Siemens Basics Of Energy

Energy and Automation: Introduction, Motors & Control

http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/siemens-basics-of-energy

Energy and Automation: Introduction, Motors & Control

Siemens A.G. is Europes largest electrical and electronics company, producing over 50,000 products manufactured at 400 sites in 40 countries. Referring to the Siemens history of achieving success through well engineered refinements of other peoples inventions, one Fortune analyst noted that second is best might well serve as Siemens motto. But opportunism is not the only interesting facet of Siemens history, which is also a story of a long family tradition and intimate involvement with some of the most important events of the 19th and 20th centuries. Siemens & Halske was founded in Berlin in 1847 by Werner Siemens and J. G. Halske to manufacture and install telegraphic systems. Siemens, a former artillery officer in the Prussian army and an engineer who already owned a profitable patent for electroplating, was the driving force behind the company and remained so for the rest of his life. The company received its first major commission in 1848, when it contracted to build a telegraph link between Berlin and Frankfurt. Beside some very good books and guides, Siemens as one of the world leader in industry and automation, has released and this 18 books Basics of energy and automation related to electricity in general, motors and control, power distribution etc. All documents, software and books are free to download and preserved only to registered users. Login and registration links are located on the bottom of portal or use links below. Member Login | Register

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Basics of Energy and Automation: Introduction, Motors & Control Basics of Electricity Basics of Electrical Products Basics of AC Drives Basics of AC Motors Basics of Control Components Basics of DC Drives Basics of Motor Control Centers Basics of PLCs Basics of Sensors

Download

10 Basics of Busway 11 Basics of Circuit Breakers 12 Basics of Load Centers 13 Basics of Meter Mounting Equipment 14 Basics of Panelboards 15 Basics of Power Monitoring 16 Basics of Safety Switches 17 Basics of Surge Protection 18 Basics of Switchboards

01.

Basics of Electricity

Elements of an Atom
All matter is composed of molecules which are made up of a combination of atoms. Atoms have a nucleus with electrons orbiting around it. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons (not shown). Most atoms have an equal number of electrons and protons.
Electrons have a negative charge (-). Protons have a positive charge (+). Neutrons are neutral. The negative charge of the electrons is balanced by the positive charge of the protons.

Electrons are bound in their orbit by the attraction of the protons. These are referred to as bound electrons.

Free Electrons

Electrons in the outer band can become free of their orbit by the application of some external force such as movement through a magnetic field, friction, or chemical action. These are referred to as free electrons. A free electron leaves a void which can be filled by an electron forced out of orbit from another atom. As free electrons move from one atom to the next an electron flow is produced. This is the basis of electricity.

Conductors

An electric current is produced when free electrons move from one atom to the next. Materials that permit many electrons to move freely are called conductors. Copper, silver, aluminum, zinc, brass, and iron are considered good conductors.
Copper is the most common material used for conductors and is relatively inexpensive.

Insulators

Materials that allow few free electrons are called insulators. Materials such as plastic, rubber, glass, mica, and ceramic are good insulators. An electric cable is one example of how conductors and insulators are used. Electrons flow along a copper conductor to provide energy to an electric device such as a radio, lamp, or a motor. An insulator around the outside of the copper conductor is provided to keep electrons in the conductor.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Electricity SIEMENS PDF 2.5MB 88 Right here

02.

Basics of Electrical Products

Company Overview
The objective of this course is to provide a high-level overview of the products of Siemens Energy & Automation (SE&A) with emphasis on those products sold by our channel partners. In order to accomplish this objective, it is useful to briefly discuss our parent company, Siemens AG, and how SE&A fits into the Siemens worldwide business structure. Siemens AG is one of the worlds largest companies and a leading supplier of electrical and electronic equipment and associated services worldwide. From the initial Siemens company, founded in 1 847, Siemens has grown to employ approximately 475,000 employees in 1 90 countries, including over 70,000 employees in the U. S.
Siemens AG offers a broad range of products and services, most of which fit into one of the following categories:

Automation and Control Power Transportation Medical

Information and Communication Lighting

Siemens AG is headquartered in Berlin and Munich and operates in most countries through regional operating companies. In the United States, however, Siemens has a number of operating companies that each focus on a portion of the total Siemens portfolio of products and services. These U. S.-based Siemens companies operate under the financial umbrella of Siemens Corporation, headquartered in New York. SE&A, headquartered in Alpharetta, Georgia, is one of the largest of the Siemens U. S.-based operating companies. Most SE&A products and services are associated with automation and control or power distribution and are used in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial applications. This course provides an overview of SE&A products with emphasis on products sold by our channel partners. It is important to note, however, that a number of SE&A products, systems, and services are beyond the scope of this course. In order to help you better understand SE&A products, this course will look at where many of our products fit in the flow of energy in sample residential, commercial, and industrial applications. By better understanding where electrical products fit in this flow of energy, you can better understand the physical and electrical requirements of these products. Keep in mind that the flow of energy from the electric utility will be discussed only briefly in this course because utility power generation, transmission, and distribution products and services are provided by two other Siemens companies, Siemens Power Corporation and Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Electrical Products PDF 10.2MB 116 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

03.

Basics of AC Drives

Totally Integrated Automation

Totally Integrated Automation (TIA) is more than a concept. TIA Automation is a strategy developed by Siemens that emphasizes the seamless integration of automation products. The TIA strategy incorporates a wide variety of automation products such as programmable controllers, computer numerical controls, Human Machine Interfaces (HMI), and drives which are easily connected via open protocol networks.

PROFIBUS DP

PROFIBUS network component for SIMATIC ET 200 An important aspect of TIA is the ability of devices to communicate with each other over various network protocols, such as Ethernet and PROFIBUS DP.
PROFIBUS DP is an open bus standard for a wide range of applications in various manufacturing and automation applications.

Siemens AC drives can easily communicate with other control devices such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and personal computers (PCs) through the PROFIBUS-DP communication system and other various protocols.
Mechanical Basics

In many commercial, industrial, and utility applications electric motors are used to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. Those electric motors may be part of a pump or fan, or they may be connected to some other form of mechanical equipment such as a conveyor or mixer. In many of these applications the speed of the system is determined primarily by its mechanical design and loading. For an increasing number of these applications, however, it is necessary to control the speed of the system by controlling the speed of the motor.
Variable Speed Drives

The speed of a motor can be controlled by using some type of electronic drive equipment, referred to as variable or adjustable speed drives.
Variable speed drives used to control DC motors are called DC drives. Variable speed drives used to control AC motors are called AC drives. The term inverter is also used to describe an AC variable speed drive. The inverter is only one part of an AC drive, however, it is common practice to refer to an AC drive as an inverter.

Before discussing AC drives it is necessary to understand some of the basic terminology associated with drive operation. Many of these terms are familiar to us in some other context. Later in the course we will see how these terms apply to AC drives.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of AC Drives SIEMENS PDF 4.5 MB 116 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

04.

Basics of AC Motors

AC Motors
AC motors are used worldwide in many applications to transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. There are many types of AC motors, but this course focuses on threephase AC induction motors, the most common type of motor used in industrial applications. An AC motor of this type may be part of a pump or fan or connected to some other form of mechanical equipment such as a winder, conveyor, or mixer. Siemens manufactures a wide variety of AC motors. In addition to providing basic information about AC motors in general, this course also includes an overview of Siemens AC motors.

Three-phase AC induction motors.are.commonly.used.in. industrial.applications..This.type.of.motor.has.three.main.parts,. rotor,.stator,.and.enclosure..The.stator.and.rotor.do.the.work,. and.the.enclosure.protects.the.stator.and.rotor.

NEMA Motors

Throughout this course, reference is made to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). NEMA develops standards for a wide range of electrical products, including AC motors.
For example, NEMA Standard Publication MG 1 covers NEMA frame size AC motors, commonly referred to as NEMA motors.

Above NEMA Motors

In addition to manufacturing NEMA motors, Siemens also manufactures motors larger than the largest NEMA frame size. These motors are built to meet specific application requirements and are commonly referred to as above NEMA motors.

IEC Motors

Siemens also manufactures motors to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards.

IEC is another organization responsible for electrical standards. IEC standards perform the same function as NEMA standards, but differ in many respects.

In many countries, electrical equipment is commonly designed to comply with IEC standards. In the United States, although IEC motors are sometimes used, NEMA motors are more common. Keep in mind, however, that many U.S.-based companies build products for export to countries that follow IEC standards.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of AC Motors SIEMENS PDF 3.9 MB 76 Right here

05.

Basics of Control Components

Control
Control components are used in a wide variety of applications with varying degrees of complexity. One example of a simple control circuit is a circuit that turns a light on and off. In this circuit, the control component is often a single-pole switch. Control circuits used in commercial and industrial applications tend to be more complex than this simple circuit and employ a broader variety of components. However, the function of these circuits is often the same, to turn something on and off. In some cases, manual control is used. More often, automatic control circuits or circuits that combine manual and automatic control are used.
Manual Control

A simple on-off lighting control circuit illustrates an example of manual control. Manual control requires someone to use a switch to turn something on or off. The device being turned on or off may be a light, as in the previous example. However, many other devices are also controlled manually. For example, a manual starter can be used to start and stop a motor.

10

Automatic Operation
While manual control of machines is still common practice, many machines are started and stopped automatically or by some combination of manual and automatic control. Automatic control occurs when circuits can turn something on and off without human interaction.

Control Components
A wide variety of components are used in control circuits. This includes components that vary in complexity from indicator lights to advanced systems that monitor, protect, and control AC motors. In some cases, the interaction of these components is dependent only on how they are wired to each other. This is sometimes referred to as hard-wired logic. Increasingly, however, these components are wired to a control system, such as a programmable logic controller or variable speed drive. In such cases, the interaction of the circuit components is dependent both on wiring and the software stored in the controller. The complete range of Siemens control components is too extensive to be fully addressed in this course. However, this course will give you a good start.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Control Components PDF 4.1MB 96 Right here

06.

Basics of DC Drives

Controlling a DC Motor
A thyristor bridge is a technique commonly used to control the speed of a DC motor by varying the DC voltage. Examples of how a DC rectifier bridge operates are given on the next few pages. Voltage values given in these examples are used for explanation only. The actual values for a given load, speed, and motor vary. It is important to note that the voltage applied to a DC motor be no greater than the rated nameplate. Armature windings are commonly wound for 500 VDC. The control logic in the drive must be adjusted to limit available DC voltage to 0 500 VDC. Likewise, the shunt field must be limited to the motors nameplate value.

11

Basic Operation
A DC drive supplies voltage to the motor to operate at a desired speed. The motor draws current from this power source in proportion to the torque (load) applied to the motor shaft.
100% Speed, 0% Load

In this example an unloaded motor connected to a DC drive is being operated at 100% speed. The amount of armature current (Ia) and unloaded motor needs to operate is negligible. For the purpose of explanation a value of 0 amps is used. The DC drive will supply only the voltage required to operate the motor at 100% speed. We have already learned the amount of voltage is controlled by the gating angle (COS) of the thyristors. In this example 450 VDC is sufficient. The motor accelerates until CEMF reaches a value of Va IaRa. Remember that Va = IaRa + CEMF. In this example IaRa is 0, therefore CEMF will be approximately 450 VDC.
100% Speed, 100% Load

A fully loaded motor requires 100% of rated armature current at 100% speed. Current flowing through the armature circuit will cause a voltage drop across the armature resistance (Ra). Full voltage (500 VDC) must be applied to a fully loaded motor to operate at 100% speed. To accomplish this, thyristors are gated earlier in the sine wave (36.37). The DC drive will supply the voltage required to operate the motor at 100% speed. The motor accelerates until CEMF reaches a value of Va IaRa. Remember that Va = IaRa + CEMF. In this example armature current (Ia) is 100% and Ra will drop some amount of voltage. If we assume that current and resistance is such that Ra drops 50 VDC, CEMF will be 450 VDC.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of DC Drives PDF 4.5MB 84 Right here |

07.

Basics of Motor Control Centers

12

Motor control
Power distribution systems used in large commercial and industrial applications can be complex. Power may be distributed through switchgear, switchboards, transformers, and panelboards. Power distributed throughout a commercial or industrial application is used for a variety of applications such as heating, cooling, lighting, and motor-driven machinery.

Basic Motor Control

Wherever motors are used, they must be controlled. In Basics of Control Components you learned how various control products are used to control the operation of motors. The most basic type of AC motor control, for example, involves turning the motor on and off. This is often accomplished using a motor starter made up of a contactor and an overload relay. The contactors contacts are closed to start the motor and opened to stop the motor. This is accomplished electromechanically using start and stop pushbuttons or other pilot devices wired to control the contactor. The overload relay protects the motor by disconnecting power to the motor when an overload condition exists. Although the overload relay provides protection from overloads, it does not provide short-circuit protection for the wiring supplying power to the motor. For this reason, a circuit breaker or fuses are also used. Typically one motor starter controls one motor. When only a few geographically dispersed AC motors are used, the circuit protection and control components may be located in a panel near the motor.

Motor Control Centers (MCC)

In many commercial and industrial applications, quite a few electric motors are required, and it is often desirable to control some or all of the motors from a central location. The apparatus designed for this function is the motor control center (MCC). Motor control centers are simply physical groupings of combination starters in one assembly. A combination starter is a single enclosure containing the motor starter, fuses or circuit breaker, and a device for disconnecting power. Other devices associated with the motor, such as pushbuttons and indicator lights may also be included.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Motor Control Centers PDF 4.3MB 72 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

13

08.

Basics of PLCs

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), also referred to as programmable controller, is the name given to a type of computer commonly used in commercial and industrial control applications.
PLCs differ from office computers in the types of tasks that they perform and the hardware and software they require to perform these tasks.

14

While the specific applications vary widely, all PLCs monitor inputs and other variable values, make decisions based on a stored program, and control outputs to automate a process or machine. This course is meant to supply you with basic information on the functions and configurations of PLCs with emphasis on the S7-200 PLC family.

Basic PLC Operation

The basic elements of a PLC include input modules or points, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), output modules or points, and a programming device. The type of input modules or points used by a PLC depend upon the types of input devices used. Some input modules or points respond to digital inputs, also called discrete inputs, which are either on or off. Other modules or inputs respond to analog signals. These analog signals represent machine or process conditions as a range of voltage or current values. The primary function of a PLCs input circuitry is to convert the signals provided by these various switches and sensors into logic signals that can be used by the CPU. The CPU evaluates the status of inputs, outputs, and other variables as it executes a stored program. The CPU then sends signals to update the status of outputs.
Output modules convert control signals from the CPU into digital or analog values that can be used to control various output devices.

The programming device is used to enter or change the PLCs program or to monitor or change stored values. Once entered, the program and associated variables are stored in the CPU. In addition to these basic elements, a PLC system may also incorporate an operator interface device of some sort to simplify monitoring of the machine or process. In the simple example shown below, pushbuttons (sensors) connected to PLC inputs, are used to start and stop a motor connected to a PLC output through a motor starter (actuator). No programming device or operator interface are shown in this simple example.

Hard-Wired Control

Prior to PLCs, many control tasks were performed by contactors, control relays and other electromechanical devices. This is often referred to as hard-wired control. Circuit diagrams had to be designed, electrical components specified and installed, and wiring lists created. Electricians would then wire the components necessary to perform a specific task. If
15

an error was made, the wires had to be reconnected correctly. A change in function or system expansion required extensive component changes and rewiring.

Advantages of PLCs

PLCs not only are capable of performing the same tasks as hard-wired control, but are also capable of many more complex applications. In addition, the PLC program and electronic communication lines replace much of the interconnecting wires required by hard-wired control. Therefore, hard-wiring, though still required to connect field devices, is less intensive. This also makes correcting errors and modifying the application easier. Some of the additional advantages of PLCs are as follows:

Smaller physical size than hard-wire solutions. Easier and faster to make changes. PLCs have integrated diagnostics and override functions. Diagnostics are centrally available. Applications can be immediately documented. Applications can be duplicated faster and less expensively.

Siemens PLCs

Siemens makes several PLC product lines in the SIMATIC S7 family. They are: S7-200, S7300, and S7-400.
Guide information Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of PLCs PDF 4.0MB 84 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

09.

Basics of Sensors

Sensors
One type of feedback frequently needed by industrial-control systems is the position of one or more components of the operation being controlled. Sensors are devices used to provide information on the presence or absence of an object.

16

Siemens Sensors
Siemens sensors include limit switches, photoelectric, inductive, capacitive, and ultrasonic sensors. These products are packaged in various configurations to meet virtually any requirement found in commercial and industrial applications. Each type of sensor will be discussed in detail. At the end of the course an application guide is provided to help determine the right sensor for a given application.

Technologies
Limit switches use a mechanical actuator input, requiring the sensor to change its output when an object is physically touching the switch. Sensors, such as photoelectric, inductive, capacitive, and ultrasonic, change their output when an object is present, but not touching the sensor. In addition to the advantages and disadvantages of each of these sensor types, different sensor technologies are better suited for certain applications. The following table lists the sensor technologies that will be discussed in this course.

Contact Arrangement
Contacts are available in several configurations. They may be normally open (NO), normally closed (NC), or a combination of normally open and normally closed contacts. Circuit symbols are used to indicate an open or closed path of current flow. Contacts are shown as normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). The standard method of showing a contact is by indicating the circuit condition it produces when the contact actuating device is in the deenergized or nonoperated state. For the purpose of explanation in this text a contact or device shown in a state opposite of its normal state will be highlighted. Highlighted symbols used to indicate the opposite state of a contact or device are not legitimate symbols.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Sensors PDF 3.2MB 112 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

17

10.

Basics of Busway

Distribution Systems
A distribution system is a system that distributes electrical power throughout a building. Distribution systems are used in every residential, commercial, and industrial building. Distribution systems used in commercial and industrial locations are complex.
A distribution system consists of metering devices to measure power consumption, main and branch disconnects, protective devices, switching devices to start and stop power flow, conductors, and transformers.

Power may be distributed through various switchboards, transformers, and panelboards. Good distribution systems dont just happen. Careful engineering is required so that the distribution

18

system safely and efficiently supplies adequate electric service to both present and possible future loads.

Feeders

A feeder is a set of conductors that originate at a main distribution center and supplies one or more secondary, or one or more branch circuit distribution centers. Three feeders are used in this example. The first feeder is used for various types of power equipment. The second feeder supplies a group of 480 VAC motors. The third feeder is used for 120 volt lighting and receptacles.

Bus Bars

Commercial and industrial distribution systems use several methods to transport electrical energy. These methods may include heavy conductors run in trays or conduit. Once installed, cable and conduit assemblies are difficult to change. Power may also be distributed using bus bars in an enclosure. This is referred to as busway. A bus bar is a conductor that serves as a common connection for two or more circuits. It is represented schematically by a straight line with a number of connections made to it. Standard bus bars in Siemens busway are made of aluminum or copper.

NEMA Definition
Busway is defined by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) as a prefabricated electrical distribution system consisting of bus bars in a protective enclosure, including straight lengths, fittings, devices, and accessories. Busway includes bus bars, an insulating and/or support material, and a housing.
Guide information Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Busway PDF 3.3MB 95 Right here

19

11.

Basics of Circuit Breakers

Need for Circuit Protection / Current and Temperature

Current flow in a conductor always generates heat. The greater the current flow, the hotter the conductor. Excess heat is damaging to electrical components and conductor insulation. For that reason, conductors have a rated continuous current carrying capacity or ampacity. Overcurrent protection devices, such as circuit breakers, are used to protect conductors from excessive current flow. These protective devices are designed to keep the flow of current in a circuit at a safe level to prevent the circuit conductors from overheating. Excessive current is referred to as overcurrent. The National Electrical Code (NEC) defines overcurrent as any current in excess of the rated current of equipm ent or the ampacity of a conductor. It may result from overload, short circuit, or ground fault (Article 1 00-Definitions).
Overloads

An overload occurs when too many devices are operated on a single circuit, or a piece of electrical equipment is made to work harder than it is designed for. For example, a motor rated for 1 0 amps may draw 20, 30, or more amps in an overload condition. In the following illustration, a package has become jammed on a conveyor, causing the motor to work harder and draw more current. Because the motor is drawing more current, it heats up. Damage will occur to the motor in a short time if the problem is not corrected or the circuit is shut down by the overcurrent protector.
Conductor Insulation

Motors, of course, are not the only devices that require circuit protection for an overload condition. Every circuit requires some form of protection against overcurrent. Heat is one of the major causes of insulation failure of any electrical component. High levels of heat can cause the insulation to breakdown and flake off, exposing conductors.
Short Circuits

When two bare conductors touch, either phase to phase or phase to ground, a short circuit occurs. When a short circuit occurs, resistance drops to almost zero. Short circuit current can be thousands of times higher than normal operating current. Ohms Law demonstrates the relationship of current, voltage, and resistance. For example, a 240 volt motor with 24 of resistance would normally draw 1 0 amps of current.

Types of Overcurrent Protective Devices

20

Circuit protection would be unnecessary if overloads and short circuits could be eliminated. Unfortunately, overloads and short circuits do occur. To protect a circuit against these currents, a protective device must determine when a fault condition develops and automatically disconnect the electrical equipment from the voltage source. An overcurrent protection device must be able to recognize the difference between overcurrents and short circuits and respond in the proper way. Slight overcurrents can be allowed to continue for some period of time, but as the current magnitude increases, the protection device must open faster. Short circuits must be interrupted instantaneously. Several devices are available to accomplish this.
Fuse

A fuse is a one-shot device. The heat produced by overcurrent causes the current carrying element to melt open, disconnecting the load from the source voltage.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Circuit Breakers PDF 5.1MB 88 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

12.

Basics of Load Centers

Residential Power Distribution

21

A power distribution system distributes electrical power throughout a building. Power distribution systems are used in every residential, commercial, and industrial building. Most of us are familiar with the power distribution system found in the average home. Power, purchased from a utility company, enters the house through a meter that records the electrical energy used. The incoming power then goes to a load center which provides circuit control and overcurrent protection. The power is distributed from the load center to various branch circuits for lighting, appliances, and electrical outlets. Careful planning is required so that the power distribution system safely and efficiently supplies adequate electric service for present and possible future needs.

Load Centers
Load center is an industry term that applies to the types of panelboards used in residential or light commercial applications. The National Electrical Code makes no distinction between a panelboard and a load center. Rules and definitions that apply to panelboards also apply to load centers. The National Electrical Code defines a panelboard as a single panel or group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel, including buses and automatic overcurrent devices, and equipped with or without switches for the control of light, heat, or power circuits; designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall, partition, or other support; and accessible only from the front (Article 1 00-Definitions). According to this definition, panelboards, including load centers, are:

Used to control light, heat, or power circuits Placed in a cabinet or cutout box Mounted in or against a wall Accessible only from the front

Load Center Construction / Construction

Load centers are constructed of the following three parts: enclosure, interior, and trim. The enclosure is typically constructed of cold rolled steel (for indoor use) or galvanized steel (for outdoor use). Together with the trim, the enclosure is designed to provide component and personnel protection. Knockouts are stamped into the enclosure to provide a convenient means of creating holes for use in routing electrical wiring. Approved cable clamps or conduit hubs are used in the holes to secure and protect the cable and conductors.

NEMA Enclosures
22

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has established standards for electrical equipment enclosures. NEMA type 1 enclosure are intended for indoor use. NEMA type 3R enclosures are intended for outdoor use primarily to provide a degree of protection against rain, sleet and damage from external ice formation. Load center enclosures typically conform to one of these NEMA enclosure types.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Load Centers PDF 4.9MB 72 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

13.

Basics of Meter Mounting Equipment

Power Distribution
Power, generated at a power plant and stepped up to a high transmission voltage, is brought to a local substation. Here, it is stepped down to a lower distribution voltage. When it reaches its final destination at a residential customer, it is stepped down to 240 volts. Only single-phase power is used in a typical residential application.

Power Supply
The most common supply system used in U. S. residential applications today is a single-phase, three-wire supply system. In this system, the voltage between either hot wire and neutral is 120 volts and the voltage between the two hot wires is 240 volts. The 120-volt supply is used for generalpurpose receptacles and lighting. The 240 volt supply is used for heating, cooling, cooking, and other high-demand loads.

Three-Phase Voltage
While single-phase power is needed for most residential applications, three-phase power is used in many other applications. In a three-phase system, the generator produces three voltages. Each voltage phase rises and falls at the same frequency (60 Hz in the U.S., 50 Hz in many other countries); however, the phases are offset from each other by 120.

Three-Phase Transformers
23

Transformers used with three-phase power require three interconnected coils in both the primary and the secondary. These transformers can be connected in either a wye or a delta configuration. The type of transformer and the actual voltage depend on the requirements of the power company and the needs of the customer. The following illustration shows the secondary of a wyeconnected transformer and the secondary of a delta-connected transformer. These are only examples of possible distribution configurations, the specific voltages and configurations vary widely depending upon the application requirements. Power, purchased from a utility company, enters the house through a metering device and connects to a load center. This is the service entrance. Service can come from an overhead utility transformer or from a lateral service run underground.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Meter Mounting Equipment PDF 4.7MB 64 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

14.

Basics of Panelboards

Residential Power Distribution

Power distribution systems are used in every residential, commercial buildings and industrial fascilities to safely control the distribution of electrical power throughout the facility. Most of us are familiar with the power distribution system found in the average home. Power, purchased from a utility company, enters the house through a metering device. The power is then distributed from a load center to various branch circuits for lighting, appliances, and electrical outlets.

Commercial and Industrial Power distribution

Power distribution systems used in multi-family, commercial, and industrial facilities are more complex. A power distribution system consists of metering devices to measure power consumption, main and branch disconnects, protective devices, switching devices to start and stop power flow, conductors, and transformers. Power may be distributed through various switchboards, transformers, and panelboards. Good distribution systems dont just happen. Careful engineering is required so that the distribution system safely and efficiently supplies adequate electric service to existing loads and has expansion capacity for possible future loads.

24

Panelboard Definition
The National Electrical Code (NEC) defines a panelboard as a single panel or group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel, including buses and automatic overcurrent devices, and equipped with or without switches for the control of light, heat, or power circuits; designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall, partition, or other support; and accessible only from the front (Article 1 00-Definitions). In summary, according to the NEC definition, panelboards are:

Used to control light, heat, or power circuits Placed in a cabinet or cutout box Mounted in or against a wall Accessible only from the front

For additional information, refer to National Electrical Code Article 408, Switchboards and Panelboards. Panelboards are frequently divided into two categories:

Lighting and appliance branch-circuit panelboards Power panelboards (also called distribution panelboards)

Prior to the publication of the 2008 National Electrical Code, the distinction between these two panelboard types was described in Articles 408.34 and 408.35. These articles have been removed from the 2008 code. However, it will take time for the industry to adapt to this change. Therefore, Articles 408.34 and 408.35 of the 2005 National Electrical Code still warrant discussion.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Panelboards PDF 3.6MB 76 Right here

15.

Basics of Power Monitoring

Voltage and Current Values

An accurate measurement of voltage supplied by the utility and the current produced by the connected load is necessary in identifying power usage and power quality problems.

25

DC
Voltage is either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). DC voltage produces current flow in one direction. DC voltage can be obtained directly from sources such as batteries and photocells, which produce a pure DC. DC voltage can also be produced by applying AC voltage to a rectifier.

Measuring DC Voltage
The value of DC voltage varies. Low level DC voltages, such as 5 30 VDC, are commonly used in electronic circuits. Higher levels of DC voltage, such as 500 VDC, can be used in many industrial applications to control the speed of DC motors. A voltmeter is used to measure DC voltage.

AC Voltage, Current and Frequency

Current flow in AC voltage reverses direction at regular intervals. AC voltage and current are represented by a sine wave. Sine waves are symmetrical, 360 waveforms which represent the voltage, current, and frequency produced by an AC generator. If the rotation of an AC generator were tracked through a complete revolution of 360, it could be seen that during the first 90 of rotation voltage increases until it reaches a maximum positive value. As the generator rotated from 90 to 180, voltage would decrease to zero. Voltage increases in the opposite direction between 180 and 270, reaching a maximum negative value at 270. Voltage decreases to zero between 270 and 360. This is one complete cycle or one complete alternation. Frequency is a measurement of the number of alternations or cylces that occur in a measured amount of time. If the armature of an AC generator were rotated 3600 times per minute (RPM) we would get 60 cycles of voltage per second, or 60 hertz. AC voltage can either be single- or three-phase. While singlephase power is needed for many applications, such as lighting, utility companies generate and transmit three-phase power. Threephase power is used extensively in industrial applications to supply power to three-phase motors. In a three-phase system the generator produces three voltages. Each voltage phase rises and falls at the same frequency (60 Hz in the U.S., 50 Hz in many other countries); however, the phases are offset from each other by 120.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: Basics of Power Monitoring PDF 4.0MB 88 Right here

26

16.

Basics of Safety Switches

Safety Switches
A safety switch is a common type of enclosed switch. Safety switches are generally used for two purposes:
1. As a disconnecting means for a service entrance 2. As a disconnecting means and fault protection for motors

The enclosure provides a degree of protection to personnel against incidental contact with live electrical equipment. It also provides protection for the enclosed equipment against specific environmental conditions. Safety switches may consist of a switch only or may consist of a switch and fuses. There are two families of Siemens safety switches: general duty and heavy duty.

Application
Safety switches can be used in any number of applications. The National Electrical Code (NEC), for example, requires that a disconnecting means shall be located in sight from the motor location and the driven machinery location (Article 430.102(B)). The NEC defines in sight as visible and not more than 50 feet (15.24 m) distant (Article 100 definitions). Regardless of where the safety switch is used, the function is to provide a means to connect and disconnect the load from its source of electrical power.
Non-Fusible Safety Switch

A safety switch with no associated fuses is referred to as a non-fusible safety switch. A nonfusible safety switch has no circuit protection capability. It simply provides a convenient means to open and close a circuit. Opening the circuit disconnects the load from its source of electrical power, and closing the circuit connects the load. Circuit protection must be provided by external overcurrent devices such as a circuit breaker or fuses. In the following illustration, power is supplied to a motor through a non-fusible safety switch and a separate fuse.
Fusible Safety Switch

A safety switch can be combined with fuses in a single enclosure. This is referred to as a fusible safety switch. The switch provides a convenient means to manually open and close the circuit, and the fuse provides overcurrent protection.
Title: Basics of Safety Switches

27

Format: Size: Pages: Download:

PDF 3.9MB 72 Right her

17.

Basics of Surge Protection

Causes of Surges
Surges can be caused by sources outside a home, such as when large electrical loads are turned on and off. Disturbances can result from the routine operation of electrical machinery at a nearby factory or large commercial facility, but they can also be caused by the electric utilities protective devices.
The most damaging source of electrical surges, however, is lightning.

Lightning is caused by the attraction of positive and negative charges in the atmosphere. This results in a buildup and discharge of electrical energy. Lightning can occur within a cloud, from cloud to cloud, or from cloud to earth. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), there are an estimated 2000 thunderstorms at any given moment in the world, resulting in 100 lightning strikes every second. In the United States alone, there are over 22 million lightning strikes in an average year. A typical lightning strike might range from 20,000 to 1 00,000 amps at a potential of up to 30 million volts.

Electrical Equipment Damage

Lightning does not have to strike a home, or near a home to cause electrical damage. A lightning strike on a power line several miles away still has the potential to cause extensive electrical damage in a home.
In addition to causing surges on the power line, lightning can also cause damaging surges on telephone lines and TV cables.

28

Thunderstorm Locations
Thunderstorms occur everywhere in the United States. The following map shows the approximate mean annual number of days with thunderstorms in the United States.

Surge Protection Terminology

There are a variety of SPDs available to protect sensitive electronic equipment from surges. In order to understand these devices, it is necessary to understand some basic terminology.

Joule Rating
One of the more common ratings for an SPD is the amount of electrical energy the device can absorb in a designated time without failing.
This rating is sometimes called the joule rating because the joule (J) is a basic unit of measurement for energy. However, this rating is often referred to by other names such as transient energy rating or single pulse energy dissipation rating.

In theory, the higher the joule rating, the more energy an SPD can channel away from the protected circuit. However, procedures for testing the amount of single pulse energy that an SPD can dissipate without failing vary, so the joule rating should be considered in the context of other ratings provided by an SPD supplier. One way to think about the concept of a joule of electrical energy is to relate it to another more familiar electrical unit, a watt. One watt is the basic unit of measurement for power, and power is the rate at which energy is used. More specifically, for every watt of power, one joule of energy is used every second (joules = watts x seconds). This means that a common 7 5 watt light bulb uses 75 joules of energy per second.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Download: SIEMENS Basics of Surge Protection PDF 3.3MB 72 Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles

29

Basics of Switchboards Switchboard Construction / Frame

There are multiple elements that make up a switchboard. Included in the list of elements are a frame, buses, overcurrent protective devices, service metering, and outer covers. The frame of the switchboard houses and supports the other components. The standard Siemens switchboard frame is 90 inches high and 32 or 38 inches wide. An optional height of 70 inches with widths of 32, 38, or 46 inches is also available. Siemens switchboards have a depth measurement ranging from 20 to 58 inches.

Switchboard Construction / Bus

A bus is a conductor or set of conductors that serves as a common connection for two or more circuits. NEC article 408.3 states that bus bars shall be located so as to be free from physical damage and shall be held firmly in place.

Rear Connected Switchboards

Siemens Rear Connected (RCS) switchboards feature individually mounted branch and feeder devices. Because of this method of mounting, access to outgoing cable terminations must be from the rear of the switchboard. Bus bar extensions from the feeder devices are run back to the rear of the unit for easy access. The front and rear of all sections align. Both indoor (NEMA 1 ) or outdoor (NEMA 3R) construction are available.

30

RCS switchboards accommodate systems up to 6000 amperes, 600 volts maximum in any threephase three-wire or three-phase four-wire configuration. The main bus can be specified for 600 to 6000 ampere rating. RCS Switchboards use WL insulated case (UL 489) or LV power (UL 1 066) circuit breakers with drawout mountings and continuous current ratings from 400 to 5000 A for main and branch devices.

Integrated Power System Switchboards

The modular design of Siemens Integrated Power System (IPS) switchboard allows the customer to integrate electrical distribution equipment, power monitoring, and environmental controls that typically mount in multiple enclosures into one switchboard line-up. Customers have the freedom to configure an arrangement that best fits their individual needs. Optional factory installed interconnection wiring is available to further reduce installation time. IPS switchboards are built to UL 891 and NEMA PB-2 standards. IPS sections have a standard height of 90 inches. Optional 70 inch high sections are available. The minimum depth of IPS sections is 1 3.75 inches. Optional depths of 20, 28, and 38 inches are available and these optional depths may be required depending upon the components installed.
Numerous components are available to fit customer requirements:

Lighting panelboards (MLO and main device) Power monitoring devices Distribution transformers ACCESS communication Lighting contactors Lighting control Heating ventilation and air condition (HVAC) control Building management equipment Programmable logic controller (PLC) Automatic transfer switch (ATS) Motor starters Backup generators

IPS switchboards consist of one service section and one or more distribution sections that are cable connected. However, IPS switchboards are also available with through bus and pull sections. IPS switchboards accommodate systems up to 4000 amps, 600 VAC maximum in 1 phase, 3-wire; 3-phase, 3-wire; and 3-phase, 4 -wire configurations.
Title: Format: Size: Pages: Basics of Switchboards PDF 2.8MB 60

31

Download:

Right here |

32