Design Grain Dryer

Design & Study of Grain Dryer
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
I) HISTORY & IMPORTANCE OF DRYING India produces about 150 million tonnes of food grains per year. The major
million tonnes of pulses "#non. 1$%7&. 'ue to technological ad(ances in agriculture and the introduction of high)yielding (arieties, this may increase. *rom this production, an a(erage 10+ is lost during posthar(est operations between the field and consume. This means that about 15 million tonnes of food grain, (alued at about ,#-40 million "Indian .upees 10,%00
storage.
techni0ue. 1un drying in the open, on mud)plastered or concrete floors, is the con(entional method of drying grain and also cash crops li/e chillies, and plantation and horticultural
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una(oidable. alarmingly poor.
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crops. The drying time re0uired in the open sun for these crops ranges from 5 to 45 days depending upon the crop to be dried. 2nfa(ourable weather conditions are li/ely to occur during the drying period and degradation in 0uality of the final produce therefore becomes
It is well)/nown that deterioration in 0uality caused by improper drying cannot
be eliminated until impro(ed drying systems based on mechanical dryers ha(e been adopted. 3owe(er, for many reasons, these systems ha(e not been adopted. The main reason that is encountered is a lac/ of organi4ational or go(ernment incenti(e to the farmer to deli(er a 0uality product that might command a premium price. This results in not only a negati(e attitude, but also leads to the o(erall 0uality of the product gathered at mar/et points being
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The preser(ation of agricultural produce by drying is a long)established
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#mong the (arious causes of losses, the most important one is improper drying before
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million& goes to waste. The major share of the loss occurs during storage of surplus stoc/.
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1
components of production are 47 million tonnes of wheat, 4 million tonnes of rice, and 1!

# second important reason for not using dryers is their high initial costs. 5ost of the commercially a(ailable dryers are designed to suit the needs of the processing industry and their output capacity is therefore far abo(e the needs of indi(iduals, or e(en of farmer groups. #n awareness of a(ailability of dryers and of their use and ad(antages in drying food
this is inade0uate e6tension programs. 1o far, e6tension agencies ha(e concentrated on increasing production. The time has now come to see that grain sa(ed is e0ui(alent to grain produced. 3igh technology has led to production targets being achie(ed, but much less attention has been gi(en to minimising losses, which ha(e remained constant since the
pulses, $.5+: and all food grains, $.!+. Commercial use o !r"ers
'ryers are used e6tensi(ely in grain processing industries such as rice milling, pulse milling, and oil e6traction. 3ere the need for dryers has been realised not only for
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proper storage of stoc/ but also for timeliness of subse0uent operations where wetting of grain and redrying are in(ol(ed.
In the case of the rice milling industry, parboiling of rice is a common practice.
The population of the coastal belt of the country consumes parboiled rice and about 70+ of production is processed in this manner. The paddy is soa/ed in water for (ariable lengths of time depending on the process used and is then steaming. 3igh moisture content "m.c.& paddy is dried to 1-)14+ m.c. for milling. There
are about 100 000 rice mills with a total installed capacity of about 40 000 tonnes of paddy per hour. #bout !0000 dryers of 1)- t;h drying capacity are in use in the industry. The most commonly used dryer is the <12 type in which air is heated for drying by burning rice hulls. The steam re0uirement for drying is -1.!+ of the total steam produced in the boiler, which consumes about 4+ of the total power re0uired by the mill. In this type of dryer, the grain is -
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as a percentage of total production, are estimated to be as follows9 wheat, %+: paddy, 11+:
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beginning of the 78reen .e(olution7. #nnual postproduction losses by crop in India, e6pressed
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grain for better storage and mar/eting is lac/ing among crop growers. The main reason for

tempered for !0 minutes after e(ery hour of drying so to e0uilibrate the moisture and a(oid stress crac/ing in further milling operations. 'ryers are also used in the pulse milling industry. 3ere both <12)type and flat)bed perforated)floor dryers are well, ranging in capacity from 1)4 t;h. There are about
re0uired in industry for the following reasons9
To dry the stoc/ purchased from mar/et before storing it: and To dry the grain which has become wet during processing. In the <12)type dryer, steam is used as the heating source, while in the flat)
of a ! t;h dryer is about 1#1! 500. Use o !r"ers a# armer le$el
#bout 70+ of total grain production in India is retained at farmer le(el9 only !0+ is sold on the open mar/et. This means that a si4eable 0uantity of about 105 million
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tonnes is /ept by farmers. The losses here, though perhaps not felt by indi(iduals, on a collecti(e basis ha(e a substantial impact on the country. It is therefore essential that drying technology be disseminated to this group which is a major custodian of the nation7s grain. To promote the use of dryers in rural areas, the concept of a community drying)cum
storage system was put forward by T.>. =jha in 1$%4. 3e suggested that changes in ecological balances and the introduction of high) yielding (arieties of field crops necessitated the use of mechanical dryers and other de(ices to protect the food grains from spoilage due to untimely rains. If rain)soa/ed food grains are not dried properly, farmers ha(e to sell their e6cess stoc/s at low prices to meet urgent financial needs. # community drying)cum)storage centre would therefore ser(e them well by way of protecting the grain from spoilage and also by ad(ancing temporary loans on their grain deposits. #s soon as grain prices stabilise, stoc/s can be sold and payments can be made to the farmers after deducting dues such as rental and ser(ice !
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dryer. It consists of a drying tray or platform, an oil)fired burner, and an air blower. The cost
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bed dryers, light diesel oil is used, fuel consumption being 7)1- lt;h =ne such commercial
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4000 pulse mills in India ha(ing an a(erage processing capacity of 10)-0 t;day. 'ryers are

charges, loans paid, and interest on ad(ances. 1uch a system would no doubt benefit farmers. They would not be re0uired to ma/e forced sales of their produce and, as a result, storage losses would be minimised. *or such comple6es, selection of a dryer of the correct design is (ery
feasible for most farmer groups. In India, the a(erage (illage has a population of about 1000 and the small amount of surplus grain a(ailable for drying at this le(el suits dryers of -)4 t;day capacity operating for 0 days per year. In India, many research organi4ations ha(e de(eloped, or are currently de(eloping dryers for (illage groups, but so far with little success.
a cluster of (illages:
It must be simple in construction and operation and easily understandable to users: The dryer should be simple in design so that it is easy for local artisans to repair, and
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S%eci ic Pro&lems To Farmers : dryers are used at this stage.
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The dryer should be suitable for drying a range of crops.
'(" #(ere is a #reme)!ous )ee! o !r"ers *
In year -00- near about %0+ loss of crops li/e blac/ gram, green gram etc. due to
hea(y rain at the time of har(esting. If there is a facility of dryers in e(ery (illage may be at 8rampanchayat le(el, this hea(y loss may be eliminated. 1orghum crop 9) #fter total maturity period of sorghum crop. is not har(ested for near about one month due to presence of moisture. ?ormally the problem faced by farmer is that rain comes during this period and sorghum is affected, which results in bad 0uality as it turns blac/. 'ue to this reason, the cost in mar/et is reduced. This loss can be reco(ered if the
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The dryer7s cost should be within the reach of users:
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The dryer should be of a si4e that matches the amount of grain a(ailable in a (illage or
ce.
The main considerations for selection of a grain dryer suited to this le(el are9
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important. The large capacity dryers used in grain)processing industries are not economical or

#fter drying farmers can store the grains for a long period and it will send in mar/et at the highest rate. To Dal Mill: In the 'al mill the pulses are dried at different stages. The drying is done on the
a(oid this the dryers are used in the 'al mills. To Food Corporation of India (FCI)
In foreign countries the grains are stored in 1ilos where there is on line drying of grains but in India grains are stored in bags which is unhealthy. 1o, by applying dryers, the
'ifferent types of dryers are used in following industries
-& >lastic and polymer industry. !& @hemical industries. 4& *ood storage plants.
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decreases.
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II) CHEMICA+ COMPOSITION OF GRAIN,8rain is a li(ing biological product, which germinates and respires also. The
grain is composed of both organic and inorganic substances, such as carbohydrates, proteins, (itamins, fats, water, mineral salts and en4ymes. III) EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON -UA+ITY OF GRAIN. Pro#ei)s, - #t temperature abo(e 500@ denaturation and e(en coagulation of proteins ta/es place. #s a result, the water absorbing capacity of proteins and their capacity for swelling
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1& Te6tile industries, paper mills.
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To Industries
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problems of storage should be o(ercome.
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platform by using solar energy, which is time consuming and large manpower re0uired. 1o to

S#arc(, - #t temperature abo(e 700@ and especially in presence of high moisture in the grain, gelatinisation and partial caramelisation of sugars with the formation of caramel may ta/e place which causes deterioration in colour of the product. Fa#s, - #t temperature abo(e 700@, fats may also undergo a partial decomposition resulting in
/i#ami)s, - The heat sensiti(e A ) (itamins present in the germ and aleurone layer are destroyed at high temperature.
I/) PHYSICA+ PROPERTIES, -
and drying systems.
bul/.
S%(erici#"9 ) 1phericity is the ratio of surface area of sphere ha(ing same (olume as that of
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particle to the surface area of particle.
Coe icie)# o ric#io), - The coefficient of friction between granular materials is e0ual to the tangent of the angle of internal friction and depends upon grain shape, surface characteristics. A)0le o re%ose, - #ngle of repose is the angle between base and slope of cone formed on a free (ertical fall of the grain mass to a hori4ontal plane.
/) THERMA+ PROPERTIES, The raw foods are subjected to (arious types of thermal treatment namely, heating, cooling, drying etc. for processing. The change of temperature depends on the thermal properties of the product. Therefore, /nowledge of thermal properties namely,
specific heat, thermal conducti(ity, thermal diffusi(ity is essential.
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Porosi#", - It is the percentage of (olume of inter grain space to the total (olume of grain
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area, density, porosity, colour etc. of different grain is necessary for design of (arious storing
ce.
The /nowledge of physical properties such as shape, si4e, (olume, surface
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an increase of acid numbers.

Resis#a)ce o 0rai) &e! #o air lo1, In the design of blowers for grain dryers, it is necessary to /now resistance e6erted by grain bed to the air current blown through it. The resistance is dependent upon i& bed thic/ness ii& air (elocity iii& orientation of the grains and i(& type of grain.
/I) CHANGES IN STORED PRODUCTS -
There are many changes, which occurs to a product during transportation, handling, storage and preser(ing.
C(emical C(a)0es - The effect of canning upon the minerals, proteins and (itamins of
moisture content and temperature, which are often used as a means of indicating the 0uality of
Res%ira#io) a)! Hea#i)0, - In hay, grains, fruit and (egetable products respiration or breathing continues after storage. 3eat is produced by respiration process. The 0uantity of
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heat produced is greatly influenced by moisture content and temperature of product. <oss of (iability or germination often occurs after heating. 5o(ement of air through the products helps to pre(ent e6cessi(e temperature by remo(ing heat and e6cess moisture. Microor0a)ism, - @hanges occurs in the amount of mold and yeast growth in stored product. The changes largely depend upon temperature and moisture. I)sec#s a)! Ro!e)#s, - The population of insects is affected by moisture and temperature of en(ironment of stored product. Bentilation presents a method of controlling growth of insects, but after they get out of control, chemical means are commonly used. /II) +OSSES OF FARM CROPS, The losses of farm crops can be used to indicate the importance of proper har(esting, storage and drying.
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stored products.
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occur in fat acidity, en4ymes, color and (itamins. These changes are influenced greatly by
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(arious food products is a large scientific field in itself. In stored hay and grains, changes
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Ta&le 2.2 , Es#ima#e! loss o %ro!uc#io) !uri)0 (ar$es# a)! s#ora0e.
>roduct Cheat, oat, rice, barley @orn @otton >otato 1oyabean
3ar(esting + 5+ 4+ -.5+ 7+ 5+
1torage + 4.5+
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though dry when placed in the storage. Two terms are used for preser(ation of grain through
'rying is the procedure used to remo(e e6cess moisture from the grain to reduce the moisture to a le(el acceptable for safe storage or for commercial sale. 'rying may
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be accomplished by using either heated or unheated air. #eration refers to mo(ing a small amount of air through the grain to cool and
(entilate the grain at fre0uent inter(als. The re(erse operation, turning refers to mo(ing the grain through the air by transferring the grain from one bin to another.
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moisture control, drying and aeration.
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5a6imum loss occurs because of an accumulation of moisture in grain, e(en
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0.-5+ %+ ) %

CHAPTER - II
THEORY OF GRAIN DRYING

8enerally the term refers to the remo(al of relati(ely small amount of moisture from a solid or nearly solid material by e(aporation. Therefore, drying in(ol(es both heat and
e(aporating moisture from the drying product is supplied by the e6ternal drying medium, usually air. Aecause of the basic difference in the characteristics of grains in thin layer and deep bed, the whole grain drying process is di(ided in to thin layer drying and deep bed drying.
weight on wet basis.
Aut the moisture content on dry basis is more simple to use in
content on dry basis.
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m= 5= Chere
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Cm 100 Cm + Cd
Cm E weight of moisture. Cd E weight of bone dry material.
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The moisture content, 5, dry basis percent
Cm m 100 = 6100 Cd 100 m
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The moisture content, m per, wet basis )
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calculation, as the 0uantity of moisture at any time is directly proportional to the moisture
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I) MOISTURE CONTENT, 2sually the moisture content of a substance is e6pressed in percentage by
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mass transfer operations simultaneously.
In con(ecti(e drying the heat re0uired for

TA4+E 5.2 A%%ro6ima#e mois#ure co)#e)# or sa e s#ora0e 7 81.&.) CROP @orn Cheat Aarley 1orghum >ea beans .ice 1oyabeans II) EMC, FOR SAFE STORAGE FOR ONE YEAR FOR T'O YEAR 1! 11 1!)14 11)11! 11 1! 10)11 17 ) 1! ) 1! 10
5ost of agricultural products, specially the food grains absorb moisture from
en(ironment or loose moisture. #t a particular condition the moisture content of grain
present in grain (aporises and diffuses in the atmosphere. #lternati(ely, if the (apour pressure
moisture from atmosphere. This property of gaining or loosing of moisture as per the atmosphere condition is /nown as hygroscopicity.
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of F5@ ) i) S#a#ic Me#(o!, ii) D")amic Me#(o!, C.O.E.&T.,Akola
The moisture content attained by a grain with respect to a set of atmosphereic
temperature and relati(e humidity is called the F5@. In such condition, the grain moisture is in e0uilibrium with surrounding air.
5ethods for determination of F5@. There are two methods for determination
In the static method, the grain is allowed to come to e0uilibrium with the
surrounding still air without any agitation. This method is time consuming: at high relati(e humidities mould growth in the grain may ta/e place before e0uilibrium is reached.
In the dynamic method, the air is generally mechanically mo(ed. The dynamic method is faster and is thus preferred. The F5@ is to be determined under constant relati(e 10
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of water present in grain is less than the atmospheric (apour pressure, grain will absorb
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water present in grains is more than the (apour pressure of water (apours in the air, the water
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depends upon the temperature and relati(e humidity of en(ironment. If the (apour pressure of
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humidity and temperature conditions of air. 8enerally, a thermostat is used to control the temperature and a0ueous acid or salt solution of different concentrations are used to control the relati(e humidity of air. TA4+E 5.5 , Grai) e9uili&rium mois#ure co)#e)#: 7: 'e# &asis: Rela#i$e (umi!i#": 7
3umidity Temp0@
>addy >addy >addy Cheat white Cheat Cheat 1helled corn "C'& 1helled corn "G'& 1helled corn "G'& 1helled corn "G'& 1orghum 1orghum 1orghum =ats Aarley .ye
-! !0 44 -5 !4$ -5 !4$ 70 -5 !70 -5 -5 -5
4.$ ) ) 5.) )
7.! %.7 7.1 %.5 ) )
$.% 10 )
1 0.$ 1 0.$ ) 1 0.5 1 0.! $.
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1-.4 11.$ 1!.5 1!.1 1-.! 1!.7 1-.$ 11.$ 1!.$ 1-.1 $.! 1!.$ 1!.% 1!.1 1-.7 1! 1!.5 1!.5 15.$ 14.7 14.! 1 10.! 11.% 11.5
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1$ 17.1 1 .5 1$.7 ) ) 1%.$ ) ) 17.$ 1%.% ) ) 1%.5 1$.5 -0. 14.! 1!. 15.5 1!.$ 10.7 15.15.% 14.% 14.! 14.$ 15.% 15.7 11
8.#I?
10
-0
!0
40
50
70
%0
$0
100 ) ) ) - .! ) ) -4. ) ) ) -1.$ ) ) -4.1 - .% )
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5.! ) 7 %. .7.4 $.% . 7.- %.5 ) ) 5.! ) 11.%.! .5 1 0.4 11 11.% 1 0.7 1 0.! 1 0.% 1 0.$
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5.1 ) ) !.$ 4.4 ) ) 4.1 4.4 5..- 7.
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7.! %. 7 . . 7 7. %.7 % %.1 %.5 %.7
5.! $.1 $.% 1 0.$.4 $.1 $.7 $.$
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10.4 1-.! 10.7.% 11.$ 11-.11. 11.% 1-.1 1-.-
7.5 %.
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III) DETERMINATION OF DRYING CONSTANT, There are two methods of determination of drying constant ) i) Gra%(ical Me#(o!, The drying constant, H can be wor/ed out easily by finding out the slope of the straight line. 1
5oisture .atio ,5)5e ; 505e
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-0 40 0 %0
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and
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.001
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100 1-0
ii) Hal li e %erio! me#(o!, -
If the time of one ) half response in a drying process be defined as the ?umber
of hours necessary to obtain a moisture content ratio of one)half, then drying e0uation. 5 5e E F6p I) HJ can be written as ) 5o 5e 1 In = e6pIH1 ; - J or 1 ; - = H 1 In 4 = e6p IH 1 ; 4 J or 1 ; 4 = 4 H
Therefore, by /nowing the (alues of 1;- or 1;4, H can be found out. 1-
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'rying Time, 5in Gra%( #o calcula#e !r"i)0 co)s#a)#
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x 140 1 0 1%0 -00 -10 --0
.01
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I/) DRYING E-UATION,Aased on ?ewtonKs e0uation for heating or cooling of solids, a simple drying e0uation is deri(ed as follows) The ?ewtonKs e0uation is) dt = H " t t e & d
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If the temperature term t is replaced by the moisture term 5, then d5 = H "5 5 e & ......................... d where 5 E 5oisture content "d.b&, + E time, hr, 5e E F5@, "d.b&, + H E drying constant , 1;hr .earranging the e0uation "1& d5 = Hd 5 5e
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or
5o 5e is /nown as the moisture ratio, 5... 5 5e
/) THIN +AYER DRYING, Thin layer drying refers to the grain drying process in which all grains are fully e6posed to the drying air under constant drying conditions. i.e. at const air temperature and humidity. 8enerally, up to -0 cm thic/ness of grain bed "with a recommended grain ratio& is ta/en as thin layer. #ll commercial flow dryers are designed on thin layer drying principles. i) Co)s#a)# ra#e %erio!, -
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1 H
In
5o 5e 5 5e
nu
Integrating the abo(e e0uation within proper limits, we get 5 5e = e6pIHJ 50 5e
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1ome crops including cereal grains at high moisture content are dried under constant rate period at the initial period of drying. *alling rate period follows subse0uently. #s for e6ample, wheat is dried under constant rate period when its moisture content e6ceeds 7-+.
condition is independent of the solid and is gi(en set of air condition is essentially the same as the rate of e(aporation from a free li0uid surface under the same condition. The rate of drying during this period is dependent upon.
'ifference between the temperature of air and temperature of the wetted surface at
temperature.
2nder adiabatic and controlled drying air conditions, the temperature of wetted surface attains the wet bulb temperature. In the constant rate period drying ta/es place by
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ii) Falli)0 - ra#e %erio!, C.O.E.&T.,Akola
surface e(aporation and moisture mo(es by (apour pressure difference. The moisture content at which the drying rate ceases to be constant is /nown as the critical moisture content of the solid. The a(erage critical moisture content Lc for a gi(en type of material depends upon the surface moisture concentration, bed thic/ness, rate of drying and characteristics of solids such as shape, si4e and the drying conditions.
@ereal grains are usually dried entirely under falling ) rate period. The falling )
rate period enters after the constant drying rate period and corresponds to the drying cycle where all surface is no longer wetted and the wetted surface continually decreases until at the end of this period the surface is dry. The falling rate period is characterised by increasing temperature both at the surface and within the solid. *urther more, changes in air (elocity ha(e a much smaller effect 14
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#ir (elocity at construction air temperature and humidity.
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'ifference in humidity between air stream and wet surface at constant air (elocity and
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constant air (elocity and relati(e humidity.
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In the constant rate period the rate of e(aporation under any gi(en set of air

than during the constant rate period. The falling rate period of drying is controlled largely by the product and is dependent upon the mo(ement of moisture within the material from the center to the surface by li0uid diffusion and the remo(al of moisture from the surface of the product.
"a& 2nsaturated surface drying.
"b& 'rying where the rate of water diffusion within the product is slow and is the controlling factor.
>ractically all cereal grains are dried under falling rate period if their moisture
?one of the theoretical e0uations represents the drying characteristics of grains
limitations )
The theoretical drying e0uations are based on the concept that all grains in thin layer
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finite mass depth. biological materials.
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are fully e6posed to the drying air under constant drying conditions and dried uniformly. Therefore, there is no gradient in thin layer of grain, which is not true for
The grain drying e0uation de(eloped from diffusion e0uations are based on the in correct assumptions that '( and H are independent of moisture and temperature.
It is not possible to choose accurate boundry conditions and shape factors for drying of
'rying e0uation de(eloped from ?ewton e0uation for heating or cooling does not ta/e into account of the shape of the material. Therefore, the uses of theoretical drying e0uations are limited. 3owe(er, if accurate results are not desired and the (alues of '( and H are /nown then the theoretical drying e0uation can be used and gi(e fairly good results within a limited range of moisture. 15
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accurately o(er a wide range of moisture and temperature, on account of the following
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iii) Remar;s o) #(i) la"er Dr"i)0, -
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content is not (ery high.
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The falling rate period of drying can be di(ided into two stages )

5any empirical drying e0uation for different cereal grains are found to be useful and fre0uently used as they gi(e more accurate results in predicting drying characteristics of a particular grain for a certain range of moisture, temperature, air flow rate and relati(e humidity. # few empirical drying e0uation are presented below9 )
5. E 1 ) %.7% "'( &1;- M 1!.-- "'( & *or "'( &1;- N 0.0104 5. E 0.50$ 6 e6p I) 5%.4 '( J *or "'( &1;- 0.0104 where, '( E 7.1!5 e)1$$44;T '( E m-;hr, E hr and T E 0H
Aased on drying e0uation for planar symmetry >abis and 3enderson "1$ 1&
' ( corn E 5.%5! 6 10)10 e6p I)1-50-;TJ on the basis of drying e0uation for sphere, the following e6pression for drying constant H corn has been de(eloped )
5oisture content of paddy "+&
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Chere / E 1;sec, T E 0H
C.O.E.&T.,Akola *ig.-.1
H corn E 5.4 6 10)1 e6p I) $041;TJ
/I) DEEP 4ED DRYING, -
In deep bed drying all the grains in the dryer are not fully e6posed to the same
condition of drying air. The condition of drying air at any point in the grain mass changes with time and at any times it also changes with the depth of the grain bed. o(er and abo(e the rate of o(erflow per unit mass of grain is small compared to the thin layer drying of grain. #ll on farm static bed batch dryers are designed on deep bed drying principle. The condition of drying in deep bed is shown in figure.
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'rying time in hr.
de(eloped the following e6pression for diffusi(ity for thin layer drying of corn
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Aec/er "1$5$& proposed the following e0uation for wheat9 )
The drying of grain in deep bin can be ta/en as the sum of se(eral thin layers. The humidity and temperature of air entering and lea(ing each layer (ary with time depending upon the stage of drying, moisture remo(ed from the dry layer until the e0uilibrium moisture
and humidity of entering air, the moisture content of grain and (elocity of air mo(ement.
i) Time o a!$a)ces o !r"i)0 ro)#
The time period ta/en by the drying front to reach the top of the bin is called
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by ) =. 1 =
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the ma6 drying rate period.
The time ta/en by the drying front to reach the top of the bed can be calculated
Chere ) 51 E Initial moisture content of grain " d.b& + 56 E #(e moisture content "d;b& + at the end of the drying front ad(ance at the top. 1 E Time of ad(ance, hour. # E @;s area of dryer, through which air passes, m-
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Ca "5 1 5 6 & = # 8 " 3 s 3 1 & 1 100 Ca "5 1 5 6 & # 8 "3 1 31 & 100
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'rying will cease as soon as the product comes in e0uilibrium with the air.
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4one until the drying 4one reaches it. The (olume of drying 4one (aries with the temperature
ce.
content is reached. <ittle moisture is remo(ed, rather a small amount may be added to wet
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17

8 E 5ass flow rate of dry air, Hg;hr m3s E 3umidity of the saturated air lea(ing the dryer Hg.;/g. 31 E 3umidity of the air entering in to the dryer, Hg;Hg. wd E Ceight of dry grain in the bin, Hg.
ii) Decreasi)0 ra#e %erio!, -
#s soon as the drying front reaches the top of the bin, the rate of drying. 1tarts decreasing and is termed as decreasing rate period. The time of drying for this decreasing rate period can be e6pressed by ) 1 56 5e - = In H 5 5e
where, - E Time of drying during decreasing rate period, hr. 5e E F0uilibrium moisture content of grain "db& H E 'rying constant, 1;hr.
5 E #(erage moisture content "db& at the end of decreasing rate period.
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
The total drying time for grains in the bin is ) Total drying time , E 1 M -
iii) Remar; o) !ee% &e! !r"i)0, "1& If drying air at high relati(e humidity and relati(e low temperature is used, then the total drying time will be (ery long due to slow rate of drying which may cause spoilage of grains. "-& The correct choice of air flow rate is (ery imp. "!& 'rying air at high temperature cannot be used due to the de(elopment of moisture gradients within the grain bed. It leads to non ) uniform drying of grain. In general an air temperature of 400@ " 150@ rise& is recommended for deep bed drying.
ww
nu
56 E #(erage initial moisture content "db& at the beginning of decreasing period.
r w. ea
t an e!
ce.
1%
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/II) EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON THE DRYING PROCESS, The drying rate is depend upon many factors, namely air temperature, air flow rate, relati(e humidity, e6posure time, types, (ariety and si4e of grain, initial moisture content,
i) E ec# o air #em%era#ure, -
The rate of drying increases with the rise of air temperature. e0uilibrium moisture content falls as air temperature increases. ii) E ec# o air $eloci#", -
ria
m
1$
3enderson and pabis found that air rate has no obser(able effect on thin layer
10cm!;sec;cm- to % cm!;sec;cm- had no significant effect on the drying rate of wheat. Aut in
iii) E ec# o air (umi!i#", -
Chen the humidity of air increases the rate of drying decreases. The effect is
PD FC
much smaller in comparison to the effect of temperature changes. i$) E ec# o air e6%osure Time, -
In the case of intermediate drying, drying rate of grain depends on its e6posure
time to the drying air in each pass. Total drying time, which is the sum of all e6posure times, is dependent upon e6posure time. Total drying time reduces as e6posure time decreases. DDD
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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case of paddy and corn it has been found that air rate has some effect on rate of drying.
nu
t an e!
drying of wheat when air flow was turbulent. #;c to them, air flow rate (arying from
ce.
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Aut the
grain depth, etc. of them, first four factors are imp. They are )

CHAPTER - III
METHODS OF GRAIN DRYING

1o far, drying systems ha(e not been classified systematically. 3owe(er, drying methods can be broadly classified on the basis of heat transfer to the wet solid.
"a& @onduction drying "b& @on(ection drying and "c& radiation drying. There are other methods of drying also, namely dielectric drying, chemical or sorption drying, (accum drying, free4e drying.
=f them, con(ection drying is commonly used for drying of all types of grain.
contact drying. In this method, conduction is the principal mode of heat transfer and the
characterised by )
a& 3eat transfer to the wet solid ta/es place by conduction through a solid surface, usually
PD FC
drying.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
metallic. The source of heat may be hot water, steam, flue gases, hot oil, etc: b& 1urface temperature may (ary widely:
c& 'ust and dusty materials can be remo(ed (ery effecti(ely. @onduction drying can be carried out either continuously or batch wise. Co)$ec#io) Dr"i)0 ,- In this drying, the drying agent " hot gases & in contact with wet solid is used to supply heat and carry away the (aporised moisture and the heat is transferred to the wet solid mainly by con(ection. The characteristics of con(ection drying are ) a& 'rying is dependent upon the heat transfer from drying agent to wet material. b& 1team heated air, direct flue gases of agricultural waste, etc. can be used as drying agent : c& *uel consumption per /g of moisture e(aporated is always higher than that of conduction
ww
r w. ea
(aporised moisture is remo(ed independently of heating media.
t an e!
nu
conduction through a solid surface "metallic& the phenomenon is /nown as conduction or
ce.
Co)!uc#io) Dr"i)0, - Chen the heat for drying is transferred to the wet solid mainly by
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-0
#ccording to mode of heat transfer, drying methods can be di(ided in to 9
@onduction drying is

@on(ection drying is most popular in grain drying. It can be carried out either continuously or batch wise. Convection drying further classified as Na#ural air !r"i)0, - The unheated air as supplied by nature is utilised.
"temperature rise 50 to 100 @& only is supplied to drying air. Hea#e! air !r"i)0,-
In heated air drying air is heated to a considerable e6tent. The natural air drying and drying with supplemental heat method which may re0uire one to four wee/s or
Ra!ia#io) !r"i)0 ,-
transformation in to heat energy by the grain, sun drying is an e6ample of radiation drying. The effecti(eness of sun drying depends upon temperature and relati(e humidity of the
PD FC
Su) !r"i)0, I) ra - Re! Dr"i)0, Dielec#ric !r"i)0 ,C.O.E.&T.,Akola
atmospheric air, speed of the wind, type and condition of the grain, etc.
1un drying is the most popular traditional method of drying. # major 0uantity
of grain is still dried by the sun in most of the de(eloping countries.
Infra)red rays can penetrate into the irradiated body to a certain depth and
transformed into heat energy, special infra red lamps used as generators in infra red radiation. .adiation dryers ha(e been used in many countries for drying the painted surfaces of machinery, te6tile industry and food industries.
In dielectric drying, heat is generated within the solid by placing it in a fi6ed high fre0uency current. In this method, substance is heated at the e6pense of dielectric loss -1
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.adiation drying is based on the absorption of radiant energy of the sun and its
nu
t an e!
short time.
ce.
e(en more, heated air drying is most useful when large 0uantity of grain is to be dried within a
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Su%%leme)#al (ea# !r"i)0, - drying with supplimental heat just sufficient amount of heat

factor. The molecules of the substance, placed in a field of high fre0uency current are polari4ed and begin to oscillate in accordance with the fre0uency. The oscillations are accompanied by friction and thus a part of the electric energy is transformed into heat. The main ad(antage of this method is that the substance is heated with e6traordinary rapidity.
Barious chemicals such as sodium chloride, calcium propanate, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, urea etc ha(e been tried for the preser(ation of wet paddy of these, common salt has been pro(ed to be effecti(e and con(enient. The common salt absorbs moisture from paddy but it cannot penetrate in to endosperm through hus/ layer. This is
This method is particularly suitable for drying of small 0uantity of seed. The
forced up through the grain from an air chamber underneath. DDD
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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grain bags are laid flat o(er holes cut on the floor of a tunnel system so that heated air can be
nu
--
t an e!
Sac; !r"i)0, -
ce.
uni0ue property of paddy.
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C(emical !r"i)0 ,-

CHAPTER - I/
GRAIN DRYERS
8rain dryers can be di(ided in to two broad categories, unheated air dryers and heated air dryers. 'ifferent types of grain dryers of both groups ha(e been discussed in this
I) UNHEATED AIR DRYERS, -
2nheated or natural air)drying is usually performed in the grain storage bin. ?atural air)drying is commonly used for on farm drying for a relati(ely small (olume of grains. Fither full bin or layer drying system is employed in natural air drying.
#fter the layer is partially dried, other layers of grain are added periodically, perhaps daily
drying a full bin of grain is dried as a single batch. Then the drying bin is used for storage purposes. The air flow rate pro(ided is relati(ely low. Though natural air is supposed to be
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
used, an air heating system should be /ept so that supplemental heat may be supplied to natural air during rainy seasons. 8rain containing moisture more than -0 + should not be dried with natural air. #s in natural air drying the grain is aerated and stored in the same unit, the complete installation simply consists of a storage unit e0uipped with ducts for air distribution and de(ices for air e6haustion and a blower.
II) HEATED AIR DRYERS ,3eated air dryers of different types are as follows. i) Dee% &e! !r"ers ,- These batch in bin dryers are of large capacities to se(eral hundred tonnes. The most common shapes are round or rectangular. To operate deep bed dryers efficiently following rules may be followed 9)
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with the continuation of drying until the bin is full and whole grain mass is dried. In full bin
nu
t an e!
weather. In layer drying, the bin is filled with a layer of grain at a time and drying, is begun.
ce.
The period of drying for either system may be as long as se(eral wee/s depending on the
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-!
chapter.

#n air flow rate of -.$4 ) !.$- m!;minute per tonne is recommended. .ates abo(e !.$- m!;minute per tonne may result in une(en drying and is e6pensi(e in operation. If the moisture content of grains is up to 1%+ the layer
moisture depth recommended is -.5m.
The net perforated are of the floor should be 15+ of total
floor area. #ir (elocity of !00 m;minute through opening is preferable. ii) Fla# &e! !r"er ,-
surface area of dryer is more and depth of drying
capacity. 8rains are spread 0. to 1.- m deep o(er the perforated floor and dried. The main
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layers of grains.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
ad(antages are
r w. ea
ww
layer is less. These dryers are of usually 1 ) - tonne
nu
t an e!
In the flat bed batch type dryer
The whole batch is dried 0uic/ly.
There is less li/ehood of o(er drying.
<ower air pressure is re0uired to force the drying air. iii) Co)#i)ues lo1 !r"ers ,-
These dryers are columner type in which wet grains flow from the top to bottom of the dryers. These dryers are of two types. 1& 5i6ing and -& ?on ) mi6ing. 2) Mi6i)0 #"%e co)#i)uous lo1 !r"ers ,- Chen the grains are di(erted in the dryer, it is called a mi6ing type dryer. 'rying is accomplished by forcing heated air across the falling
Fi0. Co)#i)uous lo1 !r"er 8mi6i)0) 1.feed hopper-.e6it air !.plenum chamber 4.dry material outlet
ce.
Fi0. Fla# &e! !r"er 1. F6it air -. >lenum chamber !. Alower
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Fi0. Dee% &e! !r"ers. 1. F6it air -.Cet grain !. 'rying 4one 4. 'ry grain 5. Alower
l
-4
depth of grain should be limited to ! m and for abo(e 1%+

In mi6ing dryers, baffles are pro(ided to cause the grains to mi6 during their downward flow. These dryers use low air flow rates of 50)$5m!;min tonne and high drying temperature of 50@ Oig)Oag columns enclosed by screens on both
drying process. 5) No)-Mi6i)0 !r"ers ,- Aaffles are not pro(ided in the column and drying ta/es place between two parellel screens, 15)-5 cm apart. In these dryers high air flow
i$) Recircula#i)0 !r"ers ,-
procedure is used to a(oid e6cessi(e drying stress. 'uring each pass, the grain are e6posed to the
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
heated air for short time " 15)!0 minutes & and about 1 ) ! + of moisture is remo(ed. 'rying temperature is 0 ) %00@ is used. 'rying is faster and effecti(e because of continuous mo(ement of grains during short drying times.
*ig. .ecirculatory dryer7s 1.ele(ator -.tempering bins !.wet material 4.semidried material 5.con(eyor
$) +. S. U. !r"er ,- The design of this continuous dryer was de(eloped at the <ousiana 1tate 2ni(ersity called <12 dryer. It is a mi6ing type continuous flow dryer. The layers alternate between hot air inta/e and e6haust air outlets and are staggered to pro(ide mi6ing. The <12 dryer is of high capacity and being used in big commercial rice mills.
ww
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In this type, a multipass
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t an e!
air temperature of 540@ used in non mi6ing dryers.
Fi0. Co)#i)uous lo1 !r"er 8)o) mi6i)0) 1.feed hopper-.plenum chamber !.e6it air 4. dry grain outlet 5.screened grain column
ce.
-5
rates of 1-5)-50 m!;min ) tonne can be used. 'rying
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sides are used primarily to achie(e mi6ing action during
solutions, pastes and li0uids sprayed on to the fluidi4ed inert bed. The principle of operation
grain;product gi(ing e6cellent air;grain contact. The drying method is based on (entilating hot air through the bed of product /ept on the support grid. Chen the air (elocity becomes
PD FC
$ii) Ro#ar" Dr"er ,C.O.E.&T.,Akola
higher than the critical fluidi4ation (elocity, the bed progressi(ely e6pands until it reaches a state that of boiling li0uid. This
phenomenon is called fluidi4ation.
dryers the diameter of drum is between 1 to ! m and length is from ! to m.
It is operated at slight inclination. The drum rotates on its a6is. The grain flows downward through the rotating drum and is periodically lifted by
Fi0. Co)#i)uous lo1 (ea#e! sa)! me!ium ro#ar" !r"er
ww
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In commercial rotary
of fluidi4ed bed dryer is to be pro(ide sufficient air pressure to fluidi4e a thin bed of
nu
t an e!
It is mainly used for granular material, it also applicable in the drying of
ce.
$i) Flui!i<e! &e! !r"er ,-
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Fi0. +SU !r"er #7 1.garner -. duct !. dry material outlet 4. hopper 5.continuous flow .door 7.roof A7 1. @ross section of drying chamber 1. air e6haust -. air inta/e
ria
-

inclined flights, then dropped, ensuring good air;grain contact. In small scale rotary dryers, the walls are heated by direct contact with flue gases. $iii) Tra" !r"er ,In a tray dryer, many shallow trays are
drying chamber. Try dryer is generally used for drying (egetables. If the heated air is coming from the sides of drying chamber, the trays may not ha(e perforated bottom. >roducts are /ept in thin layers in the trays. i6) Tu))el !r"er ,-
the group of trays is mo(ing in a tunnel, the
heated air in a tunnel dryer may be concurrent or counter current.
r w. ea
ww
system becomes a tunnel dryer. The flow of
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material by the heated air.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
6) Grai) !r"i)0 i) &a0s ,-
This method is useful to dry grains in
small 0uantities. 5ethod re0uires large number of uns/illed labours and more space is needed. The heated air is forced through the rac/s and bags. 'uring drying, the bags are in(erted at least once to accomplish drying on both sides of the bags. 6i) Solar !r"ers ,- 1olar drying of agricultural products can be ad(antageous to sun drying for the farmers of de(eloping nations. Two basic principles are inherent in the operation of solar dryers, firstly solar heating of air and secondly the remo(al of moisture from the wet
Direc# !r"er 8)a#ural co)$e)#io)) 1.e6it air-.chimney!.transferable panel4.bamboo5.air inta/e .clear plastic sheet Fi0.
nu
t an e!
It is similar to tray dryer. Chen
ce.
Fi0. Tu))el !r"er 1.blower -. heater !.trays 4.e6it air chimney
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Fi0. Tra" !r"er 1. e6it air -.blower !.heater 4. inter space between trays 5.trays . plenum chamber
l
-7
/ept one abo(e the other with a gap between in the

CHAPTER - /
SE+ECTION OF GRAIN DRYERS

5any factors are to be considered before the final selection of the most suitable type of dryer for a gi(en application. The selection is little but made difficult by a
The commercial dryers are not enough fle6ible enough to compensate design factors and the problems associated with handling of different types of food materials, which are not ta/en into consideration pre(iously. *or this reason, it is particularly important that all pertinent points be considered and drying tests be conducted before the final selection for
The important factors to be considered in the preliminary selection of a crop
i) P("sico c(emical %ro%er#ies o #(e cro% &ei)0 (a)!le!. ii) Dr"i)0 c(arac#ers o cro%.
PD FC
i$) Pro!uc# -uali#ies "a& @olour "b& *la(our "c& 1hrin/age
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
"1& Type of moisture.
"-& Initial, final and e0uilibrium moisture content. "!& >ermissible drying temperature. "4& 'rying cur(es and drying times for different crops with different dryers.
iii) Flo1 o cro% #o a)! rom #(e !r"er. Puantity to be handled per hour. @ontinuous or batch generations. >rocess during drying and subse0uent to drying.
ww
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dryer are as follows 9)
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t an e!
I) PRE+IMINARY DRYER SE+ECTION ,
ce.
-%
particular operation.
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whole range of dryers in to days mar/et.

"d& @ontamination "e& 2niformity of drying "f& 'ecomposition or @on(ersion of product constituents. "g& =(erdrying
"i& >roduct Temperature "j& Aul/ density. "/& @ase hardening and
"l& @rac/ing and other desirable 0ualities of the end products.
a& 1pace
c& #(ailability of fuels.
d& #(ailable electric power.
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the cast data.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
e& >ermissible ?orse, (ibration dust or heat losses. f& 1ource of wed feed
g& F6haust gas outlets.
II) COMPARISON OF DRYERS ,The dryers selected are to be e(aluated on the basis of drying performance and
Barious drying tests for (arious crops ha(e to be carried out with the dryers under consideration to determine product characteristics. #n appro6imate cost analysis is also useful for e(aluation of dryers.
ww
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b& Temperature, humidity, cleanliness of air.
nu
t an e!
$i) Facili#ies a$aila&le a# #(e si#e o %ro%ose! i)s#alla#io).
ce.
-$
$) Dus# reco$er" %ro&lems.
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"h& 1tate of subdi(ision.

III) FINA+ SE+ECTION OF DRYERS. *rom the results of the drying tests and analysis the final selection of the must suitable dryer can be made. *or successful introduction of any grain dryer at farm le(el, a few additional
follows 9)
The dryer should be of proper si4e matching with the demand of a farmer : The price of the dryer should be reasonable.
The design of layer should be simple and made of different cheap and locally a(ailable
It should be possible to ma/e the dryer portable if necessary.
waste li/e hustic shells etc.& air heating system should be introduced in grain drying to minimise the cast of grain drying.
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
The repair and maintenance re0uirement should be minimum. It should be possible to use the dryer for different grains and to be used as a storage bin later for its ma6imum utili4ation.
ww
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The operating cast should be minimum solar or furnance "i.e. fired with agricultural
nu
t an e!
DDD
It should be easy to operate.
ce.
m
!0
materials so that it can be manufactured locality.
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parts are to be borne is mind in the section and design of grain drying system. They are as

CHAPTER - /I
DESIGN PROCEDURE OF GRAIN DRYERS

The heated air grain dryers can be di(ided into three major groups. 1& 1tatic deep bed batch dryers.
!& @ontinuous dryer. 8rain dryers mainly consist of "a& 'rying chamber. "b& #ir distribution system. "c& 'irect or indirect air heating system. "d& Alower.
"e& @ontrol system "if any& and
The following important factors are ta/en into consideration in the design of heated air grain dryers )
PD FC
"b& 8rain feeding rate : "c& Total drying time : AIR FACTORS ,C.O.E.&T.,Akola
DRYER FACTORS, -
"a& 1i4e, shape and type of dryer :
"d& #ir flow pattern and air distribution system: "e& 'epth of grain bed in the dryer: and "f& 1ystem of cooling grain "if any&.
"a& Belocity and air flow rate per unit mass of the grain. "b& Temperature and relati(e humidity7s of the heated air and e6haust air. "c& 1tatic pressure of the air at which it is blown and "d& #(erage ambient conditions. !1
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"f& 8rain con(eying system "for flow dryers&
nu
t an e!
ce.
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-& @ontinuous ) flow ) batch dryers. "either mi6ing or non ) mi6ing type& and

GRAIN FACTORS ,"a& Type, (ariety and condition of grain. "b& Initial and final moisture contents of grain. "c& The usage of dried grain and
HEATING SYSTEM, "a& Type of fuel and rate of fuel supply.
"b& Type of burner "for li0uid fuel& or type of furnace "for solid fuel& and "c& Type of heat e6changer "for indirect heating system& IMP. DESIGN FACTORS, -
82) Si<e: s(a%e a)! #"%e o !r"er ,-
dried per day or for the whole season. The si4es of dryer are e6press either in terms of holding capacity of amount of grain to be dried per unit time or the amount of grain passing
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
through the dryer per unit time.
Thic/ness of grain layer e6posed to the heated air is generally restricted to
room for continuous flow dryers. The designs of the continuous flow dryer are based on thin layer drying principles whereas static batch dryers are designed in deep bed drying principles. @hoice of a grain dryers largely depends on the situation. @ontinuous flow
dryers are normally used for commercial purpose whereas static deep bed batch dryers are used for on farm drying. *arm le(el batch dryers can be made of locally a(ailable materials, namely, wood, bamboo, etc. if necessary. Aut commercial big dryers are made of mild steel sheet, angle iron, channel section supports.
ww
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1i4e or capacity of a dryer is decided by the amount and (ariety of grain to be
nu
t an e!
*ollowing are some of the important design factors )
ce.
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!-
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"d& <atent heat of e(aporation of grain moisture.

85) Calcula#io) o air a)! (ea# or (ea#e! air !r"ers i.e. Mass a)! Hea# 4ala)ce i) 0rai) !r"i)0,The air flow rate re0uired for heated air drying systems can be calculated as follows 9 The rate of air flow re0uired for drying may be calculated by ma/ing heat
L1.t.c1
#5A. #I. @1B1t131,.31
t-31,.3-
r w. ea
3!
where 8
E air flow rate, m!;min.
PD FC
t1, t- Q t! Cd L1, Lt 81 , t 8 (1
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
31, 3- E humidities of ambient and heated air, /g;/g. E humidity of e6haust air, /g;/g.
3eat supplied by drying air, 0a, /cals 9 0a E "0.-4M0.45 31& 87 "t- ) t! & !!
ww
.31, .3- Q .3! E relati(e humidities of ambient, heated and e6haust air, respecti(ely, per cent.
E dry bulb temperatures of ambient, heated and e6haust air respecti(ely, 0@.
E total weight of bone dry grain in the dryer, /g.
E initial and final moisture contents of grain, /g;/g. E initial and final grain temperatures, 0@. E initial humid (olume, m!;/g.
nu
t an e!
L-,t8-
'.GF. Cd
ce.
m
t!,3!,.3!
3F#TF.
3F#TF. #I.
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FL3#21T #I.
balance. The heated air drying system is represented by 9

Chere 87 E rate of air supply, /g;min. E total drying time, min. #mount of heat re0uired 9 3eat re0uired for e(aporation of moisture from the grain, 01, /cals 9
where,
E a(erage (alue of latent heat of (aporisation of moisture from the grain /cals;/g.
1ensible heat re0uired to raise the temperature of the grain and its moisture, 0, /cals 9
@g, @w E specific heats of grain and water respecti(ely,
Therefore
0 a = 01 + 0 or
PD FC
or 87 = 8 E 87 6 (1 *uel consumption 9
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
87 E "0.-4M0.45 31& "t- ) t! &
where (1 E humid (olume.
8=) Calcula#io) o uel re9uireme)#,-
The rate of fuel consumption can be calculated as follows 9 07a f = . b . e6 .@ n
ww
r w. ea
H cal;/g 0@
E Cd I"L 1 L - & + @ a " t 8 - t 8 - & + @ w " t 8 - t 81 & L1 J
Cd I"L 1 L - & + @ a " t 8 - t 81 & + @ w " t 8 - t 81 &L 1 J "0.-4 + 0.45 3 1 & "t - t ! &
nu
t an e!
where
ce.
!4
0 = Cd @ g " t 8 - t 81 & + Cd @ w " t 81 t 81 &L1
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01 E C d " L1 ) L- &

where f E fuel rate, /g;hr. 07a E total heat re0uired to heat the drying air, /cal;hr. @n E @alorific (alue of fuel, /cal;/g of fuel. E efficiency of the heating system.
b E efficiency of the boiler, if any. 8>) Desi0) o a) a)! &lo1ers,1election;'esign of a centrifugal blower
*or a gi(en set of airflow rate and static pressure, the impeller diameter and
motor speed. ?s = Chere, ? P

0.75 p1
? E speed of motor, rpm P E air flow rate, cfm
PD FC
path.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
ps E static pressure, inches water gauge.
-. *rom *ig. .1 determine the type of air mo(ing unit which would operate at high efficiency, at or near pea/ efficiency at the calculated specific speed. If more than one type of air mo(ing unit has good efficiency, ma/e the final selection on other factors in(ol(ed in the application such as relati(e cost, si4e and shape of space a(ailable and the characteristics of the air flow
!. *rom Table .1 find the typical (alue of pressure coefficient by interpolation, for the type of fan or blower selected and the (alue of ?s. 4. @alculate the diameter of the impeller.
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rpm
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1 @alculate the specific speed "?s& for the specific static pressure, air flow rate and designed
ce.
!5
width of blower may be calculated as below,
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e6 E efficiency of the heat e6changer.

= -.!5 10 % p 1 ? -d -
where
E pressure coefficient d E diameter of the impeller, inch
CE width of the impeller, inch
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C.O.E.&T.,Akola
ww
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nu
!
t an e!
ce.
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Chere,
E flow coefficient
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5. *ind out the typical (alue of flow coefficient from table and then calculate the width. 175P C= ?d -

Ta&le ?.2 /alues o s%eci ic s%ee!s: #"%ical %ressure co-e icie)#: #"%ical lo1 coe icie)# a)! !ime)sio)s o ce)#ri u0al &lo1ers
'imension # A @ 1pecifi c 1peed Typical pressure coeff. 1 -.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 0.% Typical flow coeff. 0.15 0.5 0.75 0.000.01 0.10
1.4"'& 1.!5"'& CM0.1'
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CM0.1 '
m
15,000 !0,000 45,000
ria
4,000 %,000 -0,000 1.0 0.75 0.5
1.7"'& 1.5"'&
?s 1!,000 1.-5CM0.1' -0,000 40,000
PD FC
Fi0.?.2 S%eci ic s%ee! $s. s#a#ic e icie)c" o $arious im%ellers
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-.0"'& 1. "'&
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!7
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
0.0% 0.! 0.5

# re(iew of manufacturer7s literature is done to see that whether blower wheel of calculated dimensions is a(ailable. If it is not a(ailable, then slightly smaller or larger wheel is selected and the performance re0uirement is re(ised. 4lo1er (ousi)0,-
centrifugal blower and thus is as important as the blower wheel. The si4e of the housing must be considered /eeping in (iew the space a(ailable. The standard housing dimensions recommended by the blower manufacturers may be followed to ma6imise performance of a particular blower wheel. These dimensions are generally gi(en as proportions of wheel
centrifugal blower housing as shown in *ig. .-, is to control the air flow from inta/e to discharge, and in the process,
to con(ert the (elocity head into the
PD FC
Di user a)0le,C.O.E.&T.,Akola
static pressure head. >ressure con(ersion is accomplished as the cross)section of
the air stream increases in the increasing annular space on the periphery of the blower wheel from cutoff to discharge.
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1ince the amount of pressure con(ersion is determined by the scroll configuration, the shape of the housing considerably affects air performance. The cutoff eliminates almost all free circulation of air within the housing.
The increase in annular cross)section in the scroll around a blower wheel is proportional to the de(eloped length of the wheel periphery "*ig .!&. The angle between the
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Fi0. ?.5 Housi)0 o ce)#ri u0al &lo1er
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The
purpose
of
ce.
!%
diameter and width and so can be determined after the selected procedure is completed.
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The configuration of the housing considerably affects the performance of a

de(eloped scroll surface and blower wheel periphery is called the diffuser angle. Cheel diameter and diffuser angle determines the shape and dimensions of the scroll.
impeller diameter and either the ma6imum height or ma6imum width of the housing. 'iffuser
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3 h = 1- 5 1 d C w = 1- 5 1 d
angle may be gi(en as,
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The diffuser angle can be determined graphically and e6pressed in terms of
ce.
..................................
Fi0. ?.= Scroll !e$elo%me)# o a ce)#ri u0al &lo1er
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"1&
PD FC
..................................
#F or @8 decreases. 3owe(er it is less sensiti(e to change in #F. #s the diffuser angle increases, the flow rate increases significantly at any
particular static pressure. 'iffuser angle also affects performance of the blower in a particular system.
The diffuser angle generally used as the basis for blower performance data is 10R. #lthough large diffuser angle impro(e performance, the relati(e amount of impro(ement gradually diminishes and the si4e of the housing with respect to the diameter of the blower wheel becomes too large.
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#s shown by abo(e e0uations, the diffuser angle decreases if either dimensions
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
l
"-& !$

The housing width may be determined by the following e0uation 5E1.-5 C M 0.1 d where, 5 E housing width C E impeller width .................................. "!&
The optimum diameter is based on a blower wheel mounted close to the inlet ring and minimal clearance between the wheel bac/ plate and side of the housing.
If the width of the housing recommended for the standard blower wheel is too large, a narrower housing should be selected. If either dimension #F or @8 of the
and compared to the original re0uirement. Calcula#i)0 !i user a)0le,-
The diffuser angle, h, e0uation "1& may be calculated with dimensions #F e0ual to the ma6imum dimension G of the space a(ailable "*ig. .!&.
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
The diffuser angle, w, e0uation "-& may be calculated with dimension @8
e0ual to the ma6imum dimension L of the space a(ailable. The smaller of two diffuser angles corresponds to the housing that will fit into
the space a(ailable for blower. If the calculated diffuser angle is 4R or less, the housing is too tight. If possible, a smaller blower wheel that produces the re0uired air performance at a higher operational speed should be selected. 8@) Dr"i)0 air #em%era#ure ,@orrect choice of drying air temperature for a gi(en type of grain is (ery imp. as it has effects on the 0uality of dried product. The highest allowable air temperature for drying of grain depends on the type and condition of grain and the usage of dried grain. The upper limit of drying air temperature for different grain to be used for food, feed and seed purpose are different and are gi(en in following table. 40
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angle should be selected. The resulting reduction in air flow rate should then be determined
ce.
recommended housing is too large for the space a(ailable, a housing with a smaller diffuser
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d E impeller diameter

8?) Grai) %arame#ers ,The grain factors which affect the rate of drying are as follows 9) Type, (ariety and condition of grain. Initial har(est moisture content, final moisture and e0uilibrium moisture content of
1tructure and chemical composition of the /ernel, seed, coat, hus/ etc. and *oreign materials present in the grain.
The abo(e stated, factors are therefore to be considered in the design of grain dryers.
Ta&le ?.5 , 4ul; !e)si#ies o 0rai) a# !i ere)# mois#ure co)#e)#s
t an e!
5oisture content + "w.b.& 14.0 1%.0 11.0 14.1 1!.0 1 .1 .% 10.% 1-.0 14.!
ce.
Temperature 0@
8rain >addy Cheat
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5oisture content
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Aarley 1orghum 8rain
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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@orn "1helled &
Ta&le ?.= , +a#e)# Hea# o $a%ori<a#io) o 0rai) mois#ure 3eat of (aporisation 41
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15.7%$.% 75 .1 7! .$ 7-0.$ 5$-.7 57 .7 75-.$ 75-.$
'ensity Hg;m! 5%7.$
the grain.

Cheat +"w.b.& 1! 1! 17 17 1! 1! 17 17 1! 1! 17 17 ) ) !% 5 !% 5 !% 5 !% 5 !% 5 !% 5 !% 5 Hcal;/g -$.4 11. 5%$.$ 57!.% $%.% 7$.4 44.4 - .1 -4.4 0 .5$!.! 57 . 57 .1 5 0.0
@orn
1orghum
Cater
Cheat @orn
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5oisture content +"w.b& 115 17 $.11.7 1Temperature range 0@ ) ) ) ) - .50 to !1.0 )
.ice
%.
ce.
0.!$!4 0.4-55 0.44 $ 0.!70 ) 0.! 7
8rain
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5oisture content + "w.b.& %.5 .7
Ta&le ?.> , S%eci ic 0ra$i#" o cereal 0rai)s
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1pecific heat /cal;/g 0@
PD FC
Aarley 5illets =ats
8rain >addy Cheat Cheat, hard C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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7.5 $.4 10.!!
Ta&le ?.@ , T(ermal %ro%er#ies o cereal 0rai)s.

Thermal conducti(ity /cal;m hr 0@ ) ) ) 0.11$% 0.1-% ) Thermal diffusi(ity m-;hr ) ) ) 0.000414 ) )
m
1pecific gra(ity of /ernel 1.! 1.41 1.-$ 1.41.11 0.$$ 4-
ria

white Cheat, soft white @orn, yellow dent 15 14.4 $.% 1!.115 17 ) $.0 to -!.0 %.! ) -!.- . )!1.1 ) ) ) 0.!$1 0.5 0.4!% ) 0.!%0 0.415 0.4!$ ) 0.11 0.1!0% 0.10) ) ) ) 0.000-$5 0.000!!% ) ) ) )
#ny one of the three systems of airflow namely crosses flow: counter flow and
preferred. 'ouble screen and baffle type of columnar dryers ha(e a plannum chamber and <.1.2 dryer has in(erted B shaped air channels for uniform distribution of air throughout the
chamber.
Aera#io) s"s#em
PD FC
Air !is#ri&u#io) s"s#em "a& >erforated floor, "b& @entral hori4ontal duct, "d& Bertical slatted duct.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
@entrifugal blowers may ha(e cither forward)cur(ed or bac/ward)cur(ed blades. The airflow and static pressure re0uirements for different types of grains and
1ufficient care should be ta/en in selecting and designing the air distribution
1ystem so that .air is uniformly distributed throughout the grain bul/ and (oid poc/ets are a(oided. There are fi(e major systems of air distribution 9
"c& 5ain duct and laterals, and
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for different depths of grains are gi(en in Table.
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Aoth propeller and centrifugal types of blowers are used for aeration.
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drying chamber. The deep bed batch dryer has the plenums at the bottom of the graindrying
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co)current flow can be adopted in flow type grain dryers. 8enerally cross flow of air is
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8A) Air lo1 %a##er) a)! air !is#ri&u#io) ,-
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4!
=ats

(a) Perforated flow The circular storage bin can be fitted with the perforated false floor through which unheated air is blown. Though the system is suitable for small and medium si4ed round bins and for small depths of grain, it is used for large rectangular bins and for higher grain
(b) Central horizontal duct
This system is used in the 0uonset type units. This type of duct with openings in the wall can distribute air more uniformly through the grain bul/. (c) Main duct and laterals
floor of .the bin so that the air can flow through the mass. The literals are in(erted B or 2 or
are spaced in accordance with the si4e of the storage unit, 0uantity of grain to be aerated or dried and depth of the grain "*igs. .4 to . &. In round bins the ducts can also be placed in the
*ig .4 form of a ring on the bin floor.
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*ig .5
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rectangular in shape and are made of wood or steel or concrete or ferro)cement. The laterals
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*ig. .7 *ig. .%
*ig. .
*our common floor layouts for the main duct and lateral in bins
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*ig .$
in ground, s0uare and rectangular bins. The laterals are open at the bottom and raised off the
ce.
The system )of main duct and laterals is most commonly used and is adopted
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C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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44
depths as well.
(d) Vertical ducts
laterally through the grain mass.
8B) Co)$e"i)0 a)! Ha)!li)0 S"s#em ,-
Auc/et ele(ators, (ertical screw lifts for feeding, hopper bottom with proper
PD FC
8C) Air Hea#i)0 S"s#em ,C.O.E.&T.,Akola
inclination for grain discharging are commonly used. *orced discharge mechanism with slowly rotating fluted rolls are used for better control of the feed rate and drying rate. 'ried grain from the dryer is usually con(eyed to different place by belt con(eyor or screw con(eyor and buc/et ele(ator.
8enerally direct firing system are used for gaseous and li0uid fuels and
indirect heating system using heat e6changers is employed for solid fuels. Aut direct flue gas from the hus/ fired furnace can also be efficiently used for the grain drying. The drying cost can be further reduced by introducing solar ) cum ) hus/ fired grain drying system.
Ta&le ?.? , A%%ro6ima#e Ne# Hea#i)0 /alues o /arious Fuels

45
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perforated tube "*ig. .7&. The air is blown, through the slots or perforations and is spread
ce.
This system consists of either a (ertical slatted duct or a central (ertical
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*uel 'ensity /g;m! #gricultural @rop residues Aagasse, dry @orn stal/s, dry @otton batting @ottonseed hulls ?ewspaper >ecan shells 1traw Cheat "1traw& #lcohol T gas Fthyl "@-35=3& 5ethyl "@3!=3& 444! !$ 5 !$5! 477% 4!7% 4$40 !!!41 7 1%, 00 1 , 00 1 ,550 -0,000 1%,!!0 -0, %0 1!,$50 17,445 %,000 7,150 7,114 lb;ft! Hcal;/g 3eating Balue /S;/g Atu;lb
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45 0.1-0.0%5
m
-7,750 -1,115 - ,-40 1$,5%0 -$,77!1.401 !!,$ 0 !0,!55 4!,47! 4-,5$0
t an e!
1.$ 5 1.! !
ce.
-5 504! - % 4 77 7117500 %117-51 10!%4 1017!
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%15.! 7$ .1
#lcohol ) li0uid "pure& Fthyl "@-35=3&
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1.!5 %1!. % !.$
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50.$
5ethyl "@3!=3& @oal
4$.7
#nthracite
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Aituminous
1pecific 8ra(ityE1.1-)
1emi)bituminous 5anufactured bri0uets *uel oil ?o.1 ?o.lb;gal .7$ 7.-1
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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4
l
%, 00 7,%%0 %,%$0 ,000 7,500 11,$!0 $,0%0 11,-%0 %,4-0 1-,%00 1!,500 14, 00 1!,050 1%, $0 1%,!10

?o.4 ?o.5 ?o. 8asoline Herosene 8as " @n3-nM-& ?atural, methane "@34 & Fthane "@-3 & 5anufactured >ropane "@!3%& Autane "@4310& Cood 0. %0 1.-%7 0.7 $ 1.$-4 -.5!$!-.$!%.$ 4.7! .$ %17.77% 7.%! %.05 .15 .%lb;ft! 0.04-4 0.0%0! 0.04% 0.1-0 0.15% dry $%5 $%00 $545 10500 10! 7 41,- ! 41,0!0 !$,$ 0 4!,$ 0 4!,40! 17,740 17, 40 17,1%0 1%,$10 1%, 00
11$5
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11!4! 5%7% 110%1 10$!4 5000
m
45,775 -0,$!4
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2D) Sa e#" ea#ures
afet! Features of "urner
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
*armers, insurance companies, e0uipment manufacturers, and e0uipment
dealers are interested in the safe operation of burners used for heated air drying systems. Important considerations of an installation designed for safe operation include the following9 "1& a flame control to shut off the fuel supply in the case of ignition failure, "-& a high temperature limit switch which will stop the burner but allow the fan to continue to operate, "!& a temperature control on the bonnet of the burner to pre(ent o(erheating of heater, "4& proper electrical wiring connecting the fan and burner to the electric circuit "*ig. 7.!&. #ll units should be designed to Ufail safe.U
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47
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50,055 47,4%% -4, 10 4 ,!$0
l
-1,5-0 -0,41 10,5%0 1$,$44 1$, %0 $,000
There is a tendency to o(eremphasi4e the danger of starting a fire from particles of trash getting into the open flame of a heated air dryer operated outside. The
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C.O.E.&T.,Akola
(elocity of the air passing the flame is so great that straw, chaff, and e(en cotton lint carried into the airstream do not remain in contact with the flame long enough to ignite, although such a circumstance is not recommended. afet! Features of Installation
# properly designed heater can be used in an unsafe manner. 1afety features of
an installation should include the following9 "1& fuel pump and piping located a safe distance from the flame of the burner, "-& the fuel feed line from the tan/ to the fuel pump protected from mechanical injury, "!& the fuel tan/ located at least 5 m "1 ft& from the bin and other buildings, "4& oil drums refilled a safe distance from the drying unit or the drying unit shut down when the drums are refilled, "5& separate drying and storage installations pro(ided for safe and efficient grain drying by heated air, " & if the crop is dried in batches, on wagons, or in a batch bin, drying e0uipment separated from the main building by ! m "10 ft&, "7& the 4%
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Fi0. ?.2D Au#oma#ic co)#rol s"s#em or a %or#a&le !r"er (ea#er
t an e!
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drying unit connected to the bin by a duct of flameproofed can(as or other noncombustible material. Insurance companies may re0uire that a special permit be obtained to install and use a heated air crop dryer. The insurance company representati(es will determine if the installation is reasonably safe, and if appro(ed, a permit may be purchased.
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which are gi(en below 9) 8a) T(ermal e icie)c" ,C.O.E.&T.,Akola
DRYER PERFORMANCE & TESTING

'ryer performance can be e6pressed in terms of (arious efficiency factors
Thermal efficiency can be defined as the ratio of the latent heat of e(aporation
credited to the heat energy of the fuel charged. Thermal efficiency can be e6pressed mathematically as follows 9) d5 Cd d 0
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t an e!
CHAPTER - /II
ce.
4$
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where 0= 0B# "h 1 h 0 & (
d5 = drying rate, Hg ; hr Hg d
E latent heat of e(aporation, H cal;Hg 0 E rate of heat flow, H cal ;hr B E air rate, m!;min m# E area, m-
( E humid (olume of air " at the point of rate measurement & m!;Hg.
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
32* may be more than unity under certain drying conditions. 8c) Coe icie)# o %er orma)ce ,- 8 C.O.P.)
The @=> of a grain dryer is e6press mathematically as follows 9) t t @=> = - 0 t1 t 0
where 9) t- E dry bulb temperature of e6haust air, 0@ t0 E dry bulb temperature of ambient air, 0@ t1 E dry bulb temperature of drying air, 0@ 8!) Rela#io) 4e#1ee) HUF a)! COP ,32* E 1 ) @=>
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air during drying and the temperature increases due to heating of air. 3eat utilised t 1 t 32* = = 3eat applied t1t 0
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32* may be defined as the ratio of temperature decrease due to cooling of the
ce.
8&) Hea# u#ili<a#io) ac#or ,- 8HUF)
t an e!
h1 and h0 E enthalpy of drying and ambient air H cal;Hg.
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50
Cd E weight of dry material, Hg.
Design & Study of Grain Dryer Tes#i)0 o Grai) Dr"ers

?o generali4ed test procedure can be adopted for all types of grain dryers. The testing method for static deep bed batch dryer cannot be same as that of continuous flow thin layer dryers. It is always preferable that test procedure for each type of dryer be designed
3owe(er, for con(enience, the dryer testing method can be broadly di(ided into two major heads 9 simple method and rigorous method. Fither of these two methods can be adopted in accordance with the objecti(es of the test. a) imple Method
The simple test procedure for a batch dryer is tabulated as follows 9
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
Ta&le A.5 , Tes# Proce!ure or #(e Per orma)ce o #(e S#a#ic Dee% 4e! 4a#c( !r"er Type and model ?o. of dryer 9 Type of grain and (ariety 8rain 1. Initial weight of wet grain "/g& -. *inal weight of dried grain "/g& !. Initial moisture content "per cent& 4. *inal moisture content "per cent& 5. 'ryer loading time "hr& . 'ryer unloading time "hr& #ir 1. #ir flow rate "ma6imum& "m!;min& -. #ir flow rate "minimum& "m!;min& !. 5a6. static pressure "mm water& 4. 5in. static pressure "mm water& 5. #(erage ambient d.b. temp. " 0@ & . #(erage ambient w.b. temp. " 0@& 7. #(erage heated air d.b. temp. " 0@ & %. #(erage heated air w.b. temp. " 0@ &
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performance of the grain dryer.
ce.
51
# simple test procedure is so designed as to determine the appro6imate
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separately.

'rying capacity $. #(erage e6haust air d.b. temp. " 0@ & 1. Total drying time "hr& -. @ooling time "if any& "hr& !. Total moisture e(aporation "/g& 4. .ate of moisture e(aporation "/g;hr& 5. .ate of dried grain productions "tonnes;hr& 1. #ir heating method "oil fired burner;hus/ fired furnace;steam heat
3eater and *uel
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"!& ?umber of passes : "4& Tempering time "hr& :
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
T(e sim%le #es# %roce!ure or co)#i)uous lo1 !r"er Aesides the test items tabulated in the abo(e. Table, the following items are to
be ta/en into consideration for continuous flow dryers 9 "1& 5oisture content after each pass " per cent & "-& .esidence time in the dryer for each circulation "hr& :
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e6changer& -. Type of air heating "direct;indirect& !. Chen oil fired burner;hus/ fired furnance is used "a& type of fuel and cal. (alue "b& total fuel consumption "/g& "c& rate of fuel consumption "/g;hr& 4. Chen steam heat e6changer is used "a& incoming steam pressure "/g;cm-& "b& rate of condensate outflow "/g;hr& "c& Temperature of condensate " 0 @& >ower 1. >ower consumption for blowing air to burner "HC& -. >ower consumption for pumping oil to burner "HC& !. >ower consumption for blowing heated air "HC& 4. >ower consumption for loading and unloading grain "HC& 5. >ower consumption for running feed rolls "HC& Puality of dried 1. 8ermination of grain before drying "per cent& grain -. 8ermination after drying "per cent& !. 3ead yield before drying "per cent)for paddy& 4. Total yield before drying "per cent& 5. 3ead yield after drying "per cent& . Total yield after drying "per cent& 7. =ther 0uality factors
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5-

"5& #(erage rate of moisture reduction or rate of moisture e(aporation in each circulation "/g;hr& : " & .ate of grain recirculation "tonnes;hr& : "7& 'rying air temperature at each pass " 0 @& :
b) #i$orous method
.igorous test procedures for some batch and continuous flow dryers are gi(en as follows. The whole test procedure can be grouped into the following major heads 9 "1& @hec/ing of construction : "-& 'rying performance test :
"4& @ontrol system performance test :
" & @hec/ing of different dryer)parts after disassembling "after the drying tests&. 82) C(ec;i)0 o Co)s#ruc#io)
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Investigation items
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
The purpose of this test is to ascertain the major dimensions, material of
construction and other necessary specifications of the dryer and its accessories. 1pecifications of 9 "a& dryer as a whole, "b& drying chamber with air
distribution system, "c& blower, "d& heating system and "e& con(eying units such as buc/et ele(ator, grain distributor, screw con(eyor, belt con(eyor, etc. The specifications of the abo(e items ha(e already been discussed earlier. 85) Dr"i)0 Per orma)ce Tes# The objecti(es of this test are to determine the drying performance of a dryer on the basis of rate of drying, rate of consumption of fuel and electricity, heat utilisation, 0uality of the dried grain and other operating conditions. The in(estigation items ha(e already been tabulated. 8=) 4lo1er Per orma)ce Tes# 5!
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"5& 3andling e0uipments performance test : and
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"!& *an;blower performance test :
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"%& Ceight of remaining grain in the dryer, ele(ator, etc."/g&.

The objecti(e of this test is to determine the performance of the fan;blower attached with the dryer. Investigation items >ower input, /w, "b& air flow rate, m!;min., "c& static and total pressure, mm water, "d& static pressure efficiency and "e& (ibration, noise and other wor/ing conditions
CHAPTER /III
SUGGESTED MODE+S
DESIGN OF SUGGESTED MODE+S FOR DA+ MI++S, Case,- Pulses
w.b.
#mbient air temperature E !00@
.elati(e humidity of ambient air E 70 +
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table .-&
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
Initial moisture content of pulses E 17+ w.b. *inal moisture content of pulses E 1-+ w.b. 8rain inlet temperature E !00@ E t81 8rain =utlet temperature E 700@ E t83eated air temperature E %50 E tF6haust air temperature E 400@ E t1 <atent heat of water (apour E 00 H cal;Hg "from grain parameters table .!& Thic/ness of grain bed to be dried E 45 cm Aul/ density of pulses at 1-+ w.b.m.c. E 770 /g;m! "from grain parameters
'imensions of plenum chamber E % 6 7 E 5 ft'rying time E 1 hr 54
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Solu#io) ,- #ssume the following data.
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'esign a rectangular bin batch dryer ha(ing hole capacity of -.5 tonnes of pulses with 1-+
ce.
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of the blower.

#ssumption T specific heat of grain E 0.!$!4 Hcal;Hg0@ parameters table .5& 3eight of the dryer 3 E height of bin M height of plenum chamber M ! "from grain
Bolume of plenum chamber B E % 6 7 6 0.75 E 4- ft! Bolume of drying chamber -500 ! = = !.-47 m ! 770 = !.-4 10 $ mm ! #ir re0uirement 9)
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*inal moisture content E 150. 04 Hg ) 3umid heat of ambient air
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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Ceight of moisture e(aporated E Ceight of bone dry paddy 6 " 61 T 6-& E --00 " 0.-04%- T 0.1! 4 &
*rom psychrometric chart " #ppendi6 1& 9) #bsolute humidity of ambient air E 0.01$ Hg;Hg
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E E 1-+ C.b.E E
E --00 Hg m 100 d ." ) Initial moisture content E 17+ w.b E 100 m
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17 100 = -0.4%- d ." 100 17
m 100 d ." 100 m 1 100 = 1!. 4 d ." 100 1-
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55
) Aone dry paddy E -500 " 1 T 0.1- &
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3 E -.5 M 0.75 M ! E .-5 ft

1 E 0.-4 M 0.45 3 1 E 0.-4 M 0.45 6 0.01$ 1 E 0.-4%55 Hcal;Hg0@ <et 8 be the rate of air supply in Hg;min
E 8. 1. " t- T t1 & E 8 "0.-4%55& "%5)40& 6 0 E .71.0%5 8 3eat 2tilised 9) i& #s sensible heat of grain
E Cd 6 @p$ 6 " t8- T t81 &
E !4, 1$.- Hcal ii& #s sensible heat of water
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iii& 1uppose heat loss E 10+
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
E total weight of water 6 sp.heat of water 6 temperature rise E Cd "L1& 6 @>C " t8- T t81 &
E --00 6 0.-04%- 6 1.0 6 " 7.0 T !0 & E 1%0-4.1 H cal
#s latent heat of water (apour E Cater e(aporated 6 latent heat of water E 150. 04 6 00 E $0,! -.4 Hcal
) Total heat utili4ed E sum of abo(e heats E !4, 1$.- M 1%,0-4.1 M $0,! -.4 E 14!005.7 H cal
?et heat re0uired E 14!005.7 ;0.$ E 1,5%,%$ Hcal. 5
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E --00 6 0.!$!4 6 " 70 T !0 &
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E A. '. grain 6 1p. 3eat of grain 6 temperature rise
ce.
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3eat supplied by the air in 0 min

3ence, 71.0%58 E 1,5%%$ 8 E -! .774 Hg;min ) *rom psychrometric chart humid (olume of the ambient air E 0.%% m!;Hg
E -0$.!0% m!;min E -0$.!0% 6 !5.!4 E 7!$ .$4 E 7!$7 cfm 1tatic pressure drop
from sheddKs cur(e " #ppendi6 -&
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
for - 4.1% cfm;ft- E !.0%-1 per 1ft grain depth 'epth of grain E 1.5 ft !.0%-1 1% = 4. -!15 inch of water 1o pressure drop E 1-
>ac/ing of grain in bin may cause 50+ higher resistance air flow than the (alues shown Total pressure drop E .$!47-5 in of water
#dd the static pressure drop from the duct and floor, usually about V in water if the air (elocity is /ept at 1,000 fpm or less Total pressure drop E .$!5 M 0.-5 E 7.1%47-5 in E 7.1%5 6 -.54 E 1%.-5 cm ) 'ensity of air E 1.1! Hg;m!
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0 cfm E 0.7 inch of water per 1 ft grain depth
r w. ea
ce.
) 1ince ma6imum 50+ area is perforated area through which air passes E -% ft7!$7 - 4.1% cfm ; ft #ir re0uirement per ft = -%
t an e!
) 1urface area of plenum chamber E % 6 7 E 5 ft-
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m
57
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1o air re0uired E -! .774 6 0.%%4

>ressure drop in terms of air column E 1%.-5 1000 100 1.1!
E 1 1.5 m
3.>. re0uired =
3eating 1ystem 9) #uel consum$tion 'iesel
*= =
PD FC
1ame as abo(e 1& 1pecific speed "?s& ?s =
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
15%%$ 1 1 41- ! ; 4.1% 5 = 1 .1- 17 Hg ; hr
>etrol E 15.1! 1 Hg;hr Herosene E 15.!- 1 Hg;hr <.>.8. E 14.!! 15 Hg;hr Cood E !1.77 !- Hg;hr
ww
r w. ea
07 a , b e6 @ n ? P rpm >s 0.75
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Aagase dry E !5.7 ! Hg;hr @otton batting E 40.1$ 41 Hg;hr Cheat straw E !%.1! !$ Hg;hr Chere P E cfm : >s E inch 5%
1election;'esign of a @entrifugal blower 9)
t an e!
ce.
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3eight of air column "m& air flow rate " /g ; min& 4500 1 1.5 -! .774 = 4500 = %.4$ $ hp 10 hp
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1440 7!$7 7.1%5 0.75 = -%--0.%5 -%--1 rpm = E -%--1 rpm -& *igure .1 indicates that two types of air units are 0uite efficient at ?s E -%,--1 rpm a
the forward cur(ed centrifugal blower seems to ha(e a substantially higher static efficiency
are high. Therefore, a forward cur(ed unit is selected. !& from Table 4& 1ince .1 E 1.5 -.!5 10% >s = ? -d d- =
5& from table .1
PD FC
Alower housing Cidth of housing E 5 5 E 14 mm 'iffuser angle
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
5 E 1.-5 C M 0.1 d 5 E 1.-5 6 % M 0.1 6 10
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E 0. C = 175 P ?d % = 175
d E -!.-$ -4W E 0$. 10 mm
C E -. 7W E 7.%$ % mm
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7!$7 0. - 1440 " -!.-$& 5$
ce.
-.!5 10 % 7.1%5 "1440& - 1.5
t an e!
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Table shows that both the pressure and flow coefficient of forward cur(ed centrifugal blower
ria
forward cur(ed. @entrifugal blower and a bac/ward cur(ed "wide& centrifugal blower. Chile

14 w = 1- 1 10 w = $.1- 10 0 @
Ta&le B.2 ,- Air: a): (ea#: uel: 4lo1er a)! H.P. re9uireme)#s or Dr"i)0 %ulses 1i#( (ea#e! air rom !i ere)# %erce)#a0e o m. c. & !i ere)# 0rai) !e%#(s
Pulses Ca%aci#" 5.@ #o))esE(r
8rain mois) ture cont)ent + w.b >ractica l grain depth, ft 1tatic pressure drop water inch;mm of water 7.1$;1%!
t an e!
.ecomm) ended minimum air flow rate, cfm or m!;min 7!$7;-10 5!-%;151 3eat re0uired Hcal;hr
5 co T
ce.
15%%$ 1144$7 *uel consumption , Hg;hr 'iesel)17 Herosene)1 <>8)15 'iesel)11 Herosene)10 <>8)$
m
Alower re0uirement 3.>. .e0uired ?sE-%--1rpm dE 10mm CE %mm ?sE! -0rpm dE44 mm CE%-mm 10 !)5
PD FC
15 11
4.07$;104
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Ini 17
*inal 1-
1.5
r w. ea
Su00es#e! Dra1i)0
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
ria
0
r w. ea
Hg;hr Hg;hr Hg;hr 3> 3>
PD FC
3eat output 'rying capacity 5oisture remo(ing capacity "from initial moisture content of 17& *uel consumption 1& 'iesel -& Herosene !& <.>.8. >ower 1upply Flectric loading Alower motor *uel pump motor
t an e!
415 B 50 34
ce.
17 1 15 ! phase 4 wire 10 0.5 1
Hcal;hr /g;hr +;hr
Tec()ical S%eci ica#io) 5odel 1 1, 0,000 -,500 5
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@ost .s. 40,000 10,000 5,000 15,000 !0,000
ria
5odel 1,15,000 -,500 ! 17 10 $ !.5 0.5 >articulars Aurner " 'iesel fired& 3eat F6changer Alower "centrifugal& Alower motor 'ryer structure fabrication considering -5+ labour cost 2nforeseen cost
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Cos# Es#ima#io)
.eference Puotation "attached & <ocal made <ocal made 1tandard <ocal made
5000 >rod. cost 1,05,000 >rofit -0+ -1,000 1elling price 1,- 000
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
CATA+OGUE
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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-
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PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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nu
!
t an e!
ce.
5 co T
ria
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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4
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PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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DESIGN OF SUGGESTED MODE+ FOR DRYER FOR FARMERS
Case I , SORGHUM
paddy with 10+ moisture content w.b. Solu#io), - #ssume the following data. #mbient air temperature E !00@
.elati(e humidity of ambient air E 70+
8rain inlet temperature E !00@ E t81
3eated air temperature E %50@ E t-
F6haust air temperature E 400@ E t1
PD FC
parameter tables .-& Assum%#io)s, Hei0(# o #(e !r"er, C.O.E.&T.,Akola
<atent heat of water (apour E 00 Hcal;/g "from grain parameter tables .!& Thic/ness of grain bed to be dried E 45 cm Auc/ density of paddy grain at 10+ moisture E 75-.$ /gm! "from grain
'imensions of plenum chamber E % 6 7 E 5 ft'rying time E 1 hrs.
1pecific heat of grain E 0.!$!4 Hcal;/g0@ "from grain parameter tables .5&
3 E height of bin and height of plenum chamber 3 E 1.5 M 0.75 M! 3 E -.-5 ft M ! E 5.-5 ft
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8rain outlet temperature E 700@ E t8-
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t an e!
*inal moisture content of paddy E 10 + w.b.
ce.
Initial moisture content of paddy E 15+ w.b.
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'esign a rectangular bin batch dryer ha(ing holding. @apacity of -.5 tonnes of
/olume o %le)um c(am&er, B E % 6 7 6 0.75 E 4- ft! /olume o !r"i)0 c(am&er, -500 = !.!-04$40$ m ! 75-.$ = !!-04$4cm ! = !.!- x10 $ mm ! Air re9uireme)#, -
!=
*inal moisture content E 10+w.b. E 11.111db
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
E wt. of bone dry paddy 6 "61)6-& E --50 "17. 5 + ) 11.11+& E --50 "0.17 5 T 0.1111& E 147.0 Hg
From %s"c(rome#ric c(ar#, - 8 A%%e)!i6 2) #bsolute humidity of ambient air E 0.01$ Hg;Hg 3umid heat of ambient air 1 E 0.-4 M 0.45 3 1 E 0.-4 M 0.45 6 0.01$ 1 E 0.-4%55 Hcal;Hg0@ <et, 8 be the rate of air supply in Hg;min
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'ei0(# o mois#ure e$a%ora#e!, -
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t an e!
E
Aone dry paddy E -500 " 1 T 0.10 & E --50 /g m x 100 Initial moisture content E 15+, w.b. E 100 m
ce.
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15 = 17. 5 d ." 100 15
m
7
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E 8.1. " t- ) t1 & @o E 8 "0.-4%55& "%5)40& 6 0 E 71.0%5 8 Hea# U#ilise!, -
E 1.'. grain 6 1p. 3eat of grain 6 temperature rise E Cd 6 @>$ 6 "t8- )t81& E --50 6 0.!$!4 "70)!0& E !540 Hcal ii& # E sensible heat of water
E Cd "L1& 6 @>w "t8- T t81&
E 15%%5 H cal
iii& #s latent heat of water (apour
PD FC
1uppose heat loss E 10+ If heat loss E -0+
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
E Cater e(aporated 6 latent heat of water E 147.0 6 00 E %%-! H cal
Total heat utili4ed E sum of abo(e heats E !540 M 15%%5 M %%-! E 1,!$,5-7 H cal 1!$5-7 E 1,55,0!0 Hcal 0.$
?et heat re0uired E
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?et heat re0uired E
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E --50 6 0.17 5 6 1.0 6 "70)!0&
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E total Ct of water 6 sp.heat of water 6 temperature rise
1!$5-7 E 1,74,0%.75 H cal. 0.%
ce.
%
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i& #s sensible heat of grain

3ence, 71.0%58 E 1550!0 8 E -!1.01!$55 /g;min *rom psychrometric chart humid (olume of the ambient air E 0.%% m!;Hg
E -04.-- m!;min
E -05 m!;min E -05 6 !5.!4 E 7-44.7 cfm. S#a#ic %ressure !ro%,-
1urface area of plenum chamber E % 6 7 E 5 ft-
*rom sheddKs cur(e " #ppendi6 - & static pressure drop *or - 0 cfm;ft- E ! inch of water per 1 ft grain depth.
PD FC
shown
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
'epth of grain E 1.5 ft. ! x1% = 4.5 inch of water 1o pressure drop E 1-
Total pressure drop E .75 inch of water
) #dd the static pressure drop from the duct and floor, usually about V in water if the air (elocity is /ept at 1,000 fpm or less. Total pressure drop E .75 M 0.-5 E 7 inch of water E 17.7% cm 'ensity of air E 1.1! Hg;m! 17.7% 1000 >ressure drop in terms of air column E 100 1.1! E 157.!45 m $
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) >ac/ing of the grain in bin may cause 50+ higher resistance to airflow than the (alues
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1ince ma6imum 50+ area is perforated, area through which air passes E -% ft7-44.7 #ir re0uirement per ft- E E -5%.74 cfm;ft-%
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1o air re0uired
E -!1.01!$55 6 0.%%4
H. P. re9uire!, E = 3eight of air column " m& air flow rate "Hg ; min& 4500 157.!45 -!1.01!$55 4500
E %.077 $ hp E 10 hp Hea#i)0 S"s#em, #uel Consum$tion fE *= 07a .b e6 @ n
*E
PD FC
>etrol E 15 Hg;hr Herosene E 15 Hg;hr <.>.8. E 14Hg;hr Cood E !- Hg;hr 1& 1pecific 1peed "?s& (s = ( ' &s 0.75
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
* E 15.$1 1 Hg;hr
@alculated same as abo(e ))))
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1550!0 1 x 1 x 407%5 ; 4.1% 5 r$m
2sing ?et heating (alue
Selec#io)EDesi0) o a Ce)#ri u0al &lo1er, -
Chere ? T speed of motor rpm E 1440 70
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Aagass "dry& E !5Hg;hr @otton batting E 40Hg;hr Cheat E !% Hg;hr
ce.
f E 15.7-$ 1 Hg;hr
t an e!
1,55,0!0 1 x 1 x 41- ! ; 4.1% 5
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) #ir flow rate m!;min or cfm >s E static press m wa/e gauge or inch. ?s E 1440 7-45 7 0..75
-& *ig .1 indicates that two types of air units are 0uite efficient at ?s E -%451.1$ a forward cur(ed centrifugal blower. Chile the forward cur(ed centrifugal blower seems to ha(e a
coefficient of forward cur(ed centrifugal blower are high. Therefore, a forward cur(ed unit is
d- = d- =
PD FC
5& *rom Table .5 CE
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
d E --.$$ -!W
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d E 5%4.- 5%5 mm E 0. -
C E 175
P ?d -
175 7-45 0. - 1440 "--.$$& -
C E -. %7W C E %.-4 7 mm
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71
-.!5 10 ! 7 "1440& - 1.5
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-.!5 10! >s ? -
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!& from Table .1 E 1.5 -.!5 10% >s 4& 1ince = ? -d -
selected.
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substantially higher static efficiency Table
.1 shows that both the pressure and flow
ria
?s E -%4%1.1$

) # re(iew of manufacturerKs literature is done to see that whether blower wheel of calculated dimensions is a(ailable. If it is not a(ailable, then slightly smaller or larger wheel is selected and the performance re0uirement is re(ised. 4lo1er (ousi)0, -
5 E 1.-5 C M 0.1 d 5 E 1.-5 6 7 M 0.1 6 5%5 5 E 14-.-5 14! mm Di user a)0le 14! w = 1- 1 5%5 w = $.0 7 10 0
Chere 5 E housing width
1i#( (ea#e! air rom !i ere)# %erce)#a0e o M.C. a)! !i ere)# 0rai)s !e%#(s. 1orghum @apacity
.ecomm) ended minimum air flow rate, cfm or m!;min $!-!;- 4 7-45;-05 8rain mois) ture cont)ent + w.b Ini 17 15 *inal 10 10 >ractical grain depth, ft 1tatic pressure drop water inch;mm of water %.-5 ;- -0 7;17%
r w. ea
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7;17%
TA4+E , Air: Fa): Hea#: Fuel: &lo1er a)! H.P. Re9uireme)# or !r"i)0 sor0(um 0rai)s
nu
t an e!
5-01;14%
ce.
3eat re0uired Hcal;hr -00401550!0 111771
5 co T
m
*uel consumption, Hg;hr Alower re0uirement 3.>. .e0uired 'iesel )-1 <.>.8. )-0 Cood ) 40 'iesel )-1 Cood ) 40 cotton Aatting )40 'iesel )1>etrol )11 @otton Aatting )-$ ?s)-7 d) 40 mm C) $ mm ?s )-%4%rpm d)5%5 mm C) 7 mm ?s )-41!rpm d)5%5 mm C)4$ mm 1! 10 5)7.5
PD FC
1.5 17 10 1
Case II , U!i! or Mu0 or so"a&ea)
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
ria
C E impeller width d E impeller diameter 7-
) Cidth of housing E 5

'esign a rectangular bin batch dryer ha(ing holding capacity of -.5 tonnes of 2did or 5ug or soyabean with 1!+ w.b.
Solu#io), - #ssume the following data.
.elati(e humidity of ambient air E 70+
Initial moisture content of paddy E -0+ w.b.
*inal moisture content of paddy E 1!+ w.b. 8rain inlet temperature E !00@ E t81
F6haust air temperature E 400@ E t1
Thic/ness of grain bed to be dried E 45 cm
Aul/ density of paddy grain at 1!+ w.b.m.c.E 75-.$ Hg;m!
r w. ea
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<atent heat of water (apour E 00 H @al;Hg "*rom grain parameters table .!&
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nu
3eated air temperature E %50@ E t-
ce.
m
" *rom grain 7!
8rain outlet temperature E 700@ E t8-
PD FC
- 3eight of the dryer !=
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
parameters table .-&
'imensions of plenum chamber E % 6 7 E 5 ft) 'rying time E 1 hr
#ssumption T 1pecific heat of grain E 0.44 $ Hcal;Hg0@ "*rom grain parameters table .4&
3 E height of bin M height of plenum chamber M ! 3 E 1.5 M 0.75 M ! E 5.-5 ft
- Bolume of plenum chamber B E % 6 7 6 0.75 E 4- ft! - Bolume of drying chamber -500 = !.!-044$40$m ! 75-.$ = !.!- 10 $ mm !
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#mbient air temperature E !00@

#ir re0uirement 9) ) Aone dry paddy E -500 " 1 T 0.1! & E -175 Hg ) Initial moisture content E -0+ w.b. E E ) *inal moisture content E 1!+ w.b. E E ) Ceight of moisture e(aporated m 6 100 d.b 100 m
1! x100 = 14.$4! d ." 100 1!
E Ceight of bone dry paddy 6 " 61 T 6- & E -175 " 0.-5 T 0.14$4! & E -1%.74 Hg
*rom psychrometric chart 9)
PD FC
) E 71.0%5 8 3eat utilised 9)
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
3umid heat of ambient air 1 E 0.-4 M 0.45 3
1 E 0.-4%55 Hcal;Hg0@
<et 8 be the rate of air supply in Hg;min 3eat supplied by the air in 0 min E 8. 1. " t- T t1 & E 8 " 0.-4%55& "%5)40& 6 0
i& #s sensible heat of grain
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1 E 0.-4 M 0.45 6 0.01$
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#bsolute humidity of ambient air E 0.01$ Hg;Hg.
r w. ea
t an e!
ce.
74
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m 100 d ." 100 m
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-0 100 = -5 d .". 100 -0

E A '. grain 6 1p. 3eat of grain 6 temperature rise E C d 6 @p$ 6 " t 8- T t81 & E -175 6 0.44 $ 6 " 70 T !0 & E !%,%%0.! H cal
E total weight of water 6 1p. 3eat of water 6 temperature rise E Cd "L1& 6 @pw "t8-)t81& E -175 6 0.-5 6 1.0 6 "70 T!0& E -1,750 H cal iii& #s latent heat of water (apour
E -1%.74 6 00 E 1!,1-44 Hcal
PD FC
3ence ) 1tatic pressure drop
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
1uppose heat loss E 10+ 1$1%75 = -,1!,1$4 )cal ?et heat re0uired E 0.$
) from psychrometric chart humid (olume of the ambient air E 0.%% m!;Hg
1o air re0uired E !17. $ 6 0.%%4 E -%0.%!4 m!;min -%1 m!;min E -%1 6 !5.!4 E $$-5 cfm
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71.0%54 E -1!1$4
) Total heat utili4ed E sum of abo(e heats
E !%,%%0.! M -1750 M 1!1-44 E 1$1%74! 1,$1,%75 H cal
8 E !17. $ Hg;min
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t an e!
E Cater e(aporated 6 latent heat of water
ce.
75
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ii& #s sensible heat of water

) 1urface area of pleneum chamber E % 6 7 E 5 ft) 1ince ma6imum 50+ area is perforatged area through which air passes E -% ftChich air passes E -% ft$$-5 = !54.4 cfm ; ft -%
from sheddKs cur(e " #ppendi6&
for !54.4 cfm;ft- E !.55 inch per 1 ft grain depth ) 'epth of grain E -.5 ft 1o pressure drop E )
Total pressure drop E 7.$%75 inch of water )
#dd the static pressure drop from the duct and floor, usually about V in water if the air (elocity is /ept at 1,000 tpm or less.
PD FC
) 3. >. re0uired =
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
Total pressure drop E 7.$% M 0.-5
) 'ensity of air E 1.1! Hg;m!
E %.-!75 6 -.5$ E -0.$-!-5 cm -0.$-!-5 1000 >ressure drop in terms of air column E 100 1.1! E 1%5.1 - m
3eight of air column "m& 6 air flow rate "Hg ; min& 4500 1%5.1 - !17. $ = 4500 = 1!.07 hp
ww
r w. ea
shown.
nu
E %.-!75 inch of water
ce.
>ac/ing of the grain in bin may cause 50+ higher resistance to airflow than the (alues
t an e!
!.55 1% = 5.!-5 inch of water 1-
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for 100 cfm;ft- E 1 inch of water per 1 ft grain depth.
m
7
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#ir re0uirement per ft- E

3eating 1ystem 9) *uel consumption 9) 'iesel f = 07a -1!1$4 = .b e6 @ n 1 1 41- ! ; 4.1% 5
1ame as abo(e >etrol E -0.!0 -1 Hg;hr Herosene E -0.5 -1 Hg;hr <. >. 8. E 1$.-! -0Hg;hr Cood E 4-. ! 4! Hg;hr
1election;'esign of a @entrifugal blower 9) 1& 1pecific 1peed "?s& ?s = ? P >s 0.75
r w. ea
rpm 1440 $$-5 %.-!750.75
t an e!
Chere P ) cfm :
PD FC
!& from Table .1 4& 1ince
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
(s =
?s E -$,504.01$ rpm
forward cur(ed. @entrifugal blower and a bac/ward cur(ed "wide& centrifugal blower. Chile the forward cur(ed centrifugal blower seems to ha(e a substantially higher static efficiency Table shows that both the pressure and flow coefficient of forward cur(ed centrifugal blower are high. Therefore, a forward cur(ed unit is selected. E 1.5 -.!5 10% >s E ? -d -
ww
-& *igure .1 indicates that two types of air units are 0uite efficient at ?s E -$,504.01$ rpm a
nu
77
ce.
5 co T
>s ) inch
Aagase dry E 47.$% 4% Hg;hr @otton Aatting E 5!.$- 54 Hg;hr
Cheat E 51.1 E 51.1 5- Hg;hr
ria
f = -1. ! -- )g ; hr.

-.!5 10 % %.-!75 "1440& - 1.5 d = -4.$4 -5U d = !!. !4mm d- = 5& from table E 0. -
Alower housing Cidth of housing E 14 5 E 1.-5 C M 0.1 d
'iffuser angle.
PD FC
8rain mois) ture cont)ent + w.b Ini -0 *inal 1! >ractical grain depth, ft
w = %.%$ $ 0
Ta&le , Air: a): (ea#: Fuel: 4lo1er a)! H.P. re9uireme)#s or Dr"i)0 U!i!: Mu0 a)! So"a&ea) 0rai)s 1i#( (ea#e! air rom !i ere)# %erce)#a0e o m.c a)! !i ere)# 0rai) !e%#(s.
.ecomm) ended minimum air flow rate, cfm or m!;min 3eat re0uired Hcal;hr *uel consumption, Hg;hr Alower re0uirement 3.>. .e0uired 1tatic pressure drop water inch;mm of water
1.5
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5.!-5;1!
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$$-5;-%1 -,1!1$ 4 'iesel)-Cood)4! Cheat straws)5?s)-$505rpm 15 d) !4mm C)%0mm
1 4 w = 1- 1 %4
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5 E 1 !.4 1 4 mm
ce.
7%
5 E 1.-5 6 %0 M 0.1 6 !4
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
t an e!
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$$-5 0. - 1440 "-4.$4& C = !.1-7 U %0 mm C = 175
ria
C = 175
P ?d -

17 1! 1
4.-$;10$
7
05;1%7 45$5;1!0
14-5$0 $%74$
15
1!
0.
-.!$-; 1
'iesel)15 Herosene)14 Cood)-$ Cood)-0 Aagase)-! Cheat straws )-4
?s)!$- 1rpm 5 d)45%mm C)10-mm ?s)50750rpm d)!4-mm C)117mm
Case III , Pa!!"
m.c."w.b.& Solu#io) ,#ssume the following data . #mbient air temperature E !00 E t .elati(e humidity of ambient air E 70+ E 3 Initial m.c. of paddy E !0+ "w.b.& E m1 *inal m.c. of paddy E 15+ "w.b.& E m8rain inlet temperature E t81 E !00@
PD FC
#ngle of repase E 450 'rying time E ! hrs
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
8rain outlet temperature E t8- E 700@ 3eated air temperature E t- E %50@
<atent heat of water (apour E 00 Hcal;/g "from grain parameter table ) .!&
Thic/ness of grain bed to be dried E 45cm Aul/ density of paddy grain at 15+ m.c. E 575 Hg;m! "from grain parameter table ) .-&
#ssumption specific heat of grain E 0.4 Hcal;Hg0@. "from grain parameter table .5&
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F6haust air temperature E t1 E 400@
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7$
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'esign a dryer ha(ing holding capacity of - tonnes of paddy with 15+

- 3eight of the dryer 3 E height of bin M height of plenum chamber M ! 3 E 1.5 M 0.75 M ! E 5.-5 ft - Bolume of plenum chamber B E % 6 7 6 0.75 E 4- ft! - Bolume of drying chamber != -500 = !.!-044$40$m ! 75-.$ = !.!- 10 $ mm !
Ceight Aone dry paddy E Cd E -000 )
Initial moisture content E !0+ C.b. 5 "d.b.& E
PD FC
E
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
*inal moisture content E 15+ w.b.
Ceight of moisture e(aporated E Ceight of bone dry paddy 6 " 61 ) 6- & E 1700 " 0.4-%57 ) 0.17 47 & E 4-%.57 Hg
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m 6100 100 m !0 6100 100 !0
E 4-.%57 + d.b. "L1&
E 17. 47 + "d.b.& "L-&
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%0
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Cd E 1700 Hg
-000 615 100
ce.
#ir re0uirement 9)
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*rom psychrometric chart "#ppendi6& #bsolute humidity of ambient air E 0.01$ Hg;Hg 3umid heat of ambient air 1 E 0.-4 M 0.45 3
1 E 0.-4%55 Hcal;Hg0@ <et 8 be the rate of air supply in Hg;min.
3eat supplied by the air in 1%0 minutes E 8. 1. "t- ) t1&
E 8 " 0.-4%55 & "%5 ) 40& 6 ! 6 0 E -01!.-55 8 3eat utilised i&
#s sensible heat of grain
PD FC
E -7-00 Hcal ii& #s sensible heat of Cater
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
E A.'. grain weight 6 specific heat of grain 6 temperature rise E 1700 6 0.4 6 " 70 ) !0 &
E total weight of water 6 specific heat of water 6 temperature rise E Cd 6 "61& 6 @'C "M8- ) M81& E 1700 6 0.4-%57 6 1.0 6 " 70 ) !0 & E -$14-.4 -$14! H cal
iii& #s latent heat of water Bapour
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1 E 0.-4 M 0.45 6 0.01$

E Cater e(aporated 6 latent heat of water E 4-%.57 6 00 E -,57,14- H cal Total heat utilised E 1utn of abo(e heats
E !,1!,4%5 H@al 1uppose heat loss E 10+ !1!4%5 0.$
-01!.-554 E !4%!17 8 E 17! Hg;min
PD FC
1tatic pressure drop
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
from psychrometric chart "#ppendi6 ) 1& humid (olume of the ambient air E 0.%%m!;Hg 1o air re0uired E 17! 6 0.%%4
#ir re0uired E 5404 @*5
1urface area of planum chamber E 7 6 % E 5 ft50+ of the area is perforated, area through which air passes E -% ft-
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E 15-.$4 m!;min 15! m!;min
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from heat balance
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E !,4%!17 Hcal
?et heat re0uired E
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E -7-00 M -$14! M -5714-

#ir re0uirement per m- E 5404 -%
E 1$! cfm;ftfrom shedd7s cur(e "#ppendi6 - &
for 1$! cfm;ft- E !.% inch per 1 ft grain depth. Aut grain depth is 1.5 ft. E !.% 61% 1-
E 5.7$ inch
shown
PD FC
(elocity is /ept at 1000 fpm
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
#dd the static pressure drop from the duct and floor, usually about 1;4 inch of water if the air
Total pressure drop E %. %5 M 0.-5 E %.$!5 inch E --. $4$ cm
'ensity of air E 1.1! Hg;m! >ressure drop in terms of air column E --. $4$ 1000 6 100 1.1!
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E -00.%4 m
Total pressure drop E %. %5 inch of water
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>ac/ing of grain in bin may cause 50 + higher resistance to air flow than the (alues
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m
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1tatic pressure drop for !0 cfm;ft- E 0. inch of water per 1 ft. grain depth.

3.>. re0uired E 3eight of air column "m& 6 air flow rate 4500 -00.%4 17!.011 $%! 4500
E 7.7- hp 7.5 hp
3eating 1ystem 9) fuel consumption 'iesel *E 0 7a b e6 @ n
E !5.!! ! Hg
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1ame abo(e >etrol E 11 Hg;hr Herosene E 11 Hg;hr E -1 Hg;hr Cood 1& 1pecific speed "?s& ?s E ? P rpm >s 0.75
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
E 1- Hg;hr.
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'esign of a @entrifugal blower
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*E
!4%!17 1 1 41- ! ; 4.1% 5
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Aagase dry E -5 /g;hr. @otton batting E -7 Hg;hr Cheat strain E !0 Hg;hr %4
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E 1440 5404 %.$!5 0.75
E -04%!.- % -04%4 rpm -& *ig .1 indicates that two types of air units are 0uite efficient at ?s E -%451.1$ a
ha(e a substantially higher static efficiency Table .1 shows that both the pressure and flow
selected. !& from table .1 E 1.5 = 4& 1ince
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C = 175 Alower housing 5 E 1.-5 C M 0.1 d 5 E 11 mm 'iffuse angle
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
P ?d 175 5404 C= 0. - 1440 "-5.$%& C = 1.57U = 40 mm
5 E 1.-5 6 40 M 0.1 6
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%5
5& from table " .1&
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d = -5.$% 11
0 mm
E 0. -
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-.!5 10 A >s ? -d -.!5 10 A %.$!5 d = "1440& -1.5
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coefficient of forward cur(ed centrifugal blower are high. Therefore, a forward cur(ed unit is
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forward cur(ed centrifugal blower. Chile the forward cur(ed centrifugal blower seems to

11 1 C E 1- 0 C = $.% 100
PD FC
-5
15
4.15;10
nu
Ini !0
*inal 15
1.5
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%.$!5;--7
8rain mois) ture cont)ent + w.b
>ractical grain depth, ft
1tatic pressure drop water inch;mm of water
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.ecomm) ended minimum air flow rate, cfm or m!;min 5404;15! ! 1 ;10! 7771 -04-;5$
(ea#e! air rom !i ere)# %erce)#a0e o M.C. a)! !i ere)# 0rai)s !e%#(s. >addy @apacity ) 0. 7 tonnes;hr
3eat re0uired Hcal;hr
ce.
11 10 4414$
m
*uel consumption, Hg;hr 'iesel )1Cood ) -1 @otton Aatting ) -7 'iesel )$ Cood ) 1 Aagas ) 1% 'iesel ) Cood)$ @otton Aatting )1-
TA4+E , Air: Fa): Hea#: Fuel: &lo1er a)! H.P. Re9uireme)# or !r"i)0 Pa!!" 1i#(
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Alower re0uirement 3.>. .e0uired ?s)-04%4 rpm d) 0 mm C)40 mm ?s )-$7%1 rpm d)450 mm C)5% mm ?s )4!51 rpm d)-%$ mm C)7! mm 7.5 -)! -0 15 0.
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1.71;44
l
0.5)1
No#e ,
1& *rom abo(e table we can say that farmers may use wood, cotton batting, wheat straw as a fuel for drying grains in drying system as it is easily a(ailable at free of cost for them.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola

-& #lso industrial user of dryers can use diesel, /erosene, <>8 as a fuel for drying system which is economical and efficient for them.
Su00es#e! Dra1i)0
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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%7
DRYER IN COMP+ETE ASSEM4+ED CONDITION
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Hcal;hr /g;hr +;hr
Tec()ical S%eci ica#io)
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content of -0& *uel consumption 1& Herosene -& Cood !& @otton batting >ower 1upply Flectric loading Alower motor
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"from
initial
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moisture
3eat output 'rying capacity 5oisture remo(ing capacity
m
5odel >addy "!& 44,14$ 7 5 5 $ 10.5 ) 1 Cos# Rs. 10,000 !,000 %%
Aurner " 'iesel fired& Alower "centrifugal&
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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Hg;hr Hg;hr Hg.;hr -40 B 50 34 single phase
Cos# Es#ima#io)
Par#iculars
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Alower motor 'ryer structure fabrication considering -5+ labour cost 2nforeseen cost >rod. cost >rofit -0+ 1,000 5,000 -000 -1,000 4,000
CHAPTER IF
Industry *actors
5anufacturer
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.... 2dyog ?iranjan 'al mill local made ltd -.5 $.1 %.5 0. 4
Ahala 'al mill
ce.
8eeta 2dyog local made ! $.4 %.% 0. 74 0 1,-0,000
suggested models with their running models as follows.
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local made ! 1!.$ %. 5.! $.5 %. 0.$ 74 0 74 0 1,-0,000
Ce (isited to (arious dryer users, from their information we compare our
COMPARISON OF /ARIOUS DA+ MI++ DRYER
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8ajanan 2dyog 1uper thermal engg. wor/s ?agpur. -.5 10.! %.1 -.Therma6
1elling price -5,000
l
=ur suggested model ) -.5 110 74 0 --!% 1,-0,000 50,000
PD FC
@apacity "tonnes;hr&
1ample initial m.c."+& 1ample final
m.c."+& .eduction in
moisture "+& >ower consumption "Catt& 3eat re0uirement "Hcal& C.O.E.&T.,Akola
1,-0,000
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74 0
1,-0,000
%$

*uel used *uel consumption "/g;hr& @ost in <ac/s 10)1!.5 1-)15 -.5 1-)15 1!)15 1-5 5) 1.-5 'iesel Herosene Herosene 'iesel @oal;wood 'iesel,/erosene, <>8, wood.
#s we seen a comparison of (arious dryers in 'al mills in the abo(e table $.1. It is (ery clear that the a(ailable dryers are not efficient. Ce ha(e tested different samples of pulses before drying and after drying at 'r. >.'.H.B. #/ola.
Ce found that moisture remo(ed after drying on an a(erage 1.%+ and fuel
consumption is of cost 1$- .s;hr which is always economical.
This is not enough data as we are also sa(ing large power consumption. #s a(ailable dryer consumes $ $% watts power and we are using --!% watts of power. Chich means that we are sa(ing %0+ of powers and it is helpful in reducing operating cost of dryer
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
user.
THERMAF INDIA +TD. A/AI+A4+E AT R.R. UDYOG: MIDC AHO+A
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model
to 'al 5illers. It is (ery efficient as we can remo(e 1.%+ moisture with fuel
Di ere)# /isi#e! Dr"ers
ce.
consumption is of cost - 4)!! ".s.;hr& which is (ery costly as compared our suggested
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$0
G No#e , Ay comparing (arious dryers with our suggested models for reducing -+ m.c.
THERMAF INDIA +TD. A/AI+A4+E AT R.R. UDYOG: MIDC AHO+A
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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HOREAN DRYER A/AI+A4+E AT PDH/: AHO+A 5
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DIFFERENT DRYER MODE+S
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SUNCUE GRAIN DRYER
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$-
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CHAPTER F
'OOD FIRED DRYER: A/AI+A4+E AT GAIANAN UDYOG: MIDC AHO+A .
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Fuel 4ur)er Type Ignition @ombustion *uel Gas 4ur)er Type Ignition @ombustion 8as Fu)c#io) <oading 2nloading 'rying .ate 1afety 'e(ices
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PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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8un Type, 3igh pressure spray burning 3igh pressure automatic ignition 5a6. @ombustion 17.5 liter;hour Herosene or >remium diesel 8 3igh >ressure automatic ignition 150000 Hcal;3r ?atural 8as
55 min "#ppro6& 50 min "#ppro6& 1.0 X 1.5 +; hour Thermo =(er relay, air pressure switch full load bu44er, timer, control fuse, burner alarm, abnormal combustion sensor.
I#em 5inimum @apacity @apacity "5ai4e& Dime)sio)s =(erall 3t."mm& =(erall <ength "mm& =(erall width "mm& Po1er Co)sum%#io)
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$!
S%eci ica#io) C(ar#
77$! 0$ 1$41 ! phase, --0B;!%0B;440,5034; 034 .5 Hw
l
Mo!el NPC 2=D 1!100 H81
8 Mo!el A )
TECHNICA+ SPECIFICATION
5odel @ap. Tons;Aatch 'rying Tray "<6A63& cm 3eat F6changer "<6'ia& ma6 Aurner =utput Heal;hr 5a6. single stage burner
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*uel consumption <>3 with single stage burner
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10)1$ ,!00 %)1-
l
8 Mo!el 4 )
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-44067 0 1,00,000
Alower @ap. @53
Flectric motor 3> 440 B ! >h. #.@.
*uel
5odel # 5odel A
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!0561%!615165161% each tray -4467 61-
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1-,000 at 50 mm C81> 5,000 cfm at 5cms C81>
7.5
<ight oil, diesel oil 31'
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CHAPTER - FI
OPTIMUM ACHIE/EMENTS
2ltimate #chie(ements of this project wor/ 3ighlighted specific problems of farmers and grain processors. $4
C.O.E.&T.,Akola

#t a glance information of effects of temperature on (arious parameters of grain such as chemical composition proteins, fats, carbohydrates and 0uality of grain. >ro(ided information about (arious types of drying methods which can be used in (arious circumstances.
parameter of grain.
>ro(ided a simple approach towards designing of grain dryers. 1imple approach towards chec/ing of dryer performance.
1uggested high performance, low cost model for 'al 5ill farmers as a option to costlier imported companies dryers. =ur proposed model cost is around is .s.1.-5
Thirteen sol(ed problems to find out heat and air re0uirements for particular type of
PD FC
(arious grain depths.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
Tables are pro(ided gi(es information of calorific (alues of (arious fuels so that any body can easily fi6 up the amount of fuel re0uired for particular application.
#t glance information of air re0uirement static pressure drop, fuel consumption, blower, 3> re0uired in the table is pro(ided to design the drier for (arious crops in
>roject wor/ gi(es information about (arious models a(ailable in mar/et.
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grain.
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lac/s while other dryers a(ailable in mar/et is ! to 5 lac/s and abo(e.
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$5
8uidelines for selection of grain dryers, depending on (arious characteristics and

CHAPTER - FII
CONC+USION
There is hea(y loss of grain on field which can be a(oided by pro(iding simple
small farmers.
The loss of 10,%00 million rupees per year during har(esting of grains can be sa(ed. It is obser(ed that number of dal
performance which are not suitable for their purpose. Aut they are helpless at the cost of
performance, best suited, comparati(ely low cost and within reach of a(erage dal miler.
miller per season " if 500 tonnes output & is appro6imately .s 10 lac/s considering -00 dal
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
If high performance dryers with proper design is suggest one can sa(e crores of
rupees lost due to e6cessi(e power and fuel consumption and definitely our project wor/ gi(es scientific approach towards designing of high performance dryers matching to the re0uirements of particular user.
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mill in #/ola total sa(ing of appro6imately .s -0 crores.
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The design will definitely impro(e. @ost of fuel and electricity sa(ed by dal
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reputed company driers. 3ence the model and design which we ha(e suggested is high
ce.
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millers are using local made dryers of low
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$
and low cost ".s.-5000 dryer design to the farmers. This cost .s.-5,000;) in within reach of
4I4+IOGRAPHY
Flements of #gricultural Fngineering. ) 'r. Sagdishwar 1ahay
) @.C. 3all >ost 3ar(est Tech. of @ereal >ulses and =ilseeds ) #. @ha/ra(erty
2nit =perations of #gricultural >rocessing ) H.5. 1ahay ) H.H. 1ingh 2nit =perations
PD FC
) @.A. .ichey ) @arl C. 3all www.osawagro.com
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
1eed >rocessing and 3andling. ) 3anderson and >erry
#gricultural Fngineers 3andboo/
) >aul Sacobson
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$7
) 5c#bey and 1mith
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'esign and 1torage of #gricultural @rops
APPENDIF 2
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C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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APPENDIF 5
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C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is challenging task to com$lete the $ro*ect +ork. it is difficult to com$lete the $ro*ect +ork +ithout any guide line of res$ective field $ersons ,ut +e have com$leted the
res$ective guide
Prof.
. /. Patil.
-e is not only master $erson in hydraulic &
$neumatic "ut also key $erson in technical field, as he designs & fa"ricates num"er of agricultural e.ui$ments successfully.
%e are thankful to our -.O./.
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ce.
Prof. C. V. Deshmu0h
guidance and encouragement. %e are also thankful to all staff mem"ers of $roduction
%e are kindly thankful to Prof. #.T. /ausal 01.Tech.2 Asst. &rof. 3eed
valua"le kno+ledge a"out drying technology.
PD FC
com$letion of &ro*ect.
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
5.5.6dyog and 1r. ,hala of 7a*anan 6dyog.
8ast "ut not the least 1r. 3achin 3hir"hate for co-o$erating +ith us for the
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%e are also thankful to the firm o+ners in 1I/C Akola4 1r. 5.5. 5athi of
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Tech. /e$t. /r. &./.).!., Akola. Also ,.3c. ,.Tech. Agriculture Engg. 3tudents giving their
t an e!
de$artment and our friends +ho hel$ us directly or indirectly in our +ork.
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P#,1&CT&&
$ro*ect,%D& I'( )
T*D+ ,F '#-I( D#+&#% under the guidance of our
for his valua"le
INDEX
Sr. No. 1 ! 4 5 7 % $ 10 11 1Par#iculars Introduction Theory of 8rain 'rying 5ethods of 8rain 'rying 8rain 'ryers 1election of 8rain 'ryers 'esign >rocedure of 8rain 'ryers 'ryer >erformance and Testing 1uggested 5odels @omparison of Barious 'al 5ill dryers 'ifferent 'ryer 5odels =ptimum #chie(ements @onclusion Aibliography #ppendi6 Pa0e No. 01 0$ -0 -! -% !1 50 55 $0 $! $ $7 $%
PD FC
C.O.E.&T.,Akola
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Design & Study of Grain Dryer

It is well)/nown that deterioration in 0uality caused by improper drying cannot

The preser(ation of agricultural produce by drying is a long)established

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

re0uired in industry for the following reasons9

of a ! t;h dryer is about 1#1! 500. Use o !r"ers a# armer le$el

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

The dryer should be suitable for drying a range of crops.

'(" #(ere is a #reme)!ous )ee! o !r"ers *

The dryer7s cost should be within the reach of users:

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

'ifferent types of dryers are used in following industries

1& Te6tile industries, paper mills.

problems of storage should be o(ercome.

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

I/) PHYSICA+ PROPERTIES, -

and drying systems.

particle to the surface area of particle.

specific heat, thermal conducti(ity, thermal diffusi(ity is essential.

The /nowledge of physical properties such as shape, si4e, (olume, surface

an increase of acid numbers.

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

/I) CHANGES IN STORED PRODUCTS -

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

>roduct Cheat, oat, rice, barley @orn @otton >otato 1oyabean

moisture control, drying and aeration.

5a6imum loss occurs because of an accumulation of moisture in grain, e(en

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

THEORY OF GRAIN DRYING

weight on wet basis.

Aut the moisture content on dry basis is more simple to use in

content on dry basis.

Cm E weight of moisture. Cd E weight of bone dry material.

The moisture content, 5, dry basis percent

Cm m 100 = 6100 Cd 100 m

The moisture content, m per, wet basis )

I) MOISTURE CONTENT, 2sually the moisture content of a substance is e6pressed in percentage by

mass transfer operations simultaneously.

In con(ecti(e drying the heat re0uired for

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

en(ironment or loose moisture. #t a particular condition the moisture content of grain

The moisture content attained by a grain with respect to a set of atmosphereic

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

-! !0 44 -5 !4$ -5 !4$ 70 -5 !70 -5 -5 -5

7.! %.7 7.1 %.5 ) )

1 0.$ 1 0.$ ) 1 0.5 1 0.! $.

100 ) ) ) - .! ) ) -4. ) ) ) -1.$ ) ) -4.1 - .% )

5.! $.1 $.% 1 0.$.4 $.1 $.7 $.$

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

5oisture .atio ,5)5e ; 505e

ii) Hal li e %erio! me#(o!, -

Therefore, by /nowing the (alues of 1;- or 1;4, H can be found out. 1-

'rying Time, 5in Gra%( #o calcula#e !r"i)0 co)s#a)#

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

5o 5e is /nown as the moisture ratio, 5... 5 5e

Integrating the abo(e e0uation within proper limits, we get 5 5e = e6pIHJ 50 5e

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

#ir (elocity at construction air temperature and humidity.

constant air (elocity and relati(e humidity.

Design & Study of Grain Dryer

"a& 2nsaturated surface drying.

?one of the theoretical e0uations represents the drying characteristics of grains

iii) Remar;s o) #(i) la"er Dr"i)0, -