Department of ECE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.

1 PURPOSE OF THE LAB: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory This manual has been prepared for use in the course Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronic Circuits Laboratory. The laboratory exercises are design ed in such a way as to reinforce the concepts taught in the lectures. Before per forming the experiments, the students must be aware of the basic safety rules fo r minimizing any potential dangers. The specific objective of each experiment sh ould be kept in mind throughout the laboratory session. The conclusions based on the experiments and other observed phenomena must be clearly discussed in the l aboratory report. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PRELAB: In each lab, you are given prelab q uestions. These are intended to help you prepare for the lab. You should write y our response in this manual. These questions are not handed in, and they are not graded. If you do not understand a prelab question, be sure to ask your Instruc tor. 2. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING PSPICE PURPOSE 1. To learn the basic features of PSpice. 2. To use PSpice for the follo wing: i) Analysis by using Schematic Editor. ii) Analysis by using Circuit File Editor. INTRODUCTION TO SPICE The rapid change in the field of electrical engine ering is paralleled by programs that use the computers increased capabilities in the solution of both traditional and novel problems. With the availability of t ools for computer-aided circuit analysis, circuits of great complexity can be de signed and analyzed within a shorter time and with less effort compared to the t raditional methods. PSpice is a member of the SPICE (Simulation Program with Int egrated Circuit Emphasis) family of circuit simulators. In the following exercis es you will use PSpice to solve some circuits and to determine the quantities of interest. Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) SPICE is a computer simulation and modeling program used by engineers to mathematically p redict the behavior of electronic circuits. Developed at the University of Calif ornia at Berkeley, SPICE can be used to simulate circuits of almost all complexi ties. However, SPICE is generally used to predict the behavior of low to mid fre quency (DC to around 100MHz) circuits. SPICE has the ability to simulate compone nts ranging from the most basic passive elements such as resistors and capacitor s to sophisticated semiconductor devices such as MESFETs and MOSFETs. Using thes e intrinsic components as the basic building blocks for larger models, designers and chip manufacturers have been able to define a truly vast and diverse number of SPICE models. Most commercially available simulators include more than 15,00 0 different components. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 1

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory A circuit must be presented to SPICE in the form of a netlist. The netlist is a text description of all circuit elements such as transistors and capacitors, and their corresponding connections. Modern schematic capture and simulation tools such as Multisim allow users to draw circuit schematics in a user-friendly envir onment, and automatically translate the circuit diagrams into netlists. Both net list and corresponding circuit schematic are presented here in this manual, and some are left to the students to write on their own for practice. Types Of Spice The commercially supported versions of SPICE2 can be divided into two types: ma inframe versions and PCbased versions. The mainframe versions are: HSPICE, RAD-SP ICE(Meta-Software) IG-SPICE(A.B.Associates) Precise(Electronic Engineering Softw are) PSpice(Microsim) AccuSim(Mentor Graphics) Cadence-SPICE(Cadence Design) SPI CE-Plus(valid Logic) The PC-versions are AllSpice(Acotech) IS-SPICE(Intusoft) ZSPICE(Z-Tech) SPICE-Plus(Analog Design Tools) DSPICE(Daisy Systems) PSpice(Micro sim) Types of Analysis Pspice allows various types of analysis. Each analysis is invoked by including its command statement. The types of analysis and their cor responding. (dot) commands are described below: DC Analysis is used for circuits with time-invariant sources(e.g., steady-state dc sources). DC Analysis Command s: DC sweep of an input voltage/current source, a model parameter, or temperatur e over a range of values (.DC) DC operating point to obtain all node voltages (. OP) Small-signal transfer function with small-signal gain, input resistance, and output resistance (Thevenin's equivalent) (.TF) DC small-signal sensitivities (.S ENS) Transient Analysis is used for circuits with time-variant sources (e.g., ac sources and switched dc sources). Transient Analysis Commands: Circuit behavior in response to time varying sources (.TRAN) DC and Fourier components of the tr ansient analysis results (.FOUR) AC Analysis is used for small-signal analysis o f circuits with sources of variable frequencies. AC Analysis Commands: Circuit r esponse over a range of source frequencies (.AC) Noise generation at an output n ode for every frequency (.NOISE) Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 2

Department of ECE Limitation Of Spice Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory As a circuit simulator, Pspice has the following limitations: 1. The student ver sion of Pspice is restricted to circuits with 10 transistors only. 2. The progra m is not interactive; that is, the circuit cannot be analyzed for various compon ent values without editing the program statements. 3. Pspice does not support an iterative method of solution. If the elements of a circuit are specified, the o utput can be predicted. On the other hand, if the output is specified, Pspice ca nnot be used to synthesize the circuit elements. 4. The input impedance cannot b e determined directly. 5. The PC version needs 512kilobytes of memory (RAM) to r un. 6. Distortion analysis is not available in Pspice. 7. The output impedance o f a circuit cannot be printed or plotted directly. Circuit Descriptions A circui t is described to a computer by using a file called the circuit file, which is n ormally typed from a keyboard. The circuit file contains the circuit details of components and elements, the information about the sources, and the commands for what to calculate and what to provide as output. The circuit file is the input to the SPICE program, which after executing the commands, produces the results i n another file called the output file. A circuit must be specified in terms of e lement names, element values, nodes, variable parameters, and sources. The descr iption and analysis of a circuit require specifications as follows: Element valu es Nodes Circuit elements Element models Sources Types of analysis Output variab les PSpice output commands Format of circuit files Format of output files Elemen t Values: The element values are written in standard floating point notation wit h optional scale and unit suffixes. Some values without suffixes that are allowa ble in PSpice are 5 .5 5.0 5E+3 5.0E+3 5.E+3 There are two types of suffixes: th e scale suffix and the unit suffix. The scale suffix multiplies the number that it follows. The scale suffixes recognized by PSpice are F = 1E-15 P = 1E-12 N = 1E-9 U = 1E-6 M = 1E-3 MIL = 25.4E-6 K = 1E3 MEG = 1E6 G = 1E9 T = 1E12 Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 3

Department of ECE The unit suffixes that are normally used are V=volt A=amp HZ=hertz OHM=ohm( ) H= henry F=farad DEG=degree Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory The first suffix always the scale suffix and the unit suffix follows the scale s uffix. In the absence of a scale suffix, the first suffix may be a unit suffix, provided it is not symbol of a scale suffix. Nodes: The location of an element i s identified by the node numbers. Each element is connected between two nodes. N ode numbers are assigned to the circuit. Node 0 is predefined as the ground. All nodes must be connected to at least two elements and should, therefore, appear at least twice. Node numbers must be integers from 0 to 9999 for SPICE, but need not be sequential. Circuit Elements: Circuit elements are identified by names. A name must start with a letter symbol corresponding to the element, but after i t can contain either letters or numbers. Names can be up to 8 characters long fo r SPICE2 and up to 131 characters long for PSpice. The format of describing pass ive elements is <element name><positive node><negative node><value> Where positi ve node current is assumed to flow into positive node N+ and out of negative nod e N-. If the nodes are interchanged, the direction of the current through the el ement will be reversed. Sources: The format for sources is <source name><positiv e node><negative node><source model> where the voltage of node N+ is specified w ith respect to node N-. Voltage/Current Sources EXP FILE PULSE PWL SFFM SIN expo nential pulse user data file pulsed (single pulse or periodic waveform) piece-wi se linear (table driven arbitrary waveform) single frequency FM waveform sine wa ve Sinusoidal Voltage Source: This source generates a damped sinusoidal signal. Tra nsient spec syntax: SIN (VO VA FREQ [TD] [THETA] [PHASE]) where items in [] are optional parameters. Examples: VSIG 3 0 SIN (-1V 2.5V 10MEG 1NS 1E10 90) VAC in 0 SIN 0 120V 60Hz Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 4

Department of ECE Parameters VO VA FREQ TD THETA PHASE offset amplitude frequency delay damping fa ctor initial phase Default Values none none 1/TSTOP 0.0 0.0 0.0 Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Units V V Hz sec 1/sec degrees The shape of the waveform is described by the following table: Time Value 0 to TD VO TD to TSTOP VO + VA * exp(-(time-TD)*THETA) * sin(2pi * FREQ * (timeTD)+PHASE) Format Of Circuit Files A circuit file that can be read by SPICE/PSpi ce may be divided into five parts: i) The title, which describes the type of cir cuit or any comments; ii) The circuit description, which defines the circuit ele ments and the set of model parameters; iii) The analysis description, which defi nes the type of analysis; iv) The output description, which defines the way the output is to be presented; and v) The end of the program (the .END command). The format for a circuit file is as follows: Title Circuit description Analysis des cription Output description .END (end-of-file statement) Notes: 1. The first lin e is the title line, and it may contain any type of text. 2. The last line must be the .END command. 3. The order of the remaining lines is not important and do es not affect the results of simulations. 4. If a PSpice statement is more than one line, the statement can continue on the next line. A continuation line is id entified by a plus sign (+) in the first column of the next line. The continuati on lines must follow one another in the proper order. 5. A comment line may be i ncluded anywhere, preceded by an asterisk (*). Within a statement, a comment is preceded by a semicolon (;), for PSpice only. 6. PSpice statement or comments ca n be in either upper- or lower case. 7. If you are not sure of any command or st atement, the best thing is to run the circuit file by using that command or stat ement and see what happens. SPICE/PSpice is user-friendly software; it gives an error message in the output file that identifies a problem. Format Of Output Fil es The results of simulation by SPICE/PSpice are stored in an output file. It is possible to control the type and amount by various commands. If there is any er ror in the circuit file, SPICE/PSpice will display a message on the screen indic ating that there is an error and will suggest looking at the output file for det ails. The output falls into four types: Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 5

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 1. A description of the circuit itself that includes the netlist, the device lis t, the model parameter list, and so on. 2. Direct output from some of the analys es without the .PLOT and .PRINT commands. This includes the output from .OP, .TF , .SENS, .NOISE, and .FOUR analyses. 3. Prints and plots by .PLOT and .PRINT com mands. These include the output from the .DC, .AC, and .TRAN analyses. 4. Run st atistics. These include the various kinds of summary information about the whole run, including times required by various analyses and the amount of memory used . Spice Models BJT Models: Statement syntax: .MODEL <model name> <type> [(<param eter list>)] where <type> is one of the following: NPN PNP npn BJT pnp BJT NPN and PNP Model Parameters: Name* AF BF BR CJC CJE CJS EG FC IKF IKR IRB IS IS C (C4) ISE (C2) ITF KF MJC MJE MJS NC NE NF NR PTF RB RBM Description Flicker no ise exponent Ideal maximum forward gain Ideal maximum reverse gain B-C zero-bias depletion capacitance B-E zero-bias depletion capacitance Zero-bias collector-s ubstrate capacitance Energy gap for temperature effect on IS Forward bias deplet ion capacitance coeff. Corner for forward gain high current roll-off Corner for reverse gain high current roll-off Current where base resistance falls half way to its minimum value Transport saturation current B-C leakage saturation current If >=1, specifies multiple of IS B-E leakage saturation current If >=1, specifi es multiple of IS High-current parameter for effect on TF Flicker noise coeffici ent B-C junction exponential factor B-E junction exponential factor Substrate ju nction exponential factor B-C leakage emission coefficient B-E leakage emission coefficient Forward current emission coefficient Reverse current emission coeffi cient Excess phase at Freq=1/(TF*2) Hz Zero-bias base resistance Minimum base re sistance at high currents Units F F F eV A A A A A A A degrees Ohms Ohms Default 1 100 100 0 0 0 1.11 0.5 infinite infinite infinite 1E-16 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.33 0 2 1.5 1 1 0 0 RB Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 6

Department of ECE Name* Description Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Units Ohms Ohms sec deg. C Default 0 0 0 27 RC Collector resistance RE Emitter resistance TF Ideal forward transit time TNOM Nominal model temperature (TREF) (T_MEASURED) TR Ideal reverse transit time TRB 1 RB linear temperature coefficient TRB2 RB quadratic temperature coefficient TB C1 RC linear temperature coefficient TBC2 RC quadratic temperature coefficient T RE1 RE linear temperature coefficient TRE2 RE quadratic temperature coefficient TRM1 RBM linear temperature coefficient TRM2 RBM quadratic temperature coefficie nt VAF Forward Early voltage VAR Reverse Early voltage VJC B-C built-in potentia l VJE B-E built-in potential VJS Substrate junction built-in potential VTF Volta ge describing VBC dependence of TF XCJC Fraction of B-C depletion capacitance co nnected to internal base node XTB Forward and reverse gain temperature exponent XTF Coefficient for bias dependence of TF XTI Temperature exponent for effect on IS * Name in parenthesis is alias for parameter name. sec V V V V V V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 infinite infinite 0.75 0.75 0.75 infinite 1 0 0 3 Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 7

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 3. PART I SIMULATION USING PSPICE Exp. No. 1: Common Emitter Amplifier Exp. No. 2: Two stage RC coupled Amplifier Exp. No. 3: Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier Exp. No. 4: RC Phase Shift Oscillat or Exp. No. 5: Class A Power Amplifier Exp. No. 6: Class B Complementary Symmetr y Power Amplifier Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 8

Department of ECE PART I Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory EXPERIMENT NO. 1 COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER Prelab: Study the operation and working principle of CE amplifier. Identify all the formulae you will need in this Lab. Study the procedure of using Spice tool (Schematic & Circuit File). In this lab you will use decibels, or dB. This is a di mensionless ratio, in logarithmic form. The formula is XdB = 20log10(|X|), where X is any dimensionless ratio. For example, X might be the gain A of an amplifie r. If the gain A of an amplifier is 100, you can also say that the amplifier has a gain of 40 dB. Note that negative values correspond to a ratio of less than u nity, for example an amplifier with a gain of 0.01 has a gain of -40 dB. You can compute a voltage ratio by taking the exponent of 10, for example the voltage r atio corresponding to a gain of 15 dB is 10(15/20) = 5.623. Calculate the follow ing: a. The gain in dB of an amplifier with a gain of 10,000. b. The gain in dB of an amplifier with a gain of 0.1. c. The voltage ratio that corresponds to 3 d B. Objective: 1. To simulate the Common Emitter amplifier in Pspice and study th e transient and frequency response. 2. To determine the phase relationship betwe en the input and output voltages by performing the transient analysis. 3. To det ermine the maximum gain, 3dB gain, lower and upper cutoff frequencies and bandwi dth of CE amplifier by performing the AC analysis. Software Tool: 1. 2. 3. 4. EdwinXP / Topspice / Multisim / Microsim / or any other equivalent tool. Circuit Diagram: Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 9

Department of ECE Circuit File: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory *Title * Circuit file for CE Amplifier *Circuit description Q1 1 2 3 2n2222 RC 1 4 10k R1 2 4 47k R2 0 2 5k RS 5 6 500 RE 0 3 2k RL 0 7 10k C1 6 2 1u CE 0 3 10u C2 1 7 1u Vcc 4 0 12 Vs 5 0 AC 10m SIN 0 10m 1k .MODEL 2N2222 NPN(IS=2.56E-14 B F=200 NE=2 IKF=0.56 + BR= 5.00 NC= 2.00 ISE= 1.280E-11 + RB= 10.0 RC= .500 ISC= 1.280E-11 + CJE= 2.500E-11 TF= 5.333E-10 CJC= 8.000E-12 TR= 4.000E-08 KF=3E-16 + AF=1) *Analysis description .TRAN 1E-006 0.002 .AC DEC 10 10 1E+007 *Output des cription .PROBE *.END (end-of-file statement) .END Theory: The practical circuit of CE amplifier is shown in the figure. It consists of different circuit compon ents. The functions of these components are as follows: 1. Biasing Circuit: The resistances R1, R2 and RE form the voltage divider biasing circuit for the CE am plifier. It sets the proper operating point for the CE amplifier. 2. Input capac itor C1: This capacitor couples the signal to the transistor. It blocks any dc c omponent present in the signal and passes only ac signal for amplification. Beca use of this, biasing conditions are maintained constant. 3. Emitter Bypass Capac itor CE: An emitter bypass capacitor CE is connected in parallel with the emitte r resistance, RE to provide a low reactance path to the amplified ac signal. If it is not inserted, the amplified ac signal passing through RE will cause a volt age drop across it. This will reduce the output voltage, reducing the gain of th e amplifier. 4. Output Coupling Capacitor C2: The coupling capacitor C2 couples the output of the amplifier to the load or to the next stage of the amplifier. I t blocks dc and passes only ac part of the amplified signal. Operation: When pos itive half of the signal is applied, the voltage between base and emitter (Vbe) is increased because it is already positive with respect to ground. So forward b ias is increased i.e., the base current is increased. Due to transistor action, the collector current IC is increased b times. When this current flows through RC, the drop IC RC increases considerably. As a consequence of this, the voltage be tween collector and emitter (Vce) decreases. In this way, amplified voltage appe ars across RC. Therefore the positive going input signal appears as a negative g oing output signal i.e., there is a phase shift of 180 between the input and outp ut. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 10

Department of ECE Procedure: 1. Schematic: i) ii) iii) iv) v) Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) xiv) xv) Select the components from the symbol library and place it on the schematic wind ow. The selected symbol is displayed on the screen in red. Move the symbol to th e desired location using the mouse. You can change the view of most symbols by p erforming the following operations: rotate, mirror and flip. Wires and junctions are used to wire together parts and indicate electrical connections. To draw a wire, select the Wire menu command, Move the cursor to the wire starting positio n and click the left mouse button or press Enter. Now you can move the other end of wire to the desired location. The junction symbol (a large dot) indicates an electrical connection between wires or between a wire and a part pin. Most part s (components) require that you specify the following set of attributes: referen ce name, value or model name, and optional parameters. You can also change the a ttributes by double-clicking on a part on the schematic. Once circuit constructi on is completed; the analysis is to be performed. To simulate a circuit, select the Analysis|Run Simulation menu command from the Schematic. If there are any er rors during the simulation, the simulator writes any applicable error messages t o the simulation output file. Three different modes of circuit analysis: DC, AC (frequency response) and transient. Before simulation, we have to do the analysi s setup. Once analysis setup is over, then perform Run Simulation. From the anal ysis note down the readings, plot the graph, do the calculations. 2. Circuit File: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) The SPICE circuit file (d efault filename extension ".CIR") is the input file for the simulator program. T his is a text file, which contains the circuit netlist, simulation command and d evice model statements. Write the circuit file for the given schematic assuming the node numbers. Save the circuit file. To simulate the circuit file, select th e Analysis|Run Simulation menu command from the circuit file menu. If there are any errors during the simulation, the simulator writes any applicable error mess ages to the simulation output file. Three different modes of circuit analysis: D C, AC (frequency response) and transient. Before simulation, we have to do the a nalysis setup. Once analysis setup is over, then perform Run Simulation. From th e analysis note down the readings, plot the graph, do the calculations. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 11

Department of ECE Observations/Graphs: i) Transient Response: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory ii) Frequency Response: (Absolute gain Vs Frequency): Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 12

Department of ECE (Gain in dB Vs Frequency): Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Inference: 1. From the transient analysis the phase relationship between input a nd output voltage signals is ___________ degrees. 2. From the frequency response curve the following results are calculated: S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Parameter Max. A bsolute Gain Max. Gain in dB 3dB Gain Lower Cutoff Frequency Upper Cutoff Freque ncy Bandwidth Value Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 13

Department of ECE Criticism: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 1. Why the CE amplifier provides a phase reversal? 2. In the dc equivalent circu it of an amplifier, how are capacitors treated? 3. What is the effect of bypass capacitor on frequency response? 4. Define lower and upper cutoff frequencies fo r an amplifier. 5. State the reason for fall in gain at low and high frequencies . 6. What is meant by unity gain frequency? 7. Define Bel and Decibel. 8. What d o we represent gain in decibels? 9. Why do you plot the frequency response curve on a semi-log paper? Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 14

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 15

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory PART I EXPERIMENT NO. 2 TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER Prelab: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Study the purpose of using multistage amplifiers. Learn t he different types of coupling methods. Study the effect of cascading on Bandwid th. Identify all the formulae you will need in this Lab. Study the procedure of using Spice tool (Schematic & Circuit File). Objective: 1. To simulate the Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier in PSpice and study the transient and frequency response. 2. To determine the phase relationship be tween the input and output voltages by performing the transient analysis. 3. To determine the maximum gain, 3dB gain, lower and upper cutoff frequencies and ban dwidth of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier by performing the AC analysis. 4. To de termine the effect of cascading on gain and bandwidth. Software Tool: EdwinXP / Topspice / Multisim / Microsim / or any other equivalent tool. Circuit Diagram: Circuit File: Left to the student to write on his/her own Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 16

Department of ECE Theory: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory An amplifier is the basic building block of most electronic systems. Just as one brick does not make a house, a single-stage amplifier is not sufficient to buil d a practical electronic system. The gain of the single stage is not sufficient for practical applications. The voltage level of a signal can be raised to the d esired level if we use more than one stage. When a number of amplifier stages ar e used in succession (one after the other) it is called a multistage amplifier o r a cascade amplifier. Much higher gains can be obtained from the multi-stage am plifiers. In a multi-stage amplifier, the output of one stage makes the input of the next stage. We must use a suitable coupling network between two stages so t hat a minimum loss of voltage occurs when the signal passes through this network to the next stage. Also, the dc voltage at the output of one stage should not b e permitted to go to the input of the next. If it does, the biasing conditions o f the next stage are disturbed. Figure shows how to couple two stages of amplifi ers using RC coupling scheme. This is the most widely used method. In this schem e, the signal developed across the collector resistor RC of the first stage is c oupled to the base of the second stage through the capacitor CC. The coupling ca pacitor blocks the dc voltage of the first stage from reaching the base of the s econd stage. In this way, the dc biasing of the next stage is not interfered wit h. For this reason, the capacitor CC is also called a blocking capacitor. As the number of stages increases, the gain increases and the bandwidth decreases. RC coupling scheme finds applications in almost all audio small-signal amplifiers u sed in record players, tape recorders, public-address systems, radio receivers, television receivers, etc. Procedure: Procedure is same as that of Experiment No . 1 Observations/Graphs: i) Transient Response: Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 17

Department of ECE ii) Frequency Response: (Gain in dB Vs Frequency) Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory (Comparing single stage and two stage amplifier response) Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 18

Department of ECE Inference: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 1. From the transient analysis, it is observed that,___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________. 2. From the frequency response curve the following results are calculated: S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Max. Gain in dB 3dB Gain Lower Cutoff Frequency Upper Cutoff Frequenc y Bandwidth Value 3. From the AC response, it is observed that, _____________________________ ____ ______________________________________________________________. Criticism: 1. Why do you need more than one stage of amplifiers in practical cir cuits? 2. What is the effect of cascading on gain and bandwidth? 3. What happens to the 3dB frequencies if the number of stages of amplifiers increases? 4. Why we use a logarithmic scale to denote voltage or power gains, instead of using th e simpler linear scale? 5. What is loading effect in multistage amplifiers? Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 19

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 20

Department of ECE PART I Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory EXPERIMENT NO. 3 CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER Prelab: 1. 2. 3. 4. Study the concept of feedback in amplifiers. Study the chara cteristics of current shunt feedback amplifier. Identify all the formulae you wi ll need in this Lab. Study the procedure of using Spice tool (Schematic & Circui t File). Objective: 1. To simulate the Current Shunt dy the transient and frequency response. 2. ain, lower and upper cutoff frequencies and Amplifier by performing the AC analysis. 3. on gain and bandwidth. Software Tool: Feedback Amplifier in PSpice and stu To determine the maximum gain, 3dB g bandwidth of Current Shunt Feedback To determine the effect of feedback

EdwinXP / Topspice / Multisim / Microsim / or any other equivalent tool. Circuit Diagram: Circuit File: Left to the student to write on his/her own Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 21

Department of ECE Theory: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Feedback plays a very important role in electronic circuits and the basic parame ters, such as input impedance, output impedance, current and voltage gain and ba ndwidth, may be altered considerably by the use of feedback for a given amplifie r. A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the normal input signal and thereby the feedback is accomplishe d. There are two types of feedback. They are i) Positive feedback and ii) Negati ve feedback. Negative feedback helps to increase the bandwidth, decrease gain, d istortion, and noise, modify input and output resistances as desired. A current shunt feedback amplifier circuit is illustrated in the figure. It is called a se ries-derived, shunt-fed feedback. The shunt connection at the input reduces the input resistance and the series connection at the output increases the output re sistance. This is a true current amplifier. Procedure: Procedure is same as that of Experiment No. 1 Observations/Graphs: i) Transient Response: Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 22

Department of ECE ii) Frequency Response: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Inference: 1. From the frequency response curve the following results are calcul ated: S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Max. Gain in dB 3dB Gain Lower Cutoff Frequency Upper Cutoff Frequency Bandwidth Value 2. From the AC response, it is observed that, ______________________________ ___ ________________________________________________________________. Criticism: 1. State the merits and demerits of negative feedback in amplifiers. 2. If the bypass capacitor CE in an RC coupled amplifier becomes accidentally op en circuited, what happens to the gain of the amplifier? Explain. 3. When will a negative feedback amplifier circuit be unstable? 4. What is the parameter which does not change with feedback? 5. What type of feedback has been used in an emi tter follower circuit? Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 23

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory WORKSPACE Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 24

Department of ECE PART I Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory EXPERIMENT NO. 4 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING TRANSISTORS Prelab: 1. 2. 3. 4. Study the concept of positive feedback. Study the operation and working principle of RC phase shift oscillator. Identify all the formulae yo u will need in this Lab. Study the procedure of using Spice tool (Schematic & Ci rcuit File). Objective: 1. To simulate the RC Phase Shift oscillator using PSpice and study t he transient response. 2. To determine the frequency of oscillation and compare its value with the theoretical value. Software Tool: EdwinXP / Topspice / Multisim / Microsim / or any other equivalent tool. Circuit Diagram: Circuit File: Left to the student to write on his/her own Theory: Any circuit wh ich is used to generate an ac voltage without an ac input signal is called an os cillator. Positive feedback is used in oscillators. Based on the type of compone nts used, the oscillators are classified in to two types. They are LC oscillator s and RC oscillators. In the RC phase shift oscillator the required phase shift of 180 in the feedback loop from output to input is obtained by using R and C com ponents. Figure shows the circuit of RC phase shift oscillator using cascaded co nnection of high pass filter. Here, a common emitter amplifier is followed by th ree sections of RC phase shift network, the output of the last section being ret urned to the input. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 25

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 1 The phase shift, f, given by each RC section is f = tan-1 wCR . If R is made zero, the n f will become 90. But making R=0 is impracticable because if R is zero, then the voltage across it will become zero. Therefore, in practice the value of R is adj usted such that f becomes 60. If the values of R and C are so chosen that, for the given frequency fr, the phase shift of each RC section is 60. Thus such a RC ladd er network produces a total phase shift of 180 between its input and output volta ges for the given frequency. Therefore, at the specific frequency fr, the total phase shift from the base of the transistor around the circuit and back to the b ase will be exactly 360 or 0, the thereby satisfying Barkhausen condition for osci llation. The frequency of oscillation is given by fr = 1 2pRC 6 At this frequency, it is found that the feedback factor of the network is |b| = 1/ 29. In order that |Ab| shall not be less than unity, it is required that the ampli fier gain |A| must be more than 29 for oscillator operation. Procedure: Procedur e is same as that of Experiment No. 1 Observations/Graphs: Transient Response: Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 26

Department of ECE Inference: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory The theoretical and practical calculation of the frequency of oscillation of RC phase shift oscillator is calculated as follows: Theoretical Calculations R = 10 k C = 0.01u fr = Practical Calculations T= ________ms f= 1/T= __________Hz 1 2pRC 6 + 4k Where k = Rc/R = 0.18 fr = ________Hz Criticism: 1. What is Barkhausen criterion? 2. What is the maximum phase shift p rovided by the single RC network? 3. What is the condition of phase shift oscill ator to produce sustained oscillations? 4. Where does the starting voltage for a n oscillator? 5. Why are RC oscillators preferred for the generation of low freq uencies? 6. If the percentage feedback for sustained oscillations in an oscillat or is 5%, what is the required gain of amplifier? 7. Find the percentage feedbac k to produce sustained oscillators if amplifier gain is 60. 8. An RC phase shift oscillator circuit has 3 identical RC networks with R=100 , C=10F. Find the freq uency of oscillation. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 27

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 28

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory PART I EXPERIMENT NO. 5 CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER Prelab: 1. 2. 3. 4. Study the difference between voltage and power amplifiers. S tudy the operation and working principle of Class A power amplifier. Identify al l the formulas you will need in this Lab. Study the procedure of using Spice too l (Schematic & Circuit File). Objective: 1. To simulate the Class A power amplifier in PSpice and study the tr ansient response. 2. To determine the Collector efficiency of Class A power ampl ifier. Software Tool: EdwinXP / Topspice / Multisim / Microsim / or any other equivalent tool. Circuit Diagram: Circuit File: Left to the student to write on his/her own Theory: Class A power amplifier is one in which the output current flows during the entire cycle (360) of input signal. Thus the operating point is selected in such a way that the tra nsistor operates only over the linear region of its load line. So this amplifier can amplify input signals of small amplitude. The theoretical efficiency of tra nsformer coupled or inductively coupled class A power amplifier is 50%. Practica lly it is in the range of 30 35%. The formula for calculating collector efficien cy is %h = PAC 100 , where PAC and PDC values are calculated as follows: PDC Page 29 Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad

Department of ECE Using RMS values: PDC = VCC IDC PAC = Vrms Irms Using Peak values: PDC = VCC Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory IDC PAC = Vrms Irms = PAC = Vm I m Vm I , I rms = m QVrms = 2 2 2

Vm 2 I 2R or m L 2 RL 2 Using Peak to Peak values: PDC = VCC IDC PAC = Vrms Irms = V pp I pp PAC = V pp 2 8 RL or I pp 2 RL 8 Procedure: Procedure is same as that of Experiment No. 1 Observations/Graphs: i) Transient Response: Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 30 V pp I pp Vm I = , I rms = m = QVrms = 8 2 2 2 2 2 2

Department of ECE ii) Frequency Response: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Calculations: PDC = VCC IDC PAC = or 8 RL 8 P %h = AC 100 PDC V pp 2 I pp 2 RL Theoretical Efficiency = ___________________. Practical Efficiency =____________ _______. Inference: 1. From transient it is observed that the Class A power ampl ifier conducts for ____________ angle. 2. The collector efficiency of class A po wer amplifier is ______________. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 31

Department of ECE Criticism: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 1. Draw the block diagram of public address system. 2. Why a power amplifier is also known as a large signal amplifier? 3. What is need for power amplifier? 4. What is the difference between voltage amplifier and power amplifier? 5. Why vol tage amplifier cannot work as power amplifier? 6. Why a power amplifier is alway s preceded by a voltage amplifier? 7. What is heat sink? Why it is used with pow er transistors? 8. What is collector efficiency? Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 32

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 33

Department of ECE PART I Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory EXPERIMENT NO. 6 CLASS B COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY POWER AMPLIFIER Prelab: 1. Study the operation and working principle of Class B power amplifier. 2. Identify all the formulas you will need in this Lab. 3. Study the procedure of using Spice tool (Schematic & Circuit File). Objective: 1. To simulate the Cl ass B Complementary Symmetry power amplifier in PSpice and study the transient r esponse. 2. To eliminate the cross-over distortion using modified circuitry. Sof tware Tool: EdwinXP / Topspice / Multisim / Microsim / or any other equivalent tool. Circuit Diagram: Fig. Class B Complementary Symmetry Symmetry Power Amplifier Fig. Modified Class B Complementary Power Amplifier Circuit File: Left to the student to write on his/her own Theory: The use of bot h the input and output transformers in an ordinary push-pull amplifier circuit i s eliminated using a circuit called complementary-symmetry push-pull amplifier c ircuit. This uses a pair of transistors having complementary symmetry, that is, one transistor is PNP and the other is NPN. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 34

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Note that the complementary symmetry circuit requires two power supplies, since each transistor must be biased suitably. The transistors T1 and T2 are operated in class-B. That is, the bias is adjusted such that the operating point correspo nds to the cut-off points. Hence, with no signal input, both transistors are cut -off and no collector current flows. The signal applied at the input goes to the base of both the transistors. Since the transistors are of opposite type, they conduct in opposite half-cycles of the input. For example, during the positive h alf-cycle of the input signal, the PNP transistor T1 is reverse biased and does not conduct. The NPN transistor T2, on the other hand, is forward-biased and con ducts. This results in a half-cycle of output voltage across the load resistor. The other half-cycle of output across the load is provided by the conduction of transistor T1 (the transistor T2 remains cut-off) during the negative half-cycle of the input. Since the collector current from each transistor flows through th e load during the alternate half-cycles of the input signal, no centre-tapped ou tput transformer is required. The two transistors though of opposite type must b e matched. If there is an imbalance in the characteristics of the two transistor s, even harmonics will no longer be cancelled. This would result in considerable distortion. Increasing availability of complementary transistors is making the use of class-B transformer coupled stages obsolete. All modern power amplifier c ircuits are transformerless and use complementary transistors. Procedure: Proced ure is same as that of Experiment No. 1 Observations/Graphs: Transient Response: Fig. Transient response of Class B Complementary Symmetry Power Amplifier Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 35

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Fig. Transient response of Modified Class B Complementary Power Amplifier which eliminates cross-over distortion Inference: 1. From transient response of Class B complementary symmetry power am plifier, we observe that _______________________________________________________ . 2. Using modified circuitry, ______________________________________________. C riticism: 1. What is cross-over distortion? 2. How to eliminate cross-over disto rtion? 3. What is harmonic distortion? 4. What is the maximum efficiency of clas s B Complementary Symmetry Power amplifier? 5. What is the difference between Pu sh-pull power amplifier and complementary symmetry power amplifier? Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 36

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 37

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 4. PART II TESTING USING HARDWARE LABORATORY Exp. No. 1: Common Emitter Amplifier Exp. No. 2: RC Phase Shift Oscillator using transistors Exp. No. 3: Class B Complementary Symmetry Power Amplifier Exp. No. 4: Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier Exp. No. 5(a): Hartley Oscillator Exp. No. 5( b): Colpitt's Oscillator Exp. No. 6: Class C Power Amplifier Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 38

Department of ECE PART II Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory EXPERIMENT NO. 1 COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER Objective: 1. To plot the transient response waveforms and observe that the CE a mplifier produces a phase reversal. 2. To measure the maximum signal which can b e amplified by the amplifier without having clipped output. 3. To measure the vo ltage gain of the amplifier for different values of load resistance. 4. To measu re the voltage gain of the amplifier in the mid-frequency region. 5. To plot the frequency response curve and thus determine the lower and upper cutoff frequenc ies, and Bandwidth of the amplifier. Apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Transist or 2n2222. Resistors 500, 2k, 5k, 10k (2), 47k. Capacitors 1u (2), 10u. RPS 12V. Function Generator. CRO. Breadboard. Connecting wires and Probes. Circuit Diagram: Fig. 2.1.1 Common Emitter Amplifier Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 39

Department of ECE Theory: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory In the amplifier circuit shown in the figure, the resistors R1, R2 and RE fix th e operating point. The resistor RE stabilizes it against temperature variations. The capacitor CE bypasses the resistor RE for the ac signal. As it offers very low impedance path for ac, the emitter terminal is almost at ground potential. W hen the ac signal is applied to the base, the base-emitter voltage changes, beca use of which the base-current changes. Since collector current depends upon the base current, the collector current also changes. When this changing collector c urrent passes through the load resistance RC, an ac voltage is produced at the o utput. As the output voltage is much more than the input voltage, the circuit wo rks as an amplifier circuit. The voltage gain of this amplifier is given by the formula AV = bRac 180 Where rin is the dynamic input resistance, b is the current amplification factor, and Rac is the load resistance in the circuit. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the fig. 2.1.1. Set Vs = 0 at 1 KHz. Increase V s till undistorted waveform is seen on the CRO. Measure the input voltage Vs. Va ry the frequency from dc to 1MHz in convenient steps and measure the VO at every frequency for constant input. 6. Find the voltage gain, AV = V VO , AV(dB) = 20 log . 7. Plot AV Vs Frequency using Semi-log paper. 8. Repeat the above steps from 4 t o 6 for different values of load resistance. Expected Waveforms/Graphs: 1. Trans ient Response: 2. Frequency Response: Vin t Vout Gain Amax Amax/2 t f1 Fig. 2.1.2 (a) Transient Response (b) Frequency Response f2 Freq. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 40 O V VS S r in

Department of ECE Observations: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 1. Voltage gain of the amplifier with variation in Load: S. No. 1 2 Load Resistor, RL( ) Input Voltage, Vin (mV) Output Voltage, Vout (V) Absolute Gain Gain in dB 2. Voltage gain of the amplifier with variation in Frequency: Input Frequency (H z) Input Voltage, Vin (mV) Output Voltage, Vout (V) Absolute Gain Gain in dB S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 41

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Inference: 1. The phase relation between the input and output voltage waveforms is __________. 2. Maximum signal handling capacity of the amplifier (at 1kHz) is ____________mV. 3. The voltage gain _______________ as the load resistance ____ _____________. 4. The absolute voltage gain of the amplifier in the mid frequenc y region is ___________. 5. The voltage gain in dB of the amplifier in the mid f requency region is ___________dB. 6. The lower cut-off frequency is ________Hz, and upper cut-off f requency is _________Hz. 7. The Bandwidth of the amplifier is ____________Hz. 8. The gain bandwidth product is ______________Hz. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 42

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 43

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory PART II EXPERIMENT NO. 2 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING TRANSISTORS Objective: To measure the frequency of oscillation of RC phase shift oscillator and compare with that of the theoretical value. Apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Transistor 2n2222. Resistors 56K, 100K, 10K(5). Capacitors 10u(3), 0.01u(3) RPS 5V. CRO. Breadboard. Connecting wires and Probes. Circuit Diagram: Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the circuit on the breadboard as per the circuit diagram. Connect the output of the circuit to the Channel 1 of the CRO using BNC Probe. Note down the amplitude and time period of the output waveform. Calculat e the theoretical frequency of oscillations by using the formula fr = 1 2p RC 6 5. Calculate the practical frequency of oscillations. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 44

Department of ECE Expected Waveforms/Graphs: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vout t Calculations: Theoretical Frequency of Oscillations, fr = fr = 1 2p RC 6 Observations: Inference: Frequency of the oscillations: Time period T of the ac signal availab le at the output = _____________s. Therefore, frequency fr = 1 Hz = ____________Hz. 2p RC 6 Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 45

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 46

Department of frequency (>30KHz) or a narrow band of frequencies in the RF (rad io frequency) region. Tuned amplifiers are properly referred to as radio frequen cy (RF) amplifiers. The resonant frequency of tuned amplifier is given by fr = 1 2p LC Page 50 Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad

Department of ECE Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Connect signal. ate the quency. ue. the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Apply maximum undistorted input Vary the frequency conveniently and note down the output voltage. Calcul gain at resonant frequency. Plot the curve between gain and resonant fre Calculate the resonant frequency and compare it with the theoretical val

Expected Waveforms/Graphs: Theoretical Calculations: fr = 1 2p LC 1 -3 2p 10 10 100 10-9 = 5.03 KHz Practical Calculations: = Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 51

Department of ECE Observations: S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Input Frequency (Hz) In put Voltage, Vin (mV) Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Output Voltage, Vout (V) Absolute Gain Gain in dB Inference: The resonant frequency of single tuned voltage amplifier is _________ _____________. The maximum gain at resonant frequency is _______________________ . Criticism: 1. What is tuned amplifier? 2. Discuss the quality (Q) factor of a tuned amplifier, the factors that affect its value, and its relationship to ampl ifier bandwidth. 3. How does tuned amplifier acts as a filter? 4. What is stagge r tuning? 5. What is neutralization? Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 52

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory WORKSPACE Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 53

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory PART II EXPERIMENT NO. 5(a) HARTLEY OSCILLATOR PreLab: 1. 2. Study the operation and working principle of Hartley Oscillator. Study the procedure for conducting the experiment in the lab. Objectives: To determine the frequency of oscillations of Hartley oscillator. Apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4. Regulated power supply CRO Transistor (2N2222) Resistors (100 K, 10 K, 1 K, 100 ) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Potentiometer (47 K) Capacitors (10 f) Capacitors (0.01 f, 0.022 f, 0.033 f, 0.047 f) Inductors (2 mH, 100 mH) Bread board 1 No. each 1 No. e ach 1 No. 1 No. each 1 No. 3 Nos. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 10. Connecting wires Circuit Diagram: Fig. Hartley oscillator Theory: The Hartley Oscillator is shown in the fig. 15.1. The feedback network consistin g of inductors L1, L2 and a capacitor C determines the frequency of oscillator. The frequency of Colpitt's oscillator is given by fr = 1 2p ( L1 + L2 )C . The condition for sustained oscillations is h fe = L1 L2 . Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 54

Department of ECE Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Connect the circuit on the bread board as shown in fig 15.1 with C1. Connect CRO at the output terminals of the circuit. Adjust the potentiometer until undistor ted sinusoidal output is observed on CRO. Note down the amplitude and frequency of the output signal. This frequency will be the frequency of oscillations of Ha rtley oscillator. Repeat the above steps for different values of capacitors C2, C3, and C4. Expected Graph: VO t Fig. 15.2 Output Waveform Calculations: Frequency of oscillations, fO = 1 2p LC , where L = L1 + L2 and C = C1 or C2 or C3 or C4 Observations: S.No. 1 2 3 4 Where L1 (mH) 100 100 100 100 L2 (mH) 2 2 2 2 C (f) C1 = 0.01 C2 = 0.022 C3 = 0.033 C4 = 0.047 fT (Hz) fP (Hz) fT is theoretical frequency of oscillations fP is practical frequency of oscilla tions Frequency of given Hartley oscillator is determined both practically and t heoretically Inference: Criticism: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is the condition for sustained oscillations in Hartley oscillator? In Hartley oscillator, which elements provide required dc bias to t he transistor? In Hartley oscillator, which elements determine the frequency of the output signal? What are the advantages of Hartley over colpitt's oscillator? W hat is piezo electric effect? Draw the ac equivalent circuit of a crystal. What is the most frequently used material in crystal oscillator? Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 55

Department of ECE Workspace Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 56

Department of ECE PART II Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory EXPERIMENT NO. 5(b) COLPITT'S OSCILLATOR PreLab: 1. 2. Study the operation and working principle of Colpitt's Oscillator. Study the procedure for conducting the experiment in the lab. Objectives: To determine the frequency of oscillations of Colpitt's oscillator.

Apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Regulated power supply CRO Transistor (2N2222) Resistors (1 K, 1.5K, 10 K, 47 K) Capacitors (100 f, 0.1 f, 0.01 f) Inductors (5mH) Bread board Connecting wires 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. each 3 No.s 1 No. each 1 No. Circuit Diagram: Fig. Colpitt's Oscillator Theory: The Colpitt's Oscillator is shown in the fig. 16.1. The feedback network consistin g of capacitors C1, C2 and an inductor L determines the frequency of oscillator. The frequency of Colpitt's oscillator is given by fr = 1 2p C1 + C2 LC1C2 . The condition for sustained oscillations is h fe = C2 C1 . Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 57

Department of ECE Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Connect the circuit on the bread board as shown in fig 16.1 Connect CRO at the o utput terminals of the circuit. Note down the amplitude and frequency of the out put signal. This frequency will be the frequency of oscillations of Colpitt's osci llator. Expected Graph: VO t Calculations: Frequency of oscillations, fO = 1 2p LC , where C = C1C2 C1 + C2 Observations: Theoretical frequency of oscillations Practical frequency of oscillations = = Inference: Frequency of given Colpitt's oscillator is determined both practically and theoret ically. Criticism: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the condition for sustained oscillations in Colpitt's oscil lator? In Colpitt's oscillator, which elements provide required dc bias to the tra nsistor? In Colpitt's oscillator, which elements determine the frequency of the ou tput signal? What are the applications of Colpitt's oscillator? What are the diffe rences between Colpitt's oscillator and Hartley oscillator? Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 58

Department of ECE Workspace Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 59

Department of ECE PART II Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory EXPERIMENT NO. 6 CLASS C POWER AMPLIFIER PreLab: 1. 2. Study the operation and working principle of Class C Power Amplifier. Stud y the procedure for conducting the experiment in the lab. Objectives: To determine the efficiency of Class C Power Amplifier. Apparatus: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Regulated power supply CRO Transistor Resistors (560, 10K, 56, 470) Capacitors (100 f-1, 0.1 f-1, 22f-2) Inductors (2.5mH) Bread board Connecti ng wires 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. each 4 Nos. 1 No. each 1 No. Circuit Diagram: Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 60

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Theory: In a class C amplifier, the transistor is in the active region for less than half cycle. The output current remains zero for more than half cycle. The D C current drawn from the power supply is very small. In this operation, conducti on takes place for less than one half cycle (typically 120 to 150). The resulting output current is non sinusoidal. The load is a tuned circuit (parallel resonant circuit) which converts the non-sinusoidal output to nearly sinusoidal form. Be cause of the flow of collector current less than 180, the average collector curre nt is much less, and as a result the collector losses are still less so that the efficiency is very high. Class C amplifiers are mostly used in high frequency a pplications. And also this operation is used with resonant or tuned circuits as for example, in radio and television transmitters where efficiency is of atmost importance. The tuned circuit helps in rejecting harmonics that are developed in the transistor due to its class C operation. The main application of a class C operation is in communication. In class C operation, collector current flows for less than one half cycle of the input signal, as shown in figure 2-15 view D. T he class C operation is achieved by reverse biasing the emitter-base junction, w hich sets the dc operating point below cutoff and allows only the portion of the input signal that overcomes the reverse bias to cause collector current flow. T he class C operated amplifier is used as a radio-frequency amplifier in transmit ters. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. C onnect the input signal (say 15 to 18V). By keeping input voltage constant, vary the frequency in regular steps. Note down the corresponding output voltage from CRO for each frequency. Plot the graph between gain (dB) and frequency. Calcula te bandwidth from the graph. 7. Calculate the resonant frequency using 1 2p LC 8. To calculate efficiency fix the input frequency at resonant frequency. 9. By varying the input voltage observe the maximum distortionless waveform. 10. At th at point noted down the ammeter reading and output voltage from CRO. 11. Calcula te the DC input power using Pdc =VCC IC. 12. Calculate the AC output power using Pac = 13. Calculate the efficiency h =( Pac/ Pdc)x 100 V pp 2 8 RL or I pp 2 RL 8 . Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 61

Department of ECE Expected Graph: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Gain Amax Amax/2 f1 Observations: f2 Freq. S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Input Frequency (Hz) Input Voltage, Vin (mV) Output Voltage, Vout (V) Absolute Gain Gain in dB Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 62

Department of ECE Calculations: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Resonant frequency: PDC= PAC= Efficiency = Inference: Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 63

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 64

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory 5. PART III EXTRA EXPERIMENTS/EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE IN PSPICE Exp. No. 1: Thevenin's Analysis Exp. No. 2: Series RLC circuit Exp. No. 3: Darling ton Pair Amplifier Exp. No. 4: Cascode Amplifier Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 65

Department of ECE Exercise 1: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory A DC Circuit is shown in the figure. Use PSpice to calculate and print (a) the v oltage gain Av = V(2,4)/Vin, (b) the input resistance Rin = Vin/Iin , (c) Theven in's (output) resistance Rout=RTh between nodes 2 and 4, and (d) Thevenin's voltage VTh between nodes 2 and 4. Exercise 2: A pulse input is applied to the RLC circuit as shown in the figure. Use PSPICE to calculate and plot the transient response from 0 to 400us with a t ime increment of 1us. The capacitor volyage V(3) and the current through R1 i.e. , I(R1) are to be plotted. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 66

Department of ECE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Exercise 3: A bipolar Darlington pair amplifier is shown in figure. Calculate and print the voltage gain, the input resistance, and the output resistance. The input voltage is 5V. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 67

Department of ECE Exercise 4: Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory A cascade amplifier circuit is shown in the figure below. Perform the experiment to plot the transient and frequency responses using SPICE schematic and circuit file editors. Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 68

Department of ECE WORKSPACE Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 69

Department of ECE Workspace Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 70

Department of ECE Workspace Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 71

Department of ECE Workspace Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 72

Department of ECE Workspace Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 73

Department of ECE Workspace Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 74

Department of ECE Workspace Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Page 75