both the predicted and observed electric losses of
single-wire line are considerably less than the losses
predicted for three-phase network. It is known from the
theory of electricity that capacitive and displacement
currents are not affected by Joule’s rule. It was experi-
mentally proved that SWEPS has quasisuperconducting
property for capacitive and displacement current.
SWEPS has insignificant resistance losses for following
tested conducting materials: copper, aluminum, steel,
tungsten, carbon, conducting ITO oxides on glass, iso-
lated water tubes, damp soil. Conducting channel in the
air ionized by laser beam was offered as a single-wire
line for SWEPS.
– SWEPS is one of the most promising electric
power transmission technologies for renewable-based
electric grid. This technology may be recommended
both for the power transmission from a powerful gen-
eration site to electric grid and for transmission line
for joining together different parts of energy system.
The computer simulation of distributed solar power
system, consisting of several solar power plants in-
stalled in Spain, in European part of Russia and Far
East of Russia, connected by low loss transmission
line, resulted that this power system is generating elec-
tricity 24 hours a day 6 months a year and does not re-
quire electric accumulator or back-up generator during
the night.
Another promising possibilities include single-trol-
ley electric transport, isolated from earth and powered
by solar power system, solar driven cold plasma gen-
erator and compact extra high voltage equipment.
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Received 17 April 2001

Nová technologie přenosu elektrického výkonu

ABSTRAKT: Byl vyvinut SWEPS, jednodrátový elektrický systém (elektrického výkonu) s nízkými náklady a ztrátami.
Nová technologie přenosu elektrického výkonu používá režim přenosového vedení běhu naprázdno a jalový kapacitní proud
pro převod činného elektrického výkonu. Byly zkonstruovány a otestovány tři různé SWEPS: 230 V, 10 kV a 1 000 kV
jednotlivě s kapacitou 1 kW. Rezonanční vid oscilace s frekvencí od 3 do 30 kHz se použil pro maximálně účinný převod
výkonu. U polohy generátoru pro výrobu vysokofrekvenčního proudu jalového výkonu byly použity frekvenční konvertor
a modifikovaný transformátor Tesla. Na konci uživatele ke konverzi vysokofrekvenčního jalového elektrického výkonu na
standard 50–60 Hz elektřiny byly použity reverzní transformátor Tesla, standardní rektifikátor a inventor. Bylo experimen-
tálně dokázáno, že SWEPS má kvazisuperkonduktivní vlastnosti pro tok jalového kapacitního proudu ve vedení (elektric-
kém) rovněž při vysokých pracovních teplotách elektrického vodiče. SWEPS nemá ohmické ztráty pro následující testované
vodičové materiály ve vedení: měď, hliník, ocel, wolfram, uhlík, voda, vlhká půda. Výsledek teoretických výpočtů a expe-
rimentální studie ukazuje, že SWEPS se může aplikovat jak pro přenos energie ze sítě produkce energie z obnovitelných
zdrojů na větší energetické systémy, tak v přenosovém vedení pro spojení různých částí energetického systému s obnovitel-
nými zdroji.

Klíčová slova: energetický systém; přenos elektrického výkonu; vysokofrekvenční vodič

Corresponding author:

Prof. DIMITRIJ SEMJONOVIČ STREBKOV, DrSc., The All-Russian Research Institute for Electrification of Agriculture,
2, 1-st Veshnjakovsky proezd, Moscow, 109456, Russia
tel.: + 7 095 171 19 20, fax: + 7 095 170 51 01, e-mail: energy@viesh.msk.su

RES. AGR. ENG., 48, 2002 (1): 29–35 35