The Significant Events in The Development of Science of Geochemistry

The Significant Events In The Development of Science Of Geochemistry
Geochemistry
ASSIGNMENT
January 3, 2012 Submitted To: Dr. Tehseenullah Khan Bangash

Geochemistry
Group Members:
The Significant Events In The Development of Science Of Geochemistry | 1/3/2012
Awais Nisar Zulqarnain Khaliq Hassam Mustafa Rana Bilal Ahmed
Table Of Contents Page No: Title: The Creation Of Earth 3 Discovery Of Hydrogen 5 Discovery Of Oxygen 6 The Nineteenth Century 7 F. W. Clarke 10 Carnegie Institution, Washington. 11 V. M. Goldschmidt 11 V. I. Vernadsky 12 References 13
The Creation Of Earth:

Allah is the Creator of the sun, earth, planets, and stars. Everything in the universe is perfect and orderly. That is because Allah created the universe, and He has put everything where it Scientists have made a very important discovery in recent years. This important discovery was that before the universe was formed, there was nothing else. There was no land, no air, no water, and there were no stars; there was even no space. Inside this nothingness, there was this tiny spot. This spot was so tiny that it was difficult even for an eye to see. A lot of matter had been squeezed together inside this spot. Then, in an instant this spot exploded. When it exploded, all
belongs.
the matter that was squeezed inside it flew about. After that, the pieces of matter joined together to first form atoms, then from those atoms, stars, our sun, earth and the other planets. The scientists named this explosion the Big Bang. Everything in the universe was formed as a result of this Big Bang. Allah is the Maker of the Big Bang, the Organiser of the matter that scattered in space matter, He is also the Creator of the sun, earth, planets and stars.
after the Big Bang. By bringing together all this
Discovery Of Hydrogen:
Geochemistry did not come into its own as a science until the 1800s. The discovery of hydrogen opened the door for understanding
Discovery Of Oxygen:
After the discovery of hydrogen, Oxygens discovery also played a vital role in setting a different label for the Geochemistery sience. on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the british clergyman Joseph
chemical elements and the concept of the atom. Hydrogen was first recognized as a distinct element in 1766 by Henry Cavendish, when he prepared it by reacting hydrochloric acid with zinc. He described hydrogen as "inflammable air from metals" and established that it was the same material regardless of which metal and which acid he used to produce it. Cavendish also observed that when the substance was burned, it produced water. Lavoisier later named the element hydrogen (1783). The name comes from the Greek 'hydro' meaning water and 'genes' meaning forming hydrogen is one of the two water forming elements.
Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide(HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air". He noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it. This gas was named Oxygen by Antoine Lavoisier in 1777.
Discoveries Of Antoine Lavoisier:

Before the end of the eighteenth century Lavoisier recognized some 39 elements. These elements included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur.
The Nineteenth Century:

Completion Of The Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev.
On 6 March 1869, Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, which described elements according to both atomic weight and valence. This presentation stated that 1. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic weight, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties. 2. Elements which are similar in regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs). 3. The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights. 5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body. 6. We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elementsfor example, two elements, analogous to aluminium and silicon, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75. 7. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. Here Mendeleev seems to be wrong as the "atomic mass" of tellurium (127.6) remains higher than that of iodine (126.9) as displayed on modern periodic tables, but this is due to the way atomic masses are calculated, based on a
weighted average of all of an element's common isotopes, not just the one-to-one proton/neutron-ratio version of the element to which Mendeleev was referring. 8. Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights. Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements and predicted several new elements to complete the table.
Discovery of the Radioactive Elements: Many Radioactive elements and isotopes had been discovered by the end of nineteenth century hich led to the separartion and building of the science if the geochemistry.
F. W. Clarke:
In 1884, the US Geological Survey appointed a Chief Chemist, F. W. Clarke, and set up a laboratory to investigate the chemistry of the planet. It was to be concerned with analyses of all kinds of materials sent in by the Survey's
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field officers, and it amassed a wealth of sample data.
Carnegie Institution, Washington:

In 1904, the Geophysical Laboratory was established in Carnegie Institution, Washington. The reason was to apply the principles of physical chemistry on the study of geological processes, especially the evolution of the rock-forming minerals.
V. M. Goldschmidt:
A few years later V. M. Goldschmidt at the University of Oslo applied the phase rule to mineralogical changes brought about during contact metamorphism of sedimentary rocks. His subsequent studies in metamorphism all showed that metamorphic changes could be
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interpreted in terms of the principles of chemical equilibrium.
V. I. Vernadsky:
In 1915 in the USSR, a school of geochemistry was developed energetically by V. I. Vernadsky and his successors, such as A. P. Vinogradov. Their work was largely directed towards the search for and exploration of mineral resources. Vernadsky was an expert in mineralogy and was the first to relate chemical elements to the formation of minerals in nature. Russia stakes claim V. I. Vernadsky to the founder of geochemistry.
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After the Second World War, there was a surge of interest in radioactivity within the Earth, and new methods of analysis and instrumentation, such as the electron probe, were invented. Two of the most significant and rapidly expanding fields of research today are organic geochemistry and biogeochemistry
Organic materials are found sedimentary rocks of all ages Archaean onwards. Organic geochemical research concerned primarily with the evolution of living materials and after burial.
in many from the has been origin and their fate
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References:
http://www.geo.cornell.edu http://en.wikipedia.org http://science.jrank.org http://www.encyclopedia.com http://geofrontiers.com http://sustainability.asu.edu
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You
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The Significant Events In The Development of Science Of Geochemistry

January 3, 2012 Submitted To: Dr. Tehseenullah Khan Bangash