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AGSM 337/BAEN 465 References

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The following are excellent sources of info on wastewater treatment systems Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 2003, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and euse, re!ised "y Tcho"anoglous, #eorge, and $urton, %ran&lin '., %ourth Ed., Mc#raw()ill, *ew +or&. ,iessman, Warren, -r. and )ammer, Mar& -., 200., Water /u00ly and 1ollution 2ontrol, 3th Ed., 1rentice )all.

Treatment Goals educe the amount of 0ollutants to a le!el that treated effluent can "e discharged without harming a4uatic communities or limiting use of water "y downstream consumers 1otential water 4uality ha5ards from im0ro0er treatment include ,ery low 67 le!els from "rea&down of $76 8 fish &ills %ormation of sediment deltas from de0osition of sus0ended solids Increased 0rimary 0roducti!ity from discharge of nutrients Toxicity from ammonia or metals9organics :esthetic 0ro"lems %ederally stated discharge limits for secondary treatment are: 30 mg9' T//, 30 mg9' $76., ;(< 0), 200 counts9=00 m' fecal coliform More stringent standards may "e >and ty0ically are? re4uired Ty0ical wastewater treatment system contains some or all of the following: 1rimary treatment /econdary treatment /ludge management

Primary Treatment emo!es solid materials from water 'arge de"ris, es0ecially that which may damage 0um0s, is ty0ically remo!ed "y screens /edimentation is used to remo!e mineral solids >grit? and larger organic 0articles :lso reduces $76 since some of the 0articles remo!ed are "iologically degrada"le organics

Secondary Treatment $iological con!ersion of dissol!ed and colloidal organic materials 7rganic materials are used to su00ort growth of micro"ial organisms The micro"es may "e attached to a solid surface >tric&ling filters, wetlands? or they may "e free(floating in the wastewater If the micro"es are free floating, they must "e remo!ed "y sedimentation or other 0rocesses /ludges generated "y 0rimary and secondary treatment are dried or digested anaero"ically

AGSM 337/BAEN 465 Tertiary (Advanced) Treatment

Wastewater Treatment Plants Page 2 of 10

:dditional remo!al of sus0ended solids, $76, or nutrients *utrient remo!al may follow se!eral "iological, chemical, or 0hysical 0rocesses : s0ecific treatment 0rocess is generally targeted at s0ecific constituents to "e remo!ed

Examples of Typical Treatment Systems Munici0al WWT1 >also &nown as 0u"licly owned treatment wor&s 8 17TW? Influent 8 /creens 8 #rit 2ham"er 8 /edimentation 8 Tric&ling %ilter or :cti!ated /ludge 8 /edimentation@6isinfection 7n(site /e0tic9'eachfield /ystem Influent 8 /e0tic Tan& 8 'each field >/econdary Treatment? :nimal Waste 'agoon Influent 8 /ettling $asin 8 :naero"ic 'agoon

Concerns Related to Wastewater Conveyance %low !olume may "e influenced "y factors other than direct sewer in0uts Inflow and infiltration 8 water that see0s into sewer lines from soa&ed soil, can add significantly to the !olume of water that must "e treated. Es0ecially "ad in older neigh"orhoods where sewer lines are clay tile Illicit connections 8 connection to sanitary sewer which is not necessary and causes additional flow. :ttachment of downs0outs on older homes to the sewer line. Illegal industrial connections for wastewater discharges. 2ross connections 8 old or inad!ertent connection of sanitary sewer lines to storm sewers. 2an lead to excess flow into wastewater treatment 0lant. 2an also lead to discharge of untreated sewage which is carried away in storm sewer lines 2om"ined /ewers 8 in some older cities, sanitary and storm sewers were com"ined. 'ow flows, made u0 mostly of sanitary sewage, were carried to the WWT1. )igh flows, which contained "oth sewage and storm water, were allowed to o!erflow >2om"ined /ewer 7!erflow or 2/7? into near"y surface waters.

Primary Wastewater Treatment Goal emo!al of solids from wastewater stream, also remo!e some $76 since many solids are organic material

Screening emo!es large foreign o"Aects from wastewater >shoes, toys, "ranches, etc.? Bee0s these large o"Aects from damaging 0um0ing e4ui0ment and 0i0es within the WWT1 Ty0ically accom0lished with a "ar screen 8 !ertical "ars with fairly narrow s0acing which filter out large o"Aects while allowing sediment and organic solids to 0ass

AGSM 337/BAEN 465

Wastewater Treatment Plants Page 3 of 10 /0acing on "ars can range from 0.. cm u0 to C cm 8 sometimes two screens are used, a coarsely s0aced one first followed "y a more narrowly s0aced one Material is automatically cleared off the screen "y a ra&e(ty0e mechanism 8 trash is ra&ed u0 and into a ho00er or chute In some !ery small systems, material may "e remo!ed manually

Sizing Bar Screens $ar screens should "e si5ed to handle the 0ea& flow rate entering the 0lant >as o00osed to an a!erage daily rate? The area of the "ar screen is determined using the 0ea& flow rate and an a00roach !elocity: a00roach !elocity for mechanically cleaned rac&s: v D 0.; to =.0 m9s a00roach !elocity for manually cleaned rac&s: v D 0.3 to 0.3 m9s If the 0ea& flow rate is &nown and an a00roach !elocity has "een selected, the area is determined using A = Q/v May "e ad!isa"le to ha!e two screens of the minimum si5e in case one must "e ta&en off( line for maintenance

Example : WWT1 handles flow rates u0 to E M#6. )ow much area of "ar screen must "e 0ro!ided if the a00roach !elocity is 0.; m9sF 2on!ert flow rate to m39s: Ex=0; gal9day x 3.3E.x=0(3 m39gal x = day92C hr x = hr93;00 sec D 0.3. m39s 6etermine area re4uired: A = Q/v D >0.3. m39s? 9 >0.; m9s? D 0.; m2 Grit Chambers Mineral solids are sometimes remo!ed "efore the remo!al of organic solids "ecause they can cause wear on the inside of 0i0es #oal is to remo!e the mineral solids while lea!ing the organic solids in the flow #rit cham"ers rely on the higher density of the mineral 0articles for this settling etention times are usually short 8 = to . minutes, com0ared to se!eral hours for other 0rocesses /i5ing and remo!al rates follow the settling 0ro"lems discussed 0re!iously >/to&eGs 'aw?

Primary Sedimentation emo!es a00roximately 293 of the organic solids and =93 of the $76. /olid material settles to the "ottom of large tan&s called clarifiers /ettled sludge is scra0ed towards a ho00er at the "ottom of the tan& and remo!ed /ince the concentration of solids is high, flocculation tends to occur in these "asins 8 settling ty0e is ty0ically considered flocculant >as o00osed to discreet?

AGSM 337/BAEN 465

Wastewater Treatment Plants Page 4 of 10 /urface o!erflow rate >v? Hdefined earlier in sedimentation notesI !olumetric flow rate into the "asin di!ided "y the "asin surface area sort of a !ertical !elocity of li4uid in the "asin >gal9ft2(day or m39m2(day?
v= Q A

>=?

where Q is !olumetric flow rate into the "asin and A is the surface area of the "asin. Ty0ical !alues are E00(=200 gal9ft2(day

Weir loading >W? rate at which water flows o!er the to0 of the tan&Gs side walls >the side walls here are the weir? as this rate increases, the !elocity of water near the weir increases limiting sedimentation
W = Q L

>2?

where L is the length of the weir. Ty0ical !alues are =0,000 ( C0,000 gal9ft(day

)ydraulic retention time >? The amount of time, on a!erage, that water stays in the clarifier
=
V Q

>3?

Example

where V is the tan& or "asin !olume. Ty0ical !alues are =.. ( 2.. hours

%ind the diameter and de0th of a clarifier used to treat a wastewater flow rate of ; M#6. Jse an o!erflow rate of =000 gal9ft2(day, a hydraulic retention time of 2 hours, and a maximum weir loading rate of 2.000 gal9ft(day. 6etermine the surface area A = Q/V D ;,000,000 gal9d 9 =000 gal9ft2(d D ;000 ft2 6etermine the tan& diameter A D Kd29C ;000 ft2 D Kd29C d D E3.C ft 8 round u0 to <0 ft >clarifiers generally are a!aila"le in . ft increments? new tan& area: A D K><0?29C D ;3;2 ft2 6etermine the necessary tan& !olume V = Q h = V/A V D ;,000,000 gal9day x 2 hr92C D .00,000 gal x = ft393.CE gal D ;;,ECC ft3 h D ;;ECC ft39;3;2 ft2 D =0.. ft

2hec& tan& weir loading rate:

AGSM 337/BAEN 465

Wastewater Treatment Plants Page 5 of 10

Tan& circumference D Kd D K><0 ft? D .;... ft W = Q/L D ;,000,000 gal9day .;... D =0,;=0 gal9ft(day :ctual loading rate >=0,;=0 gal9ft(day? is "elow maximum of 2.,000 gal9ft(day, si5e is 7B Secondary Wastewater Treatment Goal educe $76 "y con!erting organics to settla"le solids Two "asic ty0es: attached growth reactors@micro"ial communities are attached to a fixed medium sus0ended growth reactors@micro"ial communities are sus0ended in the wastewater

Trickling Filters :n attached growth reactor Wastewater is s0rayed or 0oured o!er a roc& or synthetic medium on which micro"ial communities grow :s "iofilm grows, some of it is sloughed off Most of the treated water is sent to a clarifier to remo!e sloughed micro"ial solids /ome of the treated wastewater is recycled through the tric&ling filter to further treatment and to aid remo!al of sloughed "iofilm May used forced !entilation or may rely on natural air exchange for aeration 8 in natural aeration systems, de0th is limited to 2 to 3 m emo!al of $76 in tric&ling filters can "e modeled with the following e4uation:
kh Li =e L0 A Q

>C?

Where

Li D effluent $76. from the tric&ling filter, mg9' L0 D influent $76. to the tric&ling filter, mg9' k D "iodegradation constant, >ft(day?(=92 or >m(day?(=92 h D filter de0th, m Q D !olumetric flow rate, m39day A D filter surface area, m2

Ty0ically, the e4uation is used to find the needed filter area:

L Q ln 0 Li A= k 2h2
Example

>.?

AGSM 337/BAEN 465

Wastewater Treatment Plants Page 6 of 10 : tric&ling filter is needed for a 0lant that treats E M#6. The $76. concentration entering the tric&ling filter is 200 mg9' and the exiting concentration is limited to a maximum of 30 mg9'. The filter should ha!e a height of =2 ft. The degradation rate has "een found to "e 0.< >ft(day?( =92 . What diameter tric&ling filter is neededF 2on!ert Q to ft39day Q D Ex=0; gal9day x =93.CE ft39gal D =,0;<,.=< ft39day 6etermine A
2 L 200 Q ln 0 =,0;<,.=< ln Li 30 = 33,000 ft 2 A= = 2 2 2 2 k h 0.< =2 2

6etermine diameter
d = CA

C 33,000

= 20. ft

Rotating !iological Contactors :ttached growth reactors Jse large >=0 to =2 ft? rotating drums as su00ort for the micro"ial communities 6rum is 0artially su"merged in the wastewater >a"out C0L su"merged? and slowly rotates >a"out =.. r0m? Micro"ial community is ex0osed to air with each re!olution, im0ro!es $76 remo!al 8 aerators also may "e added to im0ro!e oxygenation Mo!ement of water across the surface of the drums hel0s to shed excess "iofilm /e!eral stages of drums may "e used for treatment, therefore no recirculation of water is needed

Activated Sl"dge : sus0ended growth reaction Most widely used form of munici0al secondary treatment in the J/ Micro"ial communities are sus0ended in the wastewater flow :ir is added to &ee0 the communities sus0ended and to 0ro!ide oxygen for micro"ial growth Micro"es digest the dissol!ed organic com0ounds@also the small colonies hel0 to flocculate remaining colloidal solids Treated water >containing the sus0ended colonies? is sent to a clarifier where colonies settle Most of the sludge >u0 to <0L? from the secondary clarifier is returned to the acti!ated sludge reactor to MseedN incoming wastewaterO remaining sludge is remo!ed and 0rocessed

AGSM 337/BAEN 465

Wastewater Treatment Plants Page 7 of 10

Ty0ical hydraulic retention times are C to ; hours The re4uired hydraulic retention time needed for treatment of a wastewater stream using acti!ated sludge can "e determined using:

=
Where:

c >Ci Co ? X >= + k d c ?

>;?

D hydraulic retention time of the wastewater, days c D hydraulic retention time of micro"ial cells, days Y D maximum yield coefficient, mg cells9mg su"strate Ci D influent concentration of dissol!ed $76., mg9' Co D effluent concentration of dissol!ed $76., mg9' X D concentration of cells, mg9' kd D decay coefficient, =9day

7nce the hydraulic residence time is determined, the !olume of tan& necessary for treatment may "e calculated using V = Q >3?

Example 6etermine the necessary tan& !olume for acti!ated sludge treatment gi!en: flow rate in the 0lant is =. M#6 influent solu"le $76. is =30 mg9' effluent solu"le $76. is 20 mg9' cell concentration is 22.0 mg9' retention time of cells is =0 days maximum yield coefficient is 0.;. mg9mg decay coefficient is 0.= =9day We ha!e what we need to determine residence time:

c >C A 0 C A ? >=0days?> 0.;.mg 9 mg ?>=30mg 9 L 20mg 9 L? = = 0.22days = ..2hrs X >= + k d c ? >22.0mg 9 L?H= + >0= . day = ?>=0days?I

Bnowing hydraulic residence time, we can determine the necessary !olume: V = Q = 15x106 ga /day x 0!"" days = #$"50$000 ga = %#%$%&1 '( # Sl"dge #anagement So"rces /ludge is 0roduced during "oth 0rimary and secondary treatment 0rimary yields a sludge during remo!al of waste solids secondary yields sludge from excess "iofilm and micro"ial communities When generated, sludge is !ery watery, offensi!e, en!ironmentally unsta"le, and "iologically acti!e: 0rimary sludge 0rior to thic&ening has 2 ( 3 L solids sludge from acti!ated sludge secondary treatment has 0.. ( =.. L solids

AGSM 337/BAEN 465 sludge from tric&ling filters has = ( . L solids

Wastewater Treatment Plants Page 8 of 10

/e!eral technologies are used to manage sludge: thic&ening, sta"ili5ing, dewatering, and dis0osal

T$ic%ening Thic&ening remo!es some of the water 0resent in untreated sludge

#ra!ity Thic&ening #ra!ity thic&ening uses another clarifier #ra!ity thic&ening is common for 0rimary sludges /ludge is allowed to sit in the clarifier and to settle >com0ressi!e settling? from water Excess water is drawn off the to0 of the tan& and returned to the treatment train

6issol!ed :ir %loatation 1rocess ma&es solids concentrate at surface of water /ludge is 0laced under 0ressure and is aerated 1ressure is released and air comes out of solution /mall air "u""les collect on surface of solids in sludge With attached air "u""les, sludge floats to water surface

Sl"dge Sta&ili'ation /ta"ili5ation ty0ically reduces the !olume of the sludge, reduces organisms including 0athogens, and ma&es sludge less offensi!e

:naero"ic 6igestion /ludge is allowed to "rea& down under anaero"ic conditions %re4uently res0onsi"le for the musty smell associated with wastewater treatment 0lants 6igestion time re4uired de0ends on conditions within tan&: unheated, unmixed: 30 to <0 days heated, mixed: =0 to 20 days :naero"ic digestion 0roduces methane, a 0otential source of energy, this methane is sometimes used to heat the sludge Methane is often flared >"urned Aust to dis0ose of it? 7nce digested, sludge is 0assed to a se0aration cham"er where solids are se0arated from some of the water /ystems are sensiti!e to changes in sludge characteristics and re4uire trained o0erators

:ero"ic 6igestion /imilar in function to anaero"ic digestion

AGSM 337/BAEN 465 e4uires mixing and aeration

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1ro!ides treatment similar to that in anaero"ic digestion 1ower in0uts li&ely higher than anaero"ic "ecause of aeration re4uirement and no 0otential for use of methane

'ime /ta"ili5ation 'ime is added to sludge to raise the 0) a"o!e =2 to &ill most li!ing organisms in the sludge ma&ing it safer for handling and dis0osal If 0) dro0s, sur!i!ing organisms may grow again

)eat Treatment /ludge is heated under 0ressure to tem0eratures of 200 to 300 2 )igh tem0eratures &ill micro"ial organisms e4uires lots of energy for heating Water returned to treatment 0lant has !ery high $76 concentrations

(ewatering If sludge is to "e mo!ed other than "y 0um0ing, it must "e dewatered to reduce !olume and weight

6rying $eds /ludge >sta"ili5ed or raw? is fre4uently laid into sand "eds for drying Water see0s into the sand or e!a0orates $eds are lined with an im0ermea"le liner 1erforated 0i0e is laid across the surface of the liner to interce0t water draining from the sludge 2ollected water is returned to the treatment 0lant More common in smaller WWT1s 6onGt function well in !ery cold weather Puite common for tomatoes to s0rout in these "eds >!ery dura"le seeds?

Mechanical 6ewatering More common at larger 0lants /ludge is 0laced on a "elt 'i4uid is 0ressed out of the sludge "y s4uee5ing it against a second "elt or a roller Water is returned to the 0lant for treatment

(isposal

AGSM 337/BAEN 465 :fter treatment, sludge has to go somewhere: 'andfilling 6ewatered sludge is landfilled on or off site More common for smaller 0lants ,ery ex0ensi!e

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Incineration /ludge is "urned under tightly controlled conditions e4uires trained managers Energy intensi!e More common at larger 0lants

'and :00lication May or may not in!ol!e com0osting :00lication li&ely on(site at extremely hea!y rates :gronomic use is 0ossi"le for many high 4uality sludges, "ut is not widely acce0ted "y the 0u"licO trans0ortation is 0rohi"iti!ely ex0ensi!e 2oncerns o!er hea!y metals and other ha5ardous materials in low 4uality sludge /ome com0osted sludges are sold to the 0u"lic to 0artially co!er ex0enses

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