Cpractic REIsem I

English Practical Course
CONTENTS Unit 1..............................................................................................................4

Reading...............................................................................................................4 Ways with words................................................................................................5 Grammar Reference..........................................................................................7
Present Simple...............................................................................................................7 Present Continuous........................................................................................................9 Verbs which do not take the Continuous Aspect in English.......................................11
Controlled Practice..........................................................................................12
Unit 2............................................................................................................20
Reading.............................................................................................................20 Ways with Words.............................................................................................21 Grammar Reference 1.....................................................................................27
Past Simple..................................................................................................................27 Past Continuous...........................................................................................................29 Past Simple and Past Continuous................................................................................ !
Controlled Practice 1.......................................................................................31 Grammar reference 2......................................................................................42

"he #rdinal $umeral...................................................................................................%2 "he &ractional $umeral...............................................................................................% "he 'ultiplicati(e $umeral........................................................................................%
Controlled Practice 2.......................................................................................43
Unit 3............................................................................................................45
Reading.............................................................................................................45 Ways with Words.............................................................................................4 Grammar Reference 1.....................................................................................52
Present Per)ect Simple.................................................................................................*2
Present Per)ect Simple and Past Simple......................................................................*%
Controlled Practice 1.......................................................................................55 Grammar Reference 2..................................................................................... 0

Present Per)ect Continuous..........................................................................................+!
Controlled Practice 2....................................................................................... 2
Progress Test 1............................................................................................70 Unit 4............................................................................................................76

Reading.............................................................................................................7 Ways with Words.............................................................................................77 Grammar Reference........................................................................................!2
,nde)inite Pronouns .....................................................................................................-2 "he Personal Pronoun..................................................................................................-%
Controlled Practice..........................................................................................!4
Unit 5............................................................................................................88
Reading.............................................................................................................!! Ways with Words............................................................................................."0
Past Per)ect Simple......................................................................................................92 Past Per)ect Continuous...............................................................................................9
Controlled Practice 1......................................................................................."4 Grammar Reference 2....................................................................................."7

"he ,mperati(e.............................................................................................................97
Controlled Practice 2......................................................................................."!
Unit 6..........................................................................................................100
Reading...........................................................................................................100 Ways with Words...........................................................................................101 Grammar Reference......................................................................................102
&uture Simple.............................................................................................................1!2 &uture Continuous.....................................................................................................1!% .e /oing to &uture....................................................................................................1!% &uture Simple or .e /oing to0..................................................................................1!* #ther 1a2s o) 3e)erring to the &uture.....................................................................1!+ &uture Per)ect.............................................................................................................1!+ &uture Per)ect Progressi(e.........................................................................................1!7 #ther )uture re)erences..............................................................................................1!7
Controlled Practice#.......................................................................................107
Unit 7 .........................................................................................................112
Reading...........................................................................................................112 Ways with Words...........................................................................................113 Grammar Reference......................................................................................114
"he Passi(e Voice .....................................................................................................11% &urther Points on the Passi(e Voice..........................................................................11* Causati(e &orms........................................................................................................117
Controlled Practice........................................................................................11!
Progress Test 2...........................................................................................136 Bibliogra !"..............................................................................................142
$nit 1
In this unit you will learn:
Present Simple Present Continuous Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect
Reading
3ead the )ollowing )ragment on ad(ertising. Pa2 attention to the use o) tenses. 4nderline the (erbs which are in present tense simple and present continuous5 Advertising is capitalisms soft sell An anonymous mass of people called consumers have each to be persuaded to need whatever a product can give them! to buy it and to keep on buying It is really interesting to notice that girls growing up! and women housewives worried about fulfilling and achieving their roles! are the foremost consumers "hey see in advertising imagery reflections of societys attitudes and ideals often taken to e#tremes "hey do not realise that this is in fact a fake image "hey may not be persuaded to buy products! but they absorb the images "hey do not learn their roles from this source! but it is a strong reinforcer Advertising sets out to make people identify with characters in advertisements! with their situation and needs! to make them $ealous of the person they would become if they bought the product %n the one side! they believe that if they buy &iavolo they will look like Antonio 'anderas! if they buy '(! they will be a second )va *er+igova! and so on
"hey do not reali+e the difference between fancy and reality %n the other side! advertising also captures girls fluttering images of themselves "his is why they become that anonymous mass of people which we called consumers in the beginning
Ways with words

1. 1hich o) these would be the best title )or the passage0 'ore than one possible answer is possible. a. women as consumers %. the persuasi(e power o) ad(ertising c. how ad(ertising in)luences women d. the image o) women in ad(ertisements 2. 1hich i) the )ollowing points are made in the passage0 a. Ad(ertisements persuade potential consumers that the2 need a product. %. /irls and housewi(es are the main consumers. c. 'iddle6aged women are particularl2 susceptible to ad(ertisements. d. Ad(ertisements rein)orce a woman7s (iew o) hersel). e. Ad(ertisements pro8ect an image o) the ideal housewi(es. 3. 9ou will pla2 a word game. &ollow the directions and check 2our answers with the answer ke25 &. Start with the word on. &ollow directions5 a. Add a letter at the beginning and 2ou ha(e a great weight. %. Add a (owel at the end o) the weight and 2ou ha(e a musical sound. c. Add a letter to the beginning o) the musical sound and 2ou ha(e a small piece o) rock. &&. "r2 again. Start with in5 a. Add a letter at the beginning and 2ou ha(e something used to )asten things together. %. Add a (owel at the end o) the )astener and 2ou ha(e a kind o) tree.
c. Add a letter at the beginning o) the tree and 2ou ha(e another word )or backbone. &&&. "r2 again. Start with an. a. Add a letter at the end and 2ou ha(e a (er2 little animal that li(es in a hill. %. Add a letter at the beginning o) the little animal and 2ou ha(e the opposite o) can. c. Add a letter at the beginning o) the opposite o) can and 2ou ha(e a word that means not enough. &'. &ind the words described below5 a. A word that sounds like meat but means getting together. %. Another word )or too that ends with ,so. c. A word that rh2mes with hair but means right and $ust. d. Another word )or sufficient that rh2mes with tough. e. A word with two meanings5 it ma2 mean portion and it ma2 also mean to leave. 4. 3ead the sentence5 "hey do not realise that this is in fact a fake image again. :a(e 2ou e(er encountered the word organise spelled as organi+e0 "his is not a mistake. ,t7s 8ust the di))erence between .ritish English and American English. "here are se(eral di))erences in spelling words between .ritish English and American English. :ere are some o) them5 (ritish )nglish *merican )nglish theatre theater centre center neighbour neighbor colour color tra(elling tra(eling organise organi;e anal2se anal2;e 5. Classi)ied ad(ertisements
9ou are touring .ritain on holida2 with )riends. Someone 2ou meet recommends a weekl2 newspaper which contains ad(ertisements )or holida2 accommodation. 9et opening the newspaper< 2ou )ind it )ull o) small ad(ertisements containing abbre(iations. Can 2ou decipher them0 .ourbemouth = 1arm welcome awaits 2ou at Pinewood /uest :ouse. Ctl2. sit. :. > c. "(. in bdrms. Access at all time. .. > b. ? 1.*!@?%2 p.w. 3educed rates )or chldn. 197 :oldenhurst 3d. Phone 292+-% A19776!-S .ourbemouth = Binga6Bonga :otel. 1estbourne. Spac. hotel< residential lic. /ames rm. Barge car park and gdns. ECcel. )ood. . > b.< e.m. Special Spring terms )rom ?%* plus V.A.". Phone 7+1!!1 "orDua2. = Euiet det. .ungalow )or 7@-. "op class accom. 2 w.c.7s< bathrm. and shower< lounge< dining rm.< big. kit.< sunn2 gdn. Phone F!+2+7G%*9!< a)ter + p.m. AC216!: "otnes. = :olida2 C#""A/ES in medie(al court2ard o) Eueen Anne 'ansion. S. =c. wing in :ouse. 'ews Apartments. 2 bedrms.< sitt< rm.< kit.< bathrm. "otnes 1 H miles. "orba2 + miles. Vac. Spring< Iune< Sept. Special #))er Spring :olida2 and #ct.. 11th onwards5 ?%!@ ?*! incl. $ight storage heating. Phone5 F!-! G -+ ++%< a)ter 7 p.m. 'rs. Petersen< .owden :ouse< "otnes< Je(on.
Grammar Reference
Present Simple
,t is used to eCpress5
a repeated action or habit Fit is o)ten used with ad(erbs o) )reDuenc2 such as5 always! constantly! continually! ever! fre-uently! forever! hardly! never! normally! occasionally! often! rarely! regularly! seldom! sometimes! usually< etc.G5
I usually get up at . /0 1omanian people like to travel 2ost evenings we go out states
I dont like gangster film a )act which is alwa2s true Fgeneral truths and statesG5
3ood floats on water "he )arth moves round the Sun "he &anube flows into the 'lack Sea a )act which is true )or a long time
I live in Ploiesti She works in a very famous company momentar2 actions< completed almost at the same time the2 are per)ormed Fin ceremonial utterances< eCplanations< cooking demonstrations< radio and "V commentaries< announcements< headlines and stage directionsG5 *er letter shows how painful the divorce was for her I add flour to the egg yolks and place the basin into the oven "he door bell rings She listens -uietly A window opens and a masked man enters the room. $ote that the historic present in narrati(e o) )unn2 stories appears in in)ormal speech to describe past e(ents< especiall2 to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic. So when he enters the room he realises that his parents are there and4
planned )uture actions< when the )uture action is considered part o) an alread2 )iCed programme Fwith (erbs o) motion5 come< go< lea(e or (erbs eCpressing planned acti(it25 begin< start< end< )inishG
"he plane lands at 5:/6 p m %ur summer holiday starts on 7uly 8st +orm *ffirmati,e and negati,e , 9ou 1e "he2 :e She &nterrogati,e 1here do do , 2ou we does the2 he she it -hort answer &o you like summer9 :es! I do &oes she speak Italian9 ;o! she doesnt work0 work do not Fdon7tG work work do not Fdon7tG work works does not Fdoesn7tG work in a uni(ersit2.
Present Continuous
,t is used to eCpress5
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an acti(it2 happening now or around now Fin this case the action eCtends o(er a slightl2 longer period o) time< including the moment o) speakingG
"hey are playing in their bedroom now I am filling in a clo+e test now Im writing an essay on Victorianism this week a temporar2< limited action@ beha(iour FKan ad(erbial indicating present timeG5 I live in 1omania! but Im living in )ngland these si# months +orm Present Continuous is )ormed with the present tense o) the auCiliar2 (erb be )ollowed b2 the present participle o) the main (erb Fverb< ,ingG. *ffirmati,e and negati,e , am FLmG am not FLmG 9ou 1e "he2 :e She ,t &nterrogati,e 1hat am are , 2ou we doing0 not are FLreG are FarenLtG is FLsG is not Fisn7tG not working. #ne7s immediate plans )or the near )uture5
Im meeting you at 80 oclock tomorrow a repeated action or habit which anno2s the speaker
:ou are always calling me at midnight
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is
the2 he she it
-hort answer Are you coming9 :es! I am ;o! Im not Is she watching "V9 :es! she is ;o! she isnt
Verbs which do not take the Continuous Aspect in English

"here are (erbs in English which are not generall2 used in the continuous aspect5 (erbs o) the senses F(erbs o) perceptionG5 see! hear! smell! taste! notice! recogni+e! etc. I smell gas 'ut: I am smelling the flower. F I want toG. "he meat doesnt taste good at all In fact! I think its a bit off .ut5 Im tasting the meat to see if its done (erbs o) cognition and achie(ement (erbs5 think! consider! e#pect! reali+e! know! understand! suppose! remember! forget! mind! etc. I dont remember your name I think you are right ="his is my opinion> .ut: Im thinking about you (erbs o) ha(ing and being5 have! own! owe! belong to! possess! be! contain! matter! hold! etc. "he house belongs to my mother I have a very good car .ut5 Shes having a shower now She cant answer the phone at the moment Im having dinner with my boyfriend at a fancy restaurant tonight *e is a teacher of Italian .ut5 :ou are being stupid now =:ou generally are very smart! but you behave rather stupidly now>
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(erbs o) )eeling Fattitudinal (erbsG5 care! love! hate! like! dislike! refuse! want! wish! forgive< feel< etc.
I hate people calling me late at night *e wants to buy a new tool I feel I need to tell you that you let me down .ut: ?*ow are you feeling today9@! the doctor asked Im feeling the material to see if its soft or not I dont mind his smoking .ut5 3ho is minding the baby9 =3ho is taking care of the baby9>
Controlled Practice
1. Put the (erbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous5 a. :e usuall2 FdrinkG co))ee but toda2 he FdrinkG tea. %. "he 3otring FbelongG to 'ar2. c. :e FcomeG to see me tonightM we FgoG on a trip to Sinaia neCt week and we FwantG to make plans )or it. d. , Fli(eG in Ploiesti< but this week< as , FattendG a course in .ucharest< , Fsta2G with m2 uncle in Calea &loreasca. e. "his course FcontainG 1% chapters. f. 'aria FcomeG )rom Spain this weekM g. She FspeakG &rench< English and ,talian. h. 1hat 2ou FdoG here0 , FlookG )or m2 glasses. i. 1here 2ou Fli(eG0 , Fli(eG in Scotland. .. "his week we Fstud2G the 'iddle Ages in the English Culture and Ci(ilisation. /. "his bottle FholdG boric acid. Jon7t touch itN l. Ann FresembleG her mother more and more. m. ,t FrainG now. ,t o)ten FrainG in summer. n. Pardon me< sir< but , FthinkG 2ou FstandG on m2 )eet.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. Jecide which is the most appropriate )orm o) the (erb in the )ollowing sentences5 a. ,7m thinking@ , think o) 2ou. %. She smells@ is smelling gas.M c. 'other is tasting@ tastes the soup to see i) it needs more salt.M d. 1e ha(e@ are ha(ing dinner now.M e. Could 2ou call him back in twent2 minutes as he has@ is ha(ing a bath right now. f. 1hat7s wrong with 2ou0 1h2 are 2ou looking@ do 2ou look at me like this0 g. "he )ilm is eCtremel2 long and boring. ,t lasts@ is lasting )our hours. h. , think@ am thinking that something is wrong with the radiator in this room. ,t gets@ is getting colder and colder. i. 1hat eCactl2 does 2our 8ob in(ol(e@ is 2our 8ob in(ol(ing0 3. Complete this postcard using the correct )orm o) the (erbs on the right5 /reetings )rom ScotlandN Iohn and , P..... our spend summer in Edinburgh< at Edinburgh 4ni(ersit2< where we PP.. a good ha(e time and at the same time we PP.. things about learn Scottish and ,rish writers. PeoplePP.. here come
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e(er2 summer to learn more about contemporar2 literature. , PP.. a paper on Samuel .eckett this week write and Iohn PP.. a short stor2 written b2 Angela read Carter. 1e PP.. up at hal) past eight e(er2 get morning and PP.. courses )rom ten to hal) past twel(e. ha(e 1e PP.. at one< 2et toda2< as we P.. a eat< (isit literature museum< we PP earlier. )inish So it7s hard work. .ut , PP.. it here. 1e P..... like< ha(e a post6o))ice in )ront o) the Centre< so , P. here stop in order to mail 2our postcard. Bo(e< Qate 4. 3ewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals and so that the meaning sta2s the same5 a. "he cost o) the bus ticket is part o) the transport )ee. ,$CB4JES %. 1hat is the weight o) that bag 2ou ha(e as hand luggage0 '4C: c. Iohn has the bad habit o) ea(esdropping to other people7s con(ersation. AB1A9S d. Sunset is at 9. ! tonight. ":E S4$ e. 1hat is inside this book0 C#$"A,$ f. ,7m positi(e that 2ou ha(e no idea what the answer is. .E" g. She works hard< so she doesn7t ha(e too much spare time. 'EA$S h. "he war in ,rak is o(er.
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C#'ES i. "he number o) people who own houses on the outskirts o) the cit2 is increasing. .49,$/ .. "he2 are decorating m2 room now. :AV,$/ 5. Choose the correct sentence5 a. She has a car. @She is ha(ing a car. %. 1e think she is tall.@ 1e are thinking she is tall. c. , am seeing a horse. @ , see a horse. d. "he sweater )eels so)t. @ "he sweater is )eeling so)t. e. She is looking angr2. @ She looks angr2. f. , )eel the sweater. @ , am )eeling the sweater. g. "he dentist is seeing a patient. @ "he dentist sees a patient. h. "he grocer is weighing sugar. @ "he grocer weighs sugar. i. , am looking at the picture. @ , look at the picture. .. 1e think about her. @ 1e are thinking about her. /. She is ha(ing dinner. @ She has dinner . l. Ann is )oolish toda2. @ Ann is being )oolish toda2. m. She is tasting the soup. @ She tastes the soup. n. "he actor is appearing on "V. @ "he actor appears on "V. . Put the (erbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense. a. 9ou cannot see 'ar2 now5 she FseeG her bo2)riend. %. "he2 won7t go out as it FsnowG and the2 Fnot ha(eG warm clothes. c. :ardl2 an2one FwearG tight pants nowada2s.
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d. /eorge can7t watch his )a(ourite "V program now because his )ather FwatchG a mo(ie. e. She7s bus2 at the moment. She FputG the bab2 to sleep. f. "his no(el is about a bo2 who FdesertG his )riends and FgoG to enrol in the arm2. g. "he train that we FlookG at right now 8ust Flea(eG )or Arad. h. 1hat /eorge FdoG to his computer now0 R , FthinkG he F)ormatG it. i. 1h2 2ou FlistenG to this song< 'ar20 9ou Fnot listenG to this t2pe o) music as a rule. .. "hat pla2 FcomeG to our theatre neCt week. 9ou FwantG to see it0
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 7. Ask Duestions about the underlined parts o) the )ollowing sentences. a. "he two )riends are listening to a rock concert. %. "he milkman comes to our house twice a week. c. "he children are pla2ing at hide6and6seek. d. , usuall2 read two books a week when , ha(e time. e. #ur guests are talking to us in 3ussian. f. ,t takes )i(e hours to reach the top o) the mountain. g. She is wearing a strange< 2ellow dress.
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h. '2 )ather usuall2 comes home )rom work b2 car. i. "he )amil2 are celebrating the birth o) their newest member. .. "om ne(er washes his trousers until somebod2 tells him to.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO !. "ranslate into English using the Present Simple or Continuous. a. VacanSa de (arT Sine douT luni. Un )iecare (arT mergem cinci ;ile la munte. %. E sVmbTtT Wi )acem curat Xn casT. Eu )ac paturile iar sora mea Wterge pra)ul din camerT. c. .unica uitT Xntotdeauna unde6Wi pune panto)ii Wi de )iecare datT cVnd are ne(oie de ei Xi cautT prin toatT casa. d. BuTm micul de8un. 'ama bea ca)ea< iar tata mTnVncT omletT. e. $u spune niciodatT nimic interesant. f. Un mod obiWnuit ne petrecem s)VrWitul de sTptTmVnT Xntr6un sat din apropierea Clu8ului. Je data asta XnsT rTmVnem acasT pentru cT aWteptTm niWte musa)iri. g. Prietenii tTi te aWteaptT Xn )aSa cinematogra)ului dar tu Xntotdeauna citeWti la ora aceasta.
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ". Add tag Duestions5 a. 9ou look nice in this "6shirt< PPPP.. 0 %. She knows where he was last night< PPPP..0 c. "om is ha(ing some whisk2< PPPP..0 d. :e pla2s (olle2ball Duite well< PPPP..0 e. "he2 are meeting him at one o7clock toda2< PPPP..0 f. '2 boss doesn7t emplo2 teenagers< PPPP..0 g. , don7t think ,7m the right person to teach him English< PPPP..0 h. "his car belongs to Iack< PPPP..0 i. "he pubs close at hal) past three< PPPP..0 .. ,t seems to me he is wasting his time< PPPP..0 /. ,7m sure 2ou know who stole that purse< PPPP..0 l. 9ou7re not a doctor< PPPP..0 m. "he2 hardl2 e(er bu2 bread )orm this shop< PPPP..0 n. She thinks we are running awa2 )rom her< PPPP..0
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o. "he police ne(er catch an2 thie(es< PPPP..0 0. "he2 sa2 she works as an air6hostess< PPPP..0
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$nit 2
Past Simple Past Continuous "he %rdinal ;umeral "he 2ultiplicative "he Aractional ;umeral
Reading
3ead the )ollowing teCt about English as a world language. Pa2 attention to the use o) the past tense. 4nderline the (erbs which are in the past tense5 "oday! when )nglish is one of the ma$or languages in the world! it doesnt re-uire too much effort of our imagination to reali+e that this is a relatively recent thing , that in Shakespeares time! for e#ample! only a few million people spoke )nglish! and this was not thought to be very important by the other nations of )urope! and it was unknown to the rest of the world )nglish has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside )ngland! in all the continents of the world People started to import )nglish in the seventeenth century! with the first settlements in ;orth America Above all! it is the great growth of population
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in the (nited States! assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth century! that has given the )nglish language its present status in the world As I could read in an article! one person in seven of the worlds entire population speaks )nglish nowadays and most of them are -uite fluent in it Incredibly enough! due to the e#tension of computerised systems and softs which are mostly in )nglish! BCD of the worlds mail and 50D of the worlds telephone calls are in )nglish Again incredible! yet true is the fact that E00 million people speak )nglish and every year there are twenty million beginners International literary or scientific publications are generally printed in )nglish and other languages such as Ferman! Spanish or Arench! yet again )nglish is the predominant language So! the -uicker you learn it! the more opportunities you may have to read interesting materials connected to your field
Ways with Words

1. 1e o)ten sa2 what we ha(e done so )ar as a wa2 o) eCplaining our achie(ements and successes. 1ork in pairs and ask 2our partner Duestions about English5 'odel5 *ave you improved your accent9 :es! I think I have :a(e 2ou5 a. been to an English6speaking countr20 %. passed an2 eCams in English0 c. managed to translate an2thing into English0 d. had an2 con(ersations with English nati(e speakers0 e. written an2 e6mails in English which 2ou ha(e sent to people0 f. used English in 2our studies or work0 g. read a scienti)ic article in English0 h. managed to understand an2 English6speaking tourists0
22
i. learned an2 songs in English0 .. disco(ered an2 di))erences between English and 2our own language0 2. Comment on the personal Dualities 2ou need to succeed in learning a )oreign language. ECample5 :ou dont have to be serious to learn )nglish! you have to be co,operative con)ident determined independent courageous serious handsome ambitious energetic well6organised patient enthusiastic charming stead2 intelligent
3. Choose the word which best completes each sentence5 a. ,) 2ou want to become ... when 2ou speak< 2ou should )orget about making mistakes and tr2 to speak as much as possible. *. practicalM (. )luentM C. hand2M 1. skill)ul. %. ,) 2ou don7t understand an2thing 2ou hear< then listening to a tape is a ... o) time. *. matterM (. problemM C. wasteM 1. loss. c. ,) 2ou7re not ... certain o) what someone has said< 2ou should pretend that 2ou ha(e understood. *. (er2M (. )airl2M C. surel2M 1. Duite. d. ,) 2ou want to practise speaking< a good idea is to tell a stor2 or a ... to someone. *. 8okeM (. taleM C. laughterM 1. )ool. e. 1hen 2ou ... an oral eCam< it is best to speak loudl2 and not to stop a)ter each word. *. makeM (. takeM C. speakM 1. go.
4. 1hat do 2ou think a good language learner can do0 Choose beginnings )rom A and suitable endings )rom .. "here are man2 possible answers5 A good language learner5 A borrows books writes things down guesses words tries to stud2 tries to learn practises speaking . without a teacher. in e(er2 wa2 possible. without being told to. in real situations. e(er2 da2 possible. )rom )ilms< "V and records.
5. 1hat do 2ou sa2 to someone who does the things in column A. Choose )rom the phrases in column .5 A answers the phone0 knocks on the door0 sa2s 2ou are late0 is in danger0 gets married0 passes an eCam0 drinks with 2ou0 is in 2our wa20 sa2s Y/ood morningN7 sa2s Y:ow do 2ou doNZ thanks 2ou0 is ill0 snee;es0 sa2s Y/ood night.Z sa2s Y'ake 2oursel) at home.Z sa2s Y:a(e a good weekend.Z . Y/et well soonNZ YCheersNZ ZECcuse meNZ YJon7t mention itNZ Y1ell doneNZ YCongratulationsN YSorr2NZ Y.less 2ouNZ Y"hanks.Z YBook outNZ Y:ow do 2ou doNZ Y:ello0Z YSleep wellNZ Y/ood morning.Z YCome inNZ Y"hanks. Same to 2ou.Z
. 3ead and translate the )ollowing poems on the English language and pronunciation5 *. Some words have different meanings And yet theyre spelled the same A cricket is an insect!
2%
"o play it G its a game %n every hand! in every land! Its thoroughly agreed! "he )nglish language to e#plain! Is very hard indeed Some people say that youre a dear :et dear is far from cheap A $umper is a thing you wear! :et a $umper has to leap Its very clear! its very -ueer! And! pray! who is to blame Aor different meanings to some words Pronounced and spelt the same9 A little $ourney is a trip! A trip is when you fall It doesnt mean you have to dance 3hener you hold a ball ;ow heres a thing that pu++les me: 2usicians of good taste 3ill very often form a band G Ive one around my waistH :ou spin a top! go for a spin! %r spin a yarn maybe, :et every spins a different spin! As you can plainly see ;ow heres a most peculiar thing! Itwas told me as a $oke, A dumb man wouldnt speak a word! :et sei+ed a wheel and spokeH
2*
A door may often be a$ar! 'ut give the door a slam And then your nerves receive a $ar, And then theres $ars of $am :ouve heard! of course! of traffic $ams! And $ams you give your thumbs And adders! too! one is a snake! "he other adds up sums A policeman is a copper! Its a nickname =impoliteH> :et a copper in the kitchen Is an article you light %n every hand! in every land! Its thoroughly agreed! "he )nglish language to e#plain Is very hard indeedH F:arr2 :emsle2< "he )nglish language< in Verse "hat Is Aun< ed. ,reson< &aber< 19+2G (. I take it! you already know! %f tough and bough and cough and dough9 %thers may stumble! but not you %n hiccough! thorough! laugh and through! 3ell done! and now you wish perhaps "o learn of less familiar traps9 'eware of heard! a dreadful word "hat looks like beard and sounds like bird And dead: ts said like bed! not bead, And only Scotsmen call it deedH 3atch out for meat and great and threat
2+
"hey rhyme with suite and straight and debt A moth is not a moth in mother! ;or both in bother! broth in brother! And here is not a match for there ;or dear and fear for bear and pear! And then theres dose and rose and lose, 7ust look them up G and goose and choose And cork and work and card and ward! And font and front and word and sword! And do and go! and thwart and cart, Come! come! Ive hardly made a startH A dreadful language9 2an alive, Id mastered it when I was five F :erbert &ar8eon< *ints on Pronunciation for AoreignersG 7. 3ead the sentence5 As I could read in an article! one person in seven of the worlds entire population speaks )nglish nowadays and most of them are -uite fluent in it Again. :ow do 2ou translate as I could read. Bet7s learn some eCpressions containing the word as5 as compared with [ Xn comparaSie cuM as a conseDuence o) [ ca o consecinS\ aM as i)@ as though [ ca Wi cumM as )ar as [ XntrucVt< pe cVt< Xn m\sura Xn careM as )ar as it goes [ Xn ceea ce pri(eWteM as )ollows [ precum@ dup\ cum urmea;\M as long as [ atVt timp cVtM as regards [ Xn ceea ce pri(eWteM as a rule [ de regul\< Xn principiuM as seen [ dup\ cum se (edeM
27
as shown in &ig. 2 [ cum s6a ar\tat Xn &ig. 2M as such [ ca atareM as well [ deopotri(\< de asemeneaM as well as [ cVt Wi< tot aWa caM as when [ ca atunci cVnd< ca Xn ca;ul Xn careM as 2et@ so )ar@ up to now. up to the present [ pVn\ Xn pre;entM such as [ ast)el ca< ca de eCemplu. $ow practise these eCpressions in sentences o) 2our own.
Grammar Reference 1
Past Simple
,t is used to eCpress5 a )inished action in the past Fit is o)ten used with past time eCpressions5 last yearJ monthJ weekJ! five yearsJ two daysJ four weeks ago! yesterday! yesterday morningJ evening! in 8K.C< etcG5 "hey discovered this machine in the late eighteenth century "he )nglish literature teacher gave us a copy of Sir Fawain and the Freen Lnight yesterday "he industrialisation in )ngland led to the change of peoples mentalities habitual< repeated actions in the past Fwith (erbs denoting a permanent characteristicG or completed states5 She always wore red I met him every day on my way to the office In those years! I didnt like reading a series o) actions which )ollow one another in a stor2 Fnarrati(e pastG
2-
"om came into the room *e took off his shirt! put on a ",shirt and sat down in the armchair Suddenly he remembered something *e stood up and went out of the room +orm "he )orm o) the Past "ense Simple is the same )or all persons. *ffirmati,e "he positi(e o) regular (erbs ends in 6ed. "here are man2 common irregular (erbs. ,n order to create this tense 2ou need the second )orm o) the (erb Fsee the list on page 299G , 9ou 1e "he2 :e@She 2egati,e 6the negati(e o) the Past "ense Simple is )ormed with the auCiliar2 did<not =didnt> , 9ou 1e "he2 :e@She &nterrogati,e 6the Duestion in the Past "ense Simple is )ormed with the auCiliar2 did. 1hen did 1here did , 2ou we the2 he she arri(e0 go0 did not Fdidn7tG arri(e did not Fdidn7tG go to Sinaia 2esterda2. arri(ed went to Sinaia 2esterda2.
29
-hort answer Jid 2ou go to work 2esterda20 9es< , did. $o< , didn7t. Jid she report the results obtained0 9es< she did. $o< she didn7t.
Past Continuous
,t is used to eCpress5 an action in progress at some time in the past
3hat were you doing at 80 oclock yesterday9 I was lecturing my students on linguistics 3hen she arrived! they were waiting for her in the corridor A past acti(it2 happening o(er a period o) time
I was reading from 6 to 5 /0 yesterday 6re)ers to5 background descriptions in narrati(e
I entered the room and looked around 2y sister was playing with her dolls! Aather was reading some news in the newspaper! of course! and little 7ohn was trying to draw something on my favourite poster changing states5
"he car was getting worse all the time %ne of the headlights was continually falling off! and the engine was making a huge noise repeated actions Fwith a )reDuenc2 ad(erb< it means criticism and is similar to the use o) present continuous when eCpressing anno2anceG 3hen she came to me! she was always looking through my diary $ote that past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions< without the sense o) criticism mentioned abo(e. Past simple is used )or this meaning. 3hen I lived in Paris! I crossed the bridge over Seine all the time
+orm was@ were Fpast tense o) to beGK (erbK6ing Fpresent participleG *ffirmati,e and negati,e , :e She 9ou 1e were were not was was not Fwasn7tG working.
"he2 Fweren7tG &nterrogati,e 1hat was , he were she 2ou we the2 -hort answer 1ere 2ou working at this time 2esterda20 9es< , was. $o< , wasn7t. 1as she stud2ing when 2ou entered the room0 9es< she was. $o< she wasn7t. doing0
Past Simple and Past Continuous

I was doing my homework at B oclock last night =I was in the middle of the activity > I did my homework yesterday =I started and finished it > "hey were producing such machines when those people started to buy shares in their company She was looking at the pictures when her husband came into the room
Fproducing and looking are long acti(ities. Something happened in the meantime to interrupt themG.
Controlled Practice 1
1. Jecide which is the correct (erb )orm5 a. , saw@was seeing a (er2 good programme on "V last night. %. 1hile , was learning@ learnt )or m2 &rench eCam< somebod2 was knocking@ knocked at the door. c. :ow did 2ou cut@ were 2ou cutting 2our )inger0 1hile , was )iCing@ )iCed the wire< , was dropping@ dropped the kni)e. d. , was listening@ listened to the news on the radio when the phone was starting@ started to ring. e. An American 8et pilot was taking o))@ took o)) )rom 1ashington< but the 8et7s engines went@ were going wrong. f. 1e made @ were making about *! teCt anal2ses last 2ear. g. Batin pla2ed@ was pla2ing an essential part in the de(elopment o) languages such as 3omanian< Spanish< ,talian< or &rench. h. #ur crew included@ was including a linguist< a writer and an English interpreter. i. 1hen the house was decorated< the entire )amil2 mo(ed@ was mo(ing in. .. "he )irst important breakthrough was replacing@ replaced radios with tele(ision sets in the *!7s. 2. 3ewrite each sentence so that it contains the word or words in capitals. Jo not alter the )orm o) the words in an2 wa2 and do not change the meaning o) the sentence5 a. "o get to the o))ice on time , had to wake up at *5 ! e(er2 morning. 'EA$" %. , didn7t eCactl2 like swimming in those da2s.
1AS c. "here was someone to meet him on arri(al. 1:E$ d. , didn7t know about 2our departure. ":A" e. , intended to in(ite 2ou at m2 part2< but ,7m a)raid that , completel2 )orgot FitG. /#,$/ f. 1hen 2ou passed b2 the town hall clock< did 2ou notice the time0 1:A" g. , had to go past 2our house so , decided to drop in. PASS,$/ h. Someone was painting our house at that moment. :AV,$/ i. Someone stole Jiana7s bag 2esterda2. :AJ .. "he smell o) the cheese stopped m2 eating the break)ast. P4" 3. Put the (erbs in brackets into the past simple or continuous5 ,t FhappenG in Iune 19-*. ,t FbeG summer and we Fall @ lie outGin the garden. '2 mother FreadG and m2 uncle F8ust @ do;eG in the sun. 1e children Flook )orG worms and insects. And then he Farri(eG. :e FbeG a tall< handsome man with piercing blue e2es and he FlookG straight at m2 mother. :er )ace FgoG pale and her e2es FopenG wide with shock. YArthur< , FthinkG 2ou FbeG dead< Y she Fsa2G in a kind o) whisper.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 4. Put the (erbs in brackets into the past simple or continuous: a. She lit the )ire at -.!! and it FburnG brightl2 when 'ike came home at 9.!!. %. 'other FmakeG a cake when the light FgoG out. c. :e FwatchG the mo(ie when the phone FringG. :e FturnG down the sound and FgoG to answer it. d. "he admiral Fstud2G the battle plans when he Frecei(eG news o) the in(asion. :e FinsistG on )inishing his task. e. "he2 suddenl2 Freali;eG that the2 F)l2G with the wrong plane. f. , 8ust FopenG the door when the wind FblowG and FbreakG all the windows in the room. g. :e FdigG his garden when he accidentall2 FcutG three o) his toes. h. "his Fanno2G the bull< which immediatel2 FbeginG to chase 'r. Smith. i. As the2 FwalkG along the road the2 FhearG a car coming )rom behind them. .. "om FturnG round and FholdG up his hand. "he car FstopG. /. , F)indG this ring as , FdigG in the garden. ,t looks (er2 old. , wonder who it FbelongG to0 l. A little later the teacher FnoticeG that smoke FriseG )rom this desk. L9ou FsmokeG when , FcomeG in07 he FaskG. m. :e Fsa2G that he FbuildG himsel) a house and that he FthinkG it would be read2 in two 2ears. n. L1h2 2ou FlendG him that book0 , still FreadG it.7 L,7m sorr2. , Fnot knowG that 2ou still FreadG it.7 o. At a.m. 'rs. Pitt FwakeG her husband and Fsa2G that she FthinkG that someone Ftr2G to get into the house.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 5. "ranslate into English using the simple and continuous past tense whene(er necessar25 a. 'T uitam la tele(i;or cVnd a sosit poWtaWul. %. Un timp ce Jiana asculta un concert la radio< cine(a a bTtut la uWT. c. Anul trecut pe (remea asta eram la PredealM acolo Xmi petreceam (acanSa de iarnT Wi schiam Xn )iecare ;i. d. Cum s6a XntVmplat eCact accidentul0 'ergeam de la .ucureWti la PloieWti Wi tata tocmai ne po(estea despre accidentul unor prieteni de6ai lui cVnd deodatT Xn )aSa maWinii a sTrit un cVine. e. Uncercau sT gTseascT drumul cTtre centru cVnd au dat peste un tVnTr care s6a o)erit sT Xi XnsoSeascT Wi care i6a condus la obiecti(ele turistice cele mai importante ale oraWului.
f. Jan se gVndi cT trebuia sT se apuce de lucru< era cu mult Xn urmT< dar tocmai Xn momentul cVnd lua aceastT hotTrVre (eni un prieten Wi6l in(itT la un meci de )otbal. g. "e6am ;Trit alaltTieri Xn mulSimea de oameni care aWtepta sT se deschidT sala de spectacol< dar deWi am Xncercat sT6mi croiesc drum pVnT la tine< a )ost de6a dreptul imposibil. h. Je ce boli ai su)erit cVnd erai mic Wi cVnd ai )ost ultima oarT la medic?
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO . &ill in the gaps with suitable (erbs in the Simple Past or Past Continuous5 a. She FPG the (oice that FPG louder than the others as that o) her )ather. %. "he2 FPG dinner when the girl neCt door FPG and FPG )or a loa) o) bread. c. 1hile the old lad2 FPG those scrambled eggs< she suddenl2 FPG the2 FPG o)). d. :e not FPG the eCplosion because at that moment he FPG. e. 1hat she FPG last night between 1! o7clock and %0 f. , FPG when , FPG the road. g. , FPG m2 bag when , FPG the plane.
h. '2 sister FPG wet while she FPG in the rain. i. 1hene(er the politician FPG his mouth to speak the crowd FPG insults. .. 1hile the maid FPG the room a skeleton FPG out o) the cupboard. /. As soon as he FPG under the shower< the doorbell FPG. l. "he2 FPG and FPG while the2 FPG the mountain. m. 1hile , FPG in Bondon , FPG m2 mone2 in m2 socks. n. As the2 FPG )rom Stockholm to Paris< the starboard engine FPG into )lames. o. 1hen she FPG lunch a waiter FPG a plate o) soup in her lap. 0. As it FPG their mother FPG the picnic. 3. 1hen he FPG downhill< the brakes FPG and he onl2 FPG a serious accident b2 steering into a bush.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 7. "ranslate the )ollowing teCts into 3omanian5 *. "he winter term at 3ummidge was o) ten weeks7 duration< like the autumn and summer terms< but seemed longer than the other two because o) the cheerless season. "he mornings were dark< dusk came earl2< and the sun
seldom broke through the cloud co(er in the brie) inter(al o) da2light. Electric lights burned all da2 in o))ices and lecture rooms. #utside< the air was cold and clamm2< thick with moisture and pollution. ,t drained e(er2 colour and blurred e(er2 outline o) the urban landscape. 9ou could hardl2 see the )ace o) the clock at the top o) the 4ni(ersit27s tower< and the (er2 chimes sounded mu))led and despondent. "he atmosphere chilled the bones and congested the lungs. Some people attributed the characteristic adenoidal whine o) the local dialect to the winter climate< which ga(e e(er2bod2 runn2 noses and blocked sinuses )or months open like )ish gasping )or air. At this time o) the 2ear it was certainl2 hard to understand wh2 human beings had e(er settled and multiplied in such a cold< damp< gre2 place. #nl2 work seemed to pro(ide an answer. $o other reason would make an2one come here< or ha(ing come< sta2. All the more grim< there)ore< was the )ate o) the unemplo2ed o) 3ummidge and en(ironments< condemned to be idle in a place where there was nothing much to do< eCcept work. FJa(id Bodge< ;ice 3orkG
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO (. Eua2le knew then that here was a brick wall. ,t had all happened too Duickl2. :e should ha(e eCpected this. :e should ha(e got :elen out long ago. .ut it was not hopeless e(en i) he did not know that she was all right. :e didn7t know whether or not she had been sent back with the other women. :e was not sure o) an2thing an2more. :e was not certain about what he was to doP Perhaps :.E. has some in)ormation. "he2 ma2 ha(e telephone communication with the sector down the coast. Y1here is :.E0Z he asked the Australian. YJown the coast. ,t7s cut o))< too.Z< the Australian said. YIesus Christ.Z Y"hat7s right< too.Z< the Australian said. Y9our wi)e7s probabl2 all right.Z Y9es. 'a2be.Z Eua2le did not )eel himsel) completel2 conscious. Y1e7ll probabl2 clear it up tomorrow.Z
Y9es.Z Eua2le was standing there uncertainl2. :e turned around and started walking back. :e thanked the guard as he walked awa2< and he )elt the (ibration o) his )eet against the hard road. :e had ne(er )elt so completel2 unsure o) himsel) and what he was doing. :e was picturing :elen somewhere and he did not know where. .ut he could see her with sandals sometimes< and sometimes with two )ibre suitcases walking with other women< and sometimes being surprised b2 /erman parachutists and shot. :e was not certain o) an2thing< and he had (agueness about coming back or waiting to get down the coast and whether this in(asion would )ail. :e caught a truck going through Suda .a2 and then walked back to the airdrome. ,t was almost morning when he got there< and he could hear the bombing him as he walked into the timber. FIames Aldridge< Signed with their *onourG
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO C. An old man with steel6rimmed spectacles and (er2 dust2 clothes sat b2 the side o) the road. "here was a bridge across the ri(er and cars< trucks and men< women and children were crossing it. .ut the old man sat there without mo(ing. :e was too tired to go an2 )arther. Y1here do 2ou come )rom0Z , asked him. Y&rom San6Carlos<Z he said and smiled. Y, was taking care o) the animalsZ< he eCplained. Y#h<Z , said< not Duite understanding. Y9es<Z he said. Y, sta2ed< 2ou see< taking care o) the animals. , was the last one to lea(e the town o) San6Carlos. , had to lea(e them.Z Y1hat animals were the20Z , asked. Y"here were two goats and a cat and then there were )our pairs o) pigeons.Z YAnd 2ou ha(e no )amil20Z , asked watching the )ar end o) the bridge.
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Y$o<Z he said< Yonl2 the animals , stated. , am se(ent26siC 2ears old. , ha(e come twel(e kilometres now and , think , can go no )urther.Z Y"his is not a good place to stop<Z , said. Y, will wait a little while<Z he said< Yand then , will go.Z :e looked at me (er2 blankl2 and tiredl2< then said< ha(ing to share this worr2 with someone. Y"he cat will be all right. , am sure. .ut the others0 $ow what do 2ou think about the others0 1hat will the2 do under the artiller20Z YJid 2ou lea(e the do(e cage unlockedZ0 , asked. Y9es.Z Y"hen the27ll )l2.Z Y.ut the others0 ,t7s better not to think about the others<Z he said. Y,) 2ou are rested< , would go< , urged. Y/et up and tr2 to walk now.Z Y"hank 2ou<Z he said and got to his )eet< swa2ed )rom side to side and then sat down backwards in the dust. Y, was taking care o) the animals<Z he said dull2< but no longer to me. Y, was onl2 taking care o) the animals.Z "here was nothing to do about him. ,t was Sunda2 and the &ascists were ad(ancing toward the Ebro. ,t was a gre2 o(ercast da2 with a low ceiling< so their planes were not up. "hat and the )act that cats know how to look a)ter themsel(es was all the good luck that old man would e(er ha(e. FErnest :emingwa2< %ld 2an at the 'ridgeG
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Grammar reference 2
The Ordinal Numeral
"he )orm o) the ordinal numeral 1st the )irst 2nd the second rd the third %th the )ourth *th the )i)th +th the siCth 7th the se(enth -th the eighth 9th the ninth 1!th the tenth 11th the ele(enth 12th the twel)th 1 th the thirteenth 1%th the )ourteenth 1*th the )i)teenth 1+th the siCteenth 17th the se(enteenth 1-th the eighteenth 19th the nineteenth 2!th the twentieth 21st the twent26)irst 22nd the twent26second 2 rd the twent26third !th the thirtieth %!th the )ourtieth *!th the )i)tieth +!th the siCtieth 7!th the se(entieth -!th the eightieth 9!th the ninetieth
1!!th the FoneG hundredth 1<!!!th the FoneG thousandth +22nd the FsiCG hundredth 1<!!!<!!! the FoneG millionth and twent26second
The Fractional Numeral

"he )orms o) the )ractional numeral Common )ractions 1@2 a FoneG hal) @+ three siCths 2@ two thirds - +@* eight siC )i)ths Jecimal )ractions %.77 thirt26)our point se(ent26se(en *+.9- )i)t26siC point ninet26eight !.!% FnoughtG point nought )our 1.!+ one point nought siC
The Multiplicati e Numeral

"he )orms o) the multiplicati(e numeral 1C single< once 2 double@ twice@ two)old C triple@ three)old< three times %C )our)old< )our times 1!C ten)old< ten times 1!!C a hundred)old< a hundred times
1. 3ead the )ollowing numerals5 2@%M *.-79M 2 9@7M 11CM % @%2. 2. 3ead the )ollowing dates5 Iul2< 12< 19-7M Ianuar2< 2< 2!!1M August< -< 2!!2M 'a2< %< 19-!M April< 27< 197%M 'arch< 11< 19*-. 3. "ranslate into English5 a. CVt e ceasul< te rog0 JouTspre;ece Wi un s)ert. %. Ba 1 iunie sTrbTtorim ;iua copilului. c. El s6a nTscut la 2 octombrie 197%. d. Untre 1 52! Wi 1 5 ! a(em o pau;T Xn care nimeni nu are timp sT mTnVnce.
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e. Al cincilea modul este de8a obositor pentru studenSi. f. Ba ora douT Wi un s)ert iau autobu;ul -* Wi merg Xn PiaSa 4ni(ersitTSii. g. CVt )aci de la )acultate pVnT la cTmin0 CTminul este lVngT )acultate< aWa cT nu )ac mai mult de cinci minute. h. ]A douTspre;ecea noapteZ este o comedie scrisT de Shakespeare. i. CVSi cenSi are un dolar0 .. JeschideSi cartea la pagina % Wi )aceSi eCerciSiul unu. /. "oate lunile au trei;eci sau trei;eci Wi una de ;ile cu eCcepSia lunii )ebruarie care are douT;eci Wi opt de ;ile. l. Camera are * metri Xn lungime Wi % Wi 8umTtate Xn lTSime. m. # pTtrime din a(ere Xi aparSine lui Smith. n. CVt ai obSinut0 !<7-. o. 'T duc la bunica aproCimati( de trei ori pe sTptTmVnT. 0. El a scris o lucrare de trei ori mai bunT decVt a ta.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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$nit 3
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous &ifferences between the Present Perfect and thePast "ense
Reading
1. 3ead the )ollowing dialogues. Pa2 attention to the use o) homographs. #ialog$e 1% T!e &a'e 7im has $ust come in last in a road race *e feels that the race was unfair! so he goes to talk to one of the $udges about it 7im: I would like to contest the outcome of this contest I would have won! but my shoelace was undone! and I had to bow down to fi# it "hat is why I did not get to start at the same time as the other runners 7udge: I do not think that you can use that as an e#cuse At the close of the race! you were not even close to the winning runner 7im: 'ut the race was not fair All of the other runners deserted me at the starting line CanMt we do it again9 7udge: I cannot discuss this with you any longer If you will e#cuse me! I am late to meet some friends for a camping trip in the desert Case closedH #ialog$e 2% T!e Singer Charlie and 2argaret are a married couple who own a video store "hey are discussing the latest news they have received from their daughter! 7oan
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2argaret: 7oan has told me this morning that she wants a career in the music business She is packing to go to ;ashville to record her first record right now Charlie: 3hat9 She is going to sub$ect the world to her singing voice9 She is tone deafH 2argaret: &onMt let her hear you say that It will bring her to tears 3e will have to find a gentle way to separate her from the idea 3e need to put our heads together to find a solution Charlie: 2aybe we could show her that she could be of more use here She could work at the store 2argaret: "hatMs a great idea I know she would like that 3e could use another sales clerk %n a separate sub$ect! what should I do with 7oan Ms train tickets to ;ashville9 Charlie: If she decides to stay! you can tear them up It says on them that they are non,refundable 2argaret: %L I will check with 7oan first Practise these dialogues.
Ways with Words

1. "he English language has a (er2 compleC spelling s2stem. 4omogra0hs are words that are spelled the same but pronounced di))erentl2 Fsuch as ^_P3Esent^ and ^pre_SE$"^G. 4omo0hones are words that sound the same< but are spelled di))erentl2 Fsuch as `hare` and `hair`G. "he meanings o) the )ollowing homographs change depending on the wa2 the2 are pronounced. (5W and (5W# A bow Fn.G is à tied ribbon<` or also à de(ice used to shoot an arrow.` "o bow F(.G is `the action o) bending )orward at the waist and stooping low< demonstrating gratitude or respect.`
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C65-) and C65-)# Close Fad8.G describes `something (er2 near< not )ar awa2.` "o close F(.G re)ers to `the act o) shutting something.` C527)-7 and C527)-75 A contest Fn.G is à competition that determines a winner.` "o contest F(.G re)ers to `the act o) disputing or ob8ecting to something.` 1)-)R7 and 1)-)R7# A desert Fn.G is àn arid< sand2 region.` "o desert F(.G something means `to lea(e it behind.` )8C$-) and )8C$-)5 An eCcuse Fn.G is à reason or eCplanation )or one_s actions.` "o eCcuse F(.G means `to )orgi(e.` R)C5R1 and R)C5R1# A record Fn.G is `written documentation o) a past e(ent<` or it can also re)er to à phonograph album.` "o record F(.G is `the act o) writing in)ormation down<` or `documenting data Fsuch as musicG electronicall2.` -)P*R*7) and -)P*R*7)# "o separate F(.G means `to di(ide or segregate.` Separate Fad8.G describes `things that are isolated or unconnected.` -$(9)C7 and -$(9)C7# A sub8ect Fn.G is `the topic o) a book< con(ersation< or eCperiment.` "o sub8ect F(.G means `to eCpose someone to something.` 7)*R and 7)*R# "ears Fn.G are `drops that )all )rom the e2es o) someone who is cr2ing.` "ear F(.G means `to rip something into pieces.` $-) and $-)# 4se Fn.G is `the e(ent o) emplo2ing something to ser(e a purpose.` 4se F(.G is `the action o) emplo2ing )or some purpose.`
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$ow practice these homographs in sentences o) 2our own. Can 2ou add other homophones to the ones listed abo(e0 2. ,n the second dialogue< the wi)e tells her husband5 3e need to put our heads together to find a solution "o put somebodys heads together is an idiom. ,t means to discuss a difficult problem together. Bet7s learn some idioms containing the word head. from head to footJtoe = o(er 2our whole bod2 have a goodJfine head of hair = to ha(e a lot o) hair on 2our head do something in your head = calculate something in 2our mind go over your head = to be too di))icult )or 2ou to understand a clearJcool head = the abilit2 to think clearl2 or calml2 in a di))icult or dangerous situation need your head e#amined = be cra;2 use your head = to think about something sensibl2 keep your head above water = to manage to continue to li(e on 2our income or keep 2our business working in spite o) mone2 problems be hanging your head against a brick wall G to keep tr2ing to do something which seems impossible have a head for figuresJfactsJ business = to be good at doing calculations< remembering )acts head over heels in love = lo(ing somebod2 (er2 much heads with roll G used to sa2 that some people will be punished se(erel2 )or something that has happened $ow practise these idioms in sentences o) 2our own. 3. Bet7s learn more idioms containing words which re)er to parts o) the bod25 +oot on foot = i) 2ou go somewhere on )oot< 2ou walk there getJ$umpJ rise to your feet etc =to stand up a)ter 2ou ha(e been sitting
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be on your feet = to be standing )or a long time without ha(ing time to sit downM to stand upM to )eel better again a)ter being ill and in bed be rushed off your feetJ be run off your feet = to be (er2 bus2 put your foot in it 6 to sa2 something without thinking care)ull2< so that 2ou embarrass or upset someone have two left feet G to be (er2 clums2 get off on the wrong foot G to start a relationship badl2< usuall2 b2 ha(ing an argument haveJkeep both feet on the ground = to think in a sensible and practical wa2 and not ha(e ideas or aims that will be impossible to achie(e have one foot in the grave = to be (er2 old or (er2 ill leave feet first = to die be)ore 2ou lea(e a place or 8ob feet of clay =someone that 2ou admire who has )eet o) cla2 has )aults that 2ou did not reali;e the2 had 4air get in somebodys hair = to anno2 someone< especiall2 b2 alwa2s being near them keep your hair on G FspokenG to tell someone to keep calm and not get anno2ed let your hair down G Fin)ormalG to en8o2 2oursel) and start to relaC< especiall2 a)ter working (er2 hard make somebodys hair stand on end G to make someone (er2 )rightened not turn a hair G to remain completel2 calm when something bad or surprising suddenl2 happens not harmJ touch a hair of somebodys head = no to harm somebod2 in an2 wa2 4and take somebody by the hand = hold somebod27s hand in order to take them somewhere
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hand in hand 6 holding each other7s hand< especiall2 to show lo(e right,handedJ left,handed = using the right hand )or most actions rather than the le)t< or the le)t hand rather than the right rightJleft hander G a pla2er who uses mainl2 the right hand or mainl2 the le)t hand not do a hands turn 6 to do no work at all a dab hand G someone who is (er2 good at doing something good with 2our hands = skill)ul at making things turn your hand to 6 to start doing something new or practising a new skill keep 2our hand in = to keep practising something so 2ou do not lose 2our skill a firm hand = strict control o) someone get out of hand = to become impossible to control take somethingJsomebody in hand = to bring someone or something under control in hand = being dealt with have a hand in 6 to in)luence or to be in(ol(ed in something in goodJsafeJcapable hands = being dealt with or looked a)ter b2 someone who can be trusted off your hands = i) something or somebod2 is o)) 2our hands< 2ou are not responsible )or them an2more at hand =near in time or space on hand = close b2 and read2 when needed first handJ at first hand = b2 direct personal eCperience at secondJthirdJfourth hand = passed )rom the )irst person who actuall2 saw or heard something to a second< third< or )ourth person by hand = deli(ered )rom one person to another< and sent through the post go hand in hand = to be closel2 connected
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get your hands on to obtain something = to catch somebod2 2ou are angr2 with lay your hands on = to )ind or obtain something have time on your hands = to ha(e a lot o) time because 2ou ha(e no work to do have your hands full Gto be (er2 bus2 or too bus2 out of hand = i) 2ou re)use something out o) hand< 2ou re)use immediatel2 and completel2 hand in glove = closel2 connected with somebod2< especiall2 in a bad or illegal acti(it2 on the one hand4 on the other hand = used when comparing di))erent or opposite )acts or ideas give somebody a =big> hand =of applause> = to clap loudl2 in order to show 2our appro(al o) a per)ormer or speaker :o;th keep your mouth shut = not to tell other people about a secretM not to sa2 an2thing because 2ou might make a mistake big mouth = someone who is a big mouth or has a big mouth is anno2ing because the2 cannot keep secrets or the2 o)ten sa2 things the2 should not sa2 make your mouth water G i) )ood makes 2our mouth water< it looks so good 2ou want to eat it immediatel2 2ose red,nosedJ long,nosed = ha(ing a nose that is red< long right under somebodys nose 6 so close to somebod2 that the2 ought to notice< but the2 do not stickJ poke your nose into = to show too much interest in pri(ate matters that do not concern 2ou
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look down your nose at = to beha(e as i) 2ou think somebod2 or something is not good enough )or 2ou with your nose in the air = beha(ing as i) 2ou are more important than other people and not talking to them on the nose = eCactl2 keep your nose to the grindstone = to work (er2 hard< without stopping to rest
Grammar Reference 1
Present Per!ect Simple
,t relates past actions and states to the present. ,t is used to eCpress5 a past action when its result can be seen at the present time and is still ha(ing an e))ect FPresent Per)ect o) 3esultG5 I have already seen that movie Fi.e. I can tell you the storyG. *e has fi#ed his car Fi.e. *e can drive it nowG. acti(ities completed in the immediate past Fthese e(ents are recent< without a de)inite time gi(en. "he recentness ma2 be indicated b2 $ust. Sometimes these e(ents happened at an unknown time in the pastG5 She has $ust met him in the computer science laboratory F.ut5 She met him there a few minutes ago G *as )nglish been used by people at this office in the last ten years9 ='ut: 3hy was )nglish used on such a large scale in 8KKK9> She has had four car accidents. Fup to the presentG acti(ities at an2 time in a period up to now FPresent Per)ect o) ECperienceG5 I have been to Scotland once
*e has never used an )nglish,)nglish dictionary before an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present Ive known you for five yearsJ since 8KK5 FSince means from a definite point in the past till now< and for eCpresses a durationG. *ow long have you worked as a translator9 *ow long has it taken the )nglish language to be used by so many people9 +orm ha(e@has K(erb Fpast participleG "he past participle o) regular (erbs ends in 6 ed. "here are man2 common irregular (erbs Fsee the list on page 299G. *ffirmati,e and negati,e , 1e 9ou "he2 :e has FLsG ha(e FL(eG ha(e not Fha(en7tG worked in a petroleum )actor2.
She has not Fhasn7tG &nterrogati,e :a(e , we 2ou :as the2 he been to the 4nited Qingdom0
she -hort answer :a(e 2ou e(er been to &rance0 9es< , ha(e. $o< , ha(en7t. :as she e(er worked as a petroleum engineer0 9es< she has. $o< she hasn7t.
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Present Per!ect Simple and Past Simple

Book at the use o) the Present Per)ect and the Past Simple in the )ollowing sentences5 Ive lived in this flat for si# months =I still do > I lived in this flat for two years =;ow I live somewhere else > 7ohn Aowles has written very good short stories =*e is still alive > Shakespeare wrote very good plays =*e is dead > *e has worked in this university for four years =.ut5 *e started working in this university four years ago> *ave you found your books9 =uncertaint2> :es! I have 3here did you find them9 =certaint2> I found them behind a couple of other books! on the top shelf Ive bought a house =inde)inite> I bought a house last month Fde)initeG I bought the house after all Fimplies de)inite re)erence5 the house we talked aboutG. Choice between past simple and present per)ect )or recent e(ents ma2 depend on the mental attitude o) the speaker. "his in turn ma2 depend on whether the speaker )eels distant in time or place )rom the e(ent. Ive left the red bag in my room Im going back to take it :ere the speaker ma2 be about to return< and )eels that the e(ent is connected with the present. I left the red bag in my room Im going back to take it :ere the speaker ma2 )eel separated in time )rom the e(ent< or be )urther awa2.
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1. Complete this con(ersation b2 putting the (erbs in brackets into the present per)ect or simple past5 'aria5 :ello< Jan. Jan5 :ello. , Fnot hearG )rom 2ou )or a long time. 'aria5 , FseeG 2ou in town two or three weeks ago< but 2ou Fnot seeG me. , FbeG on a tram. Jan5 1ell< how are 2ou0 , remember that 2ou were learning )or 2our English Phonetics test. P. 2ou FpassG it 2et0 'aria5 9es< , ha(e. , FpassG in Jecember. , Fnot passG m2 BeCicolog2 eCam 2et. .ut what about 2ou< Jan0 An2thing eCciting FhappenG to 2ou latel20 Jan5 $o< not reall2. '2 brother is still out o) work. 'aria5 :e FgraduateG )rom school in autumn0 Jan5 9es. :e Fnot doG (er2 well in his eCams and he Fnot )indG a 8ob 2et. 'aria5 Are 2ou still working at Scott7s0 Jan5 9es. "he2 8ust Fgi(eG me a pa2 rise. 'aria5 1ell< that7s one piece o) good news.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. ,nsert the Present Per)ect or Past ,nde)inite5 a. "homas Fto meetG her )or the )irst time the da2 he turned 2!.
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%. , Fto seeG m2 )riend7s name in the papers Duite o)ten latel2. c. As )ar as , know< 'r .lack Fnot to returnG )rom the dentist7sM he Fto lea(eG Duite a long time ago. d. "he2 Fto standG in silence )or a )ew minutesM she Fto speakG at last. e. 'ike< here is 2our cakeM 2ou Fnot to eatG it. f. , don7t know wh2 but , ha(e the )eeling that something Fto happenG. g. She Fto beginG reading at - this morning and Fto goG on reading until 11 o7clock when she Fto stopG and Fto ha(eG something to eat. She Fto readG about nine hours toda2< and Fto translateG more than 2* pages. h. 1hen , Fto bu2G m2 car , Fto askG the compan2 to con)irm m2 insurance b2 telephone. "he compan2 Fto tellG me to wait )or the response< but , Fto waitG a month now and the con)irmation still Fnot comeG.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 3. Circle the correct answer5 1. When <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< the com0any= aG ha(e 2ou 8oined bG :ad 2ou 8oined cG did 2ou 8oin dG ha(e 2ou e(er 8oined 2. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< in Pa/istan= aG Jid 2ou e(er worked
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bG :a(e 2ou e(er worked cG :ad 2ou e(er worked dG Jidn_t 2ou work 3. 7hat>s the %est 0resentation <<<<<<<<<<<<<< aG , ne(er heard bG , didn_t hear cG , used to hear dG ,_(e e(er heard 4. 4e>s the most diffic;lt c;stomer <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< aG , ne(er dealt with. bG , ne(er had to deal with. cG ,_(e e(er had to deal with. dG ,_(e ne(er had to deal with. 5. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< to him last wee/. aG , spoke bG ,_(e alread2 spoken cG , hadn7t spoken dG , will ha(e spoken . <<<<<<<<<<<<<< a %inding contract last year and it is still ,alid. aG 1e ha(e signed bG 1e signed cG 1e ha(en_t signed dG 1e had signed 7. 7he reason & loo/ so %rown is that <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< from a %;siness tri0 to (ar%ados aG , come back bG , came back cG , ne(er came back dG ,_(e 8ust come back !. -ales <<<<<<<< in 1""5 %;t then <<<<< in 1"" . aG didn7t rise ha(e )allen bG rose )ell cG ha(e risen ha(e )allen dG rose ha(e )allen
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". ?o; <<<<<<<<<<<< to a word <<<<<<<<<<<< aG listened , ha(en_t said bG didn_t listen , sa2 cG listened sa2ing dG ha(en_t listened ,_(e said 10. &t>s o%,io;s that <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< this re0ort. aG 2ou ha(en_t read bG 2ou didn_t read cG 2ou don_t read dG 2ou had read 4. &ill in with a suitable (erb either in the Past "ense or Present Per)ect5 a. 9ou FPG all 2our li)e in this luCurious mansion0 %. 1hen , FPG school , FPG m2 hair and FPG it short e(er since. c. '2 sister FPG se(eral poems. She 8ust FPG her second ode. d. &or 2our in)ormation , FPG home at - in the morning and FPG 8ust be)ore noon. e. Iohn cannot send the letter since he FPG it. :e FPG writing it at * and it7s - alread2. f. As a child< , FPG catch a cold e(er2 month. $ow , F...G a cold )or more than two 2ears. g. ,t FPG (er2 hot this summer< , wonder when it7s going to get colder. h. "he mo(ie FPG at 12 and FPG )or two hours. E(er2bod2 en8o2ed it. i. 1hat are we going to do0 1e FPG the train and the neCt one lea(es in the morning. .. 9ou FPG her an e6mail 2et0 9es< , FPG it when 2ou FPG at school.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 5. 3ephrase the sentences below using the word in brackets5 a. ,t7s been 2ears since , last met Iim. FcontactG %. 1hen did 2ou lea(e the countr20 FagoG c. 'ike has tried to gi(e up smoking be)ore. FfirstG d. :e was going to lea(e )or Bondon when he heard his )light has been cancelled. F0ointG e. ,t was proposed that a new church should be built. FforwardG f. ,t is Sunda2. "he last time , saw Iane was on 'onda2. FforG
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO . "ranslate into English5 a. "e6am cTutat ieri (reo douT ore Wi te6am cTutat Wi astT;i. Pe unde ai umblat0 %. Cu ani Xn urmT creWtea porumbei Wi lilieci dar acum s6a apucat sT plante;e ananas.
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c. Vecinul meu a scris Wi cVte(a po(eWti de adormit copiiiM e(ident< le6a scris cVnd era )oarte tVnTr. d. Am bTut Wi am dansat pVnT acum< cT de mVncat = am mVncat dimineaST. e. $u am (T;ut Xn (iaSa mea atVta su)erinST cVt am (T;ut a;i la acest a;il de bTtrVni. f. S6a purtat )oarte )rumos cu mine de cVnd i6am spus cT Xi (Vnd lui maWina mea. g. Cumnatul meu a spart ieri casa )ostului sTu directorM dupT aceea s6a )Tcut ne(T;ut Wi de atunci poliSia Xl cautT )TrT Xncetare. h. "ocmai am a)lat (estea con)orm cTreia preWedintele acelei STri a cT;ut (ictimT unui atac terorist. i. Vi se pare curios cT tocmai Wi6a luat lucrurile Wi a plecat< dupT ce l6aSi Xn8urat cT nu a a(ut bani sT plTteascT chiria0 .. Sigur< domnule< Iohn Wi6a plTtit datoria. ai6a plTtit6o XncT de cVnd a luat salariul.
Grammar Reference 2
Present Per!ect Continuous
,t is used to eCpress5 an acti(it2 which began in the past and is still in progress at the moment o) speaking5 "hey have been creating new products for several years Ive been waiting for an hour and he still hasnt turned up an acti(it2 which began in the past< has onl2 8ust )inished and is rele(ant to the current situation5 Sorry Im late *ave you been waiting long9 2ote# ,n both these uses the present per)ect simple can be also used< especiall2 with those (erbs which are not normall2 in the continuous aspect< in negati(e sentences< and when re)erence is made to the number o) things
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that ha(e been done5 "hey have createdJ have been creating new products for several years J "hey have created E000 new products so far "here ma2 be little contrast when some state (erbs are used. *ow long have you lived here9 *ow long have you been living here9 Some (erbs Fespeciall2 sit! lie! stay and waitG pre)er the continuous )orm. "here ma2 be a contrast between completion and incompletion< especiall2 i) the number o) items completed is mentioned. Completed5 emphasis on achie(ement Ive washed four skirts this morning ,ncomplete< or recentl2 completed5 emphasis on duration. Ive been washing my skirts this morning a repeated acti(it2< in which case a nuance o) reproach< irritation< etc. can be present. Ive been calling you for the past twenty minutes 3hy dont you answer the phone9 +orm ,t consists o) the present per)ect o) the auCiliar2 be and the present participle o) the main (erb F(erbK6ingG. *ffirmati,e and negati,e , 9ou 1e "he2 :e has been ha(e been ha(e not been Fha(en7t beenG working.
She has not been Fhasn7t beenG &nterrogati,e 1hat ha(e , ha(e 2ou ha(e we been doing0
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ha(e the2 has he has she
1. "ranslate the )ollowing sentences into English. 4se present per)ect simple or present per)ect continuous5 a. "e caut de o or\. Pe unde ai umblat0 %. Je atunci n6am mai primit nici o (este de la el. c. CVte cu(inte ai cTutat Xn dicSionar pVn\ acum0 d. Bocuim Xn 3omVnia de trei ani. e. $6am mai (\;ut6o de cVnd a terminat )acultatea.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. Suppl2 the simple present per)ect or the continuous present per)ect o) the (erbs in brackets5 a. ,7m tired. , FworkG hard all da2. %. 4p to now , F(isitG twent2 countries. c. , saw her in August< but Fnot seeG her e(er since. d. :ow long 2ou FlearnG Chinese0 e. 9ou7re out o) breath. 9ou FrunG0 f. She Fnot writeG the essa2 on 3enaissance 2et. g. 1hat she FdoG all a)ternoon0 h. "he2 alread2 FspeakG to me about that eCperiment.M i. 9our e2es are red. 9ou Fcr2G.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 3. Choose the correct (erb )orm5 a. :ow long ha(e 2ou been li(ing@ ha(e 2ou li(ed in this house0 %. Angela worked@ has been working in this petroleum compan2 )or ten 2ears and a hal). c. Alan has been going@ has gone to South America. d. :e7s tired because he has worked@ has been working on the oil )ield all da2. e. :ow long ha(e 2ou been learning@ ha(e 2ou learned English0 4. 3ewrite each sentence< beginning as shown< so that the meaning sta2s the same5 a. ,t7s a long time since , last saw such a good mo(ie. , ha(en7t seen PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.. %. 1e ha(en7t seen each other )or ages. ,t7s ages PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP c. , bought m2 car in 1992 and ,7m still dri(ing it. ,7(e been PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP d. , ha(en7t been to .arcelona be)ore. ,t7s the )irst PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. e. "here is de)inite impro(ement in 2our spelling recentl2. Batel2 2our spelling PPPPPPPPPPPPPP.
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f. $o wonder 2ou are o(erweight. 9ou ate chocolates in the morning< 2ou ha(e eaten chocolates in the a)ternoon and 2ou are still eating chocolates now and it7s * pm. $o wonder 2ou are o(erweight. 9ou PPPPPPPP. g. , don7t know where m2 glasses are. , ha(e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. h. , don7t ha(e the teCtbook with me. ,t is at home. , ha(e PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. i. "he last time , spoke to Iane was in 2!!1. , ha(en7t PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.. .. Eating this spic2 ,ndian )ood is totall2 new to me. , ha(en7t PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 5. Put the (erbs in brackets into the correct tense5 present per)ect simple or continuous5 a. Peter5 9ou FtelephoneG )or ages. 9ou not nearl2 F)inishG0 Iack5 , Fnot getG through 2et. , Ftr2G to get our Paris o))ice but the line FbeG engaged all morning. %. Ann F)ailG her dri(ing test three times because she_s so bad at re(ersing. .ut she FpractiseG re(ersing )or the last week and , think she FgetG a bit better at it. c. "om5 , o)ten FwonderG wh2 .ill le)t the countr2 so suddenl2. Peter5 Actuall2< , 8ust F)indG out. d. :e Fpla2G the bagpipes since siC o_clock this morning. :e onl2 8ust FstopG. e. 1h2 2ou Fnot bringG me the letters )or signature0 9ou Fnot t2peG them 2et0 f. "om Flooking up absent6mindedl2 as 'ar2 comes inG5 9ou FsunbatheG0 'ar2 Fcrossl2G5 Jon_t be ridiculousN ,t FrainG all da2N
+*
g. A pair o) robins FbuildG a nest in the porch since last week. , FwatchG them )rom m2 window since the2 began. h. "he police Fnot )indG the murderer 2et< but the dead man_s brother FbeG in the station all da2. "he police sa2 that he FhelpG them with their enDuiries. i. "he2 FpullG down most o) the houses in this street< but the2 Fnot touchG the old shop at the corner 2et. .. "om is con(inced that there is gold in these hills but we FsearchG )or siC months and Fnot seeG an2 sign o) it. /. , FwaitG )or the prices o) the houses to come down be)ore bu2ing a house< but , think , FwaitG too long and the prices are beginning to go up again. l. Peter FbeG a 8unior clerk )or three 2ears. Batel2 he FlookG )or a better post but so )ar he Fnot )indG an2thing. m. , FdoG housework all morning and , Fnot )inishG 2et. , FdoG mine alread2. , alwa2s start at + a.m. n. , 8ust FpickG ten pounds o) strawberriesN , FgrowG strawberries )or 2ears but , ne(er Fha(eG such a good crop be)ore. o. 1hat 2ou FdoG with the corkscrew0 "he point is broken o)). ,_m a)raid , FuseG it to make holes in this tin. 0. She 8ust FsellG two o) her own paintings. She_s luck2. , FpaintG )or )i(e 2ears and , Fnot sellG a single picture 2et. 3. "he2 are throwing crocker2 at each other in the neCt )lat. "his FhappenG be)ore0 1ell< the2 Fha(eG a good man2 rows but this is the )i)th time the2 FthrowG crocker2. r. 1hat 2ou FdoG with m2 t2pewriter0 , can_t )ind it an2where. "om 8ust FgoG o)) with it. :e sa2s he_ll bring it back when he F)inishG. s. :e FworkG )or Crow .rothers )or )ort2 2ears and ne(er once FbeG late. "he )irm 8ust FpresentG him with a gold watch as a sign o) their appreciation. t. 1e FmendG sheets all morning but we onl2 FdoG three< and now the sewing machine FbreakG down so we_ll be e(en slower with the neCt one.
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO . Put the (erbs in brackets into present per)ect simple or continuous5 a. /eorge FcollectG matchboCes e(er since he le)t school. $ow he FcollectG so man2 that he doesn_t know where to put them. %. , FlookG through m2 old photograph album. ,t_s )ull o) photographs o) people whose names , completel2 F)orgetG. , wonder what FhappenG to them all. c. ,t was lo(el2 at ele(en o_clock< but since then the sk2 FgetG steadil2 darker and the wind FriseG. d. ,_m a)raid the )ine spell FcomeG to an end. e. Since he became 'a2or< m2 brother reckons that he FeatG ! o))icial lunches and 22 o))icial dinner< and he FloseG count o) the number o) receptions and parties that he FattendG. :e FputG on a lot o) weight0 f. Secretar25 Customers FringG up all morning complaining about getting incorrect bills. 'anager5 , know5 something FgoG wrong with our computer. "he mechanic FworkG on it< , hope he F)indG out what_s wrong. g. YSomeone FuseG m2 umbrellaN ,t_s all wetN And it was wet 2esterda2 and the da2 be)oreNZ Y1ell< it wasn_t me. , Fnot beG out o) the house )or a weekNZ
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h. , FstandG in this Dueue )or ages. ,t Fnot mo(eG at all in the last )i(e minutes. , think the man in the ticket o))ice 8ust FshutG his window and FgoG out )or lunch. i. "he "own Council FconsiderG m2 application )or permission to build a garage )or three months. "he2 8ust Fgi(eG m2 neighbour permission to build one< so , hope the2 FdecideG to let me ha(e one too. .. 9ou look eChaustedN 9es< , Fpla2G tennis and , Fnot pla2G )or 2ears< so ,_m not used to it. /. "he2 began widening this road three weeks agoM but the workmen FbeG on strike )or the last )ortnight so the2 Fnot getG (er2 )ar with it. l. "hat man FstandG at the bus stop )or the last hal) hour. Shall , tell him that the last bus alread2 FgoG0 m. , wonder i) an2thing FhappenG to "om. , FwaitG an hour now. :e o)ten FkeepG me waiting but he ne(er FbeG Duite so late as this. n. 'rs .rown Fli(eG neCt door )or Duite a long time now but she ne(er Fsa2G more than _/ood morning_ to me. o. , 8ust FrememberG that , Fnot pa2G the rent 2et< , am surprised that the landlord Fnot ringG me up to remind me. ,t is the )irst time 2ou FbeG late with the rent in 2* 2ears. :e probabl2 thinks that 2ou Fpa2G and he FloseG the cheDue. 0. Shop assistant5 Could 2ou gi(e me some proo) o) 2our identit2< madam0 Customer5 .ut , FshopG here )or )i)teen 2earsN Shop assistant5 , know< madam< but apparentl2 the compan2 FloseG a lot o) mone2 latel2 through dud cheDues and the2 FmakeG new regulations which we Fbe toldG to appl2 to all customers no matter how long we FknowG them. 3. 1hat 2ou FdoG0 , FlookG )or 2ou )or ages. , FbuildG a barbecue grid in the garden.
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 7. "ranslate into English5 a. 'ihai e chiar culmeaN SpalT ru)e de cVnd am (enit eu de la bVlci Wi n6a terminat nici mTcar pantalonii. %. 'iroase a ars Xn bucTtTrie. ,ar a gTtit soSul meuN c. "ocmai am terminat de sTpat grTdina. Vecinul meu< sTracul< sapT de a;i dimineaST dar nu a terminat decVt un s)ert din teren. d. $6ai adus XncT maWina de la reparat0 = Ja7 de unde< caut piese de schimb de mai bine de o lunT Wi n6am gTsit nici una pVnT acum. e. "on2 Wi $ikki nu6Wi mai (orbesc de o lunTM de luna trecutT XWi tot trimit mesa8e de ameninSare prin poWtT. f. Je 1 ani se chinuie romVnii sT redrese;e economia Wi nici acum nu au reuWit sT stabili;e;e moneda naSionalT.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
+9
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
7!
Progress 7est 1
1. Put the (erbs between brackets in the right tense5 ,n the past thirt2 2ears man2 social changes PPPPPP FtakeG place in .ritain. "he greatest o) these PPP..probabl2PPPP.FbeG in the economic and domestic li(es o) women. Almost all theoretical seC discrimination in political and legal rights has been remo(ed. "he changes PPPPFbeG signi)icant< but< because tradition and pre8udice can still PPPP..FhandicapG women in their working careers and personal li(es< ma8or legislation to help promote eDualit2 o) opportunit2 and pa2 PPPFappearG during the 7!s. Since 19*1 the proportion o) married women who work PP.. FgrowG )rom 8ust o(er a )i)th to a hal). Compared with their counterparts elsewhere in the European Communit2< .ritish women comprise a relati(el2 high proportion o) the work6)orce< about two6)i)ths< but on a(erage the2 PPPPFworkG )ewer hours< about 1 a week. "here is still a signi)icant di))erence between women7s a(erage earnings and men7s< but the eDual pa2 legislation which PPPFcomeG into )orce at the end o) 197* seems to ha(e helped to narrow the gap between women7s and men7s basic rates. Juring the 197!s women7s wages PPP.FriseG proportionatel2 more than men7s but PPPP..FremainG relati(el2 low because women PPP.FtendG to work in lowl26paid sectors o) the econom2< the2 o)ten PP.FworkG in predominantl2 )emale work6)orces< and the2 work less o(ertime than men. As more and more women 8oined the work6)orce in the 19+!s and earl2 197!s there PPFbeG an increase in the collecti(e incomes o) women as a whole and a ma8or change in the economic role o) large numbers o) housewi(es. &amilies PP FcomeG to rel2 on married women7s earnings as an essential part o) their income rather than as Ypocket mone2Z< or as a
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means o) bu2ing ZeCtrasZ. At the same time social roles within the )amil2 PP. FbeG more likel2 to be shared< eCchanged or altered.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. 3ewrite each sentence< beginning as shown< so that the meaning sta2s the same5 a. ,7(e had to wait all morning. , ha(e been PPPPPPP.. %. , didn7t ha(e an2 idea o) m2 neCt mo(e. , didn7t know PPPPPPP c. "he last time , was to Paris was in 199-. , ha(en7t PPPPPPPPP. d. /o to the registration desk immediatel2 on arri(al. As PPPPPPPPPPPP. e. 'ar2 and Iohn7s wedding is neCt weekend. 'ar2 and Iohn will PPPPPP f. , intended to tell 2ou about it earlier< but , simpl2 )orgot. , was PPPPPPPPPPP.. g. , wasn7t (er2 keen on tennis in those da2s.
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, didn7t use PPPPPPPPP. h. 1hose car is that0 1hom does PPPPPPP.. i. 9our brother will get o(er his illness. "hen his work will get better. #nce PPPPPPPPPPP. 3. Choose the most suitable continuation )or each sentence5 a. 9ou can borrow this book< *. , am not going to need itM (. won7t ha(e been needing itM C. am not needing it. %. ,t7s no use calling .arbra at home. She *. will ha(e le)tM (. is lea(ingM C. will lea(e c. 1hen 2ou passed the town hall clock< *. were 2ou noticing what time it was0M (. ha(e 2ou noticed what time it was0M C. did 2ou notice what time it was0 d. , must apologise< , *. hadn7t realised that this seat was 2ours.M (. wasn7t realising that this seat was 2ours.M C. didn7t realise that this seat was 2ours. e. , realised that someone had stolen one o) m2 bags when , *. was getting to the taCi.M (. got to the taCi.M C. ha(e got to the taCi. f. Can 2ou remember what *. 2ou were doing )i(e 2ears ago toda20M (. 2ou did )i(e 2ears ago toda20M C. 2ou ha(e been doing )i(e 2ears ago toda20 g. "his is m2 new suit. Jo 2ou think it *. suited me0 (. suits me0 C. has suited me0 h. CleoN , didn7t eCpect to see 2ou here. 1hat *. are 2ou doing in Bondon0 (. were 2ou doing in Bondon0 C. ha(e 2ou done in Bondon0 i. , simpl2 can7t understand what
*. 2ou are waiting )orM (. 2ou wait )orM C. 2ou will wait )or.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 4. "ranslate the )ollowing sentences into English< using the appropriate tense5 a. $u Wtiu bine timpurile. %. Am Xncercat sT6Si tele)one; toatT ;iua. 4nde ai )ost0 c. Sunt cTsTtoriSi de ;ece ani. d. Era o )emeie atVt de bunT XncVt toatT lumea o iubea. e. 4iteN bi6ai rupt tricoul. f. Am petrecut re(elionul la SarT acum doi ani. g. $imeni nu are (oie sT plece acasT pVnT nu terminTm proiectul. h. Je multT (reme nu mai ninge mult iarna. i. Un ;iua urmTtoare Wi6au continuat cTlTtoria. .. Ai recunoscut6o pe )ata care stTtea lVngT tine la cinema0 /. Are maWina de douT luni. SoSul ei i6a dTruit6o de XntVi martie. l. B6ai (T;ut pe Iohn0 Ja< ieri a trecut pe la noi. m. /eorge locuia cu mama lui cVnd aceasta a murit. n. Ploua cu gTleata de trei ore cVnd ne6am Xntors acasT. o. Ce )Tceai cVnd a (enit 'aria la tine0
7%
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO @ey# 1. ha(e takenM ha(e beenM ha(e beenM handicapM appearedM has grownM workM cameM roseM remainedM tendM workM wasM cameM were 2. a. , ha(e been waiting all morning. %. , didn7t know what , would do neCt. c. , ha(en7t been to Paris since 199-. d. As 2ou arri(e< go to the registration desk. e. 'ar2 and Iohn will get married neCt weekend. f. , was going to tell 2ou about it earlier. g. , didn7t use to pla2 tennis in those da2s. h. 1hom does the car belong to0 i. #nce 2our brother has got o(er his illness< his work will get better. 3. a. AM b. AM c. CM d. CM e. .M ). AM g. ..M h. AM i. A 4. a. , don7t know the tenses well. %. , ha(e been tr2ing to call 2ou all da2. 1here ha(e 2ou been0 c. "he2 ha(e been married )or ten 2ears. d. She was such a kind woman that e(er2bod2 lo(ed her. e. Book hereN 9ou7(e torn 2our "6shirt. f. 1e spent $ew 9ear7s E(e in the countr2side last 2ear. g. $obod2 is allowed to go home until we ha(e )inished the pro8ect.
7*
h. ,t hasn7t snowed an2more in winter )or a long time. i. "he neCt da2 he went on his trip. .. :a(e 2ou recognised the girl sitting neCt to 2ou at the cinema0 /. She has had this car )or two months. :er husband ga(e it to her in 'arch. l. :a(e 2ou seen Iohn0 9es< he called on us 2esterda2. m. /eorge was li(ing with his mother when this one died. n. ,t had been raining cats and dogs )or three hours when we came back home. o. 1hat were 2ou doing when 'ar2 came to 2ou0
-core# 1. 1 point K !<+! points each C1* [1! points 2. 1 point K 1 point each C9 [ 1! points 3. 1 point K 1 point each C9 [ 1! points 4. 1 point K !<+! points each C1* [1! points Ji(ided b2 % [ 1! points
7+
$nit 4
Indefinite Pronouns Personal Pronouns
Reading
1. 3ead the )ollowing dialogues. Pa2 attention to the use o) homophones. #ialog$e 1% T!e Portrait In honour of 7ohn and 2aryMs wedding anniversary! Ared agrees to pose for his wife! who wants to paint his portrait 7ohn: It feels like I have been sitting here for hours 3hen can I take a peek9 2ary: Sit still I donMt want you to see the painting until the whole thing is done I am still working on your face It is coming out greatH I think I am at my artistic peak 7ohn: Are we still going to that inn in Vermont this weekend to celebrate our anniversary9 2ary: CertainlyH I bought a pair of tickets for a dinner show there on Saturday night 7ohn: "hat sounds nice 2ary: 3hat are you doing with that pear9 7ohn: I am going to pare it! and then I am going to eat it 2ary: 3ell! put it down I donMt want it in the picture 7ohn: CanMt you $ust leave a hole where the pear is and fill it in later9 I am hungry
77
2ary: %kay! weMll take a break %h! noH 3here is my wedding ring9 I hope it didnMt go down the drain when I was wringing out those ragsH 7ohn: ;o! itMs on the table :ou took it off to paint 2ary: %h! good I would hate to have lost that right before our anniversaryH #ialog$e 2% T!e Carni(al "ammy and 'ruce are spending the afternoon at a carnival "ammy: I am so glad we came today I am having so much funH "his is ideal weather for a carnival 'ruce: I agree 3here do you want to go ne#t9 "ammy: NookH "hat guy over there will guess your weight "he sign says he can even guess what si+e you wear 'ruce: "hereMs no wait to see him! either NetMs go to his booth Carnival worker: *ey! you twoH &o you want me to guess your weight9 3hether you are fat or thin! I can guess $ust by looking at you "ammy: %kay Fuess Carnival worker: :ou weigh one hundred and thirty,seven pounds! and he weighs one,seventy 'ruce: "hatMs correctH *ey! lookH "here are Stan and 7udy "heyMre good sports NetMs see if he can guess their weights! tooH "ammy: IMll go get them Practice these dialogues.
Ways with Words

1. "he )ollowing are eCamples o) easil2 con)used homo0hones. "hese words are pronounced identicall2< 2et the2 ha(e di))erent spellings and meanings5 456) and W456)# A hole Fn.G is àn empt2 space.` 1hole Fad8.G means èntire< total.`
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&2 and &22# ,n Fprep.G means `the opposite o) _out._` An inn Fn.G is à small hotel.` P*&RA P*R)A and P)*R# A pair Fn.G means `two matched or corresponding things.` "o pare F(.G means ` to peel.` A pear Fn.G is à )ruit.` P))@ and P)*@# Peek F(.G means `to sneak a Duick look at something.` A peak Fn.G is à summit or climaC.` R&2G and WR&2G# A ring Fn.G is à circular ob8ect with a hole in the middle.` 3ing F(.G means `to strike something )or the purpose o) creating a sound< such as a bell.` "o wring F(.G means `to twist something.` 74)&RA 74)R)A and 74)?>R)# "heir Fpron.G is `the possessi(e )orm o) __the2. ` "here Fad(.G means àt a certain place.` "he2_re is à contraction o) __the2 are. ` 75A 755A and 7W5# "o Fprep.G is `the opposite o) __)rom. ` "oo Fad(.G means àlso.` "wo Fn.G is à cardinal number.` W*&7 and W)&G47# "o wait F(.G means `to pause or linger.` 1eight Fn.G is `the measurement o) hea(iness.` W)*R and W4)R)# 1ear F(.G means `to ha(e an item o) clothing or an ob8ect on one_s bod2.` 1here Fad(.G re)ers to `the location o) something.` W)*74)R and W4)74)R# 1eather Fn.G re)ers to `the climate conditions.` 1hether Fcon8.G is used `to introduce two or more alternati(es.` $ow practise these homographs in sentences o) 2our own. Can 2ou add other homophones to the ones listed abo(e0
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2. A lot o) 8okes are made with homon2ms and homophones< because there is a pla2 on words. 3ead the )ollowing children7s 8okes. Customer5 1aiterN 1hat sort o) soup is this0 1aiter5 ,t7s bean soup< sir. Customer5 , don7t care what it was. , want to know what it is now. A Panda bear goes to a restaurant< he orders Coke and salad and wants to lea(e. "he waiter asks him to pa2. "he2 ha(e an argument and the2 decide to look up the word restaurant. "he de)inition o) the word restaurant is5 a place where you eat! you drink! you have a good time and you pay money when you leave. "he Panda bear insists on checking the word Panda bear. "he de)inition is5 a Panda bear is a very nice black and white bear who eats vegetables and leaves "eacher5 9ou missed school 2esterda2< Iohnn2< didn7t 2ou0 Iohnn25 $o< not at all. 'echanic5 9our batter27s )lat. Jri(er5 #h dear. 1hat shape should it be0 1hat colour would 2ou paint the sun and the wind0 "he sun rose and the wind blue. 1hat did the salad sa2 to the tomato0 Bettuce get married. 1h2 was the doctor angr20
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.ecause he had no patients. 1hat7s the di))erence between a ball and a prince0 #ne is thrown in the air< and the other is heir to the throne. 3. ,n the )irst dialogue< the wi)e tells her husband not to be hurried< as she still needs to work on his portrait. She sa2s5 I am still working on your face Bet7s learn some idioms containing the word face. +ace pale, facedJ round, faced etc = ha(ing a )ace that has a particular shape or colour serious,facedJ grim,faced etc = showing a particular eCpression on 2our )ace face to face = i) two people are )ace to )ace< the2 are (er2 close and in )ront o) each other put a brave face =on> = to make an e))ort to beha(e in a happ2 cheer)ul wa2 when 2ou are upset or disappointed $ow practise these idioms in sentences o) 2our own. 3. Bet7s learn more idioms containing words which re)er to parts o) the bod25 *rm arm in arm = i) 2ou walk arm in arm with somebod2< 2ou are walking neCt to them with 2our arm in theirs welcome somebodyJsomething with open arms = to show that 2ou are happ2 to see somebod2 or eager to accept an idea< plan< etc. give your right arm = to be willing to do an2thing to get or do something at arm7s length = i) 2ou hold something at arm7s length< 2ou hold it awa2 )rom 2our bod2 as long as your arm = Fin)ormalG a list or written document that is as long as 2our arm
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)ar long,earedJ short,eared etc = ha(ing long ears be all ears = Fin)ormalG to be (er2 keen to hear someone is going to tell 2ou smileJgrin etc from ear to ear = to show that 2ou are (er2 happ2 or pleased b2 smiling so much give somebody a thick ear = F.ritish English in)ormalG to hit someone go in =at> one ear and out =at> the other = Fin)ormalG i) in)ormation goes in one ear and out the other< 2ou )orget it as soon as 2ou ha(e heard it keep yourJan ear to the ground = to make sure that 2ou alwa2s know what is happening in a situation )ye blue eyedJ one,eyedJbright,eyeJ wide eyed etc = ha(ing blue e2es< one e2e< bright e2es< e2es that are wide open etc haveJkeep an eye on somebody = to be care)ull2 watching e(er2thing that someone does< especiall2 because 2ou do not trust them to do things properl2 clapJlayJset eyes on somebodyJsomething = to see somebod2 or something< used especiall2 when 2ou are surprised or shocked the naked eye = i) 2ou can see something with the naked e2e< 2ou can see it without using an2 arti)icial help such as telescope or microscope be all eyes = to watch care)ull2 what is happening or what someone is doing eye contact G i) 2ou ha(e e2e contact with someone< 2ou look directl2 at them and the2 look directl2 at 2ou runJcast eye over something = to look at something Duickl2 without reading it in detail keep your eye on somethingJsomebody = to look a)ter someone or something and make sure the2 are sa)e keep you eyes openJpeeled = FspokenG to care)ull2 watch )or an2thing
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have eyes in the back of your head = to know what is happening all around 2ou< e(en when this might seem impossible have a =good> eye for something = to be good at noticing and recogni;ing what is attracti(e< (aluable< o) good Dualit2 in the eyes of the lawJ the worldJ the police etc = in the opinion or 8udgment o) the law< the world< the police one in the eye for G F.ritish EnglishG a de)eat or disappointment )or someone else< usuall2 used when 2ou are pleased about it. +inger not liftJ raise a finger = not to make an2 e))ort to help someone with their work keep your fingers crossed = to hope that something will happen the wa2 2ou want be all fingers and thumbs = F.ritish EnglishG to use 2our hands in an awkard or careless wa2< so that 2ou drop or break things have a finger in every pie G an eCpression meaning to be in(ol(ed in man2 acti(ities and ha(e in)luence o(er them< used especiall2 when 2ou think someone has too much in)luence twistJwrap somebody around your little finger = to be able to persuade someone to do an2thing that 2ou want long,fingeredJdelicate,fingered etc =ha(ing long< delicate )ingers Practise them in sentences o) 2our own.
Grammar Reference
"nde!inite Pronouns
someJanyO muchJmany! a lot ofJ lots of! few =a few>J little =a little> 1. Countable nouns are used with some< a plural noun in a))irmati(e sentences< and any< a plural noun in negati(e and interrogati(e sentences5 Ive got some tools
Are there any books of Physics in the house9 3e dont need any apples for this pie 4ncountable nouns are used with some in a))irmati(e sentences and any in interrogati(e and negati(e sentences< but onl2 with a singular noun5 "here is some chocolate in this cake Is there any water in this well9 3e havent got any butter in the house 2. Countable nouns are used with many in interrogati(e and negati(e sentences5 *ow many geologists work for this company9 3e havent discovered many new oil fields 4ncountable nouns are used with much in interrogati(e and negati(e sentences5 *ow much money have you got9 "here wasnt much disappointment that awaited him when she deserted him 3. .oth countable and uncountable nouns are used with a lot of and lots of5 3eve got a lot of uniforms "here are lots of books in this library "heres a lot of mineral water in my fridge *es got a lot of money 4. Countable nouns are used with fewJ a few< while uncountable nouns are used with littleJ a little5 Ive got a few problems at the moment 3e only need a little money to buy this.
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The Personal Pronoun

7he nominati,e. +orm Person &irst person Second person "hird person Singular , 2ou he she it 7he acc;sati,eB7he dati,e. +orm Person &irst person Second person "hird person Singular FtoG me FtoG 2ou FtoG him FtoG her FtoG it Plural FtoG us FtoG 2ou FtoG them Plural we 2ou the2
Controlled Practice
1. &ill in the personal pronoun in the accusati(e or dati(e FreDuired b2 prepositionsG5 a. "he old man asked FheG what the time was. %. 1ill 2ou gi(e F,G permission to go home earlier0 c. Bisten to FsheG. d. 1ill 2ou let Fthe2G to come to 2our anni(ersar20 e. ,7ll call )or Fthe2G when , think the2 )orgot our little misunderstanding. f. "he doctorN Send )or FheG at once. g. Please< look )or it while , am awa2. h. :e takes much interest in F2ouG.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. &ill in the inde)inite pronouns5 somebody! anybody! nobody! everybody: a. P..knows that the semester will )inish in Iune. %. P.. is knocking at the door. "here must be the cleaning woman 2ou sent )or. c. Ask P... i) the2 ha(e come back )rom ,tal2. d. P.. came an hour ago and le)t this parcel )or 'ar2. e. , ha(e ne(er seen P.. like him. f. 1e ha(en7t heard o) P. who didn7t pass the English eCam. g. P.. can tell 2ou how mistaken 2ou are. h. P.. has to open the door )or himN i. She was talking and PP was listening to what she was sa2ing. .. Juring a good per)ormance o) the actors P.. speaks. /. ,7m sorr2. '2 knowledge in this )ield is (er2 poor. Ask P.. )rom the &rench department. l. Can PP help me with this0 m. P.. should know these rules. "he2 are not di))icult at all.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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3. &ill in the inde)inite pronouns5 much! many! little! a little! few! a few: a. PP were there but listened to what she had to sa2. %. Jo 2ou ha(e an2 Duestions0 Iust PP c. :e didn7t gi(e me too PP trouble< 8ust PP.. d. "here wasn7t PP sugar le)t< so , couldn7t make a co))ee. e. Are there man2 mistakes in her test paper0 $o< 8ust P.. f. "he problem was PP.. di))icult< but we )inall2 managed. g. "here is plent2 o) in)ormation here but PP has been read. h. Jespite the un)a(ourable weather PP did come to the meeting. i. ,7(e got P.. problems to sol(e. .. 1e onl2 need .. money to buy this.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 4. "ranslate into English5 a. ,6am dat cui(a cartea< darn nu6mi amintesc cu siguranST cVnd. %. 'i6a )ost decernat premiul 4niunii Scriitorilor acum trei ani. c. AW (rea puSin ;ahTr Xn ca)ea< te rog. Este prea amarT. d. Cu puSinT rTbdare< totul se (a re;ol(a. e. Bui i s6a pTrut cT ce(a nu este Xn regulT< aWa cT s6a retras din cursT. f. "oatT lumea o iubeWte. Se pare cT i6a cucerit pe toSi.
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g. $u este ne(oie de )oarte mult (in la )ripturT. h. 'ulSi ele(i aWteaptT (acanSa cu nerTbdare. i. AW (rea sT Wtiu cVSi studenSi au picat la acest eCamen. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<__
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$nit 5
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous "he Imperative
Reading
3ead the )ollowing )ragment )rom 1obinson Crusoe b2 Janiel Je)oe. 4nderline the (erbs which are used in Past Per)ect5 All this while the storm increased! and the sea! which I had never been upon before! went very high! though nothing like what I have seen many times sinceO no! nor like what I saw a few days after 'ut it was enough to affect me then! who was but a young sailor! and had never known anything of the matter I e#pected that every wave would have swallowed us up! and that every time the ship fell down! as I thought! in the trough or hollow of the sea! we should never rise moreO and in this agony of mind I made many vows of resolutions! that if it would please Fod here to spare my life this one voyage! if ever I got once my foot upon dry land again! I would go directly home to my father! and never set it into a ship again while I livedO that I would take his advice! and never run myself into such miseries as these any more ;ow I saw plainly the goodness of his observations about the middle station of life! how easy! how comfortably he had lived all his days
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And never had I been e#posed to tempests at sea! or troubles on shoreO and I resolved that I would! like a true repenting prodigal! go home to my father "hese wise and sober thoughts continued all the while the storm continued! and indeed some time afterO but the ne#t day the wind was abated and the sea calmer! and I began to be a little inured to it *owever! I was very grave for all that day! being also a little sea,sick stillO but towards night the weather cleared up! the wind was -uite over! and a charming fine evening followedO the sun went down perfectly clear! and rose so the ne#t morningO and having little or no wind! and a smooth sea! the sun shining upon it! the sight was! as I thought! the most delightful that ever I saw I had slept well in the night! and was now no more sea,sick but very cheerful! looking with wonder upon the sea that was so wrought and terrible the day before! and could be so calm and so pleasant in so little time after And now lest my good resolutions should continue! my companion! who had indeed enticed me away! comes to me: ?3ell! 'ob!@ says he! clapping me on the shoulder! ?how do you do after it9 I warrant you were frighted! want you! last night! when it blew but a capful of wind9@ ?A capful! dyou call it9@ said IO It was a terrible storm P ?A storm! you fool you!@ replied heO ?do you call that a storm9 3hy! it was nothing at allO give us but a good ship and sea,room! and we think nothing at allO give us but a good ship and sea,room! and we think nothing of such a s-uall of wind as thatO but youre but a fresh,water sailor! 'ob Come! let us make a bowl of punch! and well forget all thatO dye see what charming weather Itis now9@
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Ways with Words

1. Book at the )ollowing sentence belonging to this unit5 I e#pected that every wave would have swallowed us up4 :ere are some eCpressions containing the word that5 that far [ atVt de departeM that is the point [ aceasta6i problemaM that much [ cam atVtM thats how it happened [ aWa s6a XntVmplatM that is why =thats why> [ de aceea< din aceast\ cau;\M that is to say [ adic\M but for that [ dac\ nu ar )i )ost astaM for all that [ cu toate acesteaM in order that [ pentru ca< s\M like that =$ust like that> [ aWaM $ow practise these eCpressions in sentences o) 2our own. 2. 3ead this sentence again5 Come! let us make a bowl of punch! and well forget all thatO dye see what charming weather Itis now9@ ,n this sentence to make means to produce Among other meanings o) the (erb to make< we ma2 mention5 to create! to construct! to establish! to cause to do or beO to bring about or produceO to perform =an action>O to serve as or becomeO to amount toO to earn "r2 to make up sentences in which to eCpress each o) its meanings. Bet7s learn some eCpressions in which the (erb to make occurs. to make an attempt [ a )ace o XncercareM to make the best of [ a trage cVt mai mult pro)it de pe urma< a pro)ita la maCimum deM to make believe [ a )ace s\ cread\M to make do [ a se descurca cu o soluSie alternati(T in)erioarTM
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to make it clear [ a clari)icaM to make it possible [ a )ace posibilM to make for [ a contribuiM to make out [ a XnSelege< a demonstra< a redactaM to make over [ a trans)era< a cedaM to make ready [ a )i gata< a FseG preg\tiM to make a stand [ a se opuneM to make sure of [ a se asigura deM to make short work ofJ sth [ a scurta< a )ace ce(a repede< a termina< a )inali;aM to make tight [ a ermeti;a< a etanWei;a< a Xnchide etanWM to make up ones mind [ a se hot\rXM to make up for ones losses [ a6Wi recupera pierderileM to make up for lost time [ a recVWtiga timpul pierdutM to make as ifJ though [ a p\rea ca Wi cum< a pretinde ca Wi cum< a )ace ca Wi cumM to make use of [ a XntrebuinSaM to make way forJ to make room for [ a )ace loc pentru. $ow practise these eCpressions in sentences o) 2our own. 3. E(en i) to do and to make are generall2 translated in the same wa2< there are se(eral eCpressions in which 2ou cannot use the (erb to make /enerall2 speaking make is used with the meaning o) create or produce and do with the meaning o) carry out an action< but there are lots o) eCceptions5 e.g to do an e#periment to do ones best to do a course to do the donkey work to do sbd a good turnJ a favour
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to do sth with your eyes closed to do harm to do the shopping to do wonders to do the washing,up to have sth to do with $ow practise these eCpressions in sentences o) 2our own. 4. Put make or do be)ore the )ollowing nouns5 PP.. a wishM .PP.)un o)M .PP. a )ussM PP.. m2 homeworkM PP.. a mistakeM ...P..a noiseM .PP. troubleM .PP. the shoppingM PP.. 2our bestM PP.. a cup o) teaM .PP. 2our bedM .PP. someone a )a(ourM P..... an eCcuseM P..... senseM P.....up 2our mindM .PP. an appointmentM .PP.sureM .PP.a di))erenceM .PP. a phone callM .PP. a messM .PP. an e))ort.
Past Per!ect Simple

,t is used to eCpress5 an action completed be)ore another action or moment in the past5
3hat happened to the students who had failed this e#am four times9 *e had read his lecture before he went to university an action which began be)ore another moment in the past and continued up to that time or into it5 In 8KKK he had written books for five years *e had lived in this flat since he was born. +orm 6it consists o) had )ollowed b2 the past participle o) the main (erb. *ffirmati,e and negati,e , 9ou had had not Fhadn7tG le)t.
:e@ She 1e "he2 &nterrogati,e 1hat had , 2ou he@she we the2 -hort answer :ad 2ou read the no(el be)ore we saw the )ilm0 9es< , had. $o< , hadn7t. :ad he spoken English be)ore he started the Engineering English course0 9es< he had. $o< he hadn7t. done0
Past Per!ect Continuous

,t is used to eCpress5 an action which started in the past be)ore the time o) speaking in the past and still going on at that time or possibl2 a)ter5 'y that time we had been working on the pro$ect for two years "hey had been living for generations in that house +orm 6it consists o) the past per)ect o) the auCiliar2 be and the present participle o) the main (erb F( K6ingG. *ffirmati,e and negati,e .2 that time , 2ou he@she we the2 had been had been not Fhadn7tG working )or a 2ear.
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&nterrogati,e 1hat had , 2ou he@she we the2 -hort answer *ad you been working on that pro$ect by that time for a year9 :es! I had ;o! I hadnt $ote that certain ad(erbs and ad(erb phrases Fe.g. hardly! scarcely! no sooner! not onlyG are )ollowed b2 in(ersion o) sub8ect and auCiliar2 (erb when the2 are used at the beginning o) the sentence. "he2 can also be used in other parts o) the sentence without in(ersion. *ardly had I entered the room when the phone started to ring Femphatic< rhetorical constructionG @ I had hardly entered the room when the phone started to ring Fordinar2< con(ersational EnglishG ,n conteCts containing hardlyJ scarcelyJ barely< the connector between the two clauses is when5 *ardlyJ ScarcelyJ 'arely had they got out of the house when it started to rain ,n conteCts containing no sooner< the connector between the two clauses is than5 ;o sooner had the band begun to play when the electricity was cut off been working on b2 that time< last 2ear0
1. Jecide the order in which these things happened. "hen write two sentences using after and the past per)ect. ECample5 "he bank clerk gave it to me J She looked at my che-ue J She counted out the money
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After the bank clerk had looked at my che-ue! she counted the money After she had counted the money! she gave it to me a. "he tourists got out o) the coach.@ "he2 got back in the coach.@ "he2 took photos. %. "he prisoner ran across the 2ard.@ :e 8umped out o) the window.@ :e climbed o(er the wall. c. "he reporter wrote a report on the accident.@ She inter(iewed the people there.@ She went to the scene o) the accident. d. "he mechanic put a new t2re on.@ :e put the wheel back on.@ :e took the wheel o)) the car. e. "he shop6assistant asked me which m2 si;e was.@ She wrapped it.@ She showed it to me.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. "ranslate into English5 a. Se cunoWteau de trei ani. %. PVn\ atunci lucrasem la proiectul acela de dou\ luni. c. Ce s6a XntVmplat dup\ ce am plecat0 d. Ul aWteptam de o or\< cVnd am a)lat c\ a(usese un accident de maWinT. e. Jespre ce (orbeaSi cVnd ne6am XntVlnit0
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
9+
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 3. 4se the simple past< or the simple@ continuous past per)ect )orm o) the (erbs in brackets to complete the sentences below5 a. 9esterda2 a)ternoon Ioan FgoG to school and Fhand inG the paper she FwriteG. %. As soon as the2 Fha(eG lunch the2 Flea(eG the restaurant. c. ,t was getting late< so we FdecideG to go to bed. d. She Fsa2G that she Fstud2G )or two hours. e. "he man FsellG )i)t2 newspapers )or )i(e minutes< as e(er2bod2 FbeG interested in the stor2 o) the prime minister. f. She FchangeG )rom Channel 1 to Channel on Channel 1. g. :ow long 'onica FwatchG "V b2 12 o7 clock0 She FwatchG "V )or an hour. h. 1e Fsit downG to dinner when the doorbell FstartG to ring. i. :ow long 2ou FworkG outside when it FstartG to rain0 .. ,t Fbe midnightG. , FwriteG )or )i(e hours. $o wonder , FbeG so tired. 4. Connect the )ollowing sentences using until! after! before! hardly! no sooner! etc. 4se the simple past and the past per)ect as appropriate5 a. "he phone started to ring. "hen Susan answered it. %. Alice said YEnterZ. "hen he opened the door. c. "he bell rang. "hen the pupils entered the classroom. d. "he teacher corrected all the compositions. "hen he went home. e. "om went out. "hen his colleague looked )or him. as she Falread2 seeG the mo(ie
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 5. Put the (erbs in brackets into the correct tense and aspect =Past Per)ect Simple or ContinuousG 5 a. She told me his name a)ter he Flea(eG. %. She didn7t e(en sa2 Ythank 2ouZ a)ter all , FdoG )or her. c. A)ter , FhearG the news< , congratulated him. d. 1hen , arri(ed< the concert alread2 FbeginG. e. 1hen it started to rain< we FdigG in the garden )or an hour. f. :e didn7t admit that he FstealG the book. g. :e 8ust Flea(eG home when he came across Iohn. h. 9esterda2 , bought a new umbrella because , FloseG m2 old one. i. 1hen he )inall2 reached Bondon< he was tired because he Ftra(elG )or three da2s. .. , didn7t think that book to be a nice birthda2 present )or 2ou because , FreadG it and , Fnot en8o2G it.
Grammar Reference 2
The "mperati e
,t is a mood which eCpresses an order< a command< a wish< a greeting< a piece o) ad(ice< a threat< a reDuest< or an instruction5 Come hereH Neave me aloneH 3atch your stepH
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+orm 6the imperati(e has )orms onl2 )or the second person singular and plural. *ffirmati,e Fet readyH 2egati,e &ont get readyH
Start workingH &ont start workingN &or the )irst and second person together< use letMs =let us>: NetMs open the door NetMs not open the door F$egati(e commandG #nl2 a )ew groups o) words ma2 precede the imperati(e (erb5 ad(erbs o) )reDuenc25
Always open the door slowly &onMt ever open the door to strangers nouns o) address5
7ane! open the door sub8ect pronouns
&onMt you open the door 3ill and would are used )or polite reDuests5 3ould =will> you open the door! please9
1. "ranslate the )ollowing into English5 a. Ser(eWte6te Wi ser(eWte6i Wi pe ceilalSiN %. Vino< te rog< la noi s\ ne a8uSi s\ re;ol(\m o problem\ de chimie organic\. c. Ui dai un deget Wi XSi ia toat\ mVnaN d. Scrie tu proiectul la calculator< pentru c\ dup\ aceea trebuie s\ )olosesc Wi eu computerul pentru a )ormata niste dischete. e. BuaSi loc< (\ rog< doamn\N f. $u pleca< pentru cT nu am terminat ce am de spusN :aide cu mine sT6Si arTt ce ai putut sT )aciN
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g. $u te apropia de )irele acelea pentru cT sunt sub tensiune. h. $u Xncerca sT mT )aci sT mT rT;gVndesc< pentru cT o sT6Si parT rTu. i. Ju6te Wi (e;i dacT au terminat cursul. .. /rTbeWte6te< mai ai doar cinci minuteN
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. 'ake the )ollowing sentences negati(e5 a. Come hereN %. /et read2 as we are in a hurr2N c. .e on time< because English people are ne(er late. d. /o home and we7ll )inish this tomorrow. e. 1ork )aster as we need to )inish this until two o7clock. f. Show me the letter. g. Bend Ann 2our skates. h. /i(e the waiter 2our order. i. Pass me the salt< please. .. "hrow the ball to Iohn.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1!!
$nit
Auture Simple Auture Continuous 'e going to Auture %ther 3ays of )#pressing Auture
Reading
3ead the )ollowing )ragment )rom Alices Adventures in the 3onderland b2 Bouis Carroll. 4nderline the )uture tenses o) the (erbs5 Nuckily for Alice! the little magic bottle had now had its full effect! and she grew no larger: still it was very uncomfortable! and! as there seemed to be no sort of chance of her ever getting out of the room again! no wonder she felt unhappy ?It was much pleasanter at home!@ thought poor Alice! ?when one wasnt always growing larger and smaller! and being ordered about by mice and rabbits I almost wish I hadnt gone down that rabbit,hole, and yet, and yet, its rather curious! you know! this sort of lifeH I do wonder what can have happened to meH 3hen I used to read fairy tales! I fancied that kind of thing never happened! and now here I am in the middle of oneH "here ought to be a book written about me! that there oughtH And when I grow up! Ill write one, but Im grown up now!@ she added in a sorrowful tone: ?at least theres no room to grow up any more here @ ?'ut then!@ thought Alice! ?shall I never get any older than I am now9 "hatll be a comfort! one way, never to be an old woman, but then, always
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to have lessons to learnH %h! I shouldnt like thatH@ ?%h! you foolish Alice@ she answered herself ?*ow can you learn lessons in here9 3hy! theres hardly room for you! and no room at all for any lesson,booksH@ And so she went on! taking first one side and then the other! and making -uite a conversation of it altogetherO but after a few minutes she heard a voice outside! and stopped to listen
Ways with Words

1. 3ead the sentence5 And so she went on! taking first one side and then the other! and making -uite a conversation of it altogether So is a word which is generall2 used in con(ersations instead o) therefore which is used in written English. $ow let7s learn some eCpressions containing the word so5 so asJ that [ aWa XncVt< ast)el XncVtM so far [ pVn\ acum< pVn\ Xn pre;entM so far as [ XntrucVt< Xn m\sura Xn careM so it seems [ aWa se pareM so much [ atVt de multM so to sayJ so to speak [ aWa ;icVnd< ca s\ ;icem aWaM in a week or so [ cam Xntr6o s\pt\mVn\M so on and so forth [ Wi aWa mai departeM in so doing [ procedVnd ast)el@ aWaM in so far as4 is concerned [ XntrucVt pri(eWte. $ow practise these eCpressions in sentences o) 2our own. 2. ,n the sentence5 "hatll be a comfort! one way, never to be an old woman, but then, always to have lessons to learnH! the eCpression one way as is translated b2 pe de o parte $ow learn more eCpressions containing the word way5 by way of [ prin mi8locirea< Xn calitate de< cu a8utorulM by the way [ apropoM
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in this way [ Xn acest modM in every way [ Xn toate pri(inSeleM in a general way [ Xn genere@ Xn generalM in one way [ Xntr6un )elM one way or another [ Xntr6un )el sau altulM out of the way [ a)ar\ din cale@ drumM under way [ Xn curs deM way above [ mult deasupraM way ahead [ mult XnainteM way below [ mai 8osM way off [ la o bun\ distanS\M to give way to [ a ceda laM to make ones way [ a6Wi croi drum< a )ace carier\. $ow practise these eCpressions in sentences o) 2our own.
Grammar Reference
Future Simple
,t is used to eCpress5 actions to be per)ormed in the )uture.
I shall be thirty ne#t year 3hen will you graduate from university9 She will work for our company if we give her a good salary. $ote that5 3ill is normall2 known as the predicti(e )uture< and describes known )acts< or what we suppose is true. Ill be late at school this morning "he company will make a profit ne#t year "his can also take the )orm o) an assumption5 "hatll be 7ohn coming so early at the party
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"his means that , suppose that it is Iohn. 3ill is also used to eCpress an immediate decision5 Ill take this one Jecisions eCpressed with going to re)er to a more distant point in the )uture. 1e use will and shall in man2 other wa2s< apart )rom predicting the )uture Fin this case the2 are modal (erbs< not )orms o) &uture simpleG5 e.g.5 6intentions@ promises FIll buy you a bike for your birthday.G 6reDuest@ in(itations F3ill you hold the door open for me! please9G 6o))ers FShall I help you solve this problem9G 6suggestions FShall we go to see that movie tomorrow9G 6threats F7ust wait and seeH :oull regret thisHG 6decisions FIll stop and ask the way G 2. &uture is not allowed in conditional and temporal clause5 If you help me! Ill be grateful to you 3hen it rains! we stay inside +orm *ffirmati,e and negati,e , 1e 9ou :e@ She shall FLllG shall not Fshan7tG will FLllG will not Fwon7tG come.
"he2 &nterrogati,e 1hen shall will , we 2ou he@she the2 -hort answer 3ill you help me finish my drilling pro$ect9 :es! I shall help him0
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$ote5 ;o! I wont is not common because it is impolite< it ma2 mean I dont want to help you. "hat is wh2 a polite answer would be5 Im afraid I cant
Future Continuous
describes an e(ent which will be happening at a )uture point
Come round in the morning Ill be working on my pro$ect re)ers to e(ents which are going to happen an2wa2< rather than e(ents which we choose to make happen5 I wont bother to look for you in advance! because Ill be calling into the office anyway to see if you are there re)ers to )iCed arrangements and plans
"he singers will be performing live in 3ashington S-uare this month $ote that in some conteCts it sounds more polite than will 3ill you be going to the shops later9 If you do! could you get some bananas9
#e $oing to Future
,t is used to eCpress a )uture decision< intention< or plan made be)ore the moment o) speaking 3ere going to move to 'ucharest *ow long are they going to stay here9 She isnt going to attend this Frammar course $ote5 "he Present Continuous can be used in a similar wa2 )or a plan or arrangement< particularl2 with the (erbs go and come. Shes coming on 2onday Im going home.
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when we can see or )eel now that something is certain to happen in the )uture
Nook at those grey cloudsH Its going to rain 3atch outH "he bo# is going to fall +orm 6the (erb to be in Present Kto Kin)initi(e *ffirmati,e and negati,e , :e She ,t 1e 9ou am FLmG am FLmG not is F7sG is not Fisn7tG are FLreG are not Faren7tG going to work.
"he2 &nterrogati,e 1hen -hort answer Are you going to attend his lecture9 :es! I am ;o! Im not am , is he@ she@ it are we@2ou@ the2 going to arri(e0
Future Simple or #e $oing to%

Book at the use o) the &uture Simple and to be going to in the )ollowing sentences5 Im going to improve my )nglish = I decided that and I may have bought books to improve my knowledge> 3hat language shall I learn9 )r I know Ill learn some )nglishH "hats a good idea =I decided to learn )nglish at the moment of speaking >
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Other &a's o! (e!erring to the Future

be about to< be on the point to< be due to
'e about to and be on the point of both re)er to the neCt moment I think it is about to rain I am on the point of moving to another company 'e due to re)ers to scheduled times "he flight is due at C:C6 p m "he cocktail party is due to start at B present simple and present per)ect
Present simple is used to re)er to )uture time in )uture time clauses 3hen we get there! well have dinner Present per)ect can also be used instead o) present simple when the completion o) the e(ent is emphasised 3hen weve finished the work! well be leaving present simple is used to describe )iCed e(ents which are not simpl2 the wishes o) the speaker I retire ne#t year Similarl2< calendar re)erences use the present simple. Christmas is on 3ednesday ne#t year
Future Per!ect
has both simple and continuous )orms< and re)ers to time which we look back at )rom a )uture point5 In two years time Ill have finished my Ph& thesis 'y the end of the month! Ill have been working for him for fifteen years can also be used to eCpress an assumption on the part o) the speaker.
:ou wont have heard the rumours about their engagement! of course "his means I assume you havent heard the rumours
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Future Per!ect Progressi e

&uture per)ect progressi(e tense is )ormed b2 the )uture per)ect o) the (erb to be and the present acti(e participle o) the main (erb5 ,t emphasi;es the duration o) one e(ent taking place be)ore another e(ent in the )uture5 In 2ay E000! our family will have been living here for /0 years
Other !uture re!erences

other (erbs )ollowed b2 will.
'ost (erbs o) thinking can be )ollowed b2 will i) there is )uture re)erence Fbelie(e< doubt< eCpect< thinkG I think the plane will be late I doubt that you will have the time to see all these places in a single day 8ust@ 8ust about to
7ust can be used to describe something which is on the point o) happening "he train is $ust leavingJ is $ust about to leave! so Im afraid you should leave the compartment hope )ollowed b2 either present or )uture tense
I hope youll come and see me when you are in Nondon
Controlled Practice:
1. "ranslate into English5 a. "e (oi chema cVnd (oi a8unge acas\. %. Ul (oi (edea s\pt\mVna (iitoare. c. A;i a(em repetiSie la ora dou\. d. Va de(eni necesar s\ citim mai mult de acum Xncolo. e. Cre;i c\ (eSi a8unge la spectacol Xn timp util0 f. USi (oi tele)ona imediat ce a8ung la hotel. g. Spectacolul nu (a Xncepe pVnT la ora *.
1!-
h. Ei nu Wtiu cVnd (or pleca. i. JacT (a Xntreba cine(a de mine< te rog sT6i rogi sT mT sune dupT ora +. .. Sper cT ne (eSi a8uta sT reparTm calculatorul.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. Jecide which is the correct (erb )orm5 a. Y'2 suitcase is so hea(2NZ Y/i(e it to me. ,7ll@,7m going to carr2 it )or 2ou.Z %. , bought some warm boots because ,7ll go@,7m going on a trip to the mountains. c. 'aria is going to be@ will be thirt26three neCt month so she will organise@ is going to organise a part2. d. , hear 2ou and 'ike will get@ are going to get marriedN CongratulationsN e. 1here will 2ou go@ are 2ou going on holida2 this 2ear0Z Y&rance. 1hat about 2ou0Z Y1e don7t know 2et. 'a2be we will go@ we are going to Spain.Z f. 1e7ll go@ 1e7re going to a con)erence neCt week. g. Come on< hurr2 up or we7ll miss@ we will ha(e missed the train.
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h. 1ill 2ou be going@ will 2ou go to the market later0 ,) 2ou go< please bu2 some potatoes )or lunch. i. "hat will be@ is Iim at the door. :e is alwa2s late. .. ,n twent2 )our hours7 time ,7ll relaC@ ,7ll be relaCing on the beach. 3. Put the (erbs in brackets into a suitable tense5 a. ,t7s onl2 an hour7s tra(el. , Fcome backG (er2 soon. %. 1hat F2ou doG on 'onda20 , Fha(eG tickets to a (iolin concert. 1ould 2ou like to come0 c. .2 the end o) the month , FdecideG what to do. d. , FhopeG it Fnot rainG. e. 1hen we FgetG there< we FcallG 2ou. f. :urr2 upN "he pla2 FstartG. g. ,t7s m2 twent26ninth birthda2 neCt month so , Fha(eG a part2. h. 'aria is pregnant again. She Fha(eG twins. i. 1e7re sure e(er2thing FbeG all right in the end. .. , FbeG long. , FgoG out )or hal) an hour.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 4. Jecide whether the pairs o) sentences A and . could be eDuall2 acceptable in the conteCt gi(en< or whether one is more appropriate. a. 1h2 don7t 2ou come with us0 *. "he trip will be great. (. "he trip is going to be great.
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%. Stop that< will 2ouN *. ,7m going to get angr2 in a minute. (. ,7m getting angr2 in a minute. c. ,7d like to pa2 2ou a short (isit. *. 1hat7ll 2ou be doing in the e(ening0 (. 1hat are 2ou doing in the e(ening0 d. ,7(e got no homework )or tomorrow so *. ,7ll watch "V. (. ,7m going to watch "V. e. 1e7re run out o) petrol. *. 1hat are we doing now0 (. 1hat are we going to do now0 5. "ranslate into English5 a. Cred sincer cT pe (remea asta sTptTmVna (iitoare mT (oi uita Xn s)VrWit la :.#. %. 'Vine la ora *. ! ne (om Xmbarca Xn autocarul spre /recia. c. Are de gVnd sT Xl )acT de rVs Xn )aSa clasei dacT nu (a spune ade(Trul. d. Sper cT pVnT se (a Xntoarce )ratele tTu de la cules de cTpWuni tu (ei )i spTlat toate ru)ele murdare. e. ST nu uiSi de ani(ersarea prietenilor tTi5 pe 2% ale lunii urmTtoare ei (or )i locuit Xn aceastT casT de 1! ani. f. CVnd tu XSi (ei )ace de cap Xn barul acela in)ect mVine< toSi prietenii tTi XSi (or pregTti o pedeapsT proporSionalT cu (ina. g. Iohn Wtie sigur cT sTptTmVna (iitoare cVnd (a Xncepe Wcoala< (Trul sTu (a studia un manual de biologie umanT. h. Suntem XnspTimVntaSi de )aptul cT )urtuna nu se (a opri pVnT disearT pe la Wase. i. Ambasada (a primi oaspeSii numai dupT ce aceWtia (or )i perche;iSionaSi. .. Vor )i trecut Wase ore de la ultimul atac dar apTrTtorii castelului tot nu se (or preda dacT nu li se (or Xmplini condiSiile.
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/. CVnd mama se (a Xntoarce de la SarT< micuSul Iohn (a )i cVntat la (ioarT de cel puSin ore. l. Un timp ce preWedintele (a Sine un discurs despre legea dreptului de autor< 8urnaliWtii (or in(enta tot )elul de XntrebTri care l6ar putea pune pe acesta Xn di)icultate. m. Suntem prieteni de o (iaST Wi ne6am hotTrVt5 o sT cumpTrTm XmpreunT casa aceea de la munte Wi o s6o trans)ormTm Xn a;il pentru bTtrVni.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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$nit 7
Passive Voice
Reading
3ead the )ollowing )ragment belonging to Iames Io2ce7s A Portrait of the Artist as a :oung 2an. Book )or those (erbs which are used in the passi(e (oice. "ranslate the teCt into 3omanian. 3hy did he not tell it9 *is father! who kept the racehorses! must be a magistrate too like Saurins father and ;asty 1oches father *e thought of his own father! of how he sang songs while his mother played and of how he always gave him a shilling when he asked for si#pence and he felt sorry for him that he was not a magistrate like the other boys fathers "hen why was he sent to that place with them9 'ut his father had told him that he would be no stranger there because his granduncle had presented in address to the liberator there fifty years before :ou could know the people of that time by their old dress It seemed to him a solemn time: and he wondered if that was the time when the fellows in Clongowes wore blue coats with brass buttons and yellow waistcoats and caps of rabbitskin and drank beer like grownup people and kept greyhounds of their own to course the hares with
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Ways with Words

1. Word sets. "r2 to think o) the sentence APc he always gave him a shilling when he asked for si#pence Q4R. $ow think o) words connected to money. ,n this wa2 2ou ma2 create a word set. &or eCample a word set o) the word time ma2 include among other words5 day! month! year! century! year! etc. $ow complete the )ollowing sentences with one appropriate word connected with the sub8ect o) money5 a. "he2 re)used to accept a cheDue so , had to pa2 in PPP.... %. 1hen she started with the compan2 her PPPP. was onl2 d 1!!! a 2ear. $ow it7s at least )our times that. c. 1hen 'r 'ichael retired he recei(ed a .PPPP o) d 1!! a month. d. Pierre is (er2 worried because he is in PPP.... nobod2 will lend him an2 mone2. e. ,) 2ou want a new car wh2 not go and see 2our bank manager about a PPP.... 2. :ere is a list o) words and eCpressions to do with money. 4se 2our dictionar2 and di(ide them into the )ollowing categories5 6borrowing mone2M sa(ing and in(esting mone2M ha(ing a personal bank account. Sometimes the same word will )it di))erent categories5 ,to withdraw moneyO a building societyO a current accountO a che-ue cardO a mortgageO to cash a che-ueO to buy shares in a companyO the Stock 2arketO to put money inO a monthly statementO a deposit accountO to earn 8CD interest
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Grammar Reference
The Passi e Voice
"he (erbs which can accept the passi(e (oice are transiti(e (erbs and some prepositional (erbs such as5 to account for! to attend to! to look at! to look after! to send for! to speak to< etc. "here are some transiti(e (erbs which cannot accept the passi(e (oice such as5 to have! to hold! to possess! to resemble< etc. +orm# the auCiliar2 (erb to be in the same tense as the acti(e (erb K the past participle o) the leCical (erb.
7)2-)Simple Present Simple Past Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Per)ect Past Per)ect Simple &uture &uture Per)ect Present Conditional
*C7&') '5&C) :e paints houses. :e painted his house. :e is painting house.
P*--&') '5&C) :ouses are painted Fb2 himG. :is house was painted. his :is house is being painted.
:e was painting his :is house was being painted. house. :e has painted his :is house has been painted. house. :e had painted his :is house had been painted. house. :e will paint his :is house will be painted. house. :e will ha(e painted it. ,t will ha(e been painted. :e would paint his :is house would be painted. house.
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Per)ect Conditional Present ,n)initi(e Per)ect ,n)initi(e /erund
:e would ha(e painted ,t would ha(e been painted. it. :e should paint his :is house should be painted. house. :e :e should en8o2s ha(e ,t should ha(e been painted. people :e en8o2s being asked to painted it. asking him to paint paint houses. their houses.
Per)ect /erund
:e remembers paint her house.
Iane :e remembers ha(ing been
ha(ing asked him to asked to paint Iane7s house. $se# 1hen the person who per)orms the action FagentG can easil2 be understood or is unknown5 *e has been arrested =by the police> 2y bag has been stolen 1hen it is necessar2 to eCpress something more )ormall25 People think that the factory went bankrupt R It is thought that the factory went bankruptJ "he factory is thought to have gone bankrupt 1hen we are interested in the action itsel) rather than the person who per)orms it5 I was advised to save the files once in a while =by my friend> 1hen we a(oid the naming o) a speci)ic person who is responsible )or the action5 All the cakes have been eaten =instead o)5 :ou have eaten all the cakesG.
Further Points on the Passi e Voice

2ake! hear! see! help are )ollowed b2 toCinfiniti,e in the passi(e.
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Net becomes wasJwere allowed to in the passi(e or is )ollowed b2 a refleDi,e 0rono;nC%areBshort 0assi,e infiniti,e. She let me go J I was allowed to go &ont let him trick you J &ont let yourself be tricked
"he passi(e (oice with (erbs o) reporting such as assume! believe! consider! feel! know! report! say! think! understand etc is )ormed in two wa2s5 believed to be a spy &t C 0assi,e ,er% C thatEcla;se -;%.ect C0assi,e ,er% C toEinfiniti,e
"hey believe she is a spy J It is believed that she is a spy J She is Verbs which take two ob8ects such as allow! ask! give! lend! tell! write! pay! bring! buy! teach! etc ha(e two passi(e )orms. *e gave me some money J I was given some money J Some money was given to me Verbs )ollowed b2 a certain preposition take the preposition immediatel2 a)ter them when put into the passi(e (oice. She accused me of lying J I was accused of lying Prepositional (erbs o) mo(ement when turned into the passi(e (oice change to other s2non2mous (erbs which take no preposition. Columbus arrived in America in 86KE J America was reached =;%" arrived in> by Columbus in 86KE "he 1oyal couple went into the room arm in arm J "he room was entered =;%" gone into> by the 1oyal couple 'odals do not change in the passi(e (oice. 1e change the acti(e in)initi(e into passi(e in)initi(e. "hey cant repair the building J "he building cant be repaired 'an2 passi(e (oice sentences do not ha(e an acti(e (oice counterpart5
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Shakespeare was born at Stratford "his notion is based on a misconception It is alleged that the thief was caught Some sentences cannot be passi(i;ed. "hese are sentences where the ob8ect is5 FaG a re)leCi(e pronoun5 Iohn has been washing himsel) )or hours. FbG a reciprocal pronoun5 1e can hardl2 see each other in the dark room. FcG a possessi(e pronoun5 "he teacher shook his head and sighed.
Causati e Forms
4a,e Co%.ect C0ast 0artici0le is used to suggest that we are instructing someone to do something )or us. Ill have my car repaired =Ill arrange for it to be done> &ont have the files printed! please 4a,eBget C o%.ect C0ast 0artici0le can also be used to replace a passi(e (erb usuall2 describing an accident or a mis)ortune. *e hadJgot his car stolen 4a,e C o%.ect C %are infiniti,e is used )or gi(ing instructions and orders. "he manager had the secretary type E0 letters Get Co%.ect C to infiniti,e means make or persuade somebody to do something See if you can get 2ary to help us with our homework "he teacher got the students to write the sentence five times Get C o%.ect C 0resent 0artici0le FEingG is used in)ormall2 to mean make somebod2 @ something start doing something. %nce you get her talking about her children! she never stops Also5 get moving! get going Fwithout an ob8ectG
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Want and need K o%.ect C 0ast 0artici0le indicate that 2ou would like or need something to be done I want the room cleaned I need the reports checked.
Compare5 "he Active Voice: ,7m decorating the room. F, am doing it m2sel)G "he Passive Voice: "he room is being decorated. FSomeone else is doing it but the agent is not importantM what interests us is the roomG Causative: , am ha(ing the room decorated.
Controlled Practice
1. "ranslate the )ollowing sentences into English5 a. "u (ei )i chemat\ de director mVine s\ eCplici deci;ia ta. %. El este Xntrebat dac\ este (egetarian. c. SoluSia a )ost g\sit\ de )ratele meu. d. 'i s6au )urat banii. e. Problema a )ost re;ol(at\ recent prin introducerea internetului. f. Joctorul a )ost chemat. g. El a )ost ales preWedintele companiei Xn 1997. h. Copiii sunt XntrebaSi dac\ Wtiu Xn ce const\ structura acestei lucrTri. i. Se construiesc )oarte multe case ;ilele acestea.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 2. Put the )ollowing sentences into the Passi(e5 a. 1ho drew this picture0 %. People in m2 town built this hospital last 2ear. c. Iohn can7t ha(e done this. d. "he soldiers shall hand in all their weapons. e. Children had cast stones.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 3. "rans)er these passi(e sentences into acti(e ones. 1hen no agent is gi(en suppl2 one5 a. '2 drawings were shown at the art eChibition in 2!!!. %. 1hen was 2our car stolen0 c. A,JS is thought to be curable. d. "he girl has been made to recite the poem and e(er2bod2 has gi(en her a big hand. e. "he prisoners were )orbidden to smoke when the2 were trans)erred into the new building.
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 4. 3ewrite each sentence beginning as shown< so that the meaning sta2s the same5 a. ,t is belie(ed that the child was punished b2 his parents. "he child PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. %. 1hen we ha(e )inished decorating the bedroom< we7ll paint the dining room. A)ter the bedroomPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.. c. Please turn o)) the lights. ,7d rather 2ou PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. d. ,t is thought that the coins date )rom the 'iddle Ages. "he coins PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. e. Somebod2 punched Iohn in the )ace at a (olle2 match. Iohn is thought PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. f. "he2 sa2 that 'ar2 is di))icult to work with. 'ar2 is said PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.. g. "he2 ha(e no idea what caused this error. 1hat caused this errorPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP h. "icket collectors work on the train on this line. "ickets PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. i. Somebod2 directed me at the wrong address. , PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.
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.. "he disco(er2 o) this new medicine is helping the )ight against cancer. "he )ight PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 5. Complete the sentences using the (erbs gi(en in brackets in the passi(e tense suggested at the end o) the sentence5 a. 'an2 o) .ucharest7s important buildings FdestroyG b2 the earthDuake in 1977.FpastG %. '2 neighbour7s leg Fnot brokenG i) he hadn7t walked on ice. Fper)ect conditionalG c. "he girl who FbiteG b2 a dog was gi(en a serum. Fpast per)ectG d. A great deal o) e))ort FmakeG latel2 to a(oid a war with that countr2. Fpresent per)ectG e. 1ould she go to the cinema i) she was to FinviteG0 f. "he arm2 FinstructG to shoot i) the enem2 crosses the line. F)utureG g. 'an2 block6o)6)lats FbuildG in the neighbourhood. Fpresent continuousG h. :e strongl2 ob8ected to FaskG about the accident. FgerundG i. 'ar2 FtakeG to the hospital b2 the end o) the da2< ,7m sure. F)uture per)ectG .. Something FdoG i) we want to rescue the rest o) the crew. Fmodal (erbG
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO . Put the (erbs in brackets into a correct Passi(e Voice )orm5 a. "he escaped man FarrestG a week later. %. "hat person in the dock Flet o))G as it7s his )irst o))ence.
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c. "he police FinstructG to take )irm action against beggars on the street. d. , was surprised to )ind out that 2ou Fget paidG twice in the same week. e. :as the search )or the stolen car Fgive upG 2et0 f. Ver2 )ew criminals FcatchG i) the population didn7t o))er in)ormation. g. &oreign coins Fnot putG in parking meters in this part o) the countr2. h. Iohn FthinkG to ha(e broken that precious (ase in the li(ing room. i. Could (iolence FcontrolG less e))ecti(el2 i) the police didn7t carr2 guns0 .. "he red car Frev upG read2 )or the policemen to start chasing the thie(es.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 7. 4se one o) the Passi(e )orms o) a suitable (erb in each o) the )ollowing sentences5 a. A lot o) mone2 FPG )rom a /erman bank two 2ears ago. %. 1indows FPG on the inside to pre(ent the wind )rom breaking them. c. "he police FPG in hearing )rom an2one who saw a 1!62ear6old child in )ront o) the shop 2esterda2. d. "he lock FPG and the window FPG b2 the police. e. All the persons in the room FPG )or drugs. f. 'one2 FPG alwa2s in the bank )or interest. g. FPG the reward to those who sa(ed Iane0 h. She doesn7t remember her purse FPG b2 the thie). i. 1ho FPG 2ou b2 at the hospital0 .. Sa)es FPG not o)ten b2 amateurs.
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/. "he2 FPG a )i(e 2ear sentence b2 the :igh Court Iudge. l. A sharp instrument FPG the old man. m. "he gira))e FPG to the ;oo when it escaped. n. ,t was the )irst time< m2 sister ne(er FPG b2 the customs be)ore. o. "he carpet in 2our room FPG with orange 8uice. 0. 1hen capital punishment FPG in 3omania0
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO !. Complete the sentences using a suitable Passi(e Voice (erb and an2 necessar2 phrases5 a. ,t7s (er2 )ogg2 tonightM the cars P P %. /eorge7s watch has disappeared )rom the table where he le)t itM it P P c. Shopli)ting is on the increaseM ? 2!<!!! worth o) merchandise P P d. "here7ll be a big check at the customs tomorrowM all the people )rom the 'iddle East P P e. :e insisted that our neighbour P P f. "he e(idence that one o) the accused ga(e P P g. '2 window is open instead o) closedM the lock PP h. "he house was )ound in a terrible conditionM all the rooms P P i. 1ill the new laws P P .. "here was a dread)ul accident and all the cars P P ". 4se the Passi(e )orm with the (erb to have in the )ollowing sentences5
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a. "he room looks di))erent. "he2 Frepaint itG. %. "he customs o))icers Farrest himG i) he tries to lea(e the countr2. c. &ather Ffit the burglar alarmG because his house had been broken into. d. , Fvaccinate my childG against all the possible diseases when he was one 2ear old. e. "he2 Fcheck the documentsG be)ore the case comes up neCt month. f. Book at that man7s green hairN :e Fdye itG. g. "he car is co(ered in mud< so he Fclean itG as soon as possible. h. Someone Fclean the kitchenG when mother arri(ed. i. She is not Duite sure but she thinks she Fsteal the moneyG in the train. .. 9ou shouldn7t Frepair the sinkG be)ore the plumber had eCamined it.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 10. Complete the )ollowing sentences< using the Passi(e )orm with either have or need5 a. "he roo) is unsa)e. ,t P P %. 9our back window sDueaks. ,t P P c. 9ou can7t take 2our luggage into the shop unless 2ou P P d. "his is Duite bi;arreN "here are man2 Duestions that P P e. 9our hair seems shorter. :a(e 2ou P P0
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f. "he so6called poet did not write the poem himsel)< he P P g. .e)ore we bu2 the mansion< we should make sure that we P P h. "here are man2 errors in 2our paper< don7t 2ou think the2 P P0 i. , don7t think these translations are accurate. 9ou P P .. "heir washing6machine is working again. "he2 P P 11. Complete the )ollowing passage with the correct Passi(e )orms5 1hen Iohn 'iller killed his uncle< he was con(inced that his crime wouldn7t e(er FdetectG. :is plans were FlayG with eCtreme precision. :e had not FemployG as an accountant )or the past ten 2ears without acDuiring a passion )or minute details. :e was known as being a methodical man. :is bills FpayG regularl2< he had his hair FcutG once a month< his car FserviceG e(er2 three months< e(er2thing that in his ordinar2 li)e needed FdoG< Iohn saw to it that it was FdoG. ,t was entirel2 in his character that he had made up his mind to get rid o) his uncle. :e was old< he needed F care forG< his desires had FconsiderG< his wants FgratifyG. :e had become a nuisance who should FremoveG as Duickl2 as possible. .esides he was rich< and Iohn was aware that his )ortune FleaveG to him. L,t is sad7< he told to himsel)< Lthat he has FkillG rather than die a natural death< but the important thing is to make it look as i) it FdoG while , was awa2. ,ndeed< Iohn7s crime would probabl2 ne(er F discoverG i) it had not stopped raining 8ust be)ore he came home and i) his uncle7s window had not F breakG with a )lower pot. :e didn7t e(en suppose inspector "homson would guess that the ladder FputG outside the bedroom window a)ter his uncle FmurderG. .ut then< as Iohn himsel) said to the inspector< the criminal alwa2s gets FcatchG a)ter all.
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 12. Change the )ollowing sentences into the Acti(e Voice5 a. "he librar2 is well pro(ided with books. %. "he problem will be dealt with , detail neCt week. c. '2 neighbour7s dog was run o(er b2 a truck. d. "he pen has been lost in the )ire. e. "he basement was )looded with water. f. As 2ou see< his remarks are being recei(ed with enthusiasm. g. "ons o) uranium ha(e been stolen )rom this mine this 2ear. h. $o eCplanation had been gi(en )or his beha(iour. i. ,t is reported that there has been an earthDuake in the area. .. All "V programs were suspended )or nearl2 + hours. /. "he2 are )orbidden to enter this room. l. "he students in this 4ni(ersit2 are alwa2s recommended to appl2 )or these 8obs. m. 9ou hate to be interrupted )rom 2our research.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 13. Change the )ollowing sentences into the Passi(e Voice< knowing that transiti(e (erbs admit two passi(e constructions5 a. , told m2 parents the truth. %. /eorge ga(e him a beauti)ul present. c. '2 )riends promised me immediate assistance. d. , gi(e m2 child two bars o) chocolate a da2. e. "he doorman showed us the wa2 to the bathroom. f. "he ph2sician prescribed a bad medicine )or the sick old man. g. 9ou paid him that huge sum o) mone2 two da2s ago. h. "he teacher ma2 gi(e us the results tonight. i. "he2 awarded the .est Actor Pri;e to /eorge Cloone2. .. 1e showed them our newl26 born child.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 14. Change the )ollowing intransiti(e (erbs into the Passi(e Voice< pa2ing attention to the prepositions )ollowing the (erbs5 a. "he2 ha(e called )or the mechanic to repair their car. %. "he pupils will ha(e to comment upon that poem. c. "he )ormer enemies ha(e arri(ed at an agreement a)ter man2 2ears o) discussion. d. $obod2 ob8ected to their suggestions. e. "hese spoiled children do not listen to their parents. f. "he emplo2er insists upon a strict discipline in all our work. g. #ur parents o)ten re)er to him as being a wrong model )or us. h. 9ou spoke much about that 2oung lad2 2ou had met a week be)ore. i. $obod2 has li(ed in this haunted house )or more than *! 2ears. .. 9ou must look a)ter 2our kid sisterM otherwise 2our mother will scold 2ou. /. Jon7t put on that pink shirt< 2our )riends will laugh at 2ou.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 15. "ranslate into English5 a. Se recomandT o mai atentT cercetare a acestui proiect. %. Un acest local se (orbeWte numai limba spaniolT. c. Se construiesc din ce Xn ce mai multe Wcoli Xn acest orTWel. d. #rice de)ecSiune a maWinii se reparT pe loc Xn acest atelier. e. S6a anunSat o reducere semni)icati(T la articolele de XmbrTcTminte de iarnT. f. Se bea mult (in roWu la acest tip de petrecere. g. /unoiul se XncarcT numai marSea Wi 8oia. h. S6a ridicat ni(elul apelor JunTrii cu cm. i. Jin pTcate nu s6a a8uns la nici un acord )inal. .. Se (or Xn)iinSa centre de ocrotire a minorilor. /. JacT )ratele tTu nu se (a simSi mai bine< Xn aceastT searT se (a trimite dupT doctor. l. 'i s6a dat oca;ia sT6mi arTt talentul de compo;itor. m. "uriWtilor li s6a arTtat un maga;in cu lucruri )oarte scumpe dupT ce acestora li se )uraserT de8a porto)elele. n. Se (or re)ace unele strT;i din acest oraW dupT ce se (a topi ;Tpada. o. $i s6a spus cT pantalonii (or )i cusuSi Xn )abrica noastrT. 0. , s6a o)erit un post de director economic la cea mai puternicT corporaSie din SarT. 3. Problema cVinilor )TrT stTpVn a )ost de;bTtutT de mai multe ori sTptTmVna aceasta. r. Bi se comunicase cT dTrVmarea prin implo;ie a acestei clTdiri (a )i )TcutT la mi8locul sTptTmVnii urmTtoare. s. S6a a8uns la bTtaie dupT ce s6au certat toatT ;iua.
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1 . &inish each o) the )ollowing sentences in such a wa2 that it is as similar as possible to the sentence be)ore it5 a. '2 cousin7s child completel2 destro2ed m2 paper. 2y paper 4 4 %. &irst pri;e was awarded to a )reshman in our school. A freshman 4 4 c. "he re)eree re)used him permission to enter the game. *e 4 4 d. "om has earned se(eral thousand dollars )rom his new book. "oms new book4 4 e. She suggested we eat 'ike7s new )a(ourite meal. 3e 4 4
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f. Bea(ing this shirt in the rain has made it shrink. "his shirt 4 4 g. 1e watched m2 brother dri(e the car into the garage. 3e watched the car 4 4 h. , dropped the china cup and cracked it. "he china cup 4 4 i. 'other added )lour to the sauce and thickened it. "he sauce 4 4 .. "he27re bu2ing a lot o) copies o) that (olume o) poetr2. "hat volume of poetry 4 4 17. &ill in each o) the blanks with a suitable word or phrase5 a. 9our decisions were re8ected and 2ou were FPG back down. %. , suppose she needs FPG told to be care)ul with that acid solution. c. "he issue was FPG been told where his wi)e disappeared. d. "he package is belie(ed FPG deli(ered b2 some strange people. e. "he2 were FPG been gi(en 1* more minutes to complete the test. f. "he co))ee maker is out o) order but ,7m FPG )iCed tomorrow. g. "he lights in m2 room ha(e been )lickering )or a whileM , must FPG to look at the wiring )or me. h. Iack is Duite a di))icult personM that7s something his )riends will ha(e FPG to. i. 1e FPG house broken into 2esterda2. .. Children can get FPG in b2 burglars going )rom house to house.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1!. 1rite a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original one< but using the word gi(en. a. Some o) his neighbours are sa2ing that he is selling mari8uana. Fr;mo;redG %. :e wants it to be clear to his )riends that he7s honest. FseenG c. /eorge o)ten tells his parents how much o) his ill6luck is down to 2ou. FheardG d. "he2 belie(e that the captain )ell o(erboard and died. FfallenG e. #ur teachers don7t want an2 repetition o) such a ridiculous beha(iour again. Fre0eatedG f. "he plan was originall2 to complete the task b2 o7clock. Fd;eG g. As a kid< 'ar2 was not allowed to pla2 with matches. FletG h. Subtracting is something one takes )or granted a)ter a while. FgetG i. All o) his )riends spent last month repairing his boat. FhadG .. She couldn7t )ind her wa2 out o) the lab2rinth. FgotG /. , don7t like (er2 much m2 mother scolding me in )ront o) m2 )riends. Fha,ingG l. ,t7s not di))icult at all )or .en to cop2 the paper )rom his colleague. Fco0iedG m. Since we won the pri;e< we7(e had more telephone calls than we can deal with. Fswam0edG n. Ianine7s answer took the audience b2 surprise. Fa%ac/G o. "he rain )orced our weekend trip to be cancelled. FrainedG 0. "he :ouse o) Parliament is the tallest building in the area. FdwarfedG 3. :is latest article about unemplo2ment came in )or sharp criticism in this newspaper. F0illoriedG
r. "here were thousands o) strikers in the 2ard o) the )actor2. F0ac/edG s. #ur new manager wants us to call him YSirZ. FaddressedG t. $e(er )orget that )riends will be )riends. F%orneG ;. , became (er2 emotional when , )ound out m2 wi)e had gi(en birth to a daughter. Fo,ercomeG ,. :is grandmother underwent a three6hour operation to remo(e the brain tumour that had been diagnosed. Fo0eratedG w. #ur pro)essor o) :istor2 was gi(en the Academ2 Award b2 #C)ord 4ni(ersit2. FconferredG
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1". &inish each o) the )ollowing sentences in such a wa2 that it is as similar as possible to the sentence be)ore it. a. She didn7t remember that she had been called home b2 her mother. She has no recollection of 4 4 %. 9ou (aguel2 remember that 2ou drank )i(e bottles o) wine last night. :ou have vague memories of 4 4 c. Sometimes it is Duite embarrassing when people laugh at 2ou. 'eing 4 4 d. /eorge was se(erel2 critici;ed )or his bad 8okes and was more attenti(e a)ter that. *aving 4 4 e. "he2 reall2 wish the2 hadn7t been pushed to eat that horrible soup. "hey really regret 4 4 f. , can7t eCplain what it )eels like )or nobod27s e(er gi(en me the chance to )l2 a plane. ;ever 4 4 g. "he group o) people mo(ed towards the "own :all )rom all sides. "he "own *all 4 4 h. Peter poured wine into the glass until it was )ull. "he glass 4 4 i. 'ice came into the room through a sort o) hole in the wall. "he room 4 4 .. Jo not put the card in until the screen shows L,nsert 2our card7. "he card is only 4 4 /. ,t7s o(er twent2 2ears since an2one saw that (aluable painting. "hat valuable 44 l. People cra(e )or 8ustice and the2 need to see it done.
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7ustice must not 4 4 m. "he27(e had to call the o))ice )i(e times to )ind out the result o) the race. "he office 4 4 n. "he dentist is supposed to be )illing one o) m2 teeth this a)ternoon. Im 4 4
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1. 'atch the sentences on the le)t with the )unctions on the right5 * ( 1. 1e7ll ha(e a thunderstorm tonight< a. stating a planned arrangement ,7m sure. 6 b. 2. 1ill there be a general strike0 3. ,7ll send 2ou a card )rom Paris 4. 1ill 2ou send me an e6mail0 5. Shall , go to the librar2 )or 2ou0 . Shall we take a dri(e into the %. making a prediction c. making a reDuest d. eCpressing )uture hope e. eCpressing )uture uncertaint2 f. o))ering
countr2 later0 7. ,7ll report 2ou to the police neCt g. promising@ stating an intention time. !. "he wedding will take place neCt h. making an in(itation &rida2. ". , hope 2ou7ll come and see us on i. asking )or a prediction Saturda2. 10. ECplain it to them again. Perhaps .. threatening the27ll understand. 11. 1ill 2ou ha(e dinner with us on /. making a suggestion Sunda20 2. Change the )ollowing sentences into the Passi(e Voice5 a. A child asked me a Duestion on m2 wa2 homeM he wanted to know the time. %. "he gust o) wind blew the woman7s hat o)). c. 1hat will 2ou call 2our new cat0 d. She has burned the chicken in the o(en. e. :e wrote the paper on time. f. "he2 consulted the doctor when the2 were ill. g. "he2 are shutting the bank )or the winter holida2s.
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h. She soon lost sight o) her )riend. i. '2 brother has been looking a)ter the dog )or the last two 2ears. .. 1e could read the note b2 the light o) the candle. /. Children ask a lot o) Duestions. l. "he bod2guards reDuested us to show our tickets. m. , must pa2 the telephone bill at the end o) the month. n. &ather made her cr2 hard. o. 1e didn7t )iC the roo) 2esterda2. 0. $obod2 asked 'ike to come. 3. People mustn7t walk on the grass in this park. r. "he2 are going to write a song tonight. s. "he children ha(e made him captain o) their team. t. 1e ha(en7t in(ited our )riends to the part2 2et. ;. Someone is going to beat him soonN ,. , )ound 2our bike in )ront o) the cinema.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 3. &ill each o) the gaps in the )ollowing sentences with an appropriate (erb )rom the list. "he participles should be used with the (erb to be in the appropriate tense5 strewn! deemed! scheduled! inundated! overcome! baffled! dubbed! shrouded! short,listed! dwarfed a. "he secretar2 FPG b2 eChaustion a)ter 126hour t2ping and had to go home. %. :ow he managed to obtain such a large sum o) mone2 FPG in m2ster2. c. Since her book on cooking came out< she FPG with reDuests )or some more recipes. d. '2 brother< who is rather short< FPG b2 almost all o) his colleagues. e. 3ichard7s new album FPG )or release neCt 2ear. f. All the neighbours , asked FPG b2 the reason o) her disease. g. 4n)ortunatel2< 2our language in this newspaper article FPG inadeDuate )or the public taste. h. ,mpossible as it ma2 seem< Christine FPG the most beauti)ul girl in Europe. i. :a(ing read the manuscript< we all agreed5 his paper should FPG )or last 2ear7s Biterature pri;e. .. 1hen we came back )rom the mountains< our clothes FPG all o(er the house.
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 4. "ranslate into English5 a. CVnd (oi pleca la munte< o sT6mi iau Wi haine subSiri Wi haine groase. %. JacT (oi a(ea timp< o sT6Si tele)one;. c. El intenSionea;T sT se Xnscrie la acest curs sTptTmVna (iitoare. d. $oi (rem sT Wtim dacT ne puteSi a8uta sau nu. e. Am a8uns cam tVr;iu acasT< aWa cT spectacolul se terminase de8a la tele(i;or. f. El )usese sunat de director de mai multe ori Xnainte de a (eni la ser(iciu. g. # sT6mi dau maWina la reparat< pentru cT i s6au de)ectat )rVnele. h. Ei au de gVnd sT6Wi reno(e;e (ila anul (iitor. i. Je XndatT ce (oi termina raportul o sT te in)orme; Xn legTturT cu re;ultatele cercetTrii mele.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
1%!
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO @ey# 1. 1. bM 2. iM .gM %. cM *. )M +. kM 7. 8M -. aM 9. dM 1!. eM 11.h 2. a. , was a asked Duestion on m2 wa2 homeM he wanted to know the time. %. "he woman7s hat was blown o)) Fb2 a gust o) windG. c. 1hat will 2our new cat be called0 d. "he chicken has been burnt in the o(en. e. "he paper was written on time. f. "he doctor was consulted when the2 were ill. g. "he bank is being shut )or the winter holida2s. h. :er )riend was soon lost sight o). i. "he dog has been looked a)terFb2 m2 brotherG )or the last two 2ears. .. "he note could be read b2 the light o) the candle. /. A lot o) Duestions are asked b2 children l. 1e were reDuested to show our tickets Fb2 the bod2guardsG. m. "he telephone bill must be paidP n. She was made to cr2 hard Fb2 &atherG. o. "he roo) wasn7t )iCed 2esterda2. 0. 'ike wasn7t asked to come. 3. "he grass mustn7t be walked on in this park. r. A song is going to be written tonight. s. :e has been made captain o) the children7s team. t. #ur )riends ha(en7t been in(ited to the part2 2et. ;. :e is going to be beaten soonN ,. 9our bike was )ound in )ront o) the cinema.
1%1
3. a. was o(ercomeM %. is shroudedM c. has been inundatedM d. is dwar)edM e. is scheduledM f. were ba))ledM g. has been deemedM h. has been dubbedM i. was short listedM .. were strewn. 4. a. 1hen , go to the mountains ,7ll take both light and warm clothes. %. ,) , ha(e time ,7ll call 2ou. c. :e is going to take up this course neCt week. d. 1e want to know i) 2ou can help us or not. e. 1e arri(ed home rather late< so the "V show had alread2 been o(er. f. :e had been called b2 the director se(eral times be)ore coming to work. g. ,7ll ha(e m2 car repaired< )or the brakes broke down. h. "he2 are going to ha(e the2 (illa redecorated neCt 2ear. i. As soon as , )inish the report ,7ll in)orm 2ou on the results o) m2 research.
-core# 1.1point each C 1! [ 1! points 2.1 point K !.%! points each C 22 [ 1! points 3.1 point K !.9! points each C 1! [ 1! points 4. 1 point K 1.!! point each C 9 [ 1! points Ji(ided b2 % [ 1! points
1%2
(i%liogra0hy
1. eee< )nglish for -cience and 7echnology< 199+< Ca(allioti Publishing :ouse< "he .ritish Council< .ucharest 2. eee< -inteHe Ii eDerciJii 0entr; eDamenele de %acala;reat Ii admitere< 199-< Editura Amarcord< "imiWoara . Andrews< Stephen< Pre0aring for ProficiencyA 19- < :einemann Educational .ooks< Bondon< %. Archer< 'argaret< $olan< Enid< 197-< Cam%ridge Certificate K * Co;rse for +irst CertificateA "homas $elson and Sons Btd. *. ChiSoran< J.< Pano()< ,.< Poenaru< ,.< 1972< )nglish Grammar )Dercises< Editura atiinSi)icT< .ucureWti +. Jeighton< Bee C.< 19-%< 'oca%;lary 1e,elo0ment< 'acmillan< $ew 9ork< 7. Jobro(ici< Viorica > Jorobat< Jumitru > Buca< "amara > Popescu .randusa< 1972< 6im%a engleHa.C;rs 0ractic< ed. Jidactica si Pedagogica< .ucuresti -. Eastwod< I.< 19-%< * (asic )nglish Grammar. )Dercises< #C)ord 4ni(ersit2 Press< #C)ord 9. /alea< ,leana< Stanciu< Virgil< 1999< )nglish With 7ears< Ed.Jacia< Clu8 1!. http5@@ccc.commnet.edu@grammar@ad8ecti(es.htm 11. http5@@www.google.com 12. http5@@www.randomhouse.com 1 . :ulban :oria< Buca6BTcTtuWu< "amara< CreSescu /ogTlniceanu< CTlina< 19- < Com0etenJL Ii 0erformanJL. )DerciJii Ii teste de lim%a engleHL< Editura StiinSi)icT Wi EnciclopedicT< .ucureWti 1%. Bougheed< Bin< 19-*< 7he Great Pre0osition :ystery< /rammar 3e(iew )or ,ntermediate@ Ad(anced Students o) E&B< English
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"eaching Ji(ision< .ureau o) Educational and Cultural A))airs< 1ashington< J.C. 1*. 'artinet< A.V.< "homson< A.I.< 19-+< * Practical )nglish Grammar< #4P< #C)ord 1+. 'ist;al< 'arius< 199+< 7est ?o;r )nglish Grammar< "eora< .ucuresti 17. San)ord< Adrian .< .ishop< Qatherine V.< 19-%< Reading Com0rehension< 'acmillan< $ew 9ork

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English Practical Course

CONTENTS Unit 1..............................................................................................................4

Controlled Practice 1.......................................................................................31 Grammar reference 2......................................................................................42

Controlled Practice 2.......................................................................................43

English Practical Course

Present Per)ect Simple and Past Simple......................................................................*%

Controlled Practice 1.......................................................................................55 Grammar Reference 2..................................................................................... 0

Controlled Practice 2....................................................................................... 2

Progress Test 1............................................................................................70 Unit 4............................................................................................................76

Controlled Practice 1......................................................................................."4 Grammar Reference 2....................................................................................."7

Controlled Practice 2......................................................................................."!

English Practical Course

Progress Test 2...........................................................................................136 Bibliogra !"..............................................................................................142

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

Ways with words

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

:ou are always calling me at midnight

English Practical Course

Verbs which do not take the Continuous Aspect in English

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

Ways with Words

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

I was reading from 6 to 5 /0 yesterday 6re)ers to5 background descriptions in narrati(e

English Practical Course

Past Simple and Past Continuous

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

English Practical Course

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English Practical Course

The Fractional Numeral

The Multiplicati e Numeral

English Practical Course

English Practical Course