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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET TITILE: Calorimetry OBJECTIVE Apply the concept of specific heat capacity, phase change, latent

heat of fusion, and latent heat of vaporization to solve problems on heat.

CONCEPT NOTES Specific Heat Capacity The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form shown below where c is the specific heat. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is encountered, because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the temperature. Q = mcT Where Q is heat m is mass c is specific heat T is change in temperature (Final Temperature Initial Temperature) The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram C = 4.186 joule/gram C which is higher than any other common substance. As a result, water plays a very important role in temperature regulation. Note: Q is positive (+Q) if heat is absorbed Q is negative (-Q) if heat is released Change of Phase and Latent Heat Matters can be in four states like solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Distance between the molecules or atoms of the matter shows its state or phase. Temperature and pressure are the only factors that affect the phases of matter. Under constant pressure, when you heat matter, its speed of motion increases and as a result the distance between the atoms or molecules becomes larger. If you give heat to a solid substance, its temperature increases up to a specific point and after this point temperature of it is constant and it starts to change its phase from solid to liquid. Another example that all you in experience daily life, when you heat water it boils and if you continue to give heat it starts to evaporate. In this section we will learn these changes in the phases of substances and learn how to calculate necessary heat to change the states of them. Calorimetry
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Melting and Freezing If solid matters gain enough heat they change state solid to liquid. Heat is a form of energy and in this situation it is used for the break the bonds of the atoms and molecules. Heated atoms and molecules vibrate more quickly and break their bonds. We call this process melting changing state solid to liquid. Inverse of melting is called freezing, changing state liquid to solid, in which atoms and molecules lost heat and come together, their motion slows down and distance between them decreases.

Look at the given graph which shows the melting of the ice.

This is a phase of change of water from solid to liquid. As you can see at the beginning ice is at -15 C, we give heat and its temperature becomes 0 C which is the melting point of ice. During melting process temperature of the ice-water mixture does not change. After all the mass of ice is melted its temperature starts to rise. Every solid matter has its own melting point; we can say that melting point is a distinguishing property of solids. Inverse of this process is called freezing in which liquid lost heat and change phase liquid to solid. Freezing point and melting point are the same for same matter and it is also distinguishing property of matter. We find the heat necessary for melting the solid substance with following formula; Q = mLf

Calorimetry

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Where

Q is heat m is the mass Lf is latent heat of fusion

Latent heat of fusion, like specific heat, it shows how much heat you should give for melting/freezing unit of mass. Effects of Pressure and Impurity on Freezing and Melting Point Pressure is the force exerting on the surface perpendicularly. Thus, it helps to keep particles together. If volume of the matter increases after melting, pressure decreases the melting point. On the contrary, if the volume of the substance decreases after melting, pressure increases the melting point of the matter. For example, when you walk on the snowy road you observe that snow under your feet melt later than around, because you exert pressure on it with your feet. Ice melting at 0 C can be melt at -3 C with the applied pressure on it. Impurity like pressure affects the latent heat of fusion. For instance, salty water freezes under 0 C.

Boiling Evaporation and Condensation Evaporation is the change of phase from liquid to gas. Evaporation occurs only at the surface of the water and at every temperature. However, evaporation is directly proportional to the temperature, increasing in the temperature increasing in the rate of evaporation. Inverse of this process is called condensation in which; gas molecules/atoms lost heat and change phase from gas to liquid. As in the case of melting, when you give heat to liquid, at one certain point its temperature does not change. Gained heat spent on breaking the bonds between molecules and atoms. At this temperature, vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure of surrounding. During this process evaporation occurs in everywhere of the liquid which is called boiling. Boiling point is a distinguishing property of liquids; each matter has its own boiling point. For example, water boils at 100 C in atmospheric pressure. We use the following formula to find required heat to boil liquid matter. Q = mLv

Calorimetry

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Where

Q is heat m is the mass Lv is latent heat of vaporization

Effects of Pressure and Impurity on Boiling Point Boiling occurs only when the vapor pressure of liquid and pressure of outside equals to each other. If the pressure of outside increases then the boiling point of the liquid also increases. On the contrary, if the pressure of the outside decreases, then boiling point of the liquid also decreases. For example, at the top of a mountain atmospheric pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure of the sea level. In addition to this, impurity of the liquid matter also affects the boiling point of that matter. For instance, if you mix water with a salt or sugar, you increase the boiling point of the water Sublimation and Deposition Sublimation is the change of state from solid to gas. Some of the solid matters change their states directly to the gas with the gained heat. For example, dry ice (frozen CO2) sublimate when heat is given. Inverse of this process is called deposition, in which gas matters lost heat and change their phase to solid.

Calorimetry

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Do It Yourself 1. What is the heat in Joules required to convert 25 grams of -10 C ice into 150 C steam? -10 OC Q = mcT 0 OC Q = mLf 0 OC

100 OC 150 OC Q = mcT Q = mLv

Q = mcT 100 OC

Useful information: heat of fusion of water = 334 J/g heat of vaporization of water = 2257 J/g specific heat of ice = 2.09 J/gC specific heat of water = 4.18 J/gC specific heat of steam = 2.09 J/gC 2. What is the heat in Joules required to release to convert 50 grams of 110C steam into -5 C ice? Remember: Q is positive (+Q) if heat is absorbed Q is negative (-Q) if heat is released

References: http://www.physicstutorials.org/home/heat-temperature-and-thermal-expansion/change-of-phasestate-phase-transition http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html http://zonalandeducation.com/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTemperature/changesOfPhase/changeOfState.html http://chemistry.about.com/od/workedchemistryproblems/a/Heat-Capacity-Phase-Change-Example-Problem.htm

Calorimetry

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