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E2A
Hi Ho
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V93y
43:
BY
J.
A.
GRANT,
{Read
November
25th,
186S.)
^^^
To-night
I purpose
a consideration
first,
Few
parts of the
attractive, in a
merely
On
and
the Hull side, the beautiful Laurentian Hills grace the scene,
in almost every other direction the
&o
By
Agassiz,
it
is
first-born
among the
lifted
continents,
though so muoh
birth."
later in
" Hers
shore
was the
first
dry land
first
and while
18
TRANSACTIONS.
Europe was represented only by islands rising here and there above the sea, America already stretched an unbroken line of land from
Nova
obliged to
much
Such
is
exemplified in the
is to
unfold
the sol"d crust of the earth and explain, as far as possible, the
The
of
all
and reference,
in a
manner
far
Each year
new
man
for
many
years to come.
.'
'
Every depart-
Nature
offers
many
Astronomy
ordinary share.
what
its
it is
it
became
so.
having as
it
were wrapped up in
many
strange animals
and plants,
still
department of science.
learn
how few comparatively study this interesting To understand anything of rocks, we must
to
how they have been formed and we must observe the nearest approach
present day.
to
Such,
with
for in order to
living.
In
little
all
cases
is
matters
is
In
GEOLOGY.
The limestone foundations now being excavated
10
at the Ghaudi^re,
the strangely water-worn for^^ations in almost every direction about the same locality, the pits formed on Sandy Hill, the remains of
life
these
The
are certain
By
Of
Some
times and in
places.
works.
There
is,
On
hills
known
which
rise
fifteen
hundred
or
first
uniform plain of the earth's surface, and elevated their heads above
the waters.
of mountains
is
estimated.
The
and usually present greater indications of force in such as fractures and dislocations.
Plutonic action has strangely transformed
their formation,
many
parts of the
20
earth's crust.
TRANSACTIONS.
In studying that crust we must free our minds from
it
is
It is constantly
heaving and
being
less regular
is
than the
The ocean
tossed into
'
what
Him-
rolling
up 20,000
elevated.
violeni^e
feet, lasting
of the resistance.
tain elevations
Thus we
mounrocks
The
The former
occur in layers or
and the
only pres
These two
classes of rocks
evidently iiad a
origin, or in
stratified rocks
aqueous origin, and the unstratified which present a melted appearance, of igneous origin.
The
latter
may be
melted and unstratified at first and rocks changed from the stratified
to the unstratified
rocks, frequently
much changed by crystallization, and termed metamorpMc rocksThe rocks which compose the Laurentian Mountains were shown
by the Geological Survey of Canada
metamorphio sedimentary
strata,
in 1846, to be a series of
The rock
defined
by
The
rocks of
These
The Lau-
GEOLOGY.
21
and hornblendic
is chiefly
characterized by
lar,
is
of great
thickness, over
many
thousands of
The Huronian
Lake Huron, and
In
it
arc to be observed
color, interstrati-
and greyish
dykes.
made
near
The
Huronian formation
is
considered about
'""'^
'
20,000
"
fresh
hill
and dale
of
new formation,
He
has
now
formation
which, in times past, would have been set down as the Jirst crust of
this earth, as it
parted with
its
22
TRANSACTIONS.
the other and of vast thickness.
It is
undreamt o'
^^e.
Rton3, Sir William Logan discovered the remains of the designated by Dr. Dawson as the " Eoxone Canadense."
This
opinion
is also
So
far as
known,
is
supposed to have grown in masses like the coral reefs of the present
day, and
is it
when we
Thus have we
the result of the combined labors of the able chief of the Dominion
Qeological Survey and his worthy
so
staff,
and more
particularly, in
fore
new a country as Canada. The stratified formations, as heretoknown and described, are as follows, from below upwards
:
Potsdam Sandstone
gists to a formation
is
New York
geolo-
which
is
New
York, and
is
Logan considers
this forma-
tion as a
member of
It crosses
from
St.
Lawrence County,
New
ment on
to
fill
County of Beauharnois.
up the
inequalities of the
is
underlying Laurentian
This formation
met with
to the eastward,
to Nepean, a
V.I
ward, and thus sinks beneath the calciferoui formation. By means of a dislocation, the south side of the band, after leaving the gneiss,
OEOLOOY.
is
23
The
con-
Potsdam sandstone
it is
in
that par-
In the
''
Geology of Canada"
here stated as
of which
it
rises in
members of the
luilos
Lower
wnere
in
Silurian scries.
In Hull
it
is
north of the Ottawa, and about two miles east of the Gatineau,
it
is
also
Ottawa
at
According
to Professsor
first
Lower
alike
and that
in
the
or
Potsdam
After-
life.
f!
r;
.rvn.!
'.''i
TM,.|
.1
1-
a granucolor,
crystalinc,
sulphate
cases only
of lime.
Its
fossils
are
to
be found.
upper part of
When
exposed to the
The
calcareous beds in
many
districts
stones
is
applied to
them by
settlers
Ottawa in many
/^
24
from Carillon
TRANSACTIONS.
to the Ghats.
At Aylmer
it
the river, and from the Alumette Island extends south to Prescott,
at
which point
little
it
States.
from Maitland
total thickness
to this point.
of this formation
about 300
feet.
Chazy Limestone
derives
its
overlies
the
Calciferous
formation, and
in the State of
first
New
York, west of
was
described by the
New York
and
shale,
In Canada
it is
and
is
exposed in the
Hawkesbury.
In
its
geographical distribution,
it
forms a zone
St.
Alumette Islands.
The arenaceous
It
is
part of the
Chazy
is
The
is
great mass
Chazy formation
geologists.
New York
The
by peculiar fossils.
and Black
However,
carried out,
owing
grouped together.
the
strata
fossils characteristic
Acoordiug
to Sir
GEOLOGY.
The
the
St.
25
is
found extensively in
Canada East and West, and particularly between the Ottawa and
Lawrence, but more especially al^)und the capital
of
Canada,
Ottawa.
The
two
parallel dislocations
between
five
''
hundred and
six
hundred
comes
One of these
dislocations
throw
it,
to the
south
>d
same direction."
of fk
le,
wst
Ottawa
to the
Owing
to these
he
to
various faults
to estimate
it
diflScult for
me
St.
hundred
he
ds.
Utica Slate
York).
the
State of
New
It
nd
a.
bituminous shales,
interstratified
is
he
13
seen cropping
out directly across the Eideau Bridge, near the General Protestant
Hospital.
he
Us.
In
lie
is sufficiently
in considerable
ely
lack
quantity.
::uhhsd^ynti&<
of which
ce,
wo have ample
Ibut
p.r J
The
clay, sand,
the
of
ata
Ottawa and
marine
drift is
fish,
St.
Owing
to the
manner
in which
is,
transported by ancient
26
glaciers),
it is
TRANSACTIONS.
termed Glaeial Drift.
is
''
The
greatest development
ment of the
by
fill
Stratified clays
and sand
this surface,
and
erratic boul-
are
to
be
unexpected.
seen just above, and to the right of the Suspension Bridge, on the
table of rock lying below;
Dana
drift,
with
its
immense
In the
performing this
work
at present.
In that
great size,
which have,
by a slow
moving
glacier
Lake Geneva.
by
is
The
In
this locality a
we have had
deposit,
Professor
Dawson
divides
the eastern post-glacial beds into two scries, the lower a deep-sea
its
characteristic shells;
and the upper, for a similar reason, the Saxioava sand, formed in
shallow waters.
city to
On
to
The overlying
clay except
GEOLOGY.
along tte streams.'^
27
Wherever these
bed of clay
the river the shells Saxicava rugosa and Tellina Grcenlandica are
to be found,
and
in a
at
embedSt.
ded
Lower
clay,
;
Lawrence.
This capeling
;
is also
found in nodules, in
on the
and
at
This formation
On
the
Ottawa, from Hull to Isle Jesus, this clay formation covers a considerable breadth between the Laurentian Hills
and the
river.
It
In the former
locality it is well
it
known
to the lumberers,
who
left
in
as the
mound
of
referred
by Lyell
;
to the
marks
sisting
its close
con-
partly
by water, are
placed
among
Post-tertiary strata.
The
ous boulders have been moved from the north towards tha south.
sea
lis J
drift,
more
in
this
to
ting
jept
and containing
the
(Se
Plate.)
28
Cave.
TRANSACTIONS.
Cave or cavern
is
hill or rock, as
the case
may be.
the
They
rivers
natural.
Such
is
ticularly as the
stratified
same denuding and wearing away by water and subsequent hardening of the materials through time.
it
may
Limestone
the great centre for such excavations, and the largest so far
from Vienna
to Trieste^
As
from
parts.
caverns.
An
example of such
is
modern
lava.
In Canada, such
tion
Duncan Gibb
in.
1861, on Canadian
:
One
in the carbon-
iferous formations
Chaleur ;
two in the
;
Devonian, Gaspd
Lake Superior
seven in
lu:
si'
The Old Woman, Cape Gasp6. Flower Pot Island, Lake Huron.
Mono
Cavern.
Eramosa Cavern.
Niagara Caverns.
Subterranean Passages, Manitouliu Island,
GEOLOGY.
" Middle Silurian :'~Pillar Sa:>d3tone,
Bij^sby's
^'
29
>
Lower Silurian
,-
Superior.
Pilasters of
Lake Superior.
"I'V
'
Empty
Basaltic
Dykes of Mecattina.
.,
'
/.
.
i,?
I.'';','
;;.j
.,,
.^
.,,.-
J'
>
'.i'>
ri;'K.
To
this list
entire
'
Dominion of Canada.
in
o; o^p^.rJiit^
line,
'.
an almost direct
the
Lauis
it
The
mountain
is
about 300
feet,
and the
At
the
80
base of the mountain
i?
TBANSACTIONS.
a small
lake,
which diBchargeH
into the
it
is
fannel shaped,
feet,
downwards a distance of 74
which point
it is
of fifteen feet.
Grand Chamber" 80 feet in length, 21 feet across and 9 feet in height throughout. At the posterior part of this chamber, in an
oblique direction to the
left, is
"
an opening
form-
about 18 feet in
is
The
floor,
however,
covered with
Looking outfirst
chamber,
one anterior, broad and elevated, and one posterior, contracted and
shallow, passing obliquely upwards and backwards, a distance of
fully
25
feet.
This chamber
is
carbonate
floor to .ae
ceiling,
The
chamber passes
feet, at
distance of 30
50
feet high,
the
to the right, is a
On
the
way up a
beautiful arch
is
to
Grand
Chamber
y'^
reflected
below this arch illuminates the entire ceiling of the adjoining chamber and presents a rich appearance as seen through the opening above th3 uroh.
To the
GEOLOGY.
cavity, is
31
the body of the cave the passage leading fVom this opening takes a
direction at an angle of about 25 to the right.
is
about 270
floor is
feet,
height between
and 5
feet,
The
various sizes and from the ceiling hang many small stalactites.
At
is
an opening more or
it
less cir-
is
concave,
and
fully
15
feet in height.
depth
is
37
feet,
and the
bottom measured 9
feet
feet
by 30
feet,
by 12
feet,
by 3
feet
and 45
feet in depth.
The
floors
of these
to
lower
b seen
beautiful stalactites.
On
from
The
entire cavern
more or
less
from the
ceilings, are
composed
Lauren-
particularly
The
this is
also a water-
worn appearance.
uneven and
or less
more
mixed
up with broken
lime.
stalactites
The
32
TRANSACTIONS.
Fahrenheit.
common
fox,
From
that
and
it is
first,
elevation of
great portions of the earth's surface, and secondly, what facts can
be adduced
to substantiate the
In the
is
noth-
ing particular in cither of these respects, nothing more in fact than has been observed in the shaping of contineiits of transatlantic
notoriety.
Stratified rocks
as sediments
remains which
which this city rests and when that foundation was formed the " Great Silurian Age" flourished. Marvellous then must have been
the condition of
life,
when
above the
level
As
we gather shells, barnacles, starfishes and such like at the seashore in our summer rambles, so we examine for the remains of molusks,
radiates, crinoids, &c., &c.,
which flourished
From
the sea
down.
Of the
latter
we have
so far
such
GEOLOaY.
33
is
sinking.
The west
coast of
Greenland
is
and these
In
fossil-beariog strata
stratified rocks it is
when
the present
mantle of clays, sand and boulders (termed drift) was thrown over
our firm rock foundations.
Ansted, of Cambridge,
is
hjis
written,
;"
"water
is
the
life of
the
life
of
man
and
operations in the
It
is,
vasi. circle
of geological investigation.
our midst,
viz.,
also at Niagara,
solid rock,
200
feet
deep, 1,200 to 2,000 feet wide and fully seven miles long.
It is
evident that the waters are thus carrying both land and rocks in
their course,
is
truly wonderful.
On
At
exemplified at
Amazon and
mense
result of th
Of the
down
a fleet of eighty
sail
that river every hour of every day and night for four
it
months
continuously,
34
TRANSACTIONS.
months of the
flood season."
In
this
same manner
many changes have been brought about in the Ottawa and its tributaries. Thus alluvium, drift, and even the solid rock foundations, give
action of water.
fissured
?'.
facts
we
fearfully disturbed
by volcanic action
when
their
the crust of the earth was folded as paper in the child's hands.
and on
Thus has
fail
to
be an inexfix
more
and good
in every thing**
,,
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