The main parameters

Just to be clear , we are only talking about fault ratings (not rated current). On this, it's probably easiest to start of with the IEC definition of the rele ant ratings! Icu - ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity a breaking capacity for which the prescribed conditions according to a specified test sequence do not include the capability of the circuit-breaker to carry its rated current continuously Ics - service short-circuit breaking capacity a breaking capacity for which the prescribed conditions according to a specified test sequence include the capability of the circuit-breaker to carry its rated current continuously Icw - rated short-time withstand current The rated short-time withstand current of a circuit-breaker is the value of short-time withstand current assigned Icm - short-circuit breaking (or making) capacity a breaking (or making) capacity for which the prescribed conditions include a short circuit

What does it all mean?

"hile the definitions are pretty straight forward, perhaps a little discussion is worthwhile. Icu is really the #a$i#u# perspecti e fault which a circuit breaker can clear (with the fault current being e$pressed as r#s for ac). %his is erified by testing in accordance with the standard and is applicable at a specific set of electrical and en iron#ental conditions. If these conditions change then it #ay be necessary to derate the circuit breaker. &fter clearing a fault the circuit breaker does not ha e to re#ain ser iceable and could be dangerous to operate. %his point is particularly i#portant in circuit breakers when the Ics is lower than the Icu. Ics is the #a$i#u# perspecti e fault current which the circuit breaker can clear and still re#ain ser iceable. %he standard does allow so#e #inor welding of the contacts to take place, so after a large fault it would still be necessary to inspect the breaker. "hen specified as a percentage of Ics, the standard proposes ranges of '(), (*), +() and ,**). Icw is the perspecti e fault withstand rating (r#s for ac). Circuit breakers #ay be sub-ect to through fault which they are not intended to clear. "hile not clearing these faults, the breaker will still need to withstand the ther#al and #echanical stress i#posed by the fault current. %he longer a fault is present the #ore the effects build up and Icw always has a ti#e ele#ent associated with it (i.e. (* k& for , second). %he standard specified preferred ti#e ranges of *.*(, *.,, *.'(, *.( and , second (although . seconds is also often used in practice). Ic# is the peak current which the circuit breaker can safely break or #ake. It is e$pressed as the #a$i#u# perspecti e peak current at a rated oltage, fre/uency and power factor and is always greater than Icu. 0ro# a safety aspect this is particularly i#portant as it will be the pri#ary #echanis# to protect the operator if the circuit breaker is closed on to a fault.

&ll ratings are deri ed under specific electrical and en iron#ental conditions and are erified with the circuit breaker in free air. &s soon as the breaker is enclosed in in any kind of panel or cabinet the ratings change and need to be re1assessed as part of the asse#bly testing. 1 2ee #ore at! http!33#yelectrical.co#3notes3entryid3,*,3understanding1l 1circuit1breaker1fault1 ratings4sthash.5udps6$ .dpuf

B Curve: for protection of electrical circuits with e/uip#ent that does not cause surge current (lighting and distribution circuits). 2hort circuit release is set to (3-5) In C Curve: for protection of electrical circuits with e/uip#ent that causes surge current (inducti e loads and #otor circuits). 2hort circuit release is set to (5 - 10) In D Curve: for protection of electrical circuits which causes high inrush current, typically ,'1,( ti#es the ther#al rated current (transfor#ers, 71ray #achines etc.). 2hort circuit release is set to (10 - 20) In K Curve: 2uitable for applications where high le els of inrush current are e$pected. Instantaneous trip is (8 - 12) In. %he high #agnetic trip point is ideal for #otors and transfor#ers. %he narrow range (co#pared with the type 8 cur e) #akes it ideal for applications where nuisance tripping is not an issue. Z Curve: 2uitable for applications where se#iconductors and other co#ponents that fail open are used. Instantaneous trip is (2 - 3) In. %he short ther#al delay and low #agnetic trip point are ideal for applications where de ices and co#ponents ha e low surge and short circuit tolerances. S Curve: 2uitable for applications with highly inducti e loads, especially in control circuits with coils and light fila#ents. Instantaneous response between (13 - 17) In. Note: If you use the 9 :C9 in place of 8 cur e :C9, chances are the 9 cur e :C9 contacts can weld together, or there will be nuisance trippings. On the other hand, if you use a 8 cur e where a 9 cur e :C9 has to be used, the syste# will da#age before the breaker can trip.

uno (Electrical)

11 Dec 03 3:54

I have always wondered as to why does a circuit breaker in the IEC orld have so !any short circuit breakin" ca#acities such as Ics(service short circuit breakin" ca#acity)$ Icu(ulti!ate short circuit breakin" ca#)$ Icw (short circuit breakin" ca#acity)% &'ter runnin" an E(&) )ro"ra!!e we reach an initial sy!!etrical short circuit current (say 40 k&) which in turn deter!ine the short circuit ratin" o' the switch"ear 'or 1sec*3 sec( I%%E 40k& 'or 1 second)% +o!e o' the su##liers consider it as the #ros#ective short circuit current and !atch the Icu ratin" o' the breaker( 40k&) to be used on such a switch"ear % +houldn,t they select Icw ratin" o' the breaker to !atch the switch"ear short circuit withstand current 'or 1 sec% -our su""estions will be o' "reat hel#% dede61 (Electrical) 11 Dec 03 .:/0

1i 2no$ 3reakin" ca#acity o' the C3 !ust always e4ceed the short circuit withstand current o' the switch"ear% +o the re5uire!ent o' the switch"ear will deter!inate the +hort circuit breakin" ca#acity o' your C3% +tandard (de#endin" the a##lication) the Icw ratin" o' the breaker should e4ceed the switch"ear ratin"% re"ards$

Danny
(4) davrom (Electrical)

11 Dec 03 1/:44

)lease e4cusse !y En"lish% Can you re6#hrase the sentence 7which in turn deter!ine the short6 circuit ratin" o' the switch"ear 'or 1sec*3sec (i%e% 40k& 'or 1 second)78 I don,t understand% (hank you% 9or Icw (selection o' C3 based on the shc current value at ti!e 1 second): :o% (he breakin" ca#acity*current Icw o' C3 is to be based on the value o' short6circuit current calculated at the ti!e when the C3,s contacts start to se#arate$ which in !ost cases is abt% tens o' !sec not 1 second; this ti!e is to be obtained 'ro! C3 data sheet% 9or the rest o' currents$ #lease "ive 16/ days% (I would su""est you to visit the 5uestion 7syste! stability7 o' this 9oru!)% uno (Electrical) 1/ Dec 03 3:45

(hanks Danny and Davro! 'or your res#onses% Davro! (he 1 second or 3 second is to s#eci'y the short ti!e withstand ratin" o' the 'ault current durin" which the #ros#ective 'ault current(I%%E 40k&) is assu!ed to be constant% I a"ree with Danny in that the breakin" ca#acity o' the breaker should be Icw and should !atch the switchear short circuit withstand level% <n so!e !ore investi"ation I also 'ound that so!e breakers ( in utili=ation cate"ory &) need not have Icw ratin" since they do not have intentional ti!e delay under short circuit condition% (hen how do we con'ir! that the breaker selected by the su##lier is ok8 davrom (Electrical) 14 Dec 03 .:03

1i uno% &% )lease 'or"et !y 'irst !essa"e% 3% +orry 'or this delayed res#onse% >y atte!#t to understand the di''erences between the three currents took !e !ore than 16/ days that I e4#ected% I have been checkin" 'or and thinkin" to the three currents over and over a"ain% I have co!e to so!e conclusions$ but$ as I a! not 100? sure$ I reco!!end you to take !y below notes as su""estion only% 1% (he na!e o' Icw is 7rated short6ti!e withstand current7 and has nothin" to do with breakin" ca#acity (this con'used !e)% (he #hysical !eanin" o' Icw is !ore close to the !akin" current

Ic! than to breakin" current(s)% /% (he !akin" current Ic! !ust be bi"er than the #eak value i# o' shc current and s#eci'ies the !a4i!u! curent which the C3 withstand to in res#ect to the electro6dyna!ic 'orces #roduced by the inrush current o' shc% 3% 9or C3s with intentionally ti!e delay and res#% with Icw$ the C3 !ust be able to withstand to the shc current (el6dyna!ic 'orces) 'or the duration o' the set delay (e%"% 100 !sec) and then to break*tri# the circuit (Icu) i' the shc is still #resent% (his is why I a'ir! that the Icw is !ore close in !eanin" to the Ic!% (he Icw is to be bi""er than r%!%s% value o' iksy! assu!ed to be constant 'ro! the be"inin" o' shc (i%e% 40 k& 'or 1*3 seconds in your case)% 4% 2tili=ation cate"ory & !eans that the C3 is not intended to be used in series with another #rotection device in su##ly line; this would be cores#% to the !otor #rotection C3s o' +ie!ens% 5% 2tili=ation cate"ory 3 !eans that the C3 is intended to be used in series with another #rotective device in su##ly line; this would be cores#% to the line #rotection C3s o' +ie!ens% Conse5uently$ in order to ensure the selectivity o' #rotection$ the C3 is to be #rovided with and intentionally delay release ti!e (which can be ad@usted) and$ hence$ with the Icw% A% 3ased on notes / and 3 it results that the Icw is only de'ined*s#eci'ied 'or C3s used in cate"ory 3% .% (he di''erence between Icu (ulti!ate) and Ics (service) currents consists in the 5ualitative and 5uantitative conditions established 'or testin" the C3s% I cannot tell e4actly what is this di'erence% B% (he C3s are constructed in 'our cases$ de#endin" o' relationshi#s between the three currents (e5ual$ C$ D$ DC)$ i%e% IcsEIcwDCIcs$ IcsEIcwEIcu etc% 0% I have checked the +ie!ens #roducts catalo"ue and I haven,t 'ound s#eci'ied the Icw value% I assu!e that all +ie!ens C3s are constructed with IcsEIcw% <n the other hand$ the +ie!ens o''ers C3s #rovided to 7a=n7 electronic device; so!e C3s are only with 7an7 device 6 cores#% to !otor #rotection while others are #rovided with 7a=n7 device% (he Icw and its delay ti!e can be ad@usted on 7=7 #ortion o' tri##in" characteristic$ res#% 'ro! IcwE0%%%BFIn o' C3 and tdE0%%%300 !sec; tE0 !sec cores#% to !otor #rotection C3; tC0 sec cores#% to line #rotection C3 (cate"% 3); the C3 can be used 'or both cate"ories% 10% (he +ie!ens states that back6u# 'uses are only re5uired i' the shc current at the #oint o' installation e4ceeds the Icu (ulti!ate) value o' C3% Cu!ulated with the 'act that Ics is in al!ost cases s!aller or e5ual with Icu$ it result that the base 'or selection the breakin" ca#acity o' C3 is the Icu$ but as I said above$ I cannot tell 'or sure what is the di''erence between Ics and Icu% & !anu'acturin" en"ineer !ay tell this di''erence; I a! only an installation en"ineer% 11% (he breakin" ca#acity*curent o' C3 (Icu or Ics) is to be bi""er that the shc current evaluated at the ti!e when the C3,s contacts start to se#arate% (his value is to be based on the r%!%s% value o' the iksy! at the ti!e when the contacts start to se#arate; I #ersonally #re'er to calculate the instantaneous value o' shc current (ikasy!Giksy!) at the res#ective !o!ent%

1/% &s 'ar as I a! concerned$ I 7s#lit7 the short6circuit #rocess into three se5uences: a) tE0%%%to#enin": the C3 !ust be able to withstand to the el6dyna!ic 'orces #roduced by the inrush current o' shc; there'ore$ Ic! C i# (#lease read the 7C7 si"n as 7!ust be bi""er than7); 'or C3 o' cate"ory 3 this additional condition !ust be !et: Icw C iksy!(tE0) 6 acc% to note 3% b) tEto#enin": the C3 !ust be able to break*tri# the shc current at this ti!e; there'ore$ Icu C Ik(r%!%s% o' iksy!$ tE0 (assu!ed constant)) or$ in !y theory$ Icu C ik(tEto#enin")% c) tE0%%%tend: the C3 !ust be able to withstand to the heat e''ects #roduced by the shc current in the interval tE0%%%to#enin" and by electric arc between o#ened contacts in the interval tEto#enin"%%%tend; there'ore$ Ilt C Ith (ther!al current)% I ho#e !y notes would be o' a hel# to you$ but as I said be'ore$ I reco!!end you take this sche!e as su""estion only% davrom (Electrical) 14 Dec 03 .:0A

Correction to !y #revious !essa"e: &t note A #lease read 7based on notes 4 and 5 %%%7% uno (Electrical) 15 Dec 03 3:/0

(hanks a ton Davro! & star to your #ost% I don,t know how I reached the conclusion that Icw is the breakin" ca#acity% I "uess then the !anu'acturer,s do the ri"ht thin" in considerin" Icu 'or the selection o' breakers 'or a switch"ear% >eanwhile I also checked (he IEC 04.6/ and reached the 'ollowin" conclusion 6 hen the breaker is tested 'or Icu $ a'ter which it cannot be e4#ected to carry the rated current continuosly which is not the case when tested 'or Ics% (hanks a lot 'or all your res#onses%
(2) Area (Electrical)

15 Dec 03 5:/.

2no$ sorry 'or the late re#ly$ but I saw your #ost @ust today% It has allready been #er'ectly tackled by davro!$ thee'ore @ust !y understandin" as additional in'or!ation as I had the sa!e #roble! in the #ast: the result o' your E(&) #ro"ra! should be: 6 Ik7: Initial short circuit current (r!s value): >a4i!u! value o' the 3 #ole short circuit current% <ccurs directly a'ter the initiation: :etwork 'eeders$ "enerators and !otors contribute to this value 6 i#: )eak short circuit current (#eak value$ not r!s value)% >a4i!u! value (#eak value) o' the

short circuit current% <ccurs within the 'irst sin hal' wave directly a'ter the initiation% 'urther!ore$ you can also obtain these values 'ro! such #ro"ra!s$ that are both derived 'ro! Ik7: 6 Ik: +teady state short current (short circuit current a'ter the decayin" o' the d%c% co!#onent)% Derived 'ro! Ik7% <nly network 'eeders and "enerators contribute to this value 6 Ib: +y!!etrical short circuit breakin" current: r!s value o' the short circuit at the !o!ent when the breaker o#ens% Derived 'ro! Ik7% (he in'luence o' !otors and "nerator is reduced co!#ared to Ik7 Henerally s#eakin"$ Ik7$ Ik and Ib are re'errin" to the ther!al stress o' your e5ui#!ent$ while i# is re'errin" to the !echanical stress o' your e5ui#!ent% -ou do not need Ik and Ib in any case% -ou can use Ik7 instead to be on the sa'e side%

Iated values o' a +C3: 6 IC>: (#eak value): >a4 value that the +C3 can carry% (he "reatest stress to be !ana"ed is durin" closin" on a short circuit current% (here$ the !echanical stress has to be !ana"ed% 6 IC2: (r!s6value): >a4 current that the short circuit breaker can break without beein" in a dan"erous condition a'terwards 6 IC+: (r!s6value): +a!e as IC2% (he di''erence is$ that the +C3 !i"ht be de'ective a'ter the o#eration% (here'ore$ this value is o'ten e4#ressed in ? o' IC2 (0%%100?)% (he hi"her this value is$ the better is the 5uality o' the +C3% 6 IC : (r!s value): (he !a4i!u! value that the +C3 can carry (without breakin") o' a s#eci'ied ti!e (very o'ten 1sec% or 3sec%) 9or the correct choice o' your short circuit breaker a##lies: >ech% stress: IC> C i# (her!al stress: IC2 CE IC+ C Ib and IC C Ik7 or instead o' this : IC2 CE IC+ CE IC

C Ik7

Voo (Electrical)

1A Dec 03 5:03

&s 'ar as I know$ the 3+ E: A004.6/ (derivative o' IEC 04.6/) only de'ines the 'ollowin" standard ter!inolo"y concernin" the current ratin" 'or >CC3*&C3: In J Iated current (he !a4i!u! continuous current a C3 will carry under healthy circuit conditions% I shall not elaborate it 'urther% Icu J Iated ulti!ate short circuit (sc) breakin" ca#acity (he !a4i!u! #ros#ective 'ault current level a C3 can withstand%

Ics J Iated service sc breakin" ca#acity (he !a4i!u! level o' 'ault current o#eration the C3 will withstand and still re!ain in 'ull #er'or!ance a'ter the 'ault% Icw J Iated short ti!e withstand current (he current the C3 can withstand 'or the !a4i!u! short ti!e delay ti!e% I do not know whether $ Ic!$ the so6called !akin" ca#acity o' C3 is de'ined in any IEC standard% 3ut I did 'ind Ic! ratin" in a C3 !anu'acturer catalo"ue% 9ro! what I know the ter! K#ros#ective 'ault currentL level in the IEC standard always re'er to sy!!etrical steady state 'ault level and the IEC 04.6/ does not de'ine any standard test 'or asy!!etrical 'ault current ratin" 'or C3% &s such I do not know on what basis o' !ethod each C3 !anu'acturer de'ines the Ic! ratin" &ctually the di''erences o' Icu and Ics ratin" lies between the !ethod the C3 is tested in accordance to the IEC standard% Icu J (he C3 under test !ust sub@ected to a test se5uences o' <6C< with no #er'or!ance loss at the end o' test% Ics J (he C3 under test !ust sub@ected to test se5uences o' <6C<6C< with no #er'or!ance loss at the end o' test% here <J <#enin" o#eration under 'ault conditions% C6 Closin" o#eration on to a 'ault% &s can be seen 'ro! above$ C3 under Ics test under"oes !ore ste#s% (here'ore the we could always e4#ect the 'ault level a C3 can achieve under the Ics test condition to be e5ual or lower than the 'ault level it can "o throu"h under the Icu test condition% Ics is usually indicated as a #ercenta"e o' Icu (say 100?$ .5?$ 50? etc%) Icu ca#acity indicates the !a4i!u! theoretical 'ault level o' the C3 and this has to be !atched (e5ual or hi"her) with the calculated #ros#ective 'ault (sy!!etrical) value o' the installation at the #oint o' connection (i%e% the switchboard k& ratin")% 9or e4a!#le a C3 o' Icu E 50k& and Ics E 50? Icu !eans that that C3 can withstand !a4i!u! 'ault u# to 50k& and u# to /5k& 'ault 'or continuation o' service% In other words$ i' 'ault levels are between /5k& to 50k&$ the C3 still able to cut out the 'aulty circuit sa'ely but its 'urther o#eration a'terward is not assured% I' the 'ault level is /5k& and below then the C3 is able to cut out the 'aulty circuit sa'ely and its 'urther o#eration a'terward is assured% It can be seen that Ics a##lies to short circuit 'aults that could occur in #ractice% In !y country$ the s#eci'ication usually called 'or Ics be 100? o' Icu 'or inco!in" 'eeder and 50? o' Icu 'or out"oin" 'eeder% I have never s#eci'y the value 'or Ic! (neither does I know what IEC de'inition 'or it)% It is !y o#inion that Ic! shall only be taken into account in s#ecial installation which consist !a@ority o' heavy !otors$ "enerators etc% )erha#s D&reaC can elaborate the de'inition o' Kther!al stressL

and K!echanical stressL o' the C3 as well as Ic! with relevance to any IEC standard or e5uivalent% &s 'or the Icw it is !ore to coordination curve o' C3 'or downstrea! consideration and bear no relevance to Ics or Icu% davrom (Electrical) 1A Dec 03 .:5/

(o Moo: 1% & star to your #ost% Ieal thanks 'or in'o "iven u#on the Icu and Ics currents% I knew the test se5uences o' each current (5ualitative conditions) and the ca#ability o' C3 to carry$ res#% not to carry its rated current (5uantitative conditions)$ but I couldn,t understood the #hysical !eanin" o' these conditions% :ow all is clear% (hanks a"ain% /% (he de'inition o' !akin" current Ic! can be 'ound in the IEC A00..61 7NM +witch"ear and Control"ear% )art 1: Heneral rules7 and IEC A00..6/ 7NM +witch"ear and Control"ear% )art /: Circuit breakers7% (he !akin" current Ic! is re''ered as the #eak value i# (instantaneous value$ in k&) o' the short6 circuit current to which the C3 withstand$ in res#ect to the electro6dyna!ic 'orces (or 7!echanical stress7 6 area)% I believe that area,s ter!s 7!echanical stress7 res#% 7ther!al stress7 are the sa!e with !y ter!s 7dyna!ic stability7 res#% 7ther!al stability7 and re''er to the #hysical #heno!ena occured durin" a short6circuit% & current which 'lows throu"h a conductor or a current #ath (e%"% C3,s contacts) #roduces an electro6!a"netical 'ield around the conductor% (he #hysical e4#ression o' this 'ield is the 'orce which the conductor interracts with the ele!ents in its vecinity% (he 'orce value is directly #ro#ortional with value o' current% &lso$ the sa!e current causes the conductor to "et heated; the heat is bein" trans'ered to the !ediu! in which the conductor is #laced and deter!ine the te!#erature to rise in the res#ective !ediu!*s#ace; this has i!#act on the dielectric #ro#erties o' the estin"uishin" !ediu! (the a%!% IEC )art/ s#eci'ies a dielectric test to be #er'or!ed 'or C3s)% (he te!#erature rise is directly #ro#ortional with the value o' current% (he short6circuit current #roduces an inrush 'orce on the C3,s contacts and deter!ine a ra#idly increase o' the te!#erature in !ediu!*s#ace o' contacts% (he !a4i!u! instantaneous value o' the 'orce is reached 'or the #eak value o' the short6circuit current% 3ased on this$ the !akin" current Ic! indicates in 'act the !a4i!u! 'orce to which the C3 withstand (and kee# its contacts closed)% In order to !ake easier the selection o' a C3 based on the short6circuit current value (e4#ressed in k&)$ it has been choosen to indicate the values o' the currents that #roduce the re#ective 'orce res#% te!#erature rise$ instead to be "iven the values o' 'orce and te!#erature to which the C3 withstand% I ho#e you will understand so!ethin" 'ro! !y notes% I a! sorry$ but I cannot e4#lain better%

Area (Electrical)

10 Dec 03 3:13

Davro!$ thanks 'or "ivin" the link to the IEC concernin" the de'inition o' Ic!% I also a##reciate your descri#tion o' the Ic! 6 could not do it better% >aybe it was not 'ully clear to what I was re'errin" with !echanical stress and ther!al stress$ but it is e4actly what you wrote: >echanical stress E dyna!ic stability (her!al stress E ther!al stability &s you described$ durin" a short circuit you have two #heno!eno!s: & ,!echanical 'orce, that is caused by the current and that is directly #ro#ortional to the value o' the current and a ther!al loss (IO/Ft)$ that is de#endin" on the value o' the current and on the duration ti!e o' the short circuit% I' you have e%"% a bi" short circuit current 'ort a short ti!e (e%"% /0 !sec)$ you will have a bi" !echanical stress o' your e5ui#!ent (+C3$ switch"ear) but a !inor ther!al stress$ as the duration ti!e is li!ited% I' you have a bi" short circuit 'or a lon" ti!e (let,s say 300 !sec)$ you have both #roble!s: & bi" !echanical stress at the inition o' the short circuit and a bi" ther!al stress durin" the short circuit% Moo$ i' you did not 'ind the Ic! ratin" in any !anu'acturers catalo"ue$ you !i"ht want to try this link (ho#e it works): http://138 22! 1!4 121/"#$%A#/&'$T/&'$T2() ns*/Verit+,i P9ile*E!a4Q<verview%#d' I' it does not work$ access the &33 website and search 'or the descri#tion o' the E!a4 series 'or e4a!#le% In 'act you are ri"ht not to look at the Ic! value$ as it is usually directly linked to the Icu value o' the short circuit breaker (e%"% the ratio 'or the E!a4 series is /$/$ !eanin" a +C3 rated Icu A5k& is rated Ic! 143k&)$ as the i# value in your short circuit calculation is directly linked to the Ik7 value% (here'ore$ it is usually su''icient to !ake sure that Icu C Ik7% 1owever$ I #re'er to check the Icu ratin" to be on the sa'e side% -.artos (Electrical) /0 Dec 03 1A:1/

+u""estions: 1% (he various current li!it de'initions are not includin" the current wave'or! classi'ication$ e%"% root6!ean6s5uare (r!s) value$ #eak$ sy!!etrical r!s$ asy!!etrical r!s$ asy!!etrical #eak$ etc% /% Now volta"e circuit breakers have di''erent o#eratin" duties then !ediu! and hi"h volta"e circuit breaker% (here'ore$ not all current li!its are #osted by the !anu'acturer$ and so!e o' the! !ay coincide% 3% Misit http:///// s0hneider1ele0tri0 0om 2r/pd*/Te0hni0al3#i.r 'or and e4a!#le o' current li!its included on ratin" #late$ on #a"e /% 4% Now volta"e circuit breakers$ !ediu! volta"e circuit breakers$ etc% are nor!ally covered by their own industry standards$ res#ectively%