Lets Learn Korean!

ANE WSs 4 Let’s learn Korean USBZ&MBEA Foreign Languages Books Publishing House 1989PREFACE International cooperation is developing rapidly between na- tions today in all fields including politics, the economy, cul- _ ture and technology. This situation demands that we have some knowledge of the languages concerned. In particular, foreigners visiting our country want to speak the Korean language and then associate with us in our work and life. “Let's learn Korean” has been written to meet such a de- mand. In this book all Korean words, phrases and sentences are transcribed in English letters, both literal and normal translations are given and grammatical explanations are present- ed in a schematic way. Therefore, all readers can read and understand all Korean words, phrases and sentences in this book without any help from other people and learn Kore- an in aneasy way. And not only foreigners staying for a long time in our country, but also those visiting our country for a short time can use it. “Let's learn Korean“ has been written in the following order. Pronunciation Conversation GrammarKorean-English Vocabulary English-Korean Vocabulary Because this is the first time such a book hasbeen produced, several mistakes may be found in it, We hope that suggestions for revising this book will be sent to the following address : Foreign Languages Books Publishing House, Pyongyang, DPRK February 1989 The AuthorCONTENTS PRONUNCIATION + The Korean Alphabet Table - Alphabet + Vowels + Consonants + Syllables -- The Change of Sounds - + The Intonation of Sentence CONVERSATION + Greetings + Do you Speak Korean? + Entry and Exit + Customs + Travelling by Air + On the Way to the City from the Airport + Travelling by Train + At the Hotel + Ina Restaurant --- + At the Post- Office + Money Exchange + At the Hairdresser’s + At the Doctor's + Human Body + Asking the Way --- + Notices and Signs + Taxis and Buses - - City Sightseeing - eine ate 10 12 13 16 22 24 31+ Photographing + Shopping : + Numerals + Money - + Time + Weather + Four Seasons - + Months + Days of the Week cerrcesceseeseserreeseeseeseeseeeseenees GRAMMAR Lesson 1: “+ Noun + Declension of the Noun in the Singular + Declension of A Noun in the Plural - + Word Order «+ Lesson 2: + Personal Pronoun - + Declension of the Personal Pronoun + Word Order sesssesesseceseesseceeeeseesteeeneeestescaesenees Lesson 3: - Demonstrative Pronoun + Declension of the Demonstrative Pronoun | Word Order Lesson 4: + Forms of the Verb «+++ + Final Form of the Verb - Final Ending of the Verb + Adjective ssscr - Forms of the Adjective : Final Form of the Adjective- - Final Ending of the Adjective 4 66 67 10 74 74 76 7 7 8 108 120 124 127 128+ Verbal Form of the Noun, Pronoun or Numeral ----- 130 - Division of the Verbal Forms of the Noun, Pronoun or Numeral cecrcveretesrseeees coe esesreseneseene 132 - Final Form of the Verbal Form of the Noun, Pronoun or Numeral csrrrrrrcereesecrseseceese ers eeesees 133 - Final Ending of the Verbal Form of the Noun, Provocun ociNuncel 134 Lesson 5: + Declarative Final Endings of the Verb ----+++++++--++ 137 - Declarative Final Endings of the Adjective -------- 141 + Declarative Final Endings of the Verbal Form of the Noun, Pronoun or Numeral -reeresseesereeee 143 © Word Order cocressesssssesceesessenseessecensnnenesensrnenesoas us Lesson 6: + Interrogative Pronoun 147 + Declension of the [nterrogative Pronoun isl - Interrogative Final Endings of the Verb -- 151 : Interrogative Final Endings of the Adjective ------ 153 - Interrogative Final Endings of the Verbal Form of the Noun, Pronoun or Numeral - 156 + Word Order -+-ssseseeereeeee 158 Lesson 7: + Numerals 162 + Counting Word 166 + Incomplete Noun 168 + Suggestive Final Endings of the Verb - 170 + Imperative Final Endings of the Verb - * 172 + Word Order seccsessecseseseesessseeeeecessensensneaseceesee eters 173 Lesson 8: + Adverb + Connecting Form of the Verb, Adjective or Verbal Form of the Noun, Pronoun or Numeral --:- 178 + Word Order 194Lesson 9: + Pre-Noun --- 200 + Interjection 202 : Attributive Form of the Verb --- 202 + Attributive Form of the Adjective 206 - Attributive Form of the Verbal Form of the Noun, Pronoun or Numeral: 208 + Form of the Adverbial Modifier of the Verb or Adjective 211 - Word Order - 213 Lesson 10: 5 ene 216 + Respect and Courtesy 223, - Word Order - 228 Lesson ll: + Voice - Exchanging Endings - Lesson 12: + Auxiliary Endings 242 + Endings. Which Are Used as Case Endings - 248 Lesson 13: + Stem and Ending --+1ceesseeseseseesseseseereeeneee ene eeeens 251 + Attaching of Endings sr1:ereeeeseeeeseteerteeerenes 254 + Pairs of Endings + 254 + Link-Vowel 256 + Vocal Harmony -+-- 258 + Exchange of Sounds - 260 Lesson 14: + Parts of the Sentence- 266 : Predicate 269 . Subject 216 + Object - 279 + Quotation 283+ Adverbial Modifier 286 + Attribute se 289 - Form of Address - 292 + Parenthesis ------ 293 + Exclamatory Word 295 + Conjunctive «+++ 296 - Appended Modifier - 298 « Expanded Part of Sentence s++++sssssesssesssesneeees 299 Lesson 15: + Agreement of Parts of Sentence 303 + Order of Parts of Sentence 309 Lesson 16: + Kinds of Sentences -+1-sscsssecssecsscetereeeeecnseneeenene 320 - Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences 339 + Simple Sentence s-:++ssssessssseseeeseseseseeess 339 + Compound Sentence and Complex Sentence -- 340 + Order of the Principal Clause and the Subordinate Clause -s:ssssscceessessecsscsscenceeosenes 342 + Direct Speech 342 - Order of the Original Speaker’s Words in Direct Speech 343 + Indirect Speech - 345 + Changing of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech --. 345 Tables of Endings . 350 Subject Index ------ 362 KOREAN- ENGLISH VOCABULARY ------ 373 ENGLISH-KOREAN VOCABULARY ++---+-+ 411Guide for the User 1. All Korean words, phrases and sentences are transcribed in English letters, for example : O FalAta Oo ZA Alea {chuchesasang ] [chosonui chindalle ] Juche Idea Korean azalea Oo t¥addA? oO ated. [annyonghasimnigga } {komapsumnida ] Hello! Thank you, Good morning, Good evening, 2.In transcript the separation is denoted by a point(-), for example : . Ae BGozR a4. [chonun pyongyang-uro kamnida J I Pyongyang to = go 3.Both literal and free translations are given for all Korean I go to Pyongyang, sentences, for example ; AS ga4g uc, I am an Englishman, {chonun . yong-guksaramimnida ] (free translation) I an Englishman am (literal translation) 4.The asterisk in the example is related to that in the explanation, for example : Yat olay {naui omoni] my motherexplanation: + Yb +2) (4 personal pronoun %} —genit ive ending of the personal pronoun) 5.Grammatical explanations are given as follows : ak ga] AAA @* Good-bye (free {annyong-i —_kasipsio} translation ) well go! (literal translation) explanation: * 7 + & [ka da] go stem ending 7 + AAD (AA Q-most deferential imperative form of the final ending of the verb) 6.The number on the left of the page is found in the subject index,PRONUNCIATION THE KOREAN ALPHABET TABLE | 7+ 7k (kagyapyo) The Korean alphabet table 5 (k} vowels} | of 4 4 4 ub oT T= | lconso> {al} [ya] [o] fyo] fo] [yo] (u) [yw} (uJ Ci] nants on A a [ka] [kya] [ko] [kyo] {ko} (kyo] {ku} (kyu) [ku] [ki] 4 ‘ uur a ae le Oe Uh hE Uk {na] [nya] (no] [nyo] [no] [nyo] {nu] (nyu) [nuJ [ni] s Ce Che ee ae {t] Le {tya] [to] [tyo] [to] [tyo] (tu] (tyw](tul] (til 2 zo o6fk Oa OA OBOUeOUR UR UE {rJ {ra] (rya] [ro] {ryo} [ro] [ryo]{ru] (ryu] (ru [ri] Qo o dc WH WH @& 8s F Bo (m] (ma] (mya) (mo]{myo](mo] (myo]{mu][myu] (mu] [mi] 4 1 Gee ge ee (p] [pa] {pya] po] {pyo] {po} (pyo] [pu] [pyu] {pu} (pil A MoM M M a2 & © F&F AM {s]} {sa] [sya] [sol [syo] [so] (syo]{su] [syu]{su] [sil] o* oF OF A A ef 2 Fs F es | fa] [ya] [0] [yo] fo] [yo] [wu] {yu] [ul] [il] 10x Kt x Aw A z a ~ Al {ch] ] [cha] (chya] [cho] [chyo] [cho] [chyo] [chu] (chyu] [chu] [chi] x ON Ae ee ae = (ch] | {cha} (chya] [cho] (chyo] [cho] [chyo] [chu] (chyu] [chu] [chi] a | 7 JF A A DF DW F F A AI (k] | {kal (kya] [ko] (kyo] [ko] [kyo] [ku] {kyu} {ku] (kil = cr ce cl qa = & FF F E Td (t] (ta] [tya] [to] [tyo] [to] [tyo] [tu] [tyu] [tu] [ti] a | ft WY Ww = # * F EF (p] (pa] ({pya] [po] [pyo] [po] [pyo] [pu] (pyu] [pul (pil 6 (er) th) Cha] {hya] [ho] {hyo} [ho] [hyo] Chu] Chya) [hu] [hi] n mh ok HH A D HD *® FF DT I (gg] (gga] Cggya] [ego] [egyo] [ego] [ggyo] [ggu] (egyu] [ggul [gei) c}o G o WH ¢ & F&F € £ O {dd] ] (ddal{ddya] {ddo]{ddyo] [ddo] [ddyo] [ddu] [ddyu] [ddu] [ddi} ole #8 # * # 2 ww wg {bb] | {bba] (bbya] [bbo][bbyo] [bbo] [bbyo] {bbu] [bbyu] [bbu] [bbi] aK eee {ss] | [ssa] [ssya] [sso] [ssyo] [sso] [ssyo] [ssu] [ssyu] (ssu] [ssi ] = % Rm M MW X 2 FF B BR QW (ij) | CiialCii ya) Cijo] ii yo) lijollijyol Cijul fjiyw]liju iii] % © is not pronounced at the beginning of a syllable, eee! 4 iALPHABET | 2 The Korean alphabet has 40 letters. [iste transc- transcr letter | name ription letter | name ription 7 kink k, F a a _ E ya ya (= i nin n 4 ° 7 Cc | tint t.d 4 yo .yo 2 riul r(1) 4+ ° ° 7 i oO mium m = a oa y piup Pp. b T yu yu A siut s, t - u u oO iung ng | i i KR | chiut ch, j, t _ ae XK | chiut ch, t He pee yae 4 kiuk k 4 e e = tiut t 4 ye ye i piup E 4 oe oe 6 hiuh h Tl wi wi nD toengiuk gg, k | ui ui t toendiut dd it wa wa HH toenbiup bb A wo wo a toensiut ss, t ui wae wae mR toenjiut ij Wl we weVOWELS 3 The Korean language has 2] vowels : Feo ke 4d. dea, ub, TT, 71, -, 1, HL AL dl, al. Ue, 4, a, A, Ww, al The vowels are divided into simple vowels and diphthongs, 4 1.The simple vowels The simple vowels are those for which the shape of the oral cavity does not change in pronunciation, There are 10 simple vowels : i ee i re Pe eee 5 2. The diphthongs The diphthongs are those vowels for which the shape of the oral cavity changes in pronunciation and two vowels become one, There are 1] diphthongs : Bee He 6 The vowels are pronounced as follows: 1, is pronounced [a]as in car and transcribed as . for example : LCL 2.4 is pronounced [a] as in ago and transcribed as . for example : ©} =] [omoni] mother 3,4 is pronounced [9] as in on and transcribed as <0). for example : & [0] oh4. T is pronounced [u] as in good and transcribed as . for example : £z\{uri] we 5, — is almost a groaning sound in the chest and is pronounced between [u] in good and [i] in window and transcribed as , for example : atkul he 6. { is pronounced [i] as in it and transcribed as . for example : fe] [aij child 7. H is pronounced [ew] as in man and transcribed as . for example ; fae] child 8. di is pronounced [{e] as in bed and transcribed as . for example : oF [ yak] medicine 12. 4. is pronounced [ja] as in you [ja] and transcribed as . for example : 4 [kyosil] classroom TT is pronounced [ju] as in you and transcribed as . for example : [yuri] glass H is pronounced [je] as in yes and transcribed as. : for example: ei] [ye] yes (answer to an elder or a superior ) + {uiy is pronounced quickly but as a diphthong and transcribed as , for example : [won] circle; won (unit of Korean currency ) 14 is pronounced [we] as in wax and transcribed as , for example : Alwae] why Hl is pronounced almost like [we] in wet and transcribed as (we). for example : [wen] whatIndividual vowels are pronounced separately, for example: ofa ck [asea] Asia 1 The vowels are written as follows : { hi = ib se iL Tr Me ate ‘ahs Fle fie ‘ae i ps CONSONANTS rt yy i. 8 The Korean language has 19 consonants : J.bL,c, 20,4, 4,0, K, %, 3,2, 0,6, | 2 we a Oe 9 The consonants are pronounced as follows : 1.7 is pronounced a little harder than [g]. 1) 1 is transcribed as [k] at the beginning of a word, for example : [ku] he 2) 1 is transcribed as [k] at the end of a word, for exampk : %# [choguk] fatherland 163) 1 is transcribed as [kJ before another consonant, for example : ” 2A} [kukjang]) theatre 4) 1 is transcribed as [g] before a vowel, for example : SL7|(kogi] meat 2. 1) is pronounced [k] as in the French conte, 1) Tris transcribed as [gg] at the beginning of a word, for example: Boh (egotdabal] bouquet 2) Tl is transcribed as [gg] before a vowel, for example : = rl (toggi] axe 3) Tl is transcribed as [k] at the end of a word, for example : ub[pak] outside 4) Tl is transcribed as [k] before another consonant, for example : 4 ch ({mukdaj bind 3. 4 is pronounced [k] as in cold, It is a sharply aspira- ted and powerfully pronounced 7 [(k], => is transcribed as [k], for example : [ko] nose 4. H is pronounced a little harder than [b], 1) u is transcribed as [p] at the beginning of a word. for example : s|(pi] rain 2) W is transcribed as [p] at the end of a word, for example : 4} (pap) boiled rice 3) 8 is transcribed as [p] before another consonant, BVfor example : 3{kopda] beautiful 4) ® is transcribed as [b] before a vowel, for example : A] & Z[chiburo] to home 5. ud is pronounced [p] as in the French Pincette, wis transcribed as , for example : “l[bbang] bread 6.2 is pronounced [p] as in park, It is a sharply aspi- rated and powerfully pronounced 4 [b], 3% is transcribed as [p]. for example : O al [pen pen O% #lupyo] postage stamp O ip] leaf O 4 [nopda] high 7. C is pronounced a little harder than (d], 1) is transcribed as [t] at the beginning of a word, for example: c} 2] [tari] leg; bridge 2) c is transcribed as (t] at the end of a word, for example : 2 ([tiut] (the consonant c) 3) t is transcribed as [t] before another consonant, for example : =} [mutda] ask 4) c is transcribed as (d] before a vowel, for example : =>} = (tomado] tomato 8. [f is pronounced [t] as in the Spanish tobacco, tw is transcribed as
, for example : 18(ddang] earth 9. = is pronounced [t] as in tank, It is a sharply aspi- rated and powerfully pronounced t [t], = is transcribed as and are denoted in Korean by the same letter az, The following rules are applied to this double pronunciation: 1) @ is transcribed as [r] at the beginning of a word. for example : 2} 2] & [raj io] radio 2) # is transcribed as [r] before a vowel. for example : 4-2] [uri] we 3) # is transcribed as [l] at the end of a word. for example : = [mul] water 4) # is transcribed as [1] before another consonant, for example: tc} [palda] sell 5) When v and 2 come together, then L@ is always transcribed as double [I for example : A 2) (cholli] thousand ri (ri is a Korean unit of distance.) 18. &-is pronounced [h] as in hat and transcribed as } [taknunda] polish (4 = ]{tangnunda] (asa result of the assimilation of the sonant v [n]) O 34 [puokmun] kitchen door (#9 2] (puongmun] (as a result of the assimilation of the sonant w (m)) (2) The sound w[p] and z[p] are pronounced n[{m] before a sonant, for example : © 1 [popryong] law {8 ](pomryong] (as a result of the assimilation of the sonant 2 {r]) vz© 2 [apmun] front door (%£ J{ammun](as a result of the assimilation of the sonant n [m]) (3) The sounds t[t], #[t], x [ch], x{ch], afs] and wk [ss] are pronounced v([n] before a sonant. for example: © %-+e] [matnui] the eldest sister abo] ][mannuil(as a result of the assimilation of, the sonant u [n]) O #2] [patmori] edge of a field 4b] 2] }(panmori](as a result of the assimilation of the sonant u [m]) O #4] [chotmogi] suckling ALY o] Wchonmogil(as a result of the assimilation of the sonant © [m]) O #4 [ggotmang. ul] flower bud BF ][ggonmang-ul](as a result of the assimilation of the sonant U [m]) O 44 (chatnamul pine-nut tree (44 Jichannamu] (as a result of the assimilation of the sonant U{n]) O 3%£14 [itnunya] is there ? 2] & tf] [innunya] (as a result of the assimilation of the sonant Lv [n]) 2) The assimilation of the sound 2 [I] (1) The sound L [n] is pronounced @ [Il] before the sound 2 (1), for example : al (tanlyon] training (de I[tallyon](as a result of the assimilation of the sound # [l]) (2) The sound L [n] is pronounced @ [1] after the sound 21], 25for example ; 4] 2 [solnal] New Year's Day [44 ][sollallas a result of the assimilation of the sound 2 {1]) 3) The assimilation of the palatal (,) The sound ¢ [t] is pronounced X [i] before the palatal ](il for example : a] £0] [haetoti] sunrise [a] © A] ]{haetojillas a result of the assimilation of the palatal } [i] (2) The sound = [t] is pronounced & [ch] palatal } [i], for example : @ 4.20} [hangyolgati] unanimously Cat a 74] | (hangyolgachi] (as a result of the assimila- before the tion of the palatal j[i}) 2.The shut consonants When a consonant lies at the endof 4 word or before a voiceless sound, it is pronounced as shut, 1) The sounds 3 [{k] and 7) [gg] are pronounced as a shut 7 (k] at the end of a word or before a voiceless sound, for example : O 44 (puok] kitchen [4% [puok](at the end of the word) © eh (ggaggda] pare; shear; shave (4 #4] [ggakda (before the voiceless sound t )(refer to 12~3.) 2) The sounds E(t], ALi], KCch], A [s] and M[ss]are pronounced as a shut C[t] at the end of a word or before a voiceless sound, for example : O % [pat] field [3 ] [pat at the end of the word) a ENUNSNINNNNNNeO % [naj] day Ud] (nat ] (at the end of the word) OQ ¥€f [tochdae] mast [Eq ][totdae] (before the voiceless sound & ) (refer to 12-3.) O [os] clothes [&]fot] (at the end of the word) © 931+ [issda] be Pan (before the voiceless sound c) (refer to 12-3. 3) The sound & [p] is pronounced as a shut H [p]at the end of a word or before a voiceless sound. for example : O Qj {ip} leaf (9] ]{ip] (at the end of the word) O et [topda] cover [J 2h] [topda](before the voiceless sound t )(refer to 12-3.) 3. The strengthening of a sound The strengthening of a sound means that a soft sound becomes a strong sound under the influence of the conso. nant which comes before it, i But the strong sounds are transcribed as follows! | Bs —g dd —d bb —b ss —S Nee)! for example : yz (2) [bitggal] — (bitgal] colour Al 4(4] 4] [chipddan]— [chipdan] group 2 LE 2] [nutbbom] - [mutbom] late spring #4} @ (28}2 ] [pombbaram] — [pombaram] spring breeze QZAlYA] [itsso] — [itso] there is +A(4 4] (kukjjang] — [kukjang] theatre 1) A soft sound becomes a strong sound after a consonant which is not sonant, rAdfor example : 4d ([chipdan] collective (4) 4) (chipddan](as a result the soft soundc[d] after the voiceless sound ¥ [p]) of . the strengthening of But [4] 4] {chipddan] is transcribed as [(chipdan], 2) After a sonant a soft sound becomes as follows : (1) a strong sound for example : 2 u} 2 [pombaram] spring breeze (2 a} ][pombbaram](as a result of the strengthening of the soft sound (bl after the sonant u[m]) But [2] [pombbaram] is transcribed as [pombaram], (2) not a strong sound for example : 44] (chungsong ] loyalty explanation: The soft sound A[s] does not become a strong sound after sonant © [ng], 4, The insertion of a sound The insertion of a sound means that a sound is inserted when a word is pronounced, There are 2 methods of insertion; 1) The consonant _ [n] is inserted, for example ; 44 Q [puokil] kitchen work (49 'd)(pucknil] (as aresult of the insertion of the consonant L[n]) . (49 'd [puongnit] (as o result of the assimilationof the Sonant & [n]) 2) The consonant -C [t] is inserted, for example : 7| 4 [kibal] flag (2 @ ][kitbal] (as a result of the insertion of the consonant Tlt])(zl4t] [kitbal] fas a result of the strengthening of the soft sound ¥ [b] after the voiceless sound t [t]) 5.The omission of a sound The omission of a sound means that omitted when sounds are linked, There are 2 methods of omission: 1) The sound & [h} of a stem is not pronounced before an ending or a suffix which begins with a vowel, for example : © 3kc} (manhatda] were much [o} 1d ch ] [manatda]{as a result of the omission of the % [hl] before ihe past tense ending 3 Cat] acertain sound is sound (refer to 166) which begins with the vowel } [al] (} da} ][manatda] (as a result of the strengthening of the sound « [d]) © Fe] [manhi] much (s} Y]{manil(es a result of the omission of the sound o(h] before the suffix efi] which begins with ihe vowel 1fi]) 2) The penultimate or the last consonant in a syllable is omitted, (1) The penultimate consonant 2 [I] in a syllable is omit- ‘ted when the penultimate and last consonants # [Ik], wm (Im), # (Ip]or am[lp] ina syllable come before another consonant or at the end of a word, for example; O & (talk) hen (4 ][takl(as a result of the omission of the penultimate consonant @ [1 ]) O 4} [salmda] cook (4b ][samda] (as a result of the omission of the penultimate consonant 2 [1]) [4} 2] [samda] (as a result of the strengthening of the sound tu {d]) 29© 8 ch [palpda] tread (8h ch ]{papda] (as a result of the omission of the penultimate consonant = [1 }) {8} t+] (papda] (as a result of the strengthening of the sound c [d]) O & [ulpda) recite {3} ]{updal(as a result of the omission of the penultimate consonant 2 {1} [$b] fupda] (es a result of the strengthening of the sound ct [d]) (2) The last consonant in a syllable is omitted when it is a lingual, for example : Wh [optdajthere is no As the last consonant A [t] is a lingual, it is omitted, (9 4} lfopda] (as a result of the omission of the last consonant A[t]) (9 +} ]lopda] (as a result of the strengthening of the sound t (dj) 6. The contraction of sounds The contraction of sounds means that some sounds stan- ding side by side contract into one sound, There are 2 methods of contraction: 1) Sounds contract into a strong sound, A soft sound and the sound @[h] following it contract into a strong sound, for example : 4 @ (yokhal] role {o] A llyokall(as a result of the contraction of the sounds 1 [k] and @ [h]) 2) Two vowels contract into a new vowel, for example: of °] fai] childoff fae] child (as @ result of the contraction of the vowels } (ajand | (i]) THE INTONATION OF SENTENCE 13 The kinds of sentences are indicated by whether the tone is rising or falling at the end of a sentence, 1, The falling tone is used at the end of a declarative sentence, for example : a7 24. He is coming, {kuga onda J he is coming 2,The rising tone is used at the end of an interrogative sentence, for example: 1 Zen? Is he coming ? ({kuga onun-ga] he comes? But the interrogative word should be stressed when it appears in an interrogative sentence, for example: at aa ge? [kuga onje onun-ga] When is he coming? he when comes ? 3,The tone should be even to the end of a_ suggestive sentence, for example : 7+} | [kajal] Let us go! 4,The falling tone is used at the end of an imperative sentence, for example : 72+! [kara] Go!5,.The tone should be even to the end of an exclamatory sen- | tence, for example: an -— [o chogugiyo] oh! fatherland Oh! Fatherland} CONVERSATION Ol Aflinsal ae tay? {annyonghasimnigga ] well? aga aaa? [oddoke chinaesimnigga ] how live? GE oe {nanun = aju I very gE adtua? tangsindo kon - ganghamnigga } you also healthy? DUSUt. oF ADs. (komapsumnida aju kon- ganghamnida ] agtud. kon + ganghamnida healthy thank you very healthy Ae ae, [choum poepsumnida ] first time see a4 £42442. [oso turoosipsio } please come in aA eLAAL {oso anjusipsio ] please sit down 32 | | | | | | Greetings Hello! God morning. Good evening. How are you? Very well, and you? Thank you, I am very well. How do you do? Come in, please! Take your seat, please.at ated. [maeu komapsumnida } very much thank you at AAASAAAL. {chamganman kidaryojusi psio ] a minute wait please qe sFaud? [dangsinun nugusimnigga ] you who are Al | Jee FAVA? [tangsinui irumun muosimnigga ] your name what is? AS oo daa Feud, [chonun --- irago purumnida } I oo call Ble FAA 2ASUA? [tangsinun odeso osyotsumnigga] you where from came? es a [chonun yong - gugeso watsumnida J Ji England from came He Based. [manun yong + guksaramimnida ] I an Englishman am GAZ BE AU A? [tangsinun yong-orul asimnigga ] you English know? ue 4s 4 2tu4 [manun yong: orul chal motamnida ] r English good not speak oj. tye] yes rye, [aniyo] no ee4q. [chosumnida } good” Thank you very much. Wait a minute please. Who are you? May I have your name, please? My name is ---. Where are you from? I am from England. I am an Englishman. Do you speak English? I have a poor command of English. Yes. No. All right.ya. (nabbumnida } bad AA). [kiggoi ] with pleasure sya. (mianha mnida } excuse me AA, [sonsaeng ] teacher aA, [oso] please ate ates. (taedani komapsumnida ] very thank At, (chonmane ] you are welcome AA beaded. {tasi mannapsida ] again meet. ake a] AAA. [annyong-j kasipsio] well go! abd a] AAA 2. {annyong.i _ kyesipsio] well be! vas Fae. {annyong-i chumusipsio ] well sleep! Bad. With pleasure. Excuse me. Mr. Please! Thank you very much. You are welcome. See you again! Good-bye. Good-bye. Good night.BAe ZMAS OIL? Bale BATE [tangsinun chosonmarul you Korean ody a2 asimnigga ] know ? Ble Fhe bay? {tangsinun yong- orul asimnigga] you English know? 4E ZATe gud [nanun chosonmarul amnida j I Korean know GE dds 2 Feud {nanun yong-orul chal motamnida] I English good not speak Ay Ft taaeur? {choui marul asigetsumnigga] my word understand? Ye gly ae A {nanun tangsinui marul ta I your word all Poles, aradutsumnida ] understand 4 the) RUF {ta aradutji motamnida ] all understand not can =] ek ab 4] a AAl aa {mianhajiman tasi hanbon please again once wate. mal haejusi psi o} speak 7 a LDLrtr—s—sSs=SC [chomdo chonchoni_ malhaejusipsio ] alittle more slowly speak 35 Do you speak Korean? [tangsinun chosonmarul asimnigga ] Do you speak Korean? Do you speak English? I speak Korean. I have a poor command of English. Do you understand me? I understand everything quite well. I can’t understand everything. I beg your pardon! Speak more slowly, please!QJ Qi BALipguk mit chulguk] Entry and Exit aseee entry formalities {ipguksusok ] entry formalities YE HAAIY, IT am a tourist. {nanun kwan -gwang: gaegimnida] I a tourist am é42 yA tS4 Where can I collect back (sonjimun odiso chajulsu ° my luggage ? the luggage where can leuA? itsumnigga ] get? j27 44 segue. Here is my luggage tag. {igosi naui chimpyoimnida ] this my luggage tag is Ye BLE Aad yr. ' I'm going to Pyongyang {manun pyongyang-uro chikaenghamnida] directly. I Pyongyang to directly go 9] 4 [ipguk] entry ‘4d [nannal] date of birth 2 [chulguk] exit ‘ER [nangot } birth-place at % [changryuk] landing Al'B (songbyol ] sex 9] 4 & [ipgukpyo ] disembarkation ‘t} [namja] male #2 [chul gukpyo] embarkation 4 4} [nyoja] female ® @ [ryoggwon] passport 4°] [nai ] age A} [sajj ung] visa 41% [chigop] occupation #4 A 4 @ [ryoggwon:gomyol ] + [chuso } address inspection of passports 3143 [minjokbyol ] nationality 4 [song] family name 34 [kukjok] nationality,citizenship o) S [irum) nameMl BE [segwan] Ya ale Aatsaoe @ na + egenun sin: gosusokaeya hal with me to declare - === mulgonun opsumnida ] article isn’t jae 2F 44 AUSsU4s. {igosun modu naui kaeinyongpumimnida] this all my article for personal is jae Seqq 2 Wea. [igosun tongmuege chul sonmurimnida ] this a friend to to give a gift is jae aae2 Adate [igosun yong + guguro kajigoganun this England to taking asa. kinyompumi mnida ] a souvenir is YAAe AFse ae. {na - egenun: kwijungpumun opsumnida } me jewelry isn’ t asts 23 Qed. {insamsul tubyong itsumnida] Insam (ginseng )wine 2 bottles are YaAS 300425 NFU. [na-egenun sambaek paundu itsumnida ] me 300 pound is eo] AALS 44 {i sajin-ginun naui this camera my AUSS YHA. kaeinyongpumimnida } for personal use article is Customs I have nothing to declare. These are all my personal belongings. This is a gift for a friend. This is a souvenir I’m taking to England. I have no jewelry. I have 2 bottles of Insam (ginseng )wine. I have 300 pounds. This camera is for my personal use.HI 88 71 cH 8 [pihaeng - giryohaeng ] gale 24 (tangsinun ojon yolsie you morning 10 0’clock at 3] at al UA Bud, pihaengjang-e nagaya hamnida] the airport to go must qk egal 4 {onu bihaengjang - eso which airport from Be 7e 4A? pihaeng: girul tamnigga] the airplane get on? 104] of 44 AS A A a 7} 2] {maui chimul kyesandaeggaji my baggage the counter till _ kajyodachusipsio ] take EssEk] qayyAa? (pyopanun « gosi odiimnigga ] the booking-office which place is? 2 wd a 2] AE Ez (londonggaji kanun pyo London till going ticket TAS a tujang - ul chusipsio ] two sheets give Ado Adal EAt yA? . [ londone onje tochaka mnigga ) London at when land? 28Ste Cl (ihochulgunun odiimnigga] 2number gate which place is? Yala] gel Al (3) ae ot. {na-ege chimi sejjakitsumnida ] me baggage three pieces are Travelling by Air You must be at the airport at 100’clock in the morning. From which airport do we leave? Take my baggage to the counter. Where is the booking- office? Two tickets to London, please! When do we land at London? Where is Gate 2? I have three pieces of baggage.adgde aeae (chogwadoenun . chimunimun excess baggage charge soba? olmaimnigga ] how much is ? 3] 4} [pihaengjang] airport 417] [pihaeng - gi ] aeroplane: aye zk [kidarimkan} waiting room ' office $22 [murumkan] information 3] 7) 4)21 # [pihaeng- gisiganpyo ]} airline timetable Tber @=Z4% [hangrobonho ]flight num- x-2] 41 = [charibonho ]seat number 4] 4] 7] & [pihaeng-gipyo] airline ticket EG [pyogap] fare 1S [ildung-gup] first class #4] [sonjim] luggage AWE [kaeinyongpum]) personal effects £44 [turongku] trunk 4B [chimpyo] luggage tag Ae] % [charipyo] boarding card 4] 9 2b] [pihaengjang- gwanse ] airport tax Hey ato Md ALLY = {pihaengjang-eso sinaero ] Bt s 7 (kwang wang: annaesoga the tourist information office A Re A? odie itsumnigga } where is? What is the excess baggage charge? » qh 3] eg 4} (chaegimbihaengsa ] captain Aix Aa [chopdaewon } steward at} | A [nyojajopdaewon ] stew- ardess bull x] 22] "22 | [tambaepiujimal got] NO SMOKING! YA, a}4bA [nyojahwajangsil ] LADIES ials-abAl (namjahwajangsil ] GENTLEMEN AV-&% [sayongjung] OCCUPIED 8] o] 31-2 [piyoissum] VACANT 4% [chulbal ] departure 4} [tochak] arrival 2] [riryuk] take-off PS % [changryuk]} landing AS) $a} [ryogaeguisungcha ]} embarkation A\ 734°] [siganchai ] time dif- SaAS [tong- gwasajjung] transit visa Sy Iference On the Way to the City from the Airport Where is the tourist information office? 39$2 Aas AAAS Ss Can you recommend a [choun ryogwanul sogaehaejulsu good hotel? a good hotel recommend RAH 7A? opgetsumnigga ] cannot? setaay A4ee ABS Please get me a porter! (mianhajiman chimnarunun § saramul please a porter ByFa4e. pullojusipsio ] call! °} AS al A 7 Al Take this luggage to the fi chimul taeksiggaji tai lease! this luggage taxi to 7 , AAAFAAL. kaj yodajusipsio ] take! US ABAa aA] Take me to the Chang- {narul chang: gwangsanryogwan-ggaji ! me the Changgwangsan Hotel to Swangsan Hotel! 3] op FAL A] 2, deryodajusipsio} take! A [unjonsu] driver Al] 9 71 2b [cheryuyejong « gigan] A'S [ryoggwonbonho ] passport the scheduled period of stay number 44) (mokjokji] destination 4+$4 = [sajjungbonho] visa number xj 4}3t [taesagwan] embassy | 1tZ(ddonangot ] place of departure Abat [ryongsagwan] consulate 94% [ryohaengmokjok] purpose of journeyJI Xt & [kicharyohaeng } ado AAW A? (pyongyang-e kasimnigga } Pyongyang to go ad, Bea] aud. [ye pyongyang-e kamnida ] yes Pyongyang to go dal aA? {onje ddonasimnigga ] when start? a a bad = atu. [raeil achime ddonamnida ] tomorrow morning start 4A AA aay (chong: gojang-ggaji olmana station to how much Ayu A? kollimnigga ] take? 15H] au. [{sibobune kamnida ] 15minutes in go — 2G. [cha chon-gojang-e watsumnida] now the station to have come Age AAAS, [chapyorul sasipsio] ticket buy! Lea ge at {ildungchapyorul hanjang first-class ticket one sheet. ABZ 4. sagetsumnida ] will buy 41 Travelling by Train Are you going to Pyong- yang? Yes, I am going to Pyongyang. When will you start? I shall start tomorrow morning. How long does it take to the station? We shall be there ina quarter of an hour. Here we are at the station. Get your ticket! Let me have a first-class ticket. ee ESBF AA AS LEZ {pyongyang: ggaji kanun ildungchapyo Pyongyang to going first-class ticket aye FAAL! hanjang-ul chusipsio ] one sheet give! BSAA ThE al ([pyongyang: ggaji kanunde Pyongyang to to go Adel au Aaya? sigani olmana kollimnigga } the time how much necessary is? jae Faaadua? [igosun kupaengr yolchaimnigga ] it an express is? Aa ea} Ci ryolcha-e — chimdaekani this train in a sleeping compartment Re 7? itsumnigga ] is? Aa | AAO] ui ryolcha-e —ryolchasikdang-i this train in a dining car VEYA itsumnigga ] is? aA ae 2s [yogiso tambaerul piulsu here cigarette smoke Leu A? itsumnigga ] may? jk faeeqq Jar {onu pullaetuhomeso kichaga which platform from the train gy we ddonamnigga ] leave? 42 Give me a first-class one way ticket to Pyongyang! How long does it take to get to Pyongyang? Is it an express? Does this train have a sleeping compartment? Does this train carry a dining car? May I smoke here? From which platform does the train leave?qq AAS. [oso tasipsio ] please get in 7\ att 2 atu oy. (kichaga kot ddonamnida ] the train instantly start at, eke oh. [cha ddonatsumnida ] now started aye AL AAPVYAE chong: gojang- imnigga} station is? [yoginun onu this place which qe ee4ayg. {yoginun hamhung: yogimnida } this place Hamhung Station is a —hUmrmrmrséi“—™s_OS__SCrmsss {yogiso olmatong-an motsumnigga ] here how long stops? Ase Fs BARVA? [taumun onu chong: gojang-imnigga ] the next which station is? Lazo} a 33 Fal (hansiganimyon pyongyang-e an hour’s time in Pyongyang at Et P44: tochakamnida ] arrive 3B Fo (pyongyang:e Pyongyang at dye allyojusipsio ] let me know a | Key, [cha pyongyang-e watsumnida J] now Pyongyang to have come sada ga tochakage toemyon when reach a4 WelAl4lo! [oso naerisipsio ] please’ get off! 43 Get in, please! The train’ s about to start. Now we’ re off. What station is this? This is Hamhung Station. How long does the train stop here? What station? is the next We'll be in Pyongyang in an hour. Please let me know when we reach Pyongyang. Here we are in Pyongyang. Get off, please!AAA [chong-gojang] station A\z# [siganpyo] timetable ESL [pyopanun: got ] ticket office, booking office 3} [chapyo] ticket 38 3} (wangbokchapyo ] return ticket #4 UAE [sonjimmatginun:got ] cloakroom ajy2 44 [chimnarunun saram] porter HEOIM (ryogwaneso | Ce one fonu ryogwanuro what hotel to BFAl SE (pyongyangrjogwanuro Pyongyang Hotel to A, BS FA aol] (cha now a] {pin vacant cE [{choui my _ {ryogg woni passport $e {urinun AAU 7H? kasimnigga} go? aru ey. kamnida } go ke yp. Pyongyang Hote) to have come Fo] MEUM? pang:i itsumnigga } room is there? ee Vd irumun + imnida ] name is slau ch. itsumnida } is | you) here 4g. nemyong:imnida } we four persons are pyongyangryogwane watsumnida ] UAE (naganun: got ] exit So ERX [turoganun: got } entrance =a =F [pullaetuhom] platform Aa [cholgil} railway #4'4q 3} [ryogaekcha ] passenger train Ya} [natcha] day train +2} [pamcha] night train A 7) 4 (chon: gicha Jelectric train a}A} [chajang] conductor 4) zt [chimdaekan] compart ment At the Hotel What hotel are you \going to? I am going to the Pyongyang Hotel. Here we are (at the Pyongyang Hotel), Have you any vacant rooms? My name is-:-. Here is my passport. We are four in all.ql Aol FAA. [yogie | ssonoo chusipsio} here fill in please! 44 ye BsaAdd74? [naui pang-un myotosirimnigga } my room what number is? 1 ae oa) ym? G pang*gapsun olmai mnigga ] this room price how much is? o] Ae] tsa FU. fi pang-i maume tumnida] this room heart to suits Ye Net. {manun oechulhamnida } iT go out 144 S+2Ag. (hansie toraogetsumnida ] one at will be back ge ATE zl {onul —chonyogenun nutge today the evening in late Ur toraogetsumnida ]} will come back Ye AF See. {manun chigum toraomnida] I now come back eA YE Poesy A? {muga = narul_chajawatsumnigga ) anyone me has asked for? Yaa al} Re 7A? [na-ege pyonjiga | watsumnigga] me for letter came? sade ae RLFALAL. [hosilgwalliwonul chajajusipsio } a chambermaid seek! FLA 2. [turoosipsio] come in! Please, fjll this in! What is my room number? What is the price of this room? I like this room. I am going out. I will be back at one. This evening I will come back late. I am back now. Has anyone called for me? Is there any mail for me? Please send a chambermaid. Come in.da ad44e 2+ 944247] When can I have dinner? {onje chonyoksiksarul halsu itsumnigga ] when dinner can do? 47 Jos oe Bo} Is there anyone here i (yogie yong - orul anun puni who can speak English? here English knowing person ASU A? itsumnigga ] is? AA AHA AQ. Please bring me---, ul __kajyodaj usipsio ] = bring! aa of 4] 644 Please wake me at 6 {raeil achim yosotsie tomorrow morning 6 o'clock at YE AAFAAL. narul ggaewoj usipsio ] me wake up! oa AS Woe Please bring my breakfast {achimsiksarul pang: uro the breakfast the room to AAAFAAL. kajyodajusipsio ] bring! Ct o'clock tomorrow morning. to my room! As Pse+aee Please send it by air [igosul hang: gong: upyenuro this air mail by Bu FAA 2. ponaej usipsio } send ! yas paFe4se. Iron these things, please. i [igosul taryojusipsio ] | this iron! | jas AGA BAFAAL. I want to send it to the | [igosul setakso-e matgyojusi psio] } this the laundry to entrust! a —™rmrsét—Sses—Ss—SsS When will 1 get it back? {onjemyon toegetsumnigga ] when will be ready? mail. laundry. 46 aYE oe ada {nanun onul chonyoge I today the evening in ad. ddonamnida } leave Ee Aastaa aut. [tonul chongsanharyogo hamnida] money to settle want AAAS TEIFAAL. [kyesansorul mandurochusipsio] the bill get ready! Ge de £4 yx {nanun olma muroya hamnigga ] I how much must pay? * 2+ [ryogwan] hotel 4l+=[chopsu ] reception Al [hosil ] room Al 2] A [hosilgwalliwon] chambermaid 4] wf] 21 [chibaein] manager =2}(tungrokjang] hotel register 4] 4[sikdang] restaurant Zk0] 4] 4 [kanisikdang] snack bar A) Al [hyugyesil] lounge ALEHO AM [sikdang-eso] 4] 3 oj] Al. [sikdang-e kapsida ] the restaurant to go! FAS EYAL?E {muosul _ turilgayo ] what may offer? This evening I am going to leave. | I want to settle my bill. | Get my bill ready, please, 2? | How much must I pay? 1 #{ilchung] ground floor 2 #[ichung] first floor $427] (sung: gang-gi J lift 12 4[irinyong bang] single room 2 U2 }Liinyong bang] double room Al 4b 4 [kyesanso ] bill 4 Al Al[wisaengsil ] toilet 3 221[(mogyok- kan] bathroom In a Restaurant | Let’s go to the restaurant! | What can I do for you?gist $ Baeaqs {umsikpyorul chom poyojusipsio ] the menu a little show please! Be ade FEdug {manun chongsigul chumunha mnida I the table d’héte order 2 aur? [kot toemnigga ] soon is ready? AS SAaeUA (charul tusigetsumnigga tea will drink a ASE EAA? animyon kopirul tusigetsumnigga ] or coffee will drink? AAs SAU 4. {kopirul tulgetsumnida } coffee will drink eae] ts} 24] {yogie papgwa kunbbang:.i here boiled rice and toast RGU 4. itsumnida] are jas =EAqAGU A? {onugosul _-tusiget sumnigga } which will eat we ageud, {pabul mokgetsumnida } boiled rice will eat AAA se] aAgsuA? {kopiui masi oddosumnigga ] coffee of the taste how is? AQARE A ou ae! [satang-garurul to tusipsio] sugar more take please! ARS FtagquA? {sojojul choahasimnigga ] milk like? Menu please! I’ll have the table d’héte. Can I have it right away? Do you want tea or coffee? I want coffee. Here are boiled rice and toast. Which will you have? Ill have boiled rice. How do you like the coffee?! Have some more sugar, please! Do you like milk?ENAgU AI tusigetsumnigga } fresh egg will take? ads &. {bbadarul chom] butter a little as #. {haemul chom] ham a little Ade = FAA. [sogumul chom chusipsio ] salt a little give please! BSAGE & FAN, {huchuggararul chom chusipsio] pepper a little give please! aS 44 FAL. {bbang-ul_ chomdo chusipsio ] bread some more give please! YE lag F282] {nanun_ igosul chumunhaji i this ordered 8k oh. anatsumnida ] not 254 (Eddgua Wa {podosurul tusigetsumnigga animyon wine will drink or ae EAgsN A? maekjurul tusigetsumnigga ] beer will drink? 448 baeud, {maekjurul = masigetsumnida } beer will drink AAS Faq Aaa. [chinsonul wihayo mesipsida ] friendship for let’s drink! $4 Bee ayaa} {uriui: sangbong-ul wihayo J our meeting for! Will you have some fresh eggs? A little butter, please. A little ham, please. May I have some salt, please! May I have some pepper, please? Some more bread, please! This is not what I ordered. Will you drink wine or beer? I will drink beer. Let’s drink to our friendship! To our meeting!Al | AGE Hata } feangsinui kon’ gang” ul wihayo } your health for! Bala Qa aaa! To your . ftangsinui naengbogul wihayo ] y happiness! your happiness for! ailt * 4 =ealagA? Wil a #akgogirel chomdo tusigetsumnige® ] pe have more chicken some more will take? ne oy 2 ated segue. No, t {ani yo omapsumnida ‘chungbunhamnida ] a you. I have no thank you enough | - ayeut. gq yaa Ne koma psomnide to mokgosipii jo more, thank you. thank = you more will eat eeu. Pe end) not a aqaqaraA ate. Tha [taej opael vos? komapsumnida } nk you. It was delicious. for service thank gqas +25 eaaa? | What Cikadesware muosul turilgayo} What would you like for dessert for what may offer — °} 2 ZAM ab of e4Ag)] H . oe eonsagwarul Dl elp yourself to this fine this fine Korean apple take! Korean apple! qqast! acum? | Wai [chopdaewondonsm olmaimnigga } aiter,let me have the bill waiter comrade! how much sis? . aj sikdang ] restaurant ae a) 4A [achimsi ada [chopdaewon } waiter ee hohe i ] breakfast 4A4 qa cnyojajopdaewon ] waitress AYA see alee! lunch e myoksiksa ] di k] Korean food 4 ‘Tabs terkeaanmaepyo me enu ZASA [chosonumsi za4ste4l [kurapaumsi kJ food European 50 To your health! + {kuk] soup 4 [pap] boiled rice«} (bbang] bread a} ch (bbada j butter a\ = (chiju] cheese 4] {chanumsik} cold meal Ale} 7}-% [satang-garu] sugar ‘g4] [namsae ] vegetable Aj al (saengchae } salad at-& eo [salmun dalgal ]boiled egg w4@ s@[pansukan dalgal ] soft boiled eg, iL 7] [kogi ] meat =} a7] (takgogi ] chicken 4 i17\ [sogogi } beef si 2] aL 7] [twaej igogi ] pork °F 27] [yang:gozi] mutton xJAl EAA [chijin malgogi] boiled [kul ] oyster Lfish sh (kwail] fruit At 3} [sagwa ] apple ul [pae] pear 4 4} [poksung.a] peach = [podo] grapes # [kyul] orange 7] [ddalgi ] stra wherr, 49] [chamoe] melon a} 14.44 [panana ] banana =} = [tomado]} tomato [sul } liquor SH SUA Cupyon. gugeso J FA] FS] [kukj eupyon -gugi the international LEU A? itsumnigga ] is? oe} odi post office where °, 1 AL 214} = (insamsul ] Insam wine, ginseng wine | [podosul ] grape wine ol # [maekju) beer t} a fggonyaku] cognac 3} [syampang ] champagne At% (tansanmul ] soda water zegear sl [kopi ] coffee cach {kokoa ] cocoa 2a] = (chyokolletu] chocolate 4} [cha] tea al] 2 4 [remonsu ] lemonade * 44 [sojot ] milk AV} r} [saida] fizzy drink oj 2.8 $e] [orumbosung-i] ice- cream a} ) 4 2S & [kwailchongryang- umryo ] sherbet Al a} a} [saeng.gwaja] cake zt {kal] knife 2 [poku] fork = 7} 4 [sutgarak] spoon Al 7} % [choggarak] chopsticks 4} 2] [sangsugon] napkin aj 2] [chaetori ] ashtray ‘dull [tambae] cigarette 4} ‘¢ (songnyang] match At the Post-Office Where is the international post office?FEE FAL. {upyorul chusipsio] stamp give please! | ARS Aaa. {i chonborul chi gosipsumnida ] this telegramto send want ARSE aA AGUA? [chonboyongjjnun odi_ itsumnigga ] the telegram form where is? 2] Be BuUF4AAe. {i chonborul _ponaej usipsio j this telegram send please! ] £28 BDA. ui soporul ponaegosipsumnida J} , this parcel to send want |. Aas PSAs fi pyonjirul hang-gong- upyonuro this letter air mail by BuUFAAL. ponaej usipsio } send please! 4] Bal zal [myochilhue yong: guge how many days after England to Sadun? tochaka mni gga ] reach? Ye add age [nanun _ londone chonhwarul i; London to telephone 44 ny. koll yogoha mnida ] will call ee dtd sad. [bballi taejumyon choketsumnida } quickly if connects will be good oh] Ho] SA SU. [ajik mari ggunnaji anatsumnida] still word finished not 52 I want some stamps. I want to send this telegram. Where are the telegram forms ? Send this telegram, please. I want to send this parcel air mail. How long will it take to reach England? I want to put through a call to London. | Please send this letter by I want to make an urgent call. | I want to continue my call.-2a4 [upyon] mail Al # [chonbo ] telegram | #42] [pyonji] letter Al #8. [chigupjonbo } urgent } 4244 2] [hang-gongpyonji] air mail telegram i letter 2 uj 4% [ponaenun saram] sender i 44 [yopso } postcard uk} 4} (pannun saram] addressee | 2% [upyo] stamp Al 51 [chonhwa ] telephone 4 © [pongtu] envelope -$-34 @ [upyonham] mailbox EH} =z [ton baggunungot ] Money Exchange qdAa ES yee g4euAn? Where can ‘I change money?> {odiso tonul paggulsu itsumnigga ] where money change can? Ye G@stEs 7}A| LUSHU4.| I have some pounds. {nanun yong-gukdonul kajigoitsumnida ] I English money have Ye yee AA] UNS Gh. I have some dollars. {nanun ddallarul kajigoitsumnida] . dollar have AAZOe HeFolS+ 944A? | Can I change it for [chosondonuro pagguojulsu jtsumnigga] Korean currency? Korean money into change could? ol. Yes. tye] yes yop uy aeaseuA? How much will you change? {ol mana paggugetsumnigga ] how much will exchange? SOF SES ub FAG cf. I will change 50 pounds. [osip-paundurul paggugetsumnida ] 50 pounds will change 203s aba #4] 4] 2. Please change 20 dollars. [isipddallarul _ paggwojusipsio] | 20 dollars change please! \ AEs ua #44) 2. I want some small change. | [{chandonuro paggwoj usipsio] small money into change please! 53aze r4aA2. ee Please let me have the Ee f sgt fronul youiro chusi psio 3 cree Foney here give please Zt Bee. Please, take the money- i (tonul padusipsio ] the money receive please aye oh. Thank you! {komapsumni da] thank you = [ton] money + g [supyo] signature ZILIA DIM [ribalsoeso] At the Hairdresser’ s Al FeAAZ. .Please take a seat! {oso anj usipsio] please sit down! aged. Thank you! [koma psumni da } thank you ase sae a7 oy a Would you care to have {myondora agetsumnigga animyon a-hair cut or a shave? shaving would have oF jie BASU? morirul geakgetsumnigga J the hair cut would have? gs 4 Batu. ttul ta putakamnida ] two all request please! | Both, please! sob ene aes. I want to have a soft [pamarul yakgan. haejusipsio] ~ perm. permanent little make please! ej 2] BRAGZUA? {morirul ssitgetsumni gga } hair washed would have? Would you care to have your hair washed? Yes, if you please. aj, 2d. tye putaka muni da ] yes request pleaseadob yu 7? [ol maimnigga } how much is? a aad [--won imnida] +-won is O}ARStE M [uisahanteso ] Hal S AoA AL. [pyongwonuro sirodajusipsio } the hospital to carry please! BAS Ba FAAL. {uisarul pullo jusipsio] a doctor call please! Ae fe] #4 BA 4. [chonun momi mopsi pulpyonhamnida } I the body very not well el BRU A? [odi ga pul pyonham nigga J which place not well? dae eu A? [onjebuto alsumnigga ] when since are ill? ae | eu op. [ojebuto alsumnida } yesterday since am ill AZ elt be A? [chigum odiga apumnigga } now which place pain? elt ob eu eh, {moriga apumnida] the head pain WA haut [paega apumnida J} the stomach pain aA hee. {yogiga apumnida] here pain How much is it? ++-won, please. At the Doctor’ s Please take me to the hospital! Please send for a doctor! I don’t feel very well. What's wrong with you? How long have you been ill? I have been ill since yesterday. What are you suffering from? I’ ve a headache. I’ve a stomach-ache. I have a pain here.7) al Aagudd. I’ve caught a cold. {kamgie kollyotsumnida } a cold to have caught cen smonerrne cimtactne nyse msi te Aa Aa ts. I have a cough. {kichi mhamni da } cough [ibbari apumnida ] a tooth pain o] uko] = ok Sup cp, | I have a toothache. 2] ty. I have chills. [ohani namnida J] chills have [sol sahamnida } have diarrhoea Aad. | I have diarrhoea. dade, I feel dizzy. [oj iropsumnida } dizzy 4] 0] QRFEUA? Do you have any appetite?. (sigyogi itsumnigga ] appetite is there? A] Bo] Aeuect. I have no appetite. [sigyogi opsumnida] appetite there is not Al 2 a a} o] = Your pulse is rather fast. [tangsinui maekbagi chom your pulse rather eee. bbarumnida J quick wale ao) sud. You have a fever. [tangsinun yori itsumnida] you fever there is BAe a7 ARGU, You’ ve caught a cold. [tangsinun kamgie kollyotsumnida } . a cold to have caught 56¥] @ [pyong: won ] hospital oF [yakguk] pharmacy JA} (uisa ] doctor 2% A [kanhowon]} nurse 4 3} 2] 4} (naeggwauisa] physician 5} 2} A} (oeggwauisa] surgeon eta} 2} Al [amgwauisa } oculist + 43} 5] Al [kugang-gwauisa]}dentist Al 4 a} 2] A} [singyong +g wauisa } neurologist | a] 4-3} 2} A [pi buggwauisa ] dermat- ologist 4 o} a} 2] A} [soaggwauisa ] paedia - 4k -¥. 1 3} 9] 4} [sanbuingwaui sa] | gynaecologist [trician | 3 [pyong} illness Ql Al Cinche } 1.${mom] The body =] 2] [mori ] head 4 Z [olgul ] face | 3 Al ol ayAaoek =A? Do I have ‘to go to | [pyongwone ibwonhaeya hamnigga } hospital ? | hospital to have to go? vy al ak A all of sya? How long do I have to [myochil anj onghaeya hamnigga J stay in bed? | ——CLrt—“——SeCSsS} yy + 414! explanation: noun vocative ending —Ollyo] (when the word to be declined ends ina vowel: this is mostly used in written language) for example: +40! (nunayo] sister! explanation: 4 + 4) noun vocative ending — 0104 [iyo] (when the word to be declined ends in a consonant; this is mostly used in written language) for example: ZAG! (chogugiyo] fatherland! explanation: AF + da! noun vocative ending — OkLya] (when the word to be declined ends ina vowel; this represents a low form of courtesy (refer to 168) est 0 in colloquial language) oW OF ! Caeya) child! explanation: i | for example: f | a + #! noun vocative ending — Offa] (when the word to be declined ends in a consonan?; this represents a low form of courtesy in colloquial language) for example: @ HOt! Cyongchora] Yong Chol! (Yong Chol is a name) explanation: aa + of! noun vocative ending ———— aR25 Example of the declension of a word to which a sense of respect is given: OHH Ef abonim] father nominative ©} 4] ML abonimggeso] one’s father accusative oF} YS[abonimul] one’s father genitive o/#] YJ 2l[abonimui] of one’s father, father’s dative o} 8] QA Labonimgge] to one’s father locative of} ‘dail AIM [abonimegeso] by one’s father, from one’s father instrumental | of4!'@ 2#{abonimuro] to one’s father, as one’s father coordinative | o/4] Y dtl abonimgwa] one’s father and, with case one’s father vocative ok #4} ZOMG! Cabonimisiyo] one’s father ! 26 Examples of the declension of a word which ends in a vowel: 1. When the word to be declined indicates an animate being: OFO! Cai] child nominative of co] JELaiga] one’s child accusative o} o] B[airul] one’s child genitive oo] OW faiui] of one’s child, child’s dative of o] OAL aiege] to one’s child locative of ©] OAM Laiegeso] by one’s child, from one’s child instrumental oe] @{airo] to one’s child, as one’s child coordinative of o] QkLaiwa] one’s child and, with one’s - case child vocative ofo} OF! Laiya] one’s child!: 4 Tk {soga] @ COW ative a. 4 Y [soul of a cow A WAso- ege] to a cow z QAM [so- egeso) by @ cow, from 4 cow 4 #[soro] to a cows as a COW 4% [sowa] a COW and, with a cow nomin acc us ative genitive dative Jocative coor case ive not used vocal! n the word to be declined indicates an inanimate being: } tree . + UAE It [namuga] @ tree Bats [namurul] a tree UF 21 (namuui} of a tree uo [namue] to a tree Yo [namueso] on a tree, from a tree U3 [namuro} of a tree 4so [namuwa] a tree and, with a tree not used the declension of a word which ends in a con - | 21 Examples of | sonant: | 1. When the word to be declined indicates an animate being: qyertserem™) native APO [sarami] a man mi gative AVG (saramul] a man aoe ave AL@%O [saramui] of a man coe ALA AL [saramege] to a man da a ALS a ALM [saramegeso] by @ man, from a man RRins trumental 4} 2S (saramuro] to a man, as a man coordinative A} 2 it [saramgwa] a man and, with a man case vocative ALS O10! [saramiyo] a man! 2 [mal] horse nominative wOl[mari] a horse accusative 2S [marul] a horse genitive Hl (marui] of a horse dative WZOWA (marege] to a horse locative ZHAI (maregeso] by a horse. from a horse ins tr umental We [mallo] ona horse coordinative @ it [malgwa] a horse and, with a horse case vocative not used 2. When the word to be declined indicates an inanimate being: AY (chaek] book nominative A] Ol [chaegi] a book accusative al Slchaegul] a book genitive al Ol [chaegui] of a book dative 44-0 [chaege}] to a book locative 44 Oil M{chaegeso] in a book ins trumental a] O@{chaeguro] with a book coordinative al D}(chaek-gwa] a book and, with a book case vocative not used THE DECLENSION OF A NOUN IN THE PLURAL 28 The declension of a noun in the plural is the same as the declension of the singular noun which ends in a consonant. 8929 Example of the declension of a word to which a sense of respect is given: OFH—!S[abonimdul} fathers nominative accusative genitive dative locative ins trumental coordinative case vocative 44 S WWM [abonimdulggeso] fathers of 9d SB labonimdurul)] fathers 41g S2)[abonimdurui] of fathers, fathers’ 41g & WM (abonimdulgge] to fathers 21g S OAIM[ abonimduregeso] by fathers, from fathers oF] 9 & & [abonimdullo] to fathers, as | fathers of} 2S it (abonimdulgwa] fathers and, with fathers 4] 9 SOlAIG [abonimdurisiyo] fathers ! °. ° ° ° 2. 30 Examples of th animate being: e declension of a word which indicates an Of0lSlaidul] children nominative accusative genitive dative locative ins trumental coordinative case vocative 2 +o] & Ol Caiduri] children °] B[aidurul] children +o] F 2 Caidurui) of children, children’s ©] SW Al{aidurege] to children ©] & OAM aiduregeso] by children, from children = &[aidullo} to children, as children = it (aidulgwa) children and, with child - ren oo o 2 ofa] oF eI of °] & Of Laidura] children ! 2S [sodul] cows nominative accusative 4 £01 [soduri] cows 438 [sodurul] cows SS vngenitive 4 #2) [sodurui] of cows dative 2 SMAI [sodurege] to cows locative 4 = WAM [soduregeso] by cows. from cows instrumental 4 EE [sodullo] to cows, as cows coordinative 2 Zit [sodulgwa] cows and, with cows case vocative not used At@}S [saramdul] men nominative AL @ & Ol {saramduri] men accusative At S Blsaramdurul] men genitive A} & Of [saramdurui] of men ee dative At & OWAl{saramdurege] to men i locative AL & ALA (saramduregeso] by men, from men 1 instrumental AV@ S Z[saramdullo] to men, as men a coordinative AL = ik{saramdulgwa] men and, with men ie case vocative | AL = Ol04 ! (saramduriyo] men! 2S (maldul] horse nominative a = Ol{malduri] horses accusative % 3 [maldurul] horses genitive 2S U[maldurui] of horses dative tS HWAl{maldurege] to horses locative at & OAL malduregeso] by horses, from horses ins trumental -& &[maldullo] on horses coordinative "} = it [maldulgwa] horses and, with horses case voc ative not used 31 Examples of the declension of a word which indicates inanimate being: 91| (namuduri] trees = (namudurul] trees | [namuduruil of trees Ol (namudure] to trees = oil [namudureso] on trees, from trees a —hLrhr [namudulgwa] trees and, with trees de nh a 4a 4a de 4 sco cult 4c ee at Lt 4s que not used ag books native a) O{chaekduri} books ysative Ase {chaekdurul] books “tive a] & Ol [chaekdurui] of books — ae wh [chaekdure] to books da vei ae Ql M{chaekdureso] in books toe eumenta AS 2{chaekdullo] with books | ins rdinative al = it {chaekdulgwa} books and, with books | o case | oc ativ not used \ \ 32 Table of the endings of the case of the noun: singular plural TW MCegesol- Jt gal/OILid MALggeso). Oli] a B(rull(etl)) / Stoll [Ste a9 maniacs 8genitive ‘| cca Nfuil dative Algge], WAlCege). Olle] JAC gge]. O17 {ege], Olle] locative OAL Legeso], OIMLeso] HAlMCegesol, | Gi MLeso] instrumental rol 2 [ro] __ coordinative case Qtlwal/DH ewal lt{ gwa) vocative OIAIOALisiyo],QALyol/ O104 JOIAIGLisiyo]. Ol Liyo]. OFlyal/ OfLal GLiyol, Offa) WORD ORDER 33 The predicate always lies at the end of the sentence. for example: mA 7p 2c." (bbosuga onda} a bus —— A bus comes. explanation: Lap OF a ia [Co da] come stem ending 2&2 + UF [v+}- low declarative form of the final ending of the verb(refer to 90)] 24(after contracting the syllable 9 and the sound v) The predicate +} lies at the end of the sentence. , A + 7 noun nominative ending 34 The subject usually lies at the beginning of the sentence. for example: xt 24. [kichaga onda } _a train comes A train comes.explanation: %* 713} + 7 noun nomi The subject 714} 7+ lies at 35 the genitive always lies b for example: © Whi | [abojiui chaek] the father of the book explanation: * of 8} 4] + 4 noun ge The genitive 44S] lies bi | for example: ago {haksaeng-i a pupil es" sinmunul the news pape i; | | explanation: *, AE noun + ¢ the predicate 2 >}. *, Tq + 4 noun nomi —_ native ending the beginning of the sentence. efore the word it refers to. | the book of the father nitive ending The genitive o/4}]2] lies before the word 4 it refers to. Oo Ussel* API . the right of women {nyosongdurui kwolli] women of right explanation: * 44 4+ 8 + 4 noun plural ending genitive ending efore the word @z] it refers to. 36 The object lies between the subject and the predicate. Bae ponda] r reads A pupil reads the news paper. accusative ending The object 41@< lies between the subject 4°] and native ending*3 2 + = [po da] read Stem ending B + cut [Lf- low declarative form of the final ending of the verb (refer to 90)] Boh(after contracting the syllable 8 and the soundv) LESSON 2 a THE PERSONAL PRONOUN 37 The personal pronoun has different forms: singular and plural and in the form of courtesy. orm of courtesy To a superior To a person of the same rank or to an inferior singular Nichol 1 Utnal I speaker plural HMal(chohui] we |S2lCuri] we singular [no] you person addressed | plural USl{nohui] you ee for example: explanation: *1 A stem personal pronoun *, 7b + Oo HE" aa. {chonun kamnida) I go. I go The speaker speaks to a superior. + = ending 95 auxiliary o [ka dal go ending (refer to 185)7A + B44 [a4 — most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb (refer to 90)] 4 th(after contracting the syllable 7} and the’ sound u ) ({nanun kanda] I go. I go explanation: Oo ue ae The speaker speaks to an inferior. *, 4 + = personal pronoun auxiliary ending *, 7 + ag stem ending 7} + Utt [Ut+— low declarative form of the final ending of the verb (refer to 90)} ] ztd(after contracting the syllable 7+ and the sound L) O Male* a4. {chohuinun kamnida] We go. we go i explanation: The speaker speaks to a superior: | * AR + = i personal pronoun auxiliary ending i Oo $2le* ary. i Curinun kanda] We go. we go explanation: | The speaker speaks to an inferior. * +2] a2 = personal pronoun auxiliary ending O We* are}. {nonun kanda] You go. you go explanation: ccnaThe speaker speaks to an inferior. * 4 + = personal pronoun guziliary ending ol aq. {nohuinun kanda] You go. you go explanation: The speaker speaks to inferiors. * 4a + = personal pronoun auxiliary ending 38 EAl[tangsin] “you” is a noun. But it can be used as a personal pronoun. for example: eaAle* aut, (tangsinun kamnida] You go. you go explanation: The speaker speaks to a superior. * Al + z noun auxiliary ending S¥[tongmu] “comrade” is a noun.But it can be used as a personal pronoun with the meaning “you”. i for example: | sft* arp. [ tongmunun kanda] You go. | comrade goes ) } explanation: it | i | The speaker speaks to an inferior. a * Sy = i noun auxiliary ending 4 39 he,she, it, they (the person to be spoken about) are ex- | pressed as follows: 1. 2 [ku] he 1- demonstrative pronoun that 2. 2 WE ku nyoja] she 97) (re i | a Hat demonstrative pronoun noun 3. AA{kugot] it a z a demonstrative pronoun incomplete noun An incomplete noun is a noun which cannot express a complete meaning in itself and expresses a complete meaning only when another word lies before it as an attribute. 4, 2S(kudul] they a demonstrative pronoun TT lqxHBCku nyojadul] they a = plural ending 2 yah + = demonstrative pronoun noun plural ending AS kugotdul] they a + a + € demonstrative pronoun incomplete noun plural ending DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN 40 The declension of the personal pronoun is just the same as that of the noun (refer to 26, 27, 30, 31), 41 The declension of the personal pronoun [cho] “I” is the same as with a noun which ends in a vowel and indicates an animate being (refer to 26), The personal pronoun ~j [che] Oietceed in ie a instead of the personal pronoun Aj [cho] “I”, Not the nominative ending 7}{ga] but the auxiliary ending {nun] is attached to the personal pronoun 4 [cho] _ in the nominative. i eCHM {cho} I nominative Al Atichega] I A Elchonun} I accusative A) Blchorul] me genitive : A W{choui] my dative AL WHI Ccho-ege] me locative AL WALA cho. egeso] by me, from me ins tr umental Al B{choro] to me,as I coordinative case Al Yt chowa] I and, with me vocative not used . 42 The declension of the personal pronoun4+[na] I is the same as with a noun which ends in a vowel and indicates an animate being (refer to 26). The personal pronoun 4 [nae] “I” is used in the nominative instead of the personal pronoun 4 [na] “I”. Not the nominative ending 7}[ga] but the auxiliary ending = [nun] is attached to the personal pronoun 4 [na] “I” in the nominative. Ey inal. i. nominative U7t (naega] I Ue [nanun] I accusative U8 [narul] me genitive UO] [navi] my dative UO [na.ege] me locative UDA (na-egeso] by me, from me instrumental UZ [naro] to me, as I coordinative case 4 Q[nawa] I and, with me vocative not used 43 The declension of the personal pronoun 4 3|[chohui] “we” 99.is the same as with a noun which ends in a vowel and indicates an animate being (refer to 26). Mi [chohui] we Nominative Al BAIJ{chohuiga] we accusative A 3B chohuirul] us genitive 4 AU (chohuiui] our dative A 3] WHlchohuiege] us locative Al 3 AIA (chohuiegesolby us, from us ins trumental A 3] B{chohuiro] to us, as we coordinative case Al 3] MW {chohuiwa] we and, with us vocative not used The plural ending @[{dul] can be attached to the personal pronoun 4 3|[chohui] “we”. The declension of the personal pronoun 4 3] = [chohuidul]“we” formed by that is the same as with a noun which ends in a consonant and indicates an animate being (refer to 27), MSI B (chohuidul} we nominative A FO (chohuiduri] we accusative ABS Blchohuidurul] us genitive A 3} SU (chohuidurui] our dative AYR SUA Cchohuidurege] us loc ative A AS OAM [chohuiduregeso] by us, ‘ from us instrumental A 3SZlchohuidullo] to us,as we coordinative case Al 3) = Dt (chohuidulgwa] we and, with us vocative not used 44 The declension of the personal pronoun ?2] [uri] “we” is the same as with a noun which ends in a vowel and indica - 100,tes an animate being (refer to 26), Fel uri] we nominative 227+ Curigal] we accusative $2] 8 Curirul) us genitive 29) Curiui) our dative 2IH/M “Luriege] us locative 2] HIAIAM Curiegeso] by us, from us instrumental $2]2 [uriro) to us,as we coordinative case $2] Q Curiwal we and, with us vocative not used The plural ending [dul] can be attached to the personal pronoun -?2] [uri] “we”. The declension of the personal pronoun $2] S[uridul] “we” formed by that is the same as with a noun which ends in a consonant and indicates an animate being (refer to 27), 21S Curidul] we nominative $2] Ol (uriduri] we accusative 2] Sluridurul] us genitive . 2) Ufuridurui] our dative 2] = QAI Curidurege] us locative --2] S OAM [uriduregeso] by us, from us ins tr umental +2] = Z[uridullo] to us,as we coordinative case 22] Si} [uridulgwa] we and, with us vocative not used 45 The declension of the personal pronoun 4[no] “you” is the same as with a noun which ends in a vowel and indicates an animate being (refer to 26). The: personal pronoun 4] [ne] “you” is used in the nominati- 101 Sn[nun] is attached the nominative. lA tno] you ve instead of the personal pronoun 4 [no] “you”. Not the nominative ending 7t{ga] but the auxiliary ending = to the personal pronoun 4 [no] “you” in nominative accusative genitive dative locative ins trumental coordinative case vocative UIE (negal you YE [nonun] you YB [norul] you WY [noui} your UAL Cno-ege] you UMA [no-egeso] by you. from you WB [noro] to you,as you Qt [nowa] you and, with you not used 46 The declension of the personal pronoun 4 3 [nohui] “you” is the same as with a noun which ends in a vowel and indica - tes an animate being (refer to 26), SI Cnohui] you i nominative i accusative | genitive dative | locative ins trumental coordinative case vocative ] The plural ending & [dul] can 4 3UItL nohuigal you 3B (nohvirul] you 4 32) Cnohuiui] your 4 SAI Cnohuiege] you SONA! [nohuiegeso] by you, from you to you, as you you and, with you 4 3B [nohuiro] 3 & (nohuiwa] not used be attached to the personal ee ee)pronoun 4 §[nohui] “you”, The declension of the personal pro - noun 4 3]=(nohuidul] formed by that is the same with a noun which ends ina consonant and indicates an animate being (refer to 27), L181 5 [nohuidul] you nominative accusative genitive dative locative ins trumental coordinative case vocative 4 3 Ol [nohuiduri] you 3) S[nohuidurul] you 3] SO (nohuidurui) your YS WAl(nohuidurege}] you 4 3} SHAM [nohuiduregeso] by you, from you 4 3 BZ [nohuidullo] to you, as you 3 = it (mohuidulgwa] you and, with you not used 41 The declension of the noun 4] [tangsin] “you” is the same as with a noun which ends in a consonant and indicates an animate being (refer to 27), Stal [tangsin] you nominative accusative genitive dative locative instrumental coordinative case vocative Al Ol {tangsini] you 3Al S(tangsinul] you Al Ol [tangsinui]) your BALONAL [tangsinege] you Al HALA tangsinegeso] by you. from you YAl 2B tangsinuro] to you, as you Ali [tangsingwa] you and, with you not usedThe plural form $Al &[tangsindul] “you” (pl) of the noun Al {tangsin] “you"(sg) is formed by attaching the plural ending = [dul] to the noun %4l [tangsin] “you” (sg). The declension of the noun 34l &[tangsindul] “you” ( pl) is the same as with a noun which ends in a consonant and indicates an animate being (refer to 27). SAlS [tangsindul] you nominative accusative genitive dative ‘locative ins trumental coordinative case vocative BALEOl [tangsinduri] you Al ES [tangsindurul] you Al EO) [tangsindurui] your AL EHAl [tangsindurege] you Al SHAM [tangsinduregeso] by you, from you Al FH [tangsindullo] to you, as you Al & Df [tangsindulgwa] you and, with you Al S0IH ! [tangsinduriyo] you! i 48 The declension of 1 [ku] “he” is the same as with a noun i which ends in a vowel and indicates an animate being (refer i to 26), [ku] he | | nominative | 27} {kuga] he | accusative 8 (kurul] him genitive 19} [kuui] his dative LOWAI {kuege] him locative MAM [kuegeso] by him. from him instrumental L& [(kuro] to him, as he coordinative case vocative 12 [kuwa] he and, with him not used ee49 The declension of 2 42}[ku nyoja] “she” is ‘the same as with a noun which ends in a vowel and indicates an animate being(refer to 26). 21 LAA ku nyoja] she nominative } instead of the ending +} of the infinitive form of the adjective. The attributive form #2 of the adjective +2} is added to the noun +. 4. The form of the adverbial modifier which modifies the verb or the adjective { A for example: | ro} SA* al al cf, | (tari palge pichinda] The moon shines brightly. i ! the moon brightly shines explanation: | %* = =The form of the adverbial modifier 3}7] is derived from the infinitive form 8} of the adjective. a + a (pak da] bright stem ending * BM + Al (Al—ending of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective (refer to 153)] The ending of the adverbial modifier #} of the verb orad- jective is attached to the stem Yt of the adjective Yr} instead of the ending *} of the infinitive form of the adjective. The form of the adverbial modifier 8+] of the adjective Bic} modifies the verb x] 4] 4. 126 LLTHE FINAL FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE 78 The final form of the adjective is the form which lies at the end of the sentence and closes the sentence. The final form of the adjective makes no distinction of person or number. The tense of the final form of the adjective is the present. for example: number — 7 ™ person | singular plural yt Ot * 2] 7} at. (naega kuda] furiga kuda} speaker I big we big 1 am big. We are big. 4. — aaa Yl 7 att. ya at. person {nega kuda] {nobuiga kuda} addressed -| you big you big You are big, You are big. a7 att. 14 Att. person {kuga kuda] Ckuduri kuda] i spoken he big they big } about | He is big. They are big. i explanation: I % The final form 2+ is derived from the infinitive form 2 1 } of the adjective. a + a {ku da] big 1" stem ending i 127 alya + (low declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) THE FINAL ENDING OF THE ADJECTIVE 19 The final ending of the adjective is the ending of the final form of the adjective. | | The final ending of the adjective expresses the closing of the sentence. 80 The final ending of the adjective can express two moods: 1. The declarative form The declarative form is the mood in which the speaker in- forms another person of some fact, his own thoughts or his own feelings. for example: WE 7| SEC * {nanun kibbuda] I am glad. I glad explanation: 7 + =} stem ending [ t}—low declarative form of the final ending of the ad - Jective (refer to 92)] nv The interrogative form The interrogative form is the mood in which the speaker asks some fact or the thoughts or the feelings of another person. for example: Bale TIBLIDY? { tangsinun kibbumnigga] Are you glad? you glad? 198explanation: * 7B + i stem ending 7% + udm [ a4m—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the adjective (refer to'104)] ABU A (after contracting the syllable ™ and the sound ¥) 81 The final ending of the adjective can express three degrees of courtesy: The most deferential form The most deferential form is used when the speaker regards the person addressed highly. for example: Ae JHSLICh* {chonun kibbumnida] I am glad. I glad explanation: 7m + stem ending 71™@ + 344 [H44—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the adjective (refer to 92)} 71 BY (after contracting the syllable # and the sound ¥) The speaker is speaking to a superior. The middle form of courtesy The middle form of courtesy is used when the speaker regards the person addressed as his equal. for example: HE J BO* {nanun kibbuo] I am glad. I glad explanation: * 7m + 4 stem ending 129zi" + 9 [2-— middle declarative form of the final ending of the adjective (refer to.92)] The speaker is speaking to a person at the same rank. 3. The low form of courtesy 82 83 The low form of courtesy is used when the speaker speaks to someone he regards as inferior. for example: Ye 7 MEP {nanun kibbuda] I am glad. I glad explanation: * 7] + ca stem ending 7% + + [t}—low declarative form of the final end - ing of the adjective (refer to.92)] The speaker is speaking to an inferior. The final endings of the adjective are subdivided into the final endings of the declarative form and the final endings of the interrogative form. THE VERBAL FORM OF THE NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL The verbal form of the. noun, pronoun or numeral is formed by attaching a final ending, a connecting ending or an attributive ending of the verbal form (refer to 94, 128, 151) to the noun, pronoun or numeral. for example: O 47)7- BSSScictt [yogiga pyongyang-imnida]| It is Pyongyang. this place pyongyang is yanexplanation: *BF+ 1 + B44 [9 e—noun | — exchanging ending (refer to 180) uU—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form(refer to 94)] go du ct(afier contracting the syllable | and the sound u) 3344} is the final form of the verbal form of the noun 9 o, Oo AAe uie* (kugosun nayo] It is me. it Tis explanation: * 4 + 2 [4—personal pronoun §—middle declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer to 94)} Y2 is the final form of the verbal form of the personal pronoun 4, O £32 oFLECH* {chogugun hanada] The fatherland is one. fatherland one is explanation: * a4 + [a4+—numeral —low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer to 94)] a4} is the final form of the verbal form of the numeral ay. O AS 7|K+OlD* {chonun kijaigo I am a journalist, and I a journalist am and] this is a doctor. i 122 AAMy ey, ibunun uisaimnida] | this person a doctor is } explanation: | { * 7A + 9) + 2 [7] Ab— noun °]— exchanging ending 2 — i connecting ending of the verbal form (refer to 130)] | | | 13184 1. 7|A}°lsL is the connecting form of the verbal form of the noun 7] A}. O #aq Rael BA Korea, the Cchucheui chogugin choson fatherland Juche of the fatherland being Korea of Juche explanation: * 2S + + [(HF—noun ] — exchanging ending .— attributive ending of the verbal form (refer to 151)] ZR (after contracting the syllable | and the sound L) ZY is the attributive form of the verbal form of the noun 42) THE DIVISION OF THE VERBAL FORMS OF THE NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL The verbal forms of the noun, pronoun or numeral are divided as follows: The final form which lies at the end of the sentence and closes the sentence for example: ZAL Fay ZZ {chosonun chucheui chogugida] Korea is the father- Korea Juche of the fatherland is} land of Juche. explanation: * AF +o] + 4 (K4—noun | — exchanging ending }— low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer to 94)} The final form 24°] +} lies at the end of the sentence and closes the sentence. The connecting form, the ending of which connects the words or phrases or clauses in a sentence 132for example: AS 2Sxol* ' {chonun rodongjaigo I am a worker, and he is la worker am and an engineer. yte JlAR YH oh. ibunun kisaimnida] this person, an engineer is explanation: * 2544 4+° +a [#EAA-—noun °]— exchanging ending a eee.. ._._.=«ésaeseseeééaéd#seaé The connecting ending a of the connecting form #3442 connects the clauses, AE ZA — and YR WAM, 3. The attributive form which is added to the noun, pronoun or numeral for example: 833 Lies 2A Cyong-ung-ui narain choson) |Korea,the heroes’ land hero of land being Korea explanation: * Yet +o] +2 [Y4et—noun | — exchanging ending L—at- : | tributive ending of the verbal form(refer to 151)) 4 Ue (after contracting the syllable ©] and the soundv) The attributive form 42}@l is added to the noun 441. THE FINAL FORM OF THE VERBAL FORM OF THE NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL | 85 The final form of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral is the form which lies at the end of the sentence i and.closes the sentence. 133The final form of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or ‘ | numeral makes no distinction of person or number. The tense of the final form of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun oy numeral is the present. for example: number ! person singular plural At SRAALIO+ ele SSMeeeic. [chonun yong-guksaram | [urinun yong.guksaramdur speaker imnida] imnida] 1 an Englishman am | we Englishmen are I am an Englishman| We are Englishmen. BAl SSAC | g4lS2 SSAMSALuCh | (ta een yong -guksa- {tangsindurun yong. guk person ramimnida] saramdurimnida] i addressed | you an Englishman are you Englishmen are i You are an English- You are Englishmen. ; 1 man. i Le SSMBSLUC| 2ES SRANESeIch. | {kunun yong-guksaram | [kudurun yong.guksaram person imnida] durimnida] spoken he an Englishman is | they Englishmen are fe] about el He is an Englishman. | They are Englishmen. 1 i ‘ i THE FINAL ENDING OF THE VERBAL ‘ FORM OF THE NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL 86 The final ending of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun ! or numeral is the ending of the final form of the verbal ee =.form of the noun, pronoun or numeral. The final ending of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral expresses the closing of the sentence. 87 The final ending of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or | numeral can express two moods: 1. The declarative form The declarative form is the mood in which the speaker in- forms another person of some fact, his own thoughts or his own feelings. for example: AAS Fay 2= O/C Korea is the fa- [chosonun chucheui chogugida] therland of Juche. Korea Juche of the fatherland is explanation: * AS + +4 [ZF—noun | — exchanging ending 4— low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer to 94)] 2. The interrogative form The interrogative form is the mood in which the speaker asks some fact or the thoughts or the feelings of another person. for example: BAe ZAM APEFSILI MET? {tangsinun chosonsaramimnigga] | Are you a Korean? you a Korean are explanation: * AAA +o + B4YA [AMAD—noun J— exchanging ending HU 7+—mosi deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer io 106)] i SAAB WY A(after contracting the syllable | and the i sound 8) : 13588 The final ending of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral can express three degrees of courtesy: 1. The most deferential form The most deferential form is used when the speaker regards the person addressed highly. for example: AE Ss Are Qvice* [chonun yong-guksaramimnida] I am an Englishman. I an Englishman am explanation: *& B543 + + wt [9 34} —nown | — exchanging ending Y4t+—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer to 94)] as4tydAt(after contracting the syllable | and the sound H ) The speaker is speaking to a superior. 2. The middle form of courtesy The middle form of courtesy is used when the speaker regards the person addressed as his equal. for example: YE SRArBOl e+ [manun yong -guksaramio] I am an Englishman. 1 an Englishman am explanation: * S342 +1 + 2 [2— middle declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer to 94)] The speaker is speaking to a person at the same rank. 3. The low form of courtesy The low form of courtesy is used when the speaker speaks “to someone he regards as inferior. 1324for example: U= SsAreroict* ' {nanun yong-guksaramida]} I am an Englishman. I an Englishman am explanation: *& G24 + + 4 [c}—low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer to 94)] The speaker is speaking to an inferior. 89 The final endings of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral are subdivided into the final endings of the declarative form and the final endings of the interrogative form. LESSON 5 THE DECLARATIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE VERB 90 There are the following declarative final endings. to the verb: 1. The most deferential form: SUC Csumnida)/# LIL [ mnida) 1) G@LiCt(sumnida] (when the stem of the verb ends in a consonant) for example: AS ARE 4euc* Cchonun sagwarul moksumnida] leat an apple. Ti an apple eat explanation: * 4 + [mok da] eat stem ending a+ FU (FU—most deferential declarative form 137of the final ending of the verb) The stem 4 of the verb 4} ends in the consonant 7. 2) H LICH [mnida] (when the stem of the verb ends ina vowel) for example: O 8 Bich. Welcome ! (hw anyonghamnida]} welcome explanation: RY at + Cy Chwanyongha da] welcome stem ending BBadt + wt (a44—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb) . | 29 tu ch(after contracting the syllable a and the sound 4) The stem 23%} of the verb #4 sr} ends in the vowel }. O l= al = @uch* He writes a letter. {kunun pyonjirul ssumnida] he a letter writes explanation: eA +H (ssu da] write stem ending ' A + 844(a44—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb) i} HU (after contracting the syllable & and the sound i ¥) ! The stem # of the verb % +} ends in the vowel — | 2. The middle form of courtesy: | ! fol 7 4 [so] 1) @ [ol (when the stem of the verb ends ina vowel) for example: i! We AQs I go. i {nanun kao] = I go explanation: 138* A+ {ka da] go stem ending A + (g—middle declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The stem 7+ of the verb 7F=} ends in the vowel }. 2) Also] (when the stem of the verb ends in a consonant) for example: Ye AAS Bas I eat an apple. {nanun sagwarul mokso] 1 I an apple eat explanation: ee + + (mok da] eat stem ending HY +4 (4-—middle declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The stem 4 of the verb 4} ends in the consonant 1. 1 | 3. The low form of courtesy: Ct (dal The sound U[n] or the syllable =[nun] is placed before | this final ending in the present. The final endings U+}[nda] and =x} [nunda] are formed by it. j The final ending LEHnda] is attached to the stem of the verb 1 which ends in a vowel. I The final ending =Lt[nunda] is attached to the stem of il the verb which ends in a consonant. i 1) LOEbnda] (when the stem of the verb ends ina vowel) | for example: Ue F499 43a [nanunchucheui — chogugin I go to Korea, the father- I Juche of the fatherland being land of Juche. SALE ZLChe chosonuro kanda] Korea to go| explanation: * 7 + ag {ka da] go j siem ending { 7 + Leb (L low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) zd (after contracting the syllable 7} and the sound L) The stem 7} of the verb 7}=} ends in the vowel }. 2) =£t(nunda] (when the stem ofthe verb ends in acon - sonant ) for example: - 4ecr {kunun pabul mongnunda} He eats rice. he rice eats explanation: i * 4 + + (mok da] eat siem ending 3 + E(=4—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The stem 4 of the verb 4} ends in the consonant 1. 91 Table of declarative final endings of the verb the most deferential form middle form of | low form of courtesy courtesy @LICt (sumnida}] /HLICH mnidal] fo] / &[so] Ci (da) the verb which are frequently used. For the other declarative final endings of the verb, please re- remarks: : We have indicated here only such declarative final endings of fer to the appendix. cmeTHE DECLARATIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE ADJECTIVE 92 There are the following declarative final endings to the adjective: 1. The most deferential form: | SLCt(sumnida]/ LIC{ mnida] 1) LIC} (sumnida] (when the stem of the adjective ends in a consonant) for example: AY 2 S49 aucoe (choui maumun chulgopsumnida] | My heart is merry. my heart merry explanation: * 24 + 4 (julkop da] merry stem ending 24 + U4(Gu4—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) The stem 24 of the adjective +t ends in the consonant ¥. 2) LICE mnida] (when the stem of the adjective ends im a vowel) for example: see Sud The sky is blue. {hanurun purumnida] the sky blue explanation: x FE + {puru da) blue stem ending 22 + Bd ( wUo—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) BHU cd (after contracting the syllable 2 and the sound uw) The stem ## of the adjective #2} ends in the vowel — 2. The middle form of courtesy: 141 |2 fol/ 4 [so] 1) @[o] (when the stem of the adjective ends ina vowel) for example: BFS Ss Ot ({ pyongyang-un ungjanghao] Pyongyang magnificent Pyongyang is magnificent. explanation: * $4 + 4 Cungjangha da] magnificent stem ending tas + 2 (Q—middle declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) a The stem $43} of the adjective $48} ends in the vowel }. 2) Alsol(when the stem of the adjective ends in aconsonant) for example: A az see (cho sanun nopso] That mountain is high. that mountain high explanation: * = + ag {nop da] high stem ending %& +4 (4-—middle declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) The stem ¥ of the adjective # ends in the consonant =, The low form of courtesy: Ch [da] for example: ZA ope Bt Ob. (chosonui achimun makdaJ The morning in Korea is the Korean morning fresh fresh. explanation: * Bt + ad {mak da] fresh stem ending 142Bt + ct (—low declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) 93 Table of declarative final endings of the adjective the most deferential form middle form low form of of courtesy courtesy LICH (sumnida] /HLUC(mnida] 2 fo] / [so] Ct (dal remarks: We have indicated here only such declarative final endings of the adjective which are frequently used. For the other declarative final endings of the adjective, please refer to the appendix. ' THE DECLARATIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE VERBAL FORM OF THE 4 NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL 94 There are the following declarative final endings to the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral. 1. The most deferential form: GLIC{sumnida}/ 4 LICt [mnida] 1) GUC{sumnida] (when the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral has the ending of the tense) for example: rd ) ae Adages suc. i [kunun taehaksaeng-iyotsumnida] He was a student. ht He a student was explanation:* Atg +e] + 4 + GUA [CHAq—noun ]—exchanging ending (refer to 180) %— ending of the past tense (refer to 161) #U4—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form] 2) WLI (mnida] (when the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral has no ending of the tense) for example: Ae 9344 dug: (chonun yong-guksaramimnida] I am an Englishman. I an Englishman am explanation: * BSA4t +] + wee [8FAB—noun |— exchanging ending Y4%}—most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form} BstAtUY4e (after contracting the syllable land the sound¥ 2. The middle form of courtesy: 2 [yo] This final ending is used in spoken language when a person speaks with a sense of intimacy. for example: 2b 4 BERS Ckunun naui tongmuyo] He is my friend. he my friend is explanation: * EF + 9 (EF-—noun 2—middle declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) 3. The low form of courtesy: Th (dal for example: O ZA a4 o} Che {chosonun hanaida} Korea is one. Korea one is 144 SENSESexplanation: * the + 9) + Fb (34 — numeral ©] — exchanging ending 4—- low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) When the noun, pronoun or numeral to which the final ending of the verbal form is attached ends in a vowel, the exchanging ending o] can be omitted. In the final form 4°] +} the numeral @}44 ends in the vowel }. Therefore, a4 can be used instead of #4] ¢}. 95 Table of declarative final endings of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral the most deferential form |middle form | low form of of courtesy courtesy GULChCsumnida}) / H LICH mnida. 2 [yo] Ct (da remarks: We have indicated here only such declarative final endings of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral which are fre - quently used. For the other declarative final endings of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral, please refer to the appendix. WORD ORDER ! 96 The declarative final form of the verb in the sentence is the predicate, and it lies at the end of the sentence. for example: YE Faq Asa I go to Korea, the (nanun chucheui — chogugin fatherland of Juc- I Juche of the fatherland being | he. ZALE 2th. chosonuro kanda] Korea to go 14597 The explanation* 7a + ag [ka da] go ending * stem na + Lat [LA —low declarative form of the final ending of the verb (refer to 90)] ad(after contracting the syllable 7+ and the sound L) The final form ae} of the verb 7% in the sentence is the predicate and it lies at the end of the sentence. declarative final form of the adjective in the sentence is the predicate and it lies at the end of the sentence. for exemple: OPBErSLICt’. Re Tpyongyané-un arumdaps umnida] Pyongyang is beautiful. pyoney ane beautiful explanation op et + a {arumdap da] beautiful stem ending oped + sug (e4t—mosi deferenttial declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) The final form peaau tof the adjective of $3ctin the sentence is the predicate, and it lies at the end of the sentence. eclarative final form of the verbal form of the noun, numeral in the sentence is the predicate, and ses at the end of the sentence. le: ae | weCEeLIC. [chonun haksaengdaepyoimnida] I am a student delegate. I a student delegate am explanation: _ oy + Bust (ag noun |] — exchanging ending wut—most deferential form of the final ending of the verbal form (refer to 94) 146 ——————tdyed (after contracting the syllable °} and the sound a) The final form 44 2% 4} of the verbal form of the noun Ao] E is the predicate, and it lies at the end of the tence. sen- - LESSON 6 THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 99 The interrogative pronouns are divided as follows: 1. The interrogative pronoun indicating a person 1) 44 Cnugul who +--+ is substantively used. for example: Bale SRYYA? {tangsinun — nuguimnigga] Who are you? you who are? explanation: * 52 +9 +047 [44 — interrogative pronoun %]—exchanging ending WY4%-—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form(refor to 106)] 294 Alafter contracting the syllable land the sound ¥) 2) OFF [amu] anyone; any el “anyone’’ is used both substantively and adjectively. for example: oO FE” Aas 2 FY 7*22] Does nobody {amudo kugosul morumnigga]] know it? anyone also it not knows ? explanation: *, OF + £ [e}-+—interrogative pronoun =z auxiliary ending (refer to 185)] 147i | ae ee! + ad {moru da] not know stem ending BE + aA [ a4 A-—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verb(refer to'102)] 2 #UA(after contracting the syllable 2 and the sound ¥ ) oO OF AGE* AAS {amu saramdo kugosul Does nobody know it? any man also it _ morumnigga] not knows ? explanation: ch Ae (o}-4} — interrogative pronoun AtB— noun =—auriliary ending) The adjectively used interrogative pronoun o}+ lies before the word 4+ it refers to. 2. the interrogative pronoun indicating a thing #&[muot] what +& is substantively used. for example: yAs Pay Ar? : Cigosun muosimnigga! What is this ? | this what is? explanation: x Ba + oF + aA (#A—interrogative pronoun °] — exchanging ending ¥47—most deferential interroga - | tive form of the final ending of the verbal form) | FLU A(after contracting the syllable | and the sound | H) . 3. The interrogative pronoun indicating quantity 1) SOF C olma] how much, how many x} is substantively used. for example: AAE Soke} y Ar? Ckugosun olma imnigga] How much is it? it how much is? aexplanation: * Ast +o] + HUA (A0}—interrogative pronoun | — exchanging ending 834 %—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) x} 9) 4 a (after contracting the syllable °| and the sound H) 2) S[myot] how many 8 is used both substantively and adjectively. for example: oO Nae way *? Cigosun myochimnigga] How many are there? this how many is? explanation: * 2 +o +444 (8—interrogative pronoun |— exchanging ending 24 7—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) BUA (after contracting the syllableo] and the sound yu) Oo 1#2 3 AL AY Hr? How many people ({kudurun myot saramimnigga] are they ? they how many man are? explanation: eR +4 + + auy (B—interrogative pronoun Ake — noun °]— exchanging ending U4} 7A —mosi deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) BAB MUA (after contracting the syllable °| and the sound u) 4. The interrogative pronoun indicating a place GHEI Codi] which place o}r] is substantively used. for. example:5. 100 Bale acid = #79) [tangsinun odie kamnigga]] Where are you going? you , which place to go? explanation: #, A + ACA interrogative pronoun | — dative ending *, 7+ + FH [kada] go 7 + BUA (a4 A—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) AYA (after contracting the syllable 7}.and the sound u ) The interrogative pronoun indicating time GH fonje] which time al is substantively used. for example: a= ORF $442 {kunun —onje omnigga] | When is he coming? he at which time comes? explanation: %* the interrogative pronoun Gal is in the dative form Accordingly the dative ending of the interrogative pronoun @2] was omitted. This is called the absolute case. Tabie of interrogative pronouns person 4 [nugu] who OK [amu] anyone; any thing FA [muot] what quantity Sot [Colma] how much, how many x [myot] how many place QCl Codi} which place time AAI Lonje] which timeTHE DECLENSION OF THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 101 The declension of the interrogative pronoun is the same as with a noun( refer to 26, 27). THE INTERROGATIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE VERB 102 There are the following interrogative final endings to the verb: 1. The most deferential form: SUM (sumniggal/ HL M[ mniggal 1) GLIM{sumnigga] (when the stem of the verb ends ina | consonant ) | for example: 2= AE 3} Sime? Is he eating the apple? Ckunun sagwarul moks umnigga] i he the apple eats? 1 explanation: * 4 + i (mok da] eat : stem ending ' y+ Gun (F4A-most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) The stem 4 of the verb 4} ends in the Consonant 4. | 2) HLM (mnigga] (whenthe stem of the verb ends in vowel) for example: a= Male Sum? {kunun pyonjirul ssumnigga] Is he writing the letter? he the letter writes? .explanation: 151| * A + aa {ssu da] write stem ending A + BUA(BUA—mosi deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) U7 (after contracting the syllable *and the sound w ) The stem # of the verb **} ends in the vowel—, The middle form of courtesy: Ub [na] This final ending is used when a man asks something with friendly feeling, for example: 1 ALLE* . (kunun chanaJ Is he asleep? he sleeps? explanation: * «4 + } (cha da] sleep stem ending A + % (4—middle interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) The low form of courtesy: &Lf Cnunya] for example: st ZA ott *! [tongmuya algennunya] Comrade! Do you know! cour ade | know ? explanation: * @ + a {al da] know stem ending ~ Oo +A + &'4(A-—ending of the future tense {U— low interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) The ending of the future tense % expresses here not the meaning of the future, but the meaning of surmise.108 Table of interrogative final endings of the verb the most deferential form middle form flow form of courtesy of courtes SLM (sumnigga] / wi 7M} (mniggal Lt (na] i LE[ nunya] remarks: We have indicated here only such interrogative final endings of the verb which are frequently used. For the other interrogative final endings of the verb, please refer to the appendix. THE INTERROGATIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE ADJECTIVE 104 There are the following interrogative final endings to the adjective: 1. The most deferential form: GUM[sumnigga]/ LI Jt (mniggal 1) &LIDt Csumnigga ] (when the stem of the adjective ends in a consonant ) for example: BAl yee 23 aum* ? [tangsinui maumun chulgopsumniggajlls your heart merry? your heart merry? explanation: * 24 + oy {julgop da] merry stem ending 24 4 GUA (GY 7A—most deferential interrogat ive form of the final ending of the adjective) 153The stem @4 of the adjective #4 c}ends in the consonant uv, 2) B LIM [mniggal(when the stem of the adjective ends in a vowel) for example: ase + SLIM? 7 Chanurun purumnigga] Is the sky biue? the sky blue? explanation: * $2 4+ Cpuru da] blue stem ending +2 + um (u47A—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the adjective) 2B A(after contracting the syllable 2 and the sound¥) The stem #2 of the verb #2t} ends in the vowel—. 2. The middle form of courtesy: Lt (nga] for example: ta] 7+ uy mI? ({nalssiga nabbun - ga] Is the weather bad? the weather bad? explanation: * Us + a {nabbu da] bad stem ending Yum + crt (L%A—middle interrogative form of the final ending of the adjective) YEA (after contracting the syllable & and the sound L) 3. The low form of courtesy: 1) Lefnyal This final ending is used for the adjective without any ending of the tense. for example: We Ze Cnonun kibbunya] Are you glad? you glad? explanation: —<—<_“1\\«1|1o00.* 7B + F (kibbu da] glad stem ending zy) + UY (4—low interrogative form of the final ending of the adjective) 2) SLE [nunya] This final ending is used for the adjective with the en- i ding of the tense. for example: HE any 7 BA CLE? {nonun olmana kibbugennunya] | How glad are you? you how glad explanation: * 7m + [kibbu da] glad stem ending AM + A + LU (A-—ending of the future tense L4- low interrogative form of the final ending of the adjective) The ending of the future tense A has here not the meaning of the future, but the meaning of surmise. 105 Table of interrogative final endings of the adjective the most deferential | middle form of cour- low form of form tesy courtesy SLmt/ LI Lt 1) LE {sumnigga] [mnigga] [nga] {nya} 2) GLE {munya} ee remarks: We have indicated here only such interrogative final endings of the adjective which are frequently used. For the other interrogative final endings of the adjective, please refer to the appendjx. 155THE INTERROGATIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE VERBAL FORM OF THE NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL 106 There are the following interrogative final endings to the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral: 1. The most deferential form: GUI (sumnigga] / HLT [mnigga] 1) GUMlsumnigga]( when the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral has the ending of the tense) for example: oles Alo] AGLI M+? Was he a student? (kunun taehaksaeng - iyossumnigga] he a student was ? explanation: * ABZ +o] + A + FHA (AAY—noun ]— exchanging ending W~ ending of the past tense #4 7—most deferential interrogative form of tne final ending of the verbal form) 2) LIM Cmniggal (when the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral has no ending of the tense) for example: _ BA} Bel LIM 2 {kunun yong. guksaramimnigga]| Is he an Englishman? he an Englishman is ? explanation: * gaat +o] + HUA (YB aAB- noun ]— exchanging ending 34 A— most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) Bad ayuA (after contracting the syllable | and the sound uv) 2. The middle form of courtesy: Lt (nga] 156 ER eerie3. i 187 iil binned for example: coe) sa) Ald eH lap 2 Is this flower {i ggochun chosonui chindallaein-ga]} the Korean this flower Korea of the azalia is? azalia? explanation: * Adal +o} + Ut (AltA —noun ]— exchanging ending L7+—middle intertogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) ALANA (after contracting the syllabe >| and ihe sound tL) The low form of courtesy: 1) LE Cnyal This final ending is used for the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral without any ending of the tense. for example: . ue qe tea [nonun nugunya] Who are you? you who are? explanation: * FF +4 (FF—interrogative pronoun 4—low interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) 2) Lt [nunya] This final ending is used for the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral with the ending of the tense. for example: AA] dal a CL? (kugosi onjeyonnunya] When was it? it which time was? explanation : * GA +B + 44 (UAl—interrogative pronoun Bend - ing of the past tense +'4—low interrogative form ofthe final ending of the verbal form) 107 Table of interrogative final endings of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral the most deferential form middle form low form of of courtesy courtesy eum y HUT LJ 1) Lo [sumnigga] [mnigga] (n-ga] (nya] 2) ELE Cnunya] remarks: We have indicated here only such interrogative final endings of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral which are frequently used. For the other interrogative final endings of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral, please refer to the appendix. WORD ORDER 108 The interrogative final form of the verb in the sentence is the predicate,and it lies at the end of the sentence. for example: i gale er) zune? ‘ [tangsinun odie kamnigga] Where are you , you which place to go ? going? i explanation: * 7 + tad {ka da] go _ _ A + H4A (Y4A-—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) 7 7% (after contracting the syllable 7+ and the sound ») The final form %47 in the sentence is the predicate, earand it lies at the end of the sentence. 109 The interrogative final form of the adjective in the sentence is the predicate, and it lies at the end of the sentence. for example: Bal S yee BASLim*? Is your heart ({ tangsinui maumun chulgopsumnigga] merry? Your heart merry ? explanation: * 24 + a9 {julgop da] merry stem ending S44 + F474 (GU A—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the adjective) The final form 24447} in the sentence is the predicate, and it lies at the end of the sentence. 110 The interrogative final form of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral in the sentence is the predicate, and it lies at the end of the sentence. for example: A= SHALi M2? {kunun —_ nuguimnigga} Who is he? he who is 2 explanation: * $F +9 + BUA (FF—noun — exchanging ending uu *—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) FEU (after contracting the syllable ©] and the sound W) The interrogative final form ++%47 of the verbal form of the noun-+++ in the sentence is the predicate, and it lies at the end of sentence.——E—e—Eeeeeee~oor 111 The position of the interrogative pronoun in ie eer tence is as follows: : 1. When the interrogative pronoun becomes the subject it usually lies at the beginning of the sentence : for example: 7} sum? (nuga omnigga] Who comes ? who comes ? 7 explanation: % } + 7 (A-nominative ending) 2. The final form of the verbal form of the ‘interrogati ive pronoun is formed by attaching the final ending of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral to the i terrogative pronoun, 2 This final form in the sentence is the predicate d it lies at the end of the sentence. for example: ye SALE 2 [nonun nugunya]} Who are you? you who are? explanation: x FF + 4 (FF interrogative pronoun 4—low in terrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) mm 3. When the interrogative pronoun becomes the object, it lies between the subject and the predicate. for example: gle sae tune oe , [tangsinun muosul hamnigga) © you do? you what do? explanation: &EA+ & (FA-interrogative A . pronoun &— accusatii: ing) satiive end- 160The object + & lies between the subject ZAl& and the predicate uy 7. i 4. When the interrogative pronoun is used as an attribute, it lies before the word it refers to. for example: 1Fet BABU A* 2 How many people are {kudurun myot saramimnigga] they ? they how many man are? explanation: * 8 44h +o +44 (8 —iInterrogative pronoun +e noun] — exchanging ending u47—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) | RAP IAA (after contracting the syllable °] and the i sound BH) 112 The form of address usually lies at the beginning of the sentence. for example: SF, Ye AAA 7tg.* | Comrade Pak,1 {pakdongmu nanun chong-gojang-e kao] am going to the comrade Pak I the station to go station - explanation: * 7 + yt [ka da] go stem ending 7+ 2 g-—middle declarative form of the final ending of the verb) 113 An interjection usually lies at the beginning of the sentence. for example: a ,LDLUmrmrmr—m—mC— {a naui kohyang-iyo] Ah, my native place! ah my native place! explanation: %* The interjection o} lies at the beginning of the sentence, 161LESSON 17 THE NUMERALS 114 The Korean language has a double series of numerals: 1. The series of pure Korean numbers 2. The series of numbers derived from hieroglyphic characters 115 The cardinal numbers: Korean | | The pure Korean car- |The cardinal num- i dinal numbers bers derived from hi- B lerogly phic charac- 3 ters ' = English substantival, substantival adjectival |adjectival 1 {a4 thana] em = te Ol ey one 2 | Ctul] {tu} 9} Gi) | two 3 {set ] {se ] AY [sam] three 4 i {net ] {ne] Ab (sal four 5 ja Etasot] Al [tasot ] 2 lo] five 6 j4 [yosot] Al Cyosot] = [ryuk] six 7 = |US Cilgop] + Lilgop] Al (ehil] seven 8 {48 [yodol] @ Lyodol} pal] eight 9 |e+# [ahop] + Lahop] + (ku) hine 10 |@ lyol J ‘2 Cyol] ql (sip] ten 11 {Ssh4 Cyothana] |@e@t Cyolhan] A] Csibitd eleven ' 12 |9= lyoldul] [S@¥ lyoldu] A}o] [sibil twelve | 13 |S4l [yolset] Al (yolse J 4l4} [sipsami | thirteen 14 JSR [yolnet] ul Lyoine} | A] AE Csipsa] fourteen 16215 16 7 18 19 20 21 22 30 40 60 70 80 90 100 101 102 200 300 400 500 600 700 1800 900 arta eel [yoldasot ] Cyoryosot} YF [yorilgop] e424 [yoryodol] dol Cyorahop] A {sumul] A= 3}4 (sumulhana ] 2 (sumuldul] Al (sorun] fe} Cmahun] al {swin] el [yesun] Y= [ith] 41 fyodun] ef= — [ahun] ty 3-4 Cpaek-hana ] “Y= (paekdul] AAI Lyoldasot] B4Al Cyoryosot } (2 U4 [yorilgop) {3 Lyoryodol] of & Cyorahop] + [sumu] Set [sumulhan] AEF [sumuldu] 12 (sorun] Pre mahun ] rl (swin] ele yesun) Y= Cilhun)} a= yodun} Pr [ahun] fa a paek* han} “l= [paekdu] 163 ALL Csibo ] 4) 4 Csimryuk AVA (sipchil] Al Csippal] Al-+ (sipgu] °}4] Lisip] o}4] & Lisibil] o}] o] Lisibil Ay4] [samsip] 4}4] (sasip] 2A) losip]) $4] (ryuksip] AA) (chilsip] 34] (tpalsip] 4] Ckusip] ay Cpaek] wy] Cpaegil] 4°] [paegi] oy} Libaek] 4p [sambaek] AFL [sabaek] 23} [obaek } 574 [ryukbaek ] AY [chilbaek] i] [palbaek J Py [kubaek ] fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty one twenty two thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety hundred a hundred and one a hundred and two two hundred three hundred four hundred five hundred. six hundred seven hundred eight hundred nine hundred1, 000 A [chon] thousand | > O01 As Ae AY {chonil} a thousand] { ({chonbana] | [chonhan) and one i 10, 000 a Cman] ten ' thousand i 100, 000 Ajai [simman] [hundred . thousand 1, 000, 000 43k [paengman ]| one million 10, 000, 000 !alek (chonman] | ten “ million 100, 000, 000 4 lok] . |hundred million It is advisable to read the numeral in the pure Korean numbers as much as possible. for example: 19 S°+# fyorahop] nineteen 111 4 Sa (paegyolhana} ahundred and eleven 1007 AY [chonilgopla thousand and seven The declension of the numeral is just the same as that of the noun (refer to 26, 27). {16 The ordinal numbers: | | | Korean The pure Korean The ordinal numbers ordinal numbers derived from hieroglyphic characters English Awd *! (chotbonjjae], al U*? Ccheil? first Ala] (chotjjae] 164 nt=H al [tubonijae], Alo] [chei] second #4 [tuljjae] AH al [sebonjjae ], Al¢r {chesam] third Al a] (setijae] a] (nebonj jae], A\AL (chesa] fourth Wal tnetjjae] TH4a (41) Ctasot (bon )jjae] Al& [cheo] fifth o44}(41) 4] Lyosot (bon )jjae J Al} (cheryuk] sixth UH) [ilgop(bon)jjae] | AM [chechil ] seventh lo4e4 (HAL Cyodol (bon)jjae ] Al = {chepal ] eighth oF (4 a} [ahop(bon jj ae] Al + [chegu] ninth (a) Lyol (bon)j jae] AlAl [chesip] tenth (HAL [yolhan{bon)jjae] | AAS (chesi bil] eleventh 9 =( Al [yoldu(bon )jjae] | AAlo] (chesibi ] twelfth A (#1 )al fsumu(bon)jjae} | alelAl (cheisip] twentieth ld (#1) Csorun(bon jjae] | Al4t4l (chesamsip] thirtieth Is} (14 )a] (mahun(bon)jjae] | AlAE4] [chesasip] fortieth RICH Jal (swin(bon )jjae] | Al 24] [cheosip] fiftieth el (4) a} fyesun(bon)jjae} | AlS4] {cheryuksip] sixtieth Z(H} (ilhun(bon)jjae] | Alay Cchechilsip] seventieth P1E(41 a {yodun(bon)jjae] | Al24] (chepalsip] eightieth of E(4 | [ahun(bon)jjae] | al+4] [chegusip] ninetieth M4 (811 Cpdek (bon )jjae] AL] (cheil baek] hundredth explanation: %*, Al [-ojjael] is a suffix. It means “order” and is attached to the pure Korean cardinal number in order to form the corresponding pure Korean ordinal number. *, Al [che] is a prefix. It means “order” and is put before the cardinal number in order to form the corresponding ordinal number. 165THE COUNTING WORD 117 The numbers are connected to a counting word, and then the’ counting word lies after the main word. The- se counting words are different according to the objects to be counted. They have the meaning of “piece” in English. The counting words are: ® Wlgae] “piece” (for objects) for example: 4At Sard two chairs luija tugae } chair two pieces @ Blmyong] “person” (for persons) for example: a yt ay 7S two students (taehaksaeng tumyong] student two persons @ # [bun] “person” (for expressing respect) for example: AA _ two teachers Csonsaeng tubun } teacher two persons @® Otel (mari) “animal” (for animals) for example: a Foe {so tumari] two oxen ox two animals 166 Le __® # (gwon]“ book’; “volume” (for books) for example: Aa FH {sajon tugwon] dictionary two books two dictionaries © ® fjang}“sheet” (for papers, roofing-tiles or bricks ) for example: Fo] 78 (Gong‘i tujang] | we sheets of paper paper two sheets @ # (boll “suit” (for clothes) for example: & FH fot tubol ] clothes two suits two suits of clothes {H {dae]“piece” (for machines,.cars or airplanes) for example: a] 7] > tH {pihaeng-gi tudae ] two airplanes airplane two pieces ®@ 4 [chok]“ship’” (for ships) for example: wy ALA {pae sechok] three ships ship three ships @ i (chae] “house” (for houses) for example: 167118 adm (chip hanchae ] house one house one house @ MN Uarul “piece” (for pencils or rifles) for example: Glee UITER (yonpil nejaru] | four pencils pencil four pieces @® BH (kollel “pair” (for shoes) for example: A @eal (sin hankolle] shoes one pair a pair of shoes @® @ [mun] “gun” (for guns) for example: qe a2 [taepo yolmun] | ten guns gun ten guns @ 12 [guru] “tree” (for trees) for example: ut Fake {(namu_— tuguru] two trees tree two trees THE INCOMPLETE NOUN i The Korean language has the incomplete noun. An __in- complete noun is a noun which cannot express a complete meaning and can express it only when another word lies before it as an attribute. 168C for example: 0 AA Fe [sonsaeng tubun ] two teachers teacher two persons explanation: * The adjectival numeral + lies before the incomplete noun @ as an attribute. s * Ofa7q =e BEA FeAl. (urinun pandusi _sungrihalgosida ] we surely win shall explanation: *G?]3++ 4 (sungriha da] win stem ending seaetet+aAt+l+4 We shall surely win. 2 —atiributive ending of the verb in its future tense (refer to 147) 2 -incomplete noun °] —exchanging ending 4 -low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form] s2]FAl4(after contracting the syllable * and the sound 2) Olt f+ gM (kuga olsu itda] He can come. he come’ can explanation: *2 + 4 [0 da] come stem ending 2+24+4 B84(z —atiributive ending of the verb in its future tense +—incomplete noun 3) t}—yerh) f+ U+40(4—low declarative form of the final end. ing of the verb) after contracting and the sound # ] the syllable 2—P— THE SUGGESTIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE VERB 119 There are the following suggestive final endings of the verb: |. The most deferential form: AIC psida] for example: gat SAIC Let us see the film! {yonghwarul popsida] the film see let us explanation: * 8 + 4 [po da] watch stem ending B + 8 Al FH (44)4—most deferential suggestive form of the final ending of the verb) & 41 4 (after contracting the syllable 2 and the sound # ) 2. The middle form of courtesy: M| (se ] This final ending is used in written language. 24a 7M * Let us go in the oj one kase] morning! the morning in go let us | for example: | explanation: * 7 + [ka da] go stem ending 7% + Al (Al—middle suggestive formof the finul ending of the verb) ein3. The low form of courtesy: Kthial for example: Oujae ao Let us drive the {mijerul nam the USimperialists South BAVA sobre! US imperialists out of south ; Korea! Josoneso moranaeja] Korea from drive out let us explanation: * Solu + 4 = L[moranae da] drive out stem ending 3 ob + A (A4—-low suggestive form of the final ending of the verb) O4A sy AAS SLAM ! {Let us defend Inyosongdurui kwollirul onghohaja] |‘women’s rights. the women of the right defend let us explanation: * 2 +14 [onghoha da] defend stem ending SZA+A(A—low suggestive formof the final ending of the verb) 120 Table of suggestive final endings of the verb the most middle form of low form of cour- deferential form | courtesy tesy HAICt Lpsida) Ml Cse] Kt jal remarks: We have indicated here only such suggestive final endings 171of the verb which are frequently used. For the other suggestive final endings of the verb, please refer to the appendix. THE IMPERATIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE VERB 121 There are the following imperative final endings of the verb: 1. The most deferential form : Al & [sipsio] This final ending is used when the speaker holds the person addressed in high esteem. for example: * te] 2H eS. (bballi osipsio] Come quickly! quickly come! explanation: *2 + 4 [0 da] come stem — ending 2+44)2 (AA) 2—most deferential imperative form of the final ending of the verb) 2. The middle formof courtesy: Ae [sio] This final ending is used bothin spoken and written Korean. for example: 44 FLNe* foso anjusio] Please, sit down! please sit down! 172 Ueexplanation: * & + 4 [anda] sit down stem ending +244 2(2-link vowel A2—middle imperative form of the final ending of the verb) 3. The low form of courtesy: 2tfra] for example: wel 22h Guckly come! Come quickly! explanation: *2 + F [o da] come stem ending 2 + 2 (#—low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) 122 Table of imperative final endings of the verb the most defe- middle form of low form of rential form courtesy courtesy AIS (Csipsio] Alm [sio] at Cra] remarks: We have indicated here only such imperative final endings of the verb which are frequently used. For the other imperative final endings of the verb, please refer to the appendix. WORD ORDER 123 .The suggestive final form of the verb in the sentence 173 ieEQ" is the predicate, and it lies at the end of the sentence. for example: sale FAA Let us drive the AA . US imperialists out (mijerul namjoson the US imperialists south Korea of south Korea! lA BOFLH XI eso moranaeja } from drive outlet us explanation: *oh4+tt[moranae da] drive out stem ending : So +41(A}—-low suggestive form of the final ending of the verb) The suggestive final form &°+4} of the verb Bett in the sentence is the predicate,and it lies at the end of the sentence. 124 The imperative final form of the verb in the sentence is the predicate, and it lies at the end of the sentence. for example: aes 3 oil ot ab Abolish nuclear (haengmugirul cholpehara? weapons! the nuclear weapon abolish! explanation: * = Asiat+ 4 [cholpeha da] abolish stem ending Aslt+e2}(2—low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) The imperative final form 254 @##} of the verb sa in the sentence is the predicate,and it lies at the end of the sentence. 125 The adjectival cardinal number lies before the word sunncemesit refers to. for example: aos 4 j nineteen years old Lyorahopsal } nineteen age explanation: The adjectival cardinal number @° lies before the word # it refers to. LESSON 8 THE ADVERB 126 According to their meaning or function adverbs in | Korean fall into the following categori 1. Adverbs which include words pointing out some characteristic feature of an action. These adverbs denote the quality of an acticn, the manner in which an action is performed or give 4 i quantitative characteristic of an action or a qualiiv. These adverbs are very closely connected with the ve- rbs which they modify. i for example: Altkipi] deeply YA Chimggot] with all = | [nopi] highly one’s strength zl [nolli] widely 7}7] [kaggai] near , uk 7/0] (pan gai] gladly [ml] always AA) [chonchoni] slowly Yj 2l{mollij far AL #[chajul often °|2] (imi) already 2. Adverbs which include words pointing out some characteristic feature of a state. These adverbs are very closely connected with the ad- 1752 4. jectives which they modify. for example: 4d ] + +} [ddome da] shoulder stem ending Fo] + a + 4 (2— copulative connecting ending Yttverb which is used as an auxiliary) ao] + a+ 7+ op stem ending Ao] + +4 74+ 2(@-attributive ending of the verb in its future tense) . So] 44 (after contracting the syllable 7+ and the sound 2) od 42 7 This book is the book {i chaegun naega which I shall read to- this book I morrow. aa WS* ol rt. raeil ilgul _ chaegida) tomorrow to be read book is explanation: * 3] + [ik daj read stem ending - y+ 2 + B(2-— link-vowel 205Z-atiributive ending of the verb in iis future tense) YL lafter contracting the syllable © and the sound @) 148 Table of the attributive endings of the verb 1 attributive ending of the verb tense | [nun] present | | . en | { , | L{n] past | | H [don] past continuous 7. — = “| | 2m future | THE ATTRI BUTIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE 149 The attributive form of the adjective is formed by attaching one of the following attributive endings of the adjective to the stem of the adjective: 1, The attributive ending which expresses the present tense of the adjective Lin] for example: OLF 42] AHFY 252 Our socialist father- fonul uri sahoeju-ui jogugun . day the happy today our socialist fatherland land is today Ppy cradle of the Korean ZA UA qo mt chosoninminui — haengbokan people. Korean people of happy 206BsAbel oe] A. pogumjari- ida] nest is explanation: * §23} + ct [haengboka da} happy stem ending Qes+ LU (L—atiributive ending of the adjective in its present tense) Ys tafter contracting the syllable s+ and the sound L) OyAe Be* Fol, This is a red flower. [igosun pulgun — ggochida] this red flower is explanation: * % + GF [pukda) red stem ending B+O+U(2—link vowel L—atiributive ending of the adjective in its present tense) Llafter contracting the syllable & and the sound L) 2. The attributive ending which expresses the past continuous tense of the adjective H [don] for example: o] RH ao] ub i] The sky which was {odupdon hanuri _malge k bright ' having been dark sky clearly eet Aart. kaeinda] brightens explanation: xR + of [odup da] dark stem ending le + A(-atiributive ending of the adjective in its past continuous tense ) 3. The attributive ending which expresses the future tense of the adjective 207201) for example: 1 2.2 a Yeo]. This is a tree that Cigosun kul namuida} this to grow big tree is | will grow big. explanation: * 4A + GF [ku da] big stem ending A + €U( B-attribuiive ending of the adjective in its future tense) rut (after contracting the syllable 42 and the sound 2) 150 Table of the attributive endings of the adjective attributive ending of the adjective L{n} ee — A [don] past continuous future i THE ATTRIBUTIVE FORM OF THE VERBAL FORM OF THE NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL 151 The attributive form of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral is the form which is used as an attribute. The attributive form of the verbal formof the n 208 a ee eeCL pronoun or numeral is formed by attaching one of the following attributive endings of the verbal form to the noun, pronoun or numeral by means of the exchanging ending °]: 1. The attributive ending which expresses the present tense of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral L[n] for example: Fay zZRa* Korea, the fatherland {chucheui chogugin f Juch Juche of the fatherland being |° “U°* ZA choson] Korea explanation: #ZZ+0]+L(SA-noun 0] -eachanging ending L-attributive ending of the verbal form in its present tense) AFA (after contracting the syllable ©] and the sound L) 2. The attributive ending which expresses the past continuous tense of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral [don] for example: At ‘tol ZAVUE Comrade Kim who was a {chinannare chosoninmingun soldier of the Korean the past in Korean People’s Army People’s Army Hoje * as guninidon kimdongmu] soldier having been Kim comrade explanation: 209 Qi teeZAUUE ta + F +A (AAMAS Tl-noun °]-exchanging ending ‘tl-attributive ending of the verbal form in its past continuous tense) 3. The attributive ending which expresses the future tense of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral 201) for example: 22] ZFa2zeae the new generation (naraui chuin- gongduril who will be heroes of the country of heroes to be the country ee sae sedae] new generation explanation: *FUSZ+E +9) + 2(FUB-noun H- plural ending °] -eaxchanging ending t-atiributive ending of the verbal form in its future tense) FUSE IU (after contracting the syllable ©] and the sound =o) 152 Table of the attributive endings of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral attributive ending of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral tense Linj present A [don] past continuous 201) future 210THE FORM OF THE ADVERBI AL MODIFIER OF THE VERB OR ADJECTIVE 153 This form is a form which is used as an _ adverbial modifier. This is formed by attaching one of the following endings of the adverbial modifier to the stem of the verb or adjective: 1. The endings of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective Alfge], £8 [dorok] These endings of the adverbial modifier express the manner or circumstance in which some action or situation occurs. for example: © beta io] = *2 beautifully blooming {arumdapge pinun magnolia blossom beautifully blooming 3a 2 mongranggot] magnolia blossom explanation: #1 FES + {arumdap da] beautiful stem ending ost + Al (Al-ending of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective) *2 x] + of (pi da] bloom stem ending 3) +=(-attributive ending of the verb in its present tense ) O Xo] acs* till late at night {pami _ kipdorok] night deep tillexplanation: * 2 + [kip da] deep stem ending A+=3(= S-ending of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective) | 2. The endings of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective = [dut]}, 01 [dusi] These endings are used to express comparison in actions or situations. for example: 17} wepsol* as he says (kuga malhadusi] he says as explanation: x ts} + c} [malha da] say stem ending wZat+ So] (e]-ending of the adverbial modifier of the ' verb or adjective ) 3. The ending of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective 25 [Isurok] This ending expresses intensification in comparison. for example: BSF Rt bet The redder, the more (pulgulsurok arumdaun red the more _ beautiful AAA Atal chosonui chindallae] Korean azalea beautiful is Korean azalea. explanation: *% + + (puk-dejured stem ending B+ O+ 2+ S(2-link-vowel B+S-ending of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective) 212{ #2F3 (after contracting the syllable © and the sound 2) “154 Table of the endings of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective ending of the adverbial’ modifier of the verb or adjective 1. Allge], SS ldorok] 2. S(dut)], Ol (dusi] 3. 245 [lsurok] WORD ORDER 155 The attributive form of the verb comes before the word it refers to. for example: MPE* olal fighting people {ssaunun inmin] fighting people explanation: x AP + [ssau da] fight stem ending A + (= -atiributive ending of the verb in its present tense ) The attributive form *#?+£ of the verb #}2r} lies before the word 218] it refers to. 156 The attributive form of the adjective comes before the word it refers to. for example: #e* z red flower [pulgun ggot] red flowerexplanation: * % + cf [puk da] red stem ending H+O+L(2-link-vowel L-attributive ending of the adjective in its present tense) He (after contracting the syllable © and the sound L) The attributive form #2 of the adjective #r} lies before the word # it refers to. 157 The attributive form of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral comes before the word it refers to. for example: =z = 4 Brey 7p * Comrade Kim, an inven- (rodongja _palmyong- gain worker inventor being tend ete 4a $4 kimdongmu] Kim comrade explanation: . * Lj 7+°]+L(¢]-exchanging ending L-atiributive ending of the verbal form in its present tense) yl (after contracting the syllable *] and the sound L) The attributive form YY 7}91 of the verbal form of the noun ¥}4}7} lies before the word 7-§+ it refers to. 158 The form of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective comes before the word it modifies. for example: Hs eA* Fe Ala af beautifully blooming {arumdapge pinun chindallae] | azalea beautifully blooming azalea . explanation: * of} + 4 [arumdap da] beautiful stem ending of S44] (Al-ending of the adverbial modifier of the 214verb or adjective ) The form of the adverbial modifier ofa] of the adjective +r} lies before the word 5] = it refers to. 159 The pre-noun comes before the word it refers to. for example: Oo M* ql new house [sae chip] new house explanation: %* The pre-noun 4] comes before the word 4 it refers to. Oo f* = only two (tan dul] only two explanation: * The pre-noun % comes before the word & it refers to. 160 The interjection depends on no word and mostly comes at the beginning of the sentence. for example: 2* Bo! Oh, Pyongyang! [o pyongyang . oh Pyongyang! Pyongyang is my heart. gg 2 pyong yang -un Pyongyang uy aa. naui simjang ] my heart explanation: * The interjection @ comes at the beginning of the sentence.LESSON 10 THE TENSES 161 The tenses in Korean are expressed by the tense ending. 162 The tenses expressed by the tense endings are called the absolute tenses. The absolute tenses are the present, past and future. 1. The present The present expresses an action or situation which occurs at the time when the person is speaking. The present is expressed by the zero tense ending, namely without any tense ending. for example: aae sel ch* The train runs. [ryolchanun tallinda] the train runs explanation: * te] + G (talli da] run stem ending te] 4+ Le}(Leb-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) tad (after contracting the syllable 2] and the soundL) There is no tense ending in the final form @t} of the verb ez] ry}. 2. The past The past expresses an action or situation which occured before the time when the person is speaking. The past is expressed by the ending of the past tense Slat Rot Rlyot]. slat] is attached to the stem of a word which is to express the past when the stem of the word has the 2163. vowel Hla], lya] or 1[0] in its last syllable. Qlotlis attached to the stem of the word which is to express the past when the stem of the word has the vowel fo], 3fyo], lu], --{u] or ][i] in its last syllable. @lyot] is attached to the stemof the word which is to express the past when the stemof the word ends_ in the vowel (il, Hlael, Wle], oe], +lwil, lui] or the syllable @}[ha] in its last syllable. sklat], got] and @lyot] come: before the ending of the word which is to express the past. for example: , Fe fAqael* [tu yugyokdaewoni Two partisans visi- two partisans al th - ted the easant’s sdae sob opt ° nongma kj ibul chajawatda] | C°ttage- the peasant’s cottage visited explanation: *, FooQ 4+ (chajao da] visit stem ending Ato 294+ 9k +04(Sk-ending of the past tense -low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) ob tr} (after contracting the syllables 2 and 3) The ending of the past tense 3t is attached to the stem 2 of the verb 2+}, #2 > Fada + 2] numeral noun nominative ending Although the plural ending = is not attached to #4q4, the meaning of the plural of 42 is expressed by the numeral } which lies before #4 qq. The future expresses the action or situation which will occur after the person speaks. The future is expressed by the ending of the future tense Alget]. 217Al[get] is attached to the stem of the word which is to express the future. for example: Pee ad Btok We shall leave for (urinun raeil yong-guguro We tomorrow England for qUAsy ht, ddonagetsumnida] leave shall England tomorrow. explanation: * Ay + y (ddona da] start stem ending A+ A+GUo (A-ending of the future tense F#U4- most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The ending of the future tense @ is attached to the stem 4 of the verb 44x}. 163 The tenses are also expressed by attributive endings. These tenses are called the relative tenses. for example: Oo 31 ga" 2e He shut the opened (kunun yollin munul he the opened door Sake? tadatda] shut door. explanation: *, Gz] + G [yolli da] be opened stem ending az]+L [e]-ending of the voice (refer to 176) L- attributive ending of the verb in its past tense] @a (after contracting the syllable ®| and the sound L) *. & + a [tat da] shut stem ending 218H+%+c4 (t-ending of the past tense t+-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The attributive ending L of the verb is the past. And this is anterior to the past 49x}. Oa ay ol He worked out the plan peunon amedere . which will be carried he next month in age out next month. suhaenghal to be carried out Age AA. gyehoegul se wot -da] plan worked out explanation: *1 SBt + {suhaengha da] carry out stem ending +a + 2 ( B-attributive ending of the verb in its future tense) 44 (after contracting the syllable sand the sound z) *2 A +0 {seu da] work out stem ending A2 +3944 (Y-ending of the past tense) A|H4 (after contracting the syllables 2and 2) The attributive ending @ of the verb is the future. And this future is the future in the past A] Rr}. 164 We can exactly express complicated relations of time by using tense endings. j. In order to express the fact that one thing happened in the past and earlier than another thing, the combin- ed form of two endings which express the past is used. Such a combination is made from among the past endings Qt[at], Q[ot] and @[yot]. for example:°] 4 FUE As the house owner {i chip chuinun had i 4 t isa. this house of the owner Ce tees tana a +4440" ku yug yokdaewondulgwa those partisans with Adal Wht oo gH chone mannassossumuro before had met as bapa *? so] gp #9 pan-gapge majihaet da] gladly received before, he received them gladly. explanation: e, U4 + {manna da] meet stem ending wauy+3k + Yo + © + BE(Sk-ending of the past tense Y-ending of the past tense © -link-vowel 2 Z-connecting ending of cause) aYMoes (after contracting the syllables 4 and 3) *2 Hat + (pangap da] glad stem ending abt + Al (al-ending of the adverbial modifier of the verb or adjective) x2 Sola} + cf [majiha da] receive stem ending Bolat + Q + 4 (B-ending of the past tense y- low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) Yo] Br} (after contracting the syllables s and &) 2. lat], Rot] and Mlyot] are linked with @[1] or Aleet] to express the surmise of a fact in the past. for example: oo 3B Fo He may have arrived (kunun pyongyang-e at Pyongyang. he Pyongyang to SaaqwA qt, tochaka yotget da] may have arrived 220explanation: * EtG + G [tochaka da] arrive stem ending EAqg + 9 + A+ 4 (A-ending of the past tense A-ending of the future tense t}-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The ending of the past tense q@ and the ending of the future tense 4 are linked to express the surmise of-a fact in the past. O32 33 Fol] He may have arrived (kunun pyongyang-e at Pyongyang. he Pyongyang to yongyang EA*GRSA1}*. tochakayossulgosida] may have arrived explanation: * EA +°4 {tochaka da] arrive stem ending EA + A+ 2 + 2 (Y-ending of the past tense 2-link-vowel t-attributive ending of the verb in its future tense) EAAALS (after contracting the syllable 2 and the sound 2) EAGAS + A + eo] + GY (A-incomplete noun °]-exchanging ending -low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) The ending of the past tense @ and the attributive ending of the verb in its future tense @ are linked to express the surmise of a fact in the past. 165 The tenses can also be expressed by other methods. 1. The past can also be expressed by the connecting ending which begins with H [do] - 221for example: Le a4] #any* As he had studied dili- (kunun yolsimi kongbuhadoni gently, he succeeded. he diligently studied as ADaa. song -gong-hayotda ] succeeded explanation: * 22a + {kongbuha da] study stem ending BHA+GU (Gu -connecting ending of cause) 2. The future can also be expressed by attaching & 2A {lgot} to the stem of the word concerned. for example: 1 Ad SH ot He will come tomorrow. [kunun raeil — olgosida] he tomorrow come will explanation: Oot ct (o dalcome stem ending 2+ 2+ QA + + (B-attributive ending of the verb in its future tense A -incomplete noun ©] -exchanging ending t}-low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) £214 (after contracting the syllable & and the sound @) 166 Table of the tense endings tense ane —_| present past future Rtlat], ending of zero ending Rot], Alget] the tense Rlyot] 222 aS es ic tsRES PECT AND COURTESY 167 Respect is a grammatical category in which the speaker expresses politeness for the doer. Respect is expressed by the ending of respect AI{sil. The ending of respect Al[si] is attached to the predicative word. for example: AL AY ©] ALY ht, The teacher goes. [sonsaengnimi kasimnida] the teacher goes explanation: * 7% + GF [ka da] go stem ending 7h + Al + BU (Al-ending of respect U4r4-mosit deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb) 7A (after contracting the syllable Aland the sound ¥) AA} is the owner of the action. The speaker expresses respect to 44919 by the ending of respect 4], 168 Courtesy is a grammatical category in which the speaker expresses politeness for the person addressed. Courtesy is expressed in three forms, namely, the most deferential, middle and low forms. for example: O obs 4] 7t 7RE LICH. The father goes. [abojiga kasimnida] the father goesexplanation: * 7 + GF [ka da] go stem ending 7 + Al + BUeF (4]-ending of respect YU4-most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb) AAU = (after contracting the syllable 4] and the sound ¥) : When a speaker speaks to a superior,he expresses courtesy for the person addressed by the most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb HU xr}, © of 4] 7} 7A) 2*. The father goes. [abojiga kasio] the father goes explanation: *7A + (ka da] go stem ending 7+ Al + & (Al- ending of respect tive form of the final ending of the verb) When a speaker speaks to a person at the same rank, he expresses courtesy for the person addressed by the 2-middle declara- middle declarative form of the final ending of the verb 2. O of¥] 2] 7} TEACH. The father goes. [abojiga ka sinda] the father goes explanation: * 7 + oy {ka da] go stem ending 7% + Al + Lo (l-ending of respect Lt}-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) Ale (after contracting the syllable 4| and the sound Lu) When a speaker speaks to an inferior, he expresses courtesy for the person addressed by the low declarative form of the final ending of the verb Lg. iain cents si169 There are two cases in (the relation between) respect and courtesy. In the first case the person addressed is immediately the doer of an action, etc. In the second case the person addressed is not the doer of an action, ete. 1. When the person addressed is immediately the doer of an action, etc. for example: of a] = dal] When do you, father, {abojinun —onje . the father when ae 3 Fal 7H LI Tk * ? pyongyang-e ka simnigga ] Pyongyang to go? explanation : A + xh [ka da] go stem ending A + A) + BUA (Al-ending of respect HUA -most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) AYA (after contracting the syllable 4] and the sound ¥) The speaker expresses respect for of} 2], the doer of an action, by the ending of respect 4]. The speaker expresses courtesy for the person addressed, who is o}]], by the most deferential interrogative form ¥ U7} of the final ending of the verb. In Korean we do not use the personal pronoun such as you when we speak to a respected person. Instead, we use the denomination of his position in the family or society, such as father, mother and Mr. 2. When the person addressed is not the doer of an action, etc. 1) The speaker expresses respect for the doer of an action, etc.: 225for example: obey 2] 7} 33 OF of] AL. The father goes [abojiga pyongyang-e kasinda] to Pyongyang. the father Pyongyang to goes explanation: * 7 + oF [ka da] go stem ending 7 + Al + Let (Al-ending of respect Ltt-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) Al (after contracting the syllable 4] and the sound L) The speaker speaks to an inferior. For example, a mother speaks to her child. 2) The speaker expresses courtesy for the person addressed: for example: oD oll 7+ 53 OF of] That child goes to [ku aega pyongyang-e that child Pyongyang to UC. kamnida] goes Pyongyang. explanation: * 7 + (ka da] go stem ending 7A + BYU (YU-most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb) 4tU ct (after contracting the syllable 7} and the sound ¥) The speaker speaks to a superior. For example, a son speaks to his father. 170 There are several words which have the meaning of respect. Such words should be used correctly. 226for example: word word which has the English meaning of respect "ch [mokda]} +AMCb[chapsusida] eat AL rh [chada] APNE chumusida] sleep Qc} Litda] ALI ChE ke sida} there is, be a str} [malhada] 2 SotAIC}[malssumhasida] say +r} [chuda] EelCt(turida] give Bel Ctlollida) give + 4 for example: O oe} a] 7 ASAT. The father sleeps. [abojiga chumusinda] the father sleeps explanation: * 452) + [jumusi da] sleep stem ending FPA) + Leb (L4-low declarative form of the final . ending of the verb) BAG (after contracting the syllable A\ and the sound L) The speaker expresses respect for o}4 2}, the doer of an action, by #241, O ofe} 7} SEE *. The child sleeps. faiga chanda] the child sleeps explanation: * 3} + rH [cha da] sleep stem ending ah + Let (Leb- low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) 227Atte (after contracting the syllable 2+ and the sound L) The doer of the action 4tr} is the child. Therefore, the speaker does not express respect for the doer of the action. The word 4tr} which has no meaning of respect is used here. 171 Table of the ending of respect ending of respect Al Csi] | WORD ORDER 172 The ending of the tense comes directly before the final ending. for example: O4t 4AOe AG* I go to Korea. [manun chosonuro kanda] I Korea to go explanation: * 7} + oF [ka da] go stem ending a + LY (Ltt-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) ytd (after contracting the syllable 7} and the sound L) The zero ending of the tense lies directly before the final: ending Lt. O4S 4Ale RH I went to Korea. {nanun chosonuro katda] I Korea to went explanation: * 7A + Cha da] go stem ending ee7 + 3k + (3t-ending of the past tense -low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) . RA (after contracting the syllables 7+ and 3) The ending of the past tense 3t comes directly before the : final ending x, = O4=e BALE AHy*. | I will go to Korea. {nanun chosonuro kageta] i Korea to go will explanation: * 7 + oh [ka da] go stem ending A+ A + 4 (A-ending of the future tense 4-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The ending of the future tense @ comes directly before the final ending +}. 113 The ending of respect comes before the final ending. But when there is a tense ending, the ending of respect comes before the ending of the tense. for example: O oF a= BAlE The father goes to [abojinun konjang-uro the factory. the father the factory to AH, ka sinda] goes explanation: * 7 + oa [ka da] go stem ending A + AL + Leh (Al-ending of the respect Lt}-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) AAlGA (after contracting the syllable A.and the sound L) The ending of respect 4] comes before the final ending ud. 229O o}aqe BCE The father went to {abojinun konjang-uro the factory. the father the factory to 7h aE, kasyotda} went explanation: * 7 + 4 {ka da] stem ending A+ A+ @ + 4 (l-ending of respect H-ending of the past tense th-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) AHA (after contracting the syllables 4) and @) The ending of respect 4] comes before the ending of the tense @. LESSON 11 THE VOICE 114 The voice is the form of the verb which shows the re- 175 lation between the action and its agent—the doer, indicating whether the subject of the sentence is the agent or the object of the action expressed by the predicate verb. There are three voices in Korean—active, passive and causative. 1, active voice The active voice shows that the action is performed by its subject, that the subject is the doer of the action. The active form is expressed by the zero ending. for example: 2302 $7 Bae That man writes {ku tongmunun — kulssirul that man the letter eee a ct. chal ssunda] well writes explanation: - = + y (ssu da] write stem ending A&A + Le (L4- low declarative form of the final end - ing of the verb) #u} (after contracting the syllable 4% and the sound L) 176 2. The passive voice The passive voice shows that the subject is the recipient— the object of this action. The passive voice is expressed by the ending of the voice Ol{i], OIChil, 7ifgi] orel{ri] . for example: a Zo qet? BA] 7 The letter is well {ku chong-ienun kulssiga itten that ra; on that paper the letter wr on le a =-AOIEE chal ssuinda] well is written explanation: RA + q {ssu da] write stem ending A + ] + Lt (°]-ending of the voice of the passive form Ut}-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) AM (after contracting the syllable -|and the sound L) The action in which the letter is written is expressed by the passive form 4c} which has the ending of the 231passive voice ©} #2 Fo] +4 +E ( Fo] -noun a -dative ending -auziliary ending) 7 ending of the end sound of voice of the the stem of the example passive form word vowel, OlLil Zi), #Ol c}[poida] be seen qlgl, Ti lgel, (3. r}[poda] see) z(pl, | z(t], | Sth] utp], ¥} 1c} [pakida] be struck in I Chil vitl, til (4} ch (pakda] strike in) 1k] ——— ulm], AI Gf (ssitgida] be ult, washed I {gil eft], aU, (AlcL{ssitda] wash) atch], Alt] | * altri] 2th, 122] c}{nallida] be flown 2{ru] (‘dr}[nalda] fly) remarks: We have indicated here only such endings of the voice of Lethe passive form which are frequently used. For the other endings of the voice of the passive form, please refer to the appendix. 1773. The causative form The causative form is expressed by the ending of the voice O1fi], Ol(hi), Jilgil or altri]. for example: 1S 4G ES a He’s good at making {kunmun saramdurul chal the people laugh. he the people well RC. utginda] makes laugh explanation: + + i Cut da} laugh stem ending E+ 7] + Ly (A -ending of the voice of the causative form Ut}-low declarative ‘form of the final ending of the verb) RAG (after contracting the syllable 7] and the sound L) The action in which he makes the people laugh is expressed by the causative form %24lr} which has the ending of the voice 7]. ending of the end sound of voice of the the stem of the example causative form | word vowel, J Ol c} [mogida} let eat Olli] ichtg], Tileel. zip], s(t, (4 ef {mokda] eat ) oth) + { B[pl, Gl olan chida] Glthi} ult], let sit, set i, (cf [anda] sit) 1k) ulm], | sie} cutgiae) make | Tcitl, laugh itgil a(t]. Ati, (Xr} [utda] laugh) zich], Alt) a al(ri] | atl, $2 dflullida] make weep z{ru] ($r}[ulda] weep) remarks: We have indicated here only such endings of the voice of the causative form which are frequently used. For the other endings of the voice of the causative form, please refer to the appendix. 178 The voice may also be expressed as follows: 1. In order to express the passive SIC} [toeda] “become”, SorCt(tanghada] “suffer”? ¥tE}[patda] “receive” ,—Ot AICtLajida] /-O XICHLojida1/—O4 AIC yojidal “ become” or —Hi SICh{ge toeda] “become”, etc. are attached to the root of the verb. a ee eefor example: © Wasi ct be developed {paljondoeda] explanation: wast + [paljonha da} develop stem _ ending: wae te root suffix ending gao+ yy verb O sta} etor ct [pagoedanghada] ! be destroyed explanation: sls] + of [pagoeha da] destroy stem ending So ate oy root suffix ending sta} + Baby verb Oo 43#C (chakchwibatda] | explanation: 4 3at + of ([chakchwiha da] exploit stem ending aq + to+ root suffix ending aq + By verb be exploited O HOrAzAlct [taggajida] | be polished explanation: a + y {tak da] polish stem ending a + ob + Alt (¢b-connecting ending of method or means 4\tt-verb which is used as an auziliary ) 2352. Inorder te express the causative MJICHsikida] “let”, —H dCblge hada] “let”? or —[# OtLt{dorok hada] “ let”, etc. are attached to the root of the verb. for example: O 29 AIC Ckongbusikida] make study explanation: SH + 3 + GF [kongbuha da] study root suffix ending 2} + Az) make study verb O 4A Oct {mokge hada] let eat eat let eaplanation: ay + [mok da] eat stem ending B+ A ae (A-ending of the adverbial modifier of the verb @t}-verd) Oo 4S ott (mokdorok hada] let eat eat let explanation: 4+ cf [mok da] eat stem ending 4+ Es ato (2 S-ending of the adverbial modifier of ihe verb #}-verb) 179 Table of endings of the voice [ ena form | passive form [ causative form Olid. Ollil, ending of 6lChil, ol Chil, the voice 7ilgil, Ailgil, 2 [ri] Eiri] 236 ee eeeameeeeeeemesemrenememmnmmmmnceeeremarks: We have indicated here only such endings of the voice which are frequently used. For the other endings of the voice, please refer to the appendix. THE EXCHANGING ENDINGS 180 The exchanging endings are the endings which make the noun, pronoun or numeral into the verbal form or in the reverse the verb, adjective or the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral into the noun. 181 When the noun, pronoun or numeral is made into the verbal form, the exchanging ending 0! [i] is attached to the noun, pronoun or numeral. for example: O BFS Pyongyang is the cap- {pyongyang -un ital of the Democratic Pyongyang ‘ : People’s Republic of ZAVFFY chosonminjuju-ui the Democratic People’s adeaza inmin -gonghwagugui Republic of Korea of FE0I*. sudoida] the capital is Korea. explanation: * FE + eo] + 4 (#E-noun °]-exchanging ending 4-low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) The exchanging ending o] is attached to the noun #5. 237 uunnUINNNINNENNUINNNnemeNext, it is your ‘turn. off aAaE Holt". [taum charyenun noida] next turn you is explanation: * Uo + ol + cb (U4 pyon °]-exchanging ending 4-low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) The exchanging ending °] is attached to the pronoun uy. 0 ZAS ayolr*. {chosonun hanaida) Korea one is Korea is one. explanation: #* 3 + of] + of (a}}-numeral °|-exchanging ending t-low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) The exchanging ending °] is attached to the numeral #4, 182 When the verb, adjective or the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral is turned into the noun, the exchanging ending Olm] or Ji{gi] is attached to the stem of the verb or adjective or to the stem of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral. for example: O a of aq Getting up early in the (achime =—-—iljjik morning is good for the the morning in early health ; ealth. Vyte* agay FF. ironamun kon-gang-e chota) getting up health to good. explanation: * Yy4 + oF [irona da] get up stem ending do}44+u(a- exchanging ending) Wold (after contracting the syllable Uand the sound 1) 238 AThe exchanging ending 0 is attached to the stem Yo} = of the verb Yo} 14} r}, : O 2 sas” Sobee}*?| He likes working. {kunun ilhagirul choahanda] he working likes explanation: *: Gat + F [ilha da] work stem ending Dat + 7] + S(r)-exchanging ending %-accusative ending) The exchanging ending 7] is attached to the stem Gat of the verb Ya}r}, *2 $ + 4 [cho ta] good stem ending $+eb+ arf (o--connecting ending of method or means atr-verb which is used as an auziliary de) $+ + t+ 4 stem ending S$+oht atu (Le-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) Fhe} (after contracting the syilable @ and sound L) O 4S of 4] qa I know that getting (nanun achime ——_—iljjik | up early in the morning : a is good for the health. ays] Ata ironami kon -gang -e getting up _—health to fee" adt choumul anda} good being know explanation: *, # + [cho ta] good stem ending F+ 0+ 04+2(2-link-vowel U-eachanging ending 239%- accusative ending ) $22 (after contracting the syllable © and the sound 0) The exchanging ending 0 is attached to the stem $ of the adjective $c} by the link-vowel ©. *,% + G [al da] know stem ending J+U (ULxf-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) ebehlafter dropping the sound @ (refer 196) and contracting the syllable of and the sound L] O4e AAAS I am proud that I am {manun chuchejosonui 1 Juche Korea of au 2* Abe ep, kongminimul charanghanda] citizen being proud a citizen of Korea of Juche. explanation: %* Za] +0]+1}[kongmini da] citizen be (B8l-noun °]-exchanging ending }-low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) Bu +o} + 04-2 (U-exchanging ending -accusative end - ing) Bul? (after contracting the syllable °] and the sound 1) The exchanging ending @ is attached to the exchanging ending ©}, and the exchanging ending o] is attached to the noun 241. 183 The exchanging ending should be used correctly. 1. The exchanging ending ©] can be omitted after noun, pronoun or numeral which ends’ in a vowel. for example: u or Baby He is a doctor. (kunun uisada] he doctor is eeexplanation: & AA +O} +4(YAb-noun —-] ~ exchanging tt-low declarative form of the final ending of the ending verbal form) Ab-+ch(The exchanging ending °] can be omitted. ) The exchanging ending ©] is-not omitted in the attributive form. for example: qa ase {uisain kimdongmu] doctor being Kim comrade Comrade Kim, a doctor explanation: # Ab +o] +L (4 Ab-noun o] -exchanging ending L-attributive ending of the verbal form in its present tense) Abel (after contracting the syllable o| and the sound L) The exchanging ending U[{m] makes the verb, adjective and the verbal form of the noun, pronounor numeral into a noun. The exchanging ending 7] makes the verb, adjective and the verbal form of the noun,pronoun or numeral into a noun and also expresses the process of the action. for example: 2} A} 371 Aa* aaj Man must become a {uisaga _toegijone monjo | revolutionary before a doctor becoming before first . : becoming a doctor. Ay =] of aq. hyongmyong-gaga toeyoya handa a revolutionary become must explanation: * 3] + of [toe da} become stem ending H+ 71+84+4(rl-eachanging ending A-nounol -dative ending) The exchanging ending 7] makes the verb 5]+} into the noun and also expresses the process of becoming & doctor. 3. The substantivized form by the exchanging ending wu [m] can also be used as a predicate. for example: Lee st The weather is clear {onurun nalssiga today. today the weather Mend ge’. ma lgum] clear being explanation: * = + [mak da] clear stem ending B+O2+0(l-link-vowel W-eaxchanging ending) BS (after contracting the syllable © and the sound 0) 184 Table of the exchanging endings verbal form substantive exchanging ending OlCi] O (ml, JI {gil LESSON 12 THE AUXILIARY ENDINGS 185 The auxiliary endings are attached to various kinds of words. These endings are used to express relations among objects and phenomena as well as actions and states. 242 lt EN PNR la te wi stasis since ta teintThere are the following auxiliary endings: {nun} (U{n})/2 (unl ofl yal / 9) oF Liye) ub (man} Uy tna] / o}4} [ina] +5] [buto] #4 9 [konyong] Al Cegaiil Eldo] 186 There is a difference between the auxiliary endings and the case endings. As mentioned the auxiliary endings express relations among objects and phenomena as well as actions and states. But the case endings express the connective relations between words. for example: tae sae* a The fruit also grew well [olhaeenun kwaildo chal this year. this year in the fruit also well Ay. toeyotda] became explanation: * FH 9 + = noun auxiliary ending The auxiliary ending = expresses the relation between the fruit and other agricultural products such as_ grain, vegetables and so on. for example: sade HUo* A slarp, The fruit grew {olhaeenun = kwairi chal toeyotda] | well this year. this year in the fruit good became explanation: * 3 4 + 4 noun nominative ending The nominative ending °] expresses the relation between 243 irethe word +% and the word combination @ 5] %x}, 187 The auxiliary endings are divided as follows according to the content of the relations which the auxiliary endings express: 1. The auxiliary ending which expresses the relation of inclusion [do] also for example: L * fade wal = The vegetable also grew {olhaeenun namsaedo tl 7 re this year in the vegetable also well’ this yest 4 Aart. chal toeyotda] well became explanation: * 4 4 + = noun auxiliary ending of inclusion The auxiliary ending = expresses the idea that agricul - tural products including the vegetables have grown well. 2. The auxiliary ending which expresses restriction St{man] alone for examplk: yee aed. {naman kanda] I go alone. Ionly go | explanation: * u + a pronoun auxiliary ending of restriction The auxiliary ending % expresses that I and no one else go alone. 3. The auxiliary endings which express the relation of enlimitation: #H[buto] from MHI Cegaji] till for example: 1oz6 Fei" from 1926 to 1989 (chon-gubaek-isimry ungnyon-buto 1926 year from 198914 DEK? {chon. gubaek-palsip.gunyon.ggaii]} 1989 year till explanation: *) yo26 + al . noun auxiliary ending of limitation *? 999d 0 + mA § noun auxiliary ending of limitation = 4, The auxiliary ending which express the relation of indication E[nun]} (L [n])/ lun} for example: o Yet zr}. I go. [nanun kanda] I go explanation: 2 * 4 + = pronoun auxiliary ending of indication The auxiliary ending = expresses that no one other than I go. The auxiliary ending = is used when the word to which the auxiliary ending © is attached ends in a vowel. OF re ine I go. {nan kanda] i eo explanation: * yy +O pronoun auxiliary ending of indication 2451: (after contracting the syllable 4 and the sound L) The auxiliary ending UL expresses that no one other than I go. The auxiliary ending t is used when the word to which the auxiliary ending L is attached ends in a vowel. °o aee2* +2, |The sky is blue. Chanurun puruda]) the sky blue explanation: * ade + 2 noun auxiliary ending of indication The auxiliary ending expresses that nothing other than the sky is blue. The auxiliary ending @ is used when the word to which the auxiliary ending @ is attached ends in a consonant. 5. The auxiliary endings which express the emphasis Oflya] / OlOtiyal for example: 1 O108* FEA] DE] You must go whether ({namiya kadunji maldunji others go or not. just others go or not He ee ae. nonun kaya handa) iil i EW iN ae AR A nt Sa ABC Nm you go must explanation: * od + °1 noun auxiliary ending of emphasis The auxiliary ending °]°; is used when the word to which the auxiliary ending °]°} is attached ends ina consonant. 4 The auxiliary ending °F is used when the word to which the auxiliary ending °F is attached ends in a vowel. 6. The auxiliary ending which expresses the relation of concession Lfna] / OILHinal 246 iefor example: a tau pat Let us go to him! {ku hantena aja] him to let us go! (4-—even if he is not th very man we want) explanation: * a + tA + 4 [1—pronoun ae]—ending which is used as the case ending (refer to 189) U—auxiliary ending of concession} The auxiliary ending 4 expresses that he is not the very man we want. The auxiliary ending 4 is used when the word to which the auxiliary ending 4 is attached ends in a vowel. The auxiliary ending °]++ is used when the word to which the auxiliary ending °]44 is attached ends in a consonant. 7. The auxiliary ending which expresses negation Hw [konyong] for example: : BEA Fe 44 Far from raining, it {pinunkonyong kurum hanjom was a cloudless day. rain far from cloud 4 piece ae Al Ah, omnun nalssiyotda] not there being weather was explanation: * a + © + AW (a] —noun E—auziliary ending of indicationA\\4—auzxiliary ending of negation) The auxiliary ending A'g is usually used together with the auxiliary ending = or €. The auxiliary ending = is attached to a syllable which ends in a vowel. The auxiliary ending @ is attached to a syllable which ends in a consonant. 247188 Table of auxiliary endings meaning auxiliary ending relation of inclusion &{[do] also relation of restriction 2 [man] only relation of limitation 4) [buto] from, MR Cegaji) till relation of indication t(nun}(t [n))/2{ un) relation of emphasis OFlyal/ OlOFLiyal relation of concession U Cna]/ OIL Cina] relation of negation HAW ([konyong) remarks: We have indicated here only such auxiliary endings which are frequently used. For the other auxiliary endings, please refer to the ap: pendix. ENDINGS WHICH ARE USED AS CASE ENDINGS 189 There are the following endings which are used as case endings: 1, Etfranly o}2Ciran] These endings perform the function of nominative endings § and are used to give a definition to the word acting as the subject. 248for example: al 4} 4 ol et* @o}r}~ | Ina nutshell, the idea {chuchesasang.iran hanmadiro of Juche means that the Juche Idea in a nutshell | masters of the revoiution ca cm and construction are the ma. ro yongmyong .gwa saying ooo aa ; masses of the people and 7AAl 9} ze : that they are also the konsorui chuinun construction of the master ‘ ; volution and construction. ald sels inmindaejung -imyo people masses is and aga AAS hyongmyong-gwa konsorul revolution and construction motive force of the re - FSS qs chudonghanun himdo driving force also dads al Mts inmindaejung.ege itdanun the people masses tothere being AL APO] Eh, sasang -ida] idea is explanation: “Raa + of a(al4z}A—noun —°1 ending which is used as the case ending) The ending °]% which expresses a case is used when the word to which the ending °]% is attached ends in a consonant. The ending % which expresses a case is used when the word to which the ending % is attached ends ina vowel. 2. StilChante] This ending is mostly used in spoken language and serves the function of a dative ending. 29for example: 2 Yeare Eq. He asks me. {kunun nahante munnunda] he me to asks explanation: * yb + tl (U4—pronoun te|—ending which is used as the case ending ) ssconesiceghebmeene a CNintaiaiait 3. SbilChago} This ending serves the same function as that of the ending of the coordinative case. 3 i | i i for example: Aes o* 4 Comrade Kim and I {kimdongmuhago _na) Kim comrade and I explanation: * ASS + aa(AsF—noun *t5l—ending which is used as the case ending) 4, SCb{boda] (more) than HE (chorom] as, DfLHmada] every The endings #t}, “1% are used to express comparison. for example: Oo 2e USC aq, {kunun naboda kuda] he I than big He is bigger than I. explanation: 7 7 u + B4(Y—pronoun %}—ending which is used as the case ending) Oo + Ma* a {nunchorom huin]} white as snow snow as white 250 eeexplanation: * +448 (=-noun AY—ending which is used as the case ending) 2 © @ OFCt ; every year Chaemada] year every explanation: a aA + At(a—noun +c+— ending which is usedas the case ending) 190 Table of endings which are used as case endings: ending which is used as the case ending nominative # Cran] 0/2 Ciran] E dative at gy (hante] coordinative StH Chago] others SC} [boda] M# [chorom] OCH Cmada] i remarks: We have indicated here only such endings which are frequently used. For the other endings, please refer to the appendix. LESSON 13 STEM AED ENDING 181 The distinction between the stem and the ending is clear in the formation of Korean words. When a certain grammatical meaning is necessary, the 251eee ending to express it is attached to the stem, when unnecessary, some omissions are made. for example: =z + y [po da] see stem ending in order to express respect a + AM + GF [po si dalsee (A)—ending of respect) in order to express the causative B + Ol + =F[po i dal show (*]—ending of the causative voice) in order to express the past B + & + 4Alpo at dalsaw (%— ending of the past tense) In order to express both the causative aud respect, the ending of the causative voice °] {iland the ending of respect 4|[ si] are attached to the stem. B + OL + AM + poi si dal show (°l—ending of the causative voice 4|—ending of respect ) In order to express both the causative and the past, the ending of the causative voice °l[ i] and the ending of J the past tense @[yot] are attached to the stem. B + Ol +. SM + Alpoi yot dal showed (°]—ending of the causative voice W—ending of the past tense) In order to express both respect and the past, the en-# ding of respect 4|[ si] and the ending of the past tense &@ { yot] are attached to the stem. 3B + M + & + Alpo si yot dalsaw (4]—ending of respect &—ending of the past tense) In order to express causative, respect and the past § simultaneously, the ending of the causative voice I[il,@ 252the ending of respect 4|[si] and the ending of the past tense @[yot] are attached to the stem. B + Ol + M + & + Fl poisiyot da] showed (°l—ending of the causative voice A|— ending of respect %—ending of the past tense) When the grammatical meaning of the causative in #2 °]4] AF [ poisiyotda] “showed” is not necessary, the ending of the causative voice °][ i] is omitted. B + MN + &@ + FLpo si yot dal saw (Al —ending of respect %—ending of the past tense) When the grammatical meaning of the past in 2°] 4] % AL poisiyotda] “showed” is not necessary, the ending of » the past tense & [yot]is omitted. B + Ol + M + Flpo i si dal show (e]—ending of the causative voice A— ending of respect) When the grammatical meanings of the causative and respect in %°]4|% +} [poisiyotdal “showed” are not necessary, the ending of the causative voice °] [iland the ending of respect 4] [si] are omitted. In this case the ending of the past tense is dire - ctly attached to the stem. The stem # [po] has the vowel 1 [0]. Therefore, not the ending of the past Q[yot ] but the ending of the past tense %[at]is attached to the stem. 3B + % + tFlpo at dai saw (Qt —ending of the past tense) When’ the grammatical meanings of respect and the past in 2°]4] Qt} (poisiyotdal “showed” are not necessary, the ending of respect 4] {si]land the ending of the past tense 9 lyot] are omitted. B + Ol + {poi dal show (°]—ending of the causative voice) 253When the grammatical meanings of the causative and the past in ¥°]4]%+}[poisiyotda} “showed” are not necessary, the ending of the causative voice ©} filand the ending of the past tense & lyot]are omitted. B + M + lpo si de) see (A\— ending of respect) When the grammatical meanings of the causative, respect and the past in ¥°]4]9r}[poisiyotda] “showed” are not necessary, the ending of the causative voice °l{i] > the ending of respect 4|[si] and the ending of the past [yot] are omitted, & + t} [po da] see stem ending tense ATTACHING OF ENDINGS 192 The endings are attached one by one. for example: BA MSI ate] the meeting in the ({kongjang:esoui moim] the factory in the meeting factory explanation: 34 + al noun locative ending First, the locative ending 14] is attached to the noun #4. taqq + Benitive ending Next, the genitive ending--9] is attached to 3444. PAIRS OF ENDINGS 193 There are pairs of endings,which have the same grammatical meaning. Their usage differs according to the last sounds which the stems have. for example: 2541. 47 =. The tree is high. {namuga nopda] the tree high zor? ae. The water is clear. (muri makda} the water clear explanation: A ne ae noun nominative ending *og + °} noun nominative ending The endings 7} and °] form a pair of nominative endings. The nominative ending 7} is attached toa word which ends in a vowel. The nominative ending °] is attached to a word which ends in & consonant. 2. sao = song and dance (noraewa chum] song and dance ape aA dance and song (chumgwa norae] dance and song explanation: *, } at which begins with a consonant. Oo = + oO + Yul [tur i nama] though two numeral link-vowel auxiliary ending explanation: The link-vowel ‘lis inserted between the numeral = which ends in a consonant and the auxiliary ending 4} which begins with a consonant. Oo 4 + O1 + FIchaegi da} it’s a book [Al—noun °]— exchanging ending (link-vowel)=t}—low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form] remarks: The syllable °] which is inserted between the stem and predicative ending is the exchanging ending. 2. The syllable 2ful for example o 4 + & + #& [chaeg uro] with the book noun link-vowel instrumental ending Oo yA + LF + Sligosuro] with this pronoun link-vowel instrumental ending oA. + 2 + & (ses uro} with three numeral link-vowel instrumental ending O $224 [ilgumyo] read and Ho + [ik dal read stem | ending a+ 2 + 4 (2—link-vowel "}—copulative connecting ending)O 3+2>4 [malgumyo] clear and 3B} + cf [mak da] clear stem ending 4 H+2l+4 (2—link-vowel \—copulative connecting ending) THE VOCAL HARMONY 195 The vocal harmony 1. when the vowel }fa], Flyalor 1 lolis in the last syllable of the stem, the ending OHal, Olt O& [adolor &latlis attached to the stem. Cara], for example: a} + ty [mak da] block stem ending O " +. OF [mag a] blocking (o+—connecting ending of method or means) O % + Obet [mag ara] block ! (°oket}—low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) O 3 +. OfS(mag ado] even if block (o}=—connecting ending of condition) Oo % + & + cf [mag at da] blocked (9t—ending of the past tense “}—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) remarks: : The verb @#}{hada] “do” is excluded here. Although the stem @} of the verb @} has the vowel }, the ending Hlyo]. H2tlyora], H&lyodo] or Blyot] is attached to the stem @. for example at + y Cha daldo stem ending 258 sso 4 + (ha yo! doing (—connecting ending of method or means) O @ + Get Cha yoral do! (ezt—low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) O #@ + GE Cha yodoleven if do (4 £—connecting ending of condition) a + & + oF Cha yot dal did (@—ending of the past tense *+—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) 2. When the vowel j [0], 4 Cyol], 7 (ul, —Culor ] [il is in the last syllable of the stem, the ending H[o], Hz fora], H&lodolor Rlot]lis attached to the stem. | for example: yy + =} [mok da] eat stem ending o 4 + Q ({mog o] eating (—connecting ending of method or means) oy + et [mog ora] eat! (o]2}—-low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) Oo 4y + & [mog odo] even if eat (01% -connecting ending of condition) oy + w + t} Emog ot dal ate (9 — ending of the past tense + —low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) 3] 3. when the stem ends in the vowel ](il, H [ae], 7] [e], foe], 4 (wil, 4 fuilor syllable @}{ha] in its last sylla - ble, the ending 4 [yo], is attached to the stem. Qetlyora], W&lyodolor g@& lyot]for example: Thal + (kaji dal have stem ending Oo 7A + 1 {kaji yo] having (4—connecting ending of method or means) Oo AA + Qi2t [kaji yora] have! (jz}—low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) Oo Fal + H& [kaji yodoleven if have (| =—connecting ending of condition) Oo al + a + tH [kaji yot dal] had (Bending of Pastr}—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) THE EXCHANGE OF SOUNDS 196 The exchange of sounds is also made partly in Korean when some endings are attached to stems. In such cases the changed sound also belongs to the stem. The exchange of sounds is as follows: 1. The last syllable 2lrulof the stem of the verb or adjective is changed to B#[ll]} before the connecting ending of method or means ° [0], before the ending of the past tense %fot]or before the low imperative form of the final ending of the verb °]# [ora]. for example: Sse + Churu dal flow stem ending O #88 [hullo] flowing Z+22+401 (]—connecting ending of method or means) 260 reThe last syllable # of the stem == of the verb 3% 4 is changed to 22 before the connecting ending of method or means ¢. Se+2a + 4 sound 2) 2] after contracting the sound @ and the syllable °}) (after contracting the syllable % and the OQ SR} [hullotda] flowed SZ+22+2H44 (ending of the past tense 4+—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The last syllable 2 of the stem 2 of theverb Z2 4 is changed to 22 before the ending of the past tense a. B+2+ DQ + FG & and the sound 2) $2 rc} (after contracting the sound @ and the syllable A) O Se} [hullora] flow! S+22+0e]z} (2+—low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) The last syllable = of the stem &#= of the verb =2 +} is changed to 22 before the low imperative form of the final ending of the verb °]e}. (after contracting the syllable S4+2z4+4H4 (after contracting the syllable 3 and the sound 2) 2212+ (after contracting the sound 2 and the syllable 4) The last consonant El{tlof the stem of the verb is partly changed to @([r] before an ending which begins with a vowel and before an ending which requires the link-vowel ©[ul. 261for example: oS + yh {tut da] hear stem ending oO Bo] (tur o] hearing +0] (connecting ending of method or means) The last consonant t of the stem = of the verb = is changed to @ before the connecting ending of method or means °| which begins with a vowel. Oo s24 {turuni] as hear S+24 (2-link-vowel Y—connecting ending of cause) The last consonant t of the stem = of the verb =c} is changed to 2 before the connecting ending of cause Y which requires the link-vowel ©. 3. The last consonant ¥ [pl] of the stem of the verb or adjective is partly changed to @lo] /#ful before an ending which begins with a vowel and before an ending which requires the link-vowel © [ul for example: + + [top da] help stem ending O & 2 [towa] helping EZ + 2 + b(eb-connecting ending of method or means) The last consonant H of- the stem of the verb © is changed to 2 before the connecting ending of method or means °} which begins with a vowel. EQ (after contracting the syllables 2 and °) O £24 [tonnil] as help = + %+U (4 — connecting ending of cause) The last consonant ¥ of the stem # of the verb $t} 262Le is changed to before the connecting ending of cause +] which requires the link-vowel ©. 4. The last syllable Z2{rulof the stem +2 [nurulof the adjective +2t}(nuruda], the last syllable ©[rul. of the stem *2[puru] of the adjective 2+} (puruda] and the last syllable Zlrulof the stem °]2 [iru] of the verb °]2r}lirudalare changed to #fru] @{r] before an ending which begins with a vowel. for example: ae. + ry {nuru da) golden stem ending + +22 + F (connecting ending of method or means) The last syllable 2 of the stem -+# of the adjective + 2c} is changed to 22 before the connecting ending of method or means ° which begins with a vowel. SEY (after contracting the sound @ and the syllable |) for example: Fz + [oo [puru da] blue stem ending ++ 22+ 9+ GF (Sending of the past tense 4—low declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) The last syllable 2 of the stem # of the adjective 2c} is changed to 22 before the ending of the past tense 31 which begins with a vowel. Bey (after contracting the sound @ and the syllable 3) for. example:ye + a {iru da] arrive stem ending oy} + B22 + FF (le}—low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) The last syllable = of the stem°] 2 of the verb 2 4 is changed to 2 @ before the low imperative form of the final ending of the verb 2} which begins with a vowel. ol2 ale} (after contracting the sound @ and the syllable °}) 5. The last sound #[1) of the stem of-the verb or adjective disappears before an ending which begins with. L {nlor ulpland before the ending 4] [silor 2 [ol. for example: rs + y Cul dal weep stem ending + [unun] weeping f + = (E-attributive ending of the verb in its present tense ) The last sound 2 of the stem & of the verb &4 disappears before the attributive ending of the verb in its present tense © which begins with L. O g++ [umnida] weep 2 + wuet( uuamost deferential declarative form of the final ending ofthe verb) The last sound @ of the stem Sof the verbu disappears before the most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb 44+} which begins with H. Uc} (after contracting the syllable % and the sound ¥) 264 aeraO |e} [usimyo] weep and —.DLUrt~——C—C—C—C—C—CdCKSCKSC. e]—copulative connecting ending) The last sound 2 of the stem of the verb €4 di- = sappears before the ending of respect 41. rm j O 22 [uo] weep . & +4 9g (2-middle declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The last sound 2 of the stem & of the verb $r} or disappears before the middle declarative form of the th: final ending of the verb 2. 6. The last sound A[t] of the stem of the verb or a- djective disappears before an ending which begins with a vowel and before an ending which requires the link vowel ©. for example: wy + ag {nat da] cure stem ending ) O “Lteo-a| [naaso] curing U + of + Al (eb—connecting ending of method or means 4—emphasizing ending) The last sound x of thestem & of the verb ‘tr} disappears before the connecting ending of method or means +A] which begins with a vowel. ° Lee} (naumyo] cure and 4+ 2 + FA (2=link-vowel 4 —copulative connecting ending) The last sound Aof the stem tt of the verb tr} disappears before the copulative connecting ending 265ce} which requires the link-vowel ©. 7. The last sound @ (hlof the stem of an adjective disappears before an ending which begins with a vowel. for example: ad + a [bbalga ta] red stem ending “712 [bbalgao] red Cay ob I), (g—middle declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) The last sound6 of the stem %% of the adjective “i zc} disappears before the middle declarative form of the final ending of the adjective © which begins with a vowel. LESSON 14 THE PARTS OF THE SENTENCE 197 There are eleven parts of the sentence in Korean. 1. The predicate 2. The subject 3. The object 4. The quotation 5. The adverbial modifier 6. The attribute 7. The form of address 8. The parenthesis 9. The exclamatory word 10. The conjunctive jl. The appended modifier 266198 The part of the sentence as a unit performs its own function in the sentence, but its composition differs. Accordingly the simple part of the sentence and the expanded part of the sentence are distinguished. 199 The simple part of the sentence is the part of the sentence which consists of an independent word or of a combination of words which is used as one word. for example: | AME" OFBLiS*? Ltetoich** Korea is a beautiful | [chosonun arumdaun _naraida} country. Korea a beautiful country is explanation: *, 2A + £ noun auxiliary ending ZA is the subject which consists of the noun 44 and the auxiliary ending @. ZA is the simple part of sentence which one independent word. *2 lS + of [arumdap da] beautiful stem ending consists of eet +S+U [(L—attributive ending of the adjective in its present tense) after exchanging HW for the syllable $(refer to 196)] he42 (after contracting the syllable $ andthe sound L) bee - +42 is the simple part of sentence which consists of one independent word. Yat + } + 4 (%l—exchanging ending tt—low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) 4°] cis the predicate which consists of the noun 43, the exchanging ending °] and the low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form +. the sound is the attribute which consists of the adjective 267Yz}o]r} is the simple part of. sentence which consists of one independent word. 200 The. expanded part of the sentence is the part of the sentence which is formed by the syntactical combination of two or more independent words. for example: AS Kted lt AEBIOI* Man is the master {saramun chayon.gwa sahoeui of nature and society ue man nature and society of Pane precious Fe] of Mas OIL ee chuinimyo sesang-eso and powerful being in the master is and the world in the world. 7h Asn 7B kajang kwijunghago kajang most precious and most Bien | eae himinnun chonjaeida} powerful being is explanation: *, Aatat AAR+9 (Aba —noun s}—ending of the coordinative case ~}3}—noun I—genitive ending) Aas} 4432] is the syntactical combination of two independent . words 44% and 443]. ata} A+} 2} is the expanded part of the sentence. e,At+NA AA ASAa+ a AA P+A+E (A A—noun 4) —locative ending 7}%t—adverb A ZaA—siem of the adjective AZ ay iL copulative connecting ending 74—adverb Y—noun Y—stem of the verb Met =—attributive ending of the verb in its present tense The above-mentioned combination of words is the syntactical combination of two or more independent words and the expanded part of the sentence. 268THE PREDICATE 201 The predicate is the part of the sentence which is used to express the action, state or character of an object. . The predicate answers the question of “who is?”, “what is?” “how does?” or “how is?” in the sentence. for example: oO. (who is? ) Sez=e ease. We are {urinun kwan-gwang-gaekdurimnidal] tourists. we tourits are oO (what is?) gee Hamhung is an {hamhung -un industrial city. Hamhung BA =MOICt. kong -opdosiida] an industrial city is oO. (how does? ) Ae 44s He fought against {kunun pasijumul fascism. he the fascism HE ato MSEC. pandaehayo ssawotda] opposing fought Oo. (how is?-) BAY ASHES The autumn sky in Korea (chosonui kaulhanurun Korea of autumn sky za] Sth. ggudopsi makda] endlessly clear is extremely clear. 202 The predicates are classified as the final predicate 269and the connecting predicate. l. The final predicate The final predicate comes at the end of the sentence and closes the sentence. The final predicate is expressed as follows: 1) The final form of a word becomes the final predicate. for example: As 9328 soretuct 1 : go back to (chonun yong-guguro toragamnida] I England to go back England. explanation: * Fob} + ta {toraga da] go back stem ending Soo7} + wee (YU4-most deferential declarative form of the final ending of the verb) SAU (after contracting the syllable 7 and the sound ¥) The final form $o+%U +4 of the verb So}7}r} lies at the end of the sentence and becomes the final predicate. 2) The connecting form of a word becomes the final predicate. for example: STE a ; You leave for London {tongmunun _—_raeil tomorrow, don’t you? comrade tomorrow ad oe THEI *? londonuro ddonandamyonso] London for leave and? explanation: * yy + a {ddona da] leave stem ending ; 4 + LA + AA (L—low declarative form of | the final ending of the verb A\—copulative connect- 270 Ne aing ending) wtiba A (after contracting the syllable 4 and the sound L) The connecting form 4%t+}a4 of the verb Hye} comes at the end of the sentence and becomes the final predicate. 3) The final predicate is also formed by attaching an ex- Me changing ending to the stem of the word. for example: A ot BY} RS* There is a meet- {chonyoge moimi issum] ing in the evening. the evening in a meeting is explanation : * 3 + = = fit da} be stem ending Q+ 2 + (2—link-vowel @—exchanging ending) 2 & (after contracting the syllable 2 and the sound 1) The substantive form 2 of the verb 3+ comes at the end of the sentence and becomes the final predicate. 4) Sometimes, a word without any ending becomes the final predicate. for example: Sze 8f4 We are the heroic and Curjnun yong -yonghan brave Korean People’s we heroic and brave AMOR, Army. chosoninmin -gun] Korean People’s Army explanation: * BA + aa + z noun noun noun The noun ZAM lies at the end of the sentence and becomes the final predicate. ‘2. The connecting predicate lies before the final predicate. 271The connecting predicate expresses that a sentence, is not closed yet and connects two units of the sentence. The connecting predicate is usually expressed by the connecting form. 1) The connecting form of a word becomes the connecting predicate. for example: see zen* yas The sky is blue and (hanurun purugo nae maum | | am merry. the sky blue and) my heart 444. chulgopda] merry explanation: * BE + {puru da] blue stem ending #2 + G (i—copulative connecting ending) The connecting form #231 of the adjective #2 becomes the connecting predicate. 2) The final form of a word becomes the connecting predicate. for example: 10} HRCt*, ak77t zLSeteh.| The day has [ nari palgatda an-gaega chaukada] the day dawned the fog dense dawned, the fog is dense. explanation: x + aq {pak da] dawn stem ending B+ Sk + F (8t—ending of the past tense t—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The final form ¥#3tc} of the verb te} becomes connecting predicate. the Seemann3) In Korean there are nouns and adverbs which perform the function of connection. Some such nouns are SAlftongsi] “same time”, #t@{panmyon] “con- trary” , StH{hanpyon] “one side”, Wetlilbang] “ one side”, OlAfisang] “over” and $t{han] “limit”. etc. And we can cite M{kyom] “and concurrently” as an example of such adverbs. Those words become the connecting predicate together with the attributive form of the word which lies before them. for example: Ae aa 7Ol He is both a novelist {kunun — sosolgain and a poet. he a novelist being SMoal* Allo} ef, tongsie siinida] the same time at a poet is explanation: * 2d + FF OL 4 + (2A7+—noun >] —exchanging ending —attributive ending of the verbal form in its present tense A\—noun o|—dative ending) AZAAA BAA (after contracting the syllable °] and the sound L) 203 Between the connecting predicate and the final predicate such a phenomenon is found as the grammatical meaning which is expressed in the final predicate has something to do with the connecting predicate. It is i expressed as follows: l. By the ending of respect for example: 273mae a) be Father listened to {abojinun naui_ marul the father my word me and said thus. e0* leq teal. tutgo iroke malssumhasiyotda] heard thus said explanation: ' * = + } {tut da] hear stem ending = + GL (i—copulative connecting ending) The meaning of respect which must be expressed in the connecting form £31 of the verb =*} has been expressed by the ending of respect 4] in the final DTEAABA of the verb Test. form 2. By the ending of the tense for example: aba Ba&* {paramun purodo Although the wind blew, it was not the wind blew although . Ala) 93k. Fong. seji anatda] strong not was explanation: * £ + ag {pul da] blow stem ending e+ 4s (| =~connecting ending of condition) : The meaning of the past which must be expressed in the ‘t connecting form #4 of the verb #t} has been pressed by the ending of the past tense % in the nal form %3ttt of the adjective 9c}. 3. By the final ending for example: st ai* Las {chumul — chugo noraerul the dance dance and the song Let us dance and sing! 274 Ts+344, purupsida] | sing! explanation: * F + a {chu da] dance stem ending # + GL (i—copulative connecting ending) The meaning of suggestion which must be expressed in the connecting form #21 of the verb #*} has been expressed by the ending of the most deferential suggestive form 8 4|> in the final form #%4|>} of the verb Haq, 4. By the word which is used as an auxiliary for example: 2Qa}= of sg} We shall surely fulfil Curinun i darui the production plan We enone for this month as well AAA ALS. ‘ saengsan-gyehoekdo as next month. production plan also eso"! ato wansuhago raedarui fulfil and next month of AAAGS saengsan -gyehoekdo production plan also Asta GAol epee. wansuhagoya malgosida] fulfil surely shall explanation: *, +3 + t [wansuha da] fulfil stem ending Usa + BD (—copulative connecting ending) The modal meaning of conviction which must be expressed in the connecting form %+#+i of the verb +a 275ct has been expressed by the word %2°]r} which is used as an auxiliary. *, Fa + 4 [wansuha da] fulfil stem ending tes + D2 + cf Yet Cwansuha go ya malda] fulfil surely (il—copulative connecting ending oF— auxiliary ending of emphasis %e}—verb which is used as auxiliary) Riga ety ge ot eh Ce (ine complete noun °|—exchanging ending +—low declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) When the connecting predicate and the final predicate are related to different subjects, there is no relation in the grammatical meaning between the connecting predicate and the final predicate. for example: _ HOUT AS {kunun wassunigga chonun he came as il JHASUCH kagetsumnida] go will an As he came, I will go. explanation: The person who came is he,and the person who will go is I. Therefore, there is no relation in grammatical meaning between the connecting predicate #%°&7} and the final predicate 77A@H 4. THE SUBJECT 204 The subject is the doer of the action, etc. expressed by the predicate. But the subject can be omitted in some cases. 276 eeThe subject is expressed mainly by the noun, pronoun, numeral or the substantive. ‘1, The subject is expressed by attaching one of. the following endings to the word: the nominative ending WA (ggesol], 7Hkalor Olfi] the ending which is used as the ending of the case 2 {ranlor Ol2firan] the auxiliary ending ={nun}/L [n]or ffun) for example: Oo 44] Mat 24ly, Father comes. {aboji ggeso osinda] father comes explanation: & ofa] + AA, (ob8] 2] —noun AA—nominative ending) The subject o+#] 4] 74] is expressed by attaching the s nominative ending AA to the noun °}4} 4]. o At 7a. I will go. {chega kagetsumnida] i; go will explanation: * A + 7 (Al—pronoun 7}—nominative ending) The subject 2] 7} is expressed by attaching the nominative ending 7} to the pronoun Al. o ATB* AGA The earth is one (chiguran taeyang-gyeui of the planets of the earth the solar system of h 1 t a a@ oy. the solar system. han haengsong -ida] a planet is explanation:* AF + a (Al+—noun %—ending which is used as the ending of the case) The subject %]+# is expressed by attaching the ending #1, which is used as the ending of the case, to the noun | +. Oo 235 Bale fest? | What's the {onurui nalssinun oddosumnigga] | weather like today of the weather how is? today? explanation: * Say} + = (24 —noun E—auxiliary ending) The subject '44/Eis expressed by attaching the auxiliary ending = to the noun 4. 2. The locative ending 0M [eso] is also used for the subject when a collective object is expressed. for example: | As ga} seoM* | Our farm produced {i haeedo uri nongjang-eso | a lot of vegetables this year in also our farm in this year, too. Be gas AMAL SH. manun namsaerul saengsan haetda] much vegetable produced explanation: %* The subject ?2] =] 4] is expressed by attaching the locative ending 4] to the noun $4. 3. A word without ending becomes the subject. Such a subject is often used in poems or scenarios. for example: A eat, Le] oj] Ale *e That song will givej pee norae oer ~ courage to us but that song us fear to the enemy. ———<11-11-1.at 7 AsAqqeS yong-girul chugo wonssuegenun the courage give and to the enemy BSE Fr") kongporul churira] the fear give will! explanation: %, The noun “# is used as a subject without ending. The noun &# is in absolute case. *, 22] + A + = (%2]—personal pronoun AA - dative ending =—auzxiliary ending) *; # + 4 [chu da] give stem ending % + 2] z (2]2}—middle declarative form of the final ending of the verb) : 2] 2} expresses surmise. ‘THE OBJECT 205 The object expresses the object which makes up the action or state expressed by the predicate. The object implies such a content as answers the following question: whom? what? to whom? to what? by whom? in what? with what? or (more) than who? (more) than what ? for example: Oo. (whom? ) We aa 18* dq. I meet him (nanun_ maeil kurul mannanda] everyday. I everyday him meet explanation: %* The object 1% makes up the action which is expressed 279by the predicate Ur}. oO (what? ) AS Ame* Ade. I drink a cup of (chonun kopirul {masimnida] | coffee. I coffee drink explanation: % The object 75] makes up the action which is expressed by the predicate "+444. ©. (to whom? ) a= UMM oy AS FG, He gave me {kunun naege i chegul chuotda] | this book. he me to this book gave explanation: % The object 4A] makes up the action which is expressed by the predicate #%r}. Oo. (to what? ) Ye Bau* a4. | 1 go to the factory. {nanun kongjang-e kanda) I the factory to go explanation: * The object #4] makes up the action which is expressed by the predicate 7+}. O. (by whom? ) YE TOA 32) S I attend his lecture. {nanun kuegeso kang-uirul iE him by lecture wech. pannunda] get explanation: %* The object 2714 makes up the action which is expressed by the predicate Yt ch. oO (in what?) AS HAHM* Abi op, I live in London. (chonun londoneso samnida] I London in live 280 Neexplanation: The object 24] makes up the action which is expressed by the predicate 44>}. (to whom? ) fit Ad aad {urinun kajang haengbokan | Wehave become the we the happiest. amoe* siaich, inminuro — toeyotdaJ people became explanation: happiest people. The object (31°. % makes up the action which is expressed by the predicate 5] @c}. (with what?) ee aoe Ht toburo I cut the wood with a a saw wil Ose adh. eN namurul _penda] the wood cut explanation: The object #2 makes up the action which is expressed- by the predicate lr}. {(more)than who? J A= USC ac}, | He is bigger than I. (kunun naboda_ kuda] he I than big explanation: The object 42+ makes up the state which is expressed by the predicate 2}. [(more) than what? ] a Ci chibun cho this house that This house is bigger than that one.wesc’ aq. chipboda kuda] house than big explanation: * The object 4 424 makes up the state which pressed by the predicate aq. is ex. 206 The object is usually expressed by the noun, pronoun, numeral or the substantive. 1. The object is expressed by attaching the ending of the case or the auxiliary ending to the word. for example: o Ae a} BY I prefer to drink {chonun charul tea. I tea aA oly chulgyo masimnida] for preference drink explanation: %* The object 4+ is expressed by attaching the accusative ending & to the noun 4}. _ BF Od *: I go from Pyongyang [ch pyongyang-eso rp 2 Pyongyang from to London. ard mite 4h ch. london -ggaji_ kamnida] London to go explanation: : %*, The object 3%] 4] is expressed by attaching the locative ending 4] to the noun oF. *2 The object “27+] is expressed by attaching the auxiliary ending 72] to the noun add, 2. The object is expressed without attaching any ending of the case to the word. cenfor example: AS Atolce* = o}4J 4}. | I drink a glass of {chonun saida masimnida] lemonade. I lemonade drink explanation: %* The object 4b°l>} has no ending of the case. 3. The object is expressed by attaching to itself the word which is used as an auxiliary such as #6t(wihayo] “for”, (HOHH[taehayo) “for”, UdtO[uihayo] “ through” . BtSHOULkwanhayo] “about ”and SfD/2tOH{ malmiama]”’ because of” for example: Att A otod* Mat. | Let us fight for (chogugul wihayo ssauja] fatherl. ! the fatherland for let us fight! | the eeoe explanation: %* The object 432 bo] is expressed by attaching to the word 24 the word H#4 which is used as an auxiliary. THE QUOTATION 207 The quotation expresses the object or additional des - cription which is introduced to give a concrete expla - nation of the predicate. for example: | © (who he is? ) 1 Yuazl ass7 He said to me that {kunun na-ege kimdongmuga | Comrade Kim was a he me to Kim comrade | football player. S44e2t* wsleach, chukgusonsurago malhayotda] football player was said 283explanation: % The quotation 2347} 47442}a1 expresses that com - rade Kim was a football player. © (what it is? ) 2 Yell olzol a9} He said to me ({kunun na-ege igosi ku-ui{ that this was his he me to that this his | school. stmel* Bebe. hakgyorago malhayotda] school was said explanation: % The quotation °}2°] 19) 4i#}u expresses that this was his school. oO. (how man does?) 2= sd) SHorr* He was determined {kunun yolsimi kongbuhajago | to study hard. he hard to study AMARA. - kyolsimhayotda] determined explanation: % The quotation U4] 2434} expresses to study hard. 208 The quotation is expressed as follows: 1. The quotation is expressed by —dhil{—rago] (—Ol@ti{-irago}), —SLbil[-nunyago], —L Jt -ngagoland —LCti[ -da- go} which are formed by attaching the connecting ending {golto the final form of the word. for example: ae zat) They admired Mt. Ckduron kumgsngsani | Kumgang very much for ell a}. 4 2} it's supreme natural taejayonui beauty. the great nature of 284 SSLENE uddumganun the best being bets oles Ku arumdaumirago monnae > beauty is that very ; saad. q kamtanhayotda] admired explanation: % The quotation ##4bo] YAadey ©S7= oH geleta is expressed by the connecting form —°]#i. 2. The quotation is expressed by the final form of the word with such final endings as CHtdal, AHialand ttt {nunya]. for example: 1 ofo] = Ko} By] aE * That child shouted: {ku ainun abojida that child “father is” zea. sorichotda] shouted “Father's coming” . explanation: * The quotation <°}¥} 2] +}> is expressed by the final form with the final ending =} of the verbal form of the noun 8g oh}. 3. The quotation is expressed by attaching 6t[hago] to the quotated word. The quotated word is put in quotation marks. for example: YE 24Al 4 sal ee 4 kyolko chonjaeng-ul turyowohaji annunda] never the war fear not ar it. never fe- explanation: * 2] c++ 4[turyowoha da] fear siem ending 24 ab+2] St (Al—connecting ending of negation 4 ~ verb which is used as an auxiliary) FAA at+A) +E (Et —low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The low declarative form of the final ending of the verb tt in the final predicate FAM] HE. which expresses negation, is in agreement with the adverbial modifier 22. 232 3. The agreement in interrogative words and other parts of the sentence for example: fe te aqa What an interesting {[musun = marul_—kuroke story are you telling? which word oo 307Av] Q AL Ot = 7b*? chemiitge hanunga] interestingly do? explanation: * t+ 4 [ha da] do stem ending a+=71 (=7—middle interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) The final predicate of interrogation @+=7tis in agree. ment with the interrogative word +<€. which lies at the beginning. 233 4. The agreement in the forms of address and other _| parts of the sentence This is the agreement in which the final predicate in the low form of courtesy follows after the forms of address with the vocative ending Ot{al/ Ottyal. for example: yo 4 = oF! (no paekduya you Paekdu! ZAM wor! chosonui = sana Korea of the mountain! Bot ate! malhara say! qaa4q e4aa oddoke ddorojyotdon how fallen * atop oy ah ol taeyang-i i narae sun this country i FA RAE! tasi sosatdonya] again went up! explanation: n 308 You Paekdu! The mountain of Korea! Speak out! How has the sun, which had sunk, risen again in this country? iOS ccYF + + noun vocative ending *, 4 + oF noun vocative ending *, Dat + 4 (malhada] say stem ending tat+et (e—low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) The final predicate +2} in the low form of courtesy follows after the vocative words 4 +°F and 4tet. THE ORDER OF PARTS OF SENTENCE 234 1. The position of the predicate The predicate usually comes at the end of the sentence. for example: 7) 7 @ ob The train comes. {kichaga onda] the train comes explanation: | * 2 + [0 da] come | stem ending j 2+L4 (L4A-low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) 2&4 (after contracting the syllable 2 and the sound L) The predicate 2+ lies at the end of the sentence and closes the sentence. 235 2. The position of the subject The subject usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. 309 aSo long as the speaker doesn’t emphasize a certain part of the sentence, the subject always comes first. for example: HA DE* A 7) all &4.| A bus comes there. {bbosuga chogie onda] a bus that place to comes explanation: ee noun nominative ending The subject ™|27} lies at the beginning of the sentence, 236 3.The position of the object The object often lies between the subject and the predicate. for example: O12 22 71H SB | He made a new machine, [kunun saeroun kigyerul he new machine oD mandurot da] made explanation: x AA +E noun accusative ending The object 717 & comes between the subject 2= and the predicate tS. O27, ws St . A*t4. | We want peace! {urinun pyonghwarul wonhanda] we the peace want explanation: * B+ % noun accusative ending The object 3318 comes between the subject #2] = and the predicate War. 310 eeWhen a sentence has many objects, the object to which the action of the predicate of the transitive verb directly goes over always lies nearer to the predicate than other objects. for example: us 2a al I gave him the book. {nanun kuege I him ee ku chaegul ~—chuotda} that book gave explanation: * 2 H + £ Pronoun noun accusative ending The object 2 4-2 which the action of the predicate + 94 directly influences comes nearer to the predicate ¥9t+ than the object 24a). The expanded object comes before other objects. for example: YE as I reported to him that {nanun irul I had finished the I the work k Bwoexe: wo ggunnaetdanungosul finished that ada BDTaaa de. kuege pogohayotda] him reported explanation: * 2 4 + 4 (ggunnae dalfinish stem ending BSA+G+4+E+A+E (A-ending of the past tense t+—low declarative form of the final ending of the i i 3 verb E-auxiliary ending A—incomplete noun & —accusative ending) 31lBwWdeaAs (after contracting the syllables W and %) The expanded object & ZYd=As comes before another object 247. The objects expressing time and place usually come at the beginning of the sentence. When there are objects expressing time and place, the time comes first. for example: es mM 4 Ot This evening there is {onul — chonyoge a meeting in the club. today evening in 3 et Ol Md kurakbueso the club in Bo} Qe. moimi itda] a meeting is explanation: The object expressing time 2% 74 comes before the ob. ject expressing place +424 4. 237 4.The position of the quotation The quotation usually comes between the object and the predicate. for example: AAR aA 7] BS The soldier reported {chonsanun chagi irumul his own name as Pak the soldier own name ea sane B a ag oy, | Chol Su pakcholsurago pogohayotda] Pak Chol Su as reported explanation: * 294+eb+5a (FA4—noun t—low declarative form of 312 es eaeeeerreeeernaememmmmeeemmeasctnSS the final ending of the verbal form i2—copulative connecting ending) The quotation %}% +2} i comes between the object +7] o]g= and the predicate #2 284. The expanded quotation comes before the object in order to avoid an ambiguity in meaning, for example: : Ze MHAMBH BH He said to me that he {kunun chonyoksiksajone chibe would go back because he supper before the h Jt ne 22 so rae he had to g0 home kayahamuro toragagetdago before supper. has to go as would go back that Yo ab st cb naege malhaetda] me to said explanation: * The expanded quotation 444-44] Aa] aoe ee Bek 7AA4D comes before the object 44] in order to a- void an ambiguity in meaning. 238 5.The position of the adverbial modifier The adverbial modifier usually comes after the subject, object and quotation. for example: Wg e ol oa x So] The morning {mangyongbong-e achimnouri glow beautifully Mangyong Hill on the morning glow oh one oe At Bf Al at oF arumdapge pichiyotda] Mangyong Hill. beautifully shone explanation: %* =o} 2%+c4[arumdap da] beautiful stem ending S341 (Al—ending of the adverbial modi fier) 313The adverbial modifier °+$%7] comes after the object 4%] and the subject ch@ +Sol. At the beginning of the sentence come the modal ad- yerbial modifiers such as {0} [ama] “perhaps” 2Ai[kulsse] “perhaps, 2 ilkyolko] “never”, HIE(pirok] “even if} OFFel {amuri] “however? #&{[sillo] ‘really’ and 3£(mullon] “of course ” for example: ge 1k 1 4. | Of course, he’s coming, {mullon kudo omnida] too. of course he also comes explanation: *The modal adverbial modifier #2 lies at the beginning of the sentence. When two adverbial modifiers lie side by side before the predicate, the positions of the two adverbial modifiers are interchangeable. for example: O27 B&O* # gs og | He hurried up the work {kunun maropsi choyong -i} in silence. he without word still ae 42a. irul taguchotda- ] the work hurried up explanation: * 2 + QB noun adverb O2et z8 6 {kunun choyong -i He hurried up he still the work in silence. a & Ol a2 maropsi irul without word the work 314 ere42a 4. taguchotda] hurried up explanation: The positions of the two adverbial modifiers &°l and 242 are interchangeable. The adverbial modifier —-4°# [-joguro] usually comes before another adverbial modifier. for example: 1st Be qa He regularly writes {kunun —_ pumoege the letter to his he the parents to a] = parents without fail. a 3 pyonjirul the letter a a a oes chongsangjoguro a regular way in a 2d. ggok ssunda] surely writes explanation: *The adverbial modifier @4422 comes before another adverbial modifier 4. 239 6. The position of the attribute The attribute always comes before the part of sentence which it qualifies. | | for example: ; o] of 7} OW O}* 4 4 cf. | This child is my daugh- [i aega choui_ ddarimnidal]} ter, 7 this child my daughter is explanation: *The attribute 4°] lies before the verbal form tUU4 of the noun %. When two attributes lie side by side, their positions are in- 315terchangeable in consideration of their syntactic relations to the part of sentence which lies after them. for example: Ogg at {inmin. gyongje national economy of all branches of the national economy medun = pumun]} all branch ee #E | explanation: * The attribute 314] is in the formof absolute case of genitive U4) of the noun 29a. O GE all branches of the [modun national economy all waa +e inmin.gyongje pumun] the national economy of the branch explanation: The positions of the attributes W497i and Z are interchangeable. When there are a verbal attribute and an adjectival attribute side by side, the verbal attribute comes before the adjectival attribute. for example: a Khe* H O12 a 7] | sleeping lovely baby (chamjanun kwiyoun aegi] sleeping lovely baby explanation: *: 471 + ALchamja da] sleep stem — ending 316A+ (E—attributive ending of the verb in its present tense) *, AW + 4 (kwiyop dallovely stem ending AA+Z+U[(L—attributive ending of the adjective in its present tense) after exchanging the sound u for the syllable #(refer to 196)] AA (after contracting the syllable # and the sound L) The verbal attribute #7} comes before the adjectival attribute AY. When an attribute in the form of the genitive of the noun, pronoun, numeral or the substantive goes side by side with an adjectival attribute, the attribute in the form of the genitive of the noun, pronoun, numeral or the substantive comes before the adjectival attribute. for example: Ban DH eg of the noble honour (tang «wonui kogwihan yong-e] a party member of noble honour of a party member explanation: *, 38 + 4 noun genitive ending *, ZAM+ A (kogwiha da] noble stem ending DLAG+L (L—e@tiributive ending of the adjective in its present tense) LA (after contracting the syllable zand the sound L) The attribute $9] in the form of the genitive of the noun $4 comes before the adjectival attribute 2A. When an adjectival attribute lies side by side with an attribute in the form of the absolute case of the personal Pronoun, the adjectival attribute comes before the attribute in the form of the absolute case of the personal 317pronoun. for example: Sead e" our glorious fatherland fone cy aneeurcun glorious eae AF uri choguk] our fatherland explanation: *, @8A9+4 ([yong.gwangsurop da] glorious stem ending BBAUY+$ +L ((L-attributive ending of the adjective in its present tense) after exchanging the sound 4 for the syllable + (refer to 196)] BAN t (efter contracting the syllable ~ and _ the sound L) *, The attribute ? 2] is in the form of the absolute case of the genitive #12] of the personal pronoun 2]. The adjectival attribute9 @Az2]flies before the attribute 2] in the form of the absolute case of the genitive $2]°] of the personal pronoun $2I. The expanded attribute comes before another attribute in order to avoid an ambiguity in meaning. for example: Lt et OF ol at of the noble character of (narawa inminui loving and setting sto- the country and the people of We @ ae re by the property of ee nal eects the country and people the property sparing and MZ dF ED Ab Bree SAY saranghanun kosanghan pumsong] loving noble character explanation: *, *+%3++4 [sarangha da] love stem ending 318ABS += (E—attributive ending of the verb in its pre- seni tense %*, 24ba}+tt[kosangha daJ]noble stem ending AAS+L (UL -attributive ending of the adjective in its present tense) AA (after contracting the syllable and the sound Lu) The expanded attribute Ve} Bxy AAs Lt 240 7. The position of the form of address, exclamatory chal a 4b = comes before another attribute word, parenthesis.conjunctive or appended modifier The form of address, exclamatory word, conjunctive or appended modifier usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. for example: LULL Mother! Father is back. Comoni abojiga mother father Sot ea4y c, toraosi mnida] comes back explanation: * The form of address “44 lies at the beginning of the sentence. The form of address or an exclamatory word comes also at the end of the sentence. | for example: eal al Father is back, mother! {aboj iga father Soho adeh, OF i Lt | toraosimnida omoni] comes back mother ! 319explanation: * The exclamatory word “14 comes at the end of the sentence. O fal yoo] 1d Fle [uri kioi kudae pumuro we surely your bosom to We will surely go back to your bosom, our motherland! E of 7 al et, toragarira go back will aH U = Ol A*! omonijogugiyo] mother fatherland! explanation: * FY +AS+ OF noun noun vocative ending The form of address the sentence. 154414 4]4] comes at the end of When the conjunctive performs its function of connecting two parts of sentence, it comes between them. for example: 44 YU Az U* 2 = | You andI as well as {nowa na kurigo kunun he go together. you and | and he GA Ag. hamgge kanda] together go explanation: * The conjunctive 12] i comes between the the subject 2. subject 4 and LESSON 16 THE KINDS OF SENTENCES 241 Korean sentences are classified into five kinds ac- 320Be —i‘(is cording. to the state of things and the viewpoint of the speaker — declarative, interrogative, suggestive, imperative and exclamatory. 242 1. The declarative sentence A declarative sentence expresses some statement in the affirmative or negative form. for example: AS WAt9V U4. Iam a student. {chonun taehaksaeng-imnida] IT a student am 1) The declarative sentence contains the following contents of statement: (1) Some phenomenon, result or fact: : for example: qAalee &¢44 The children are Corinidurun amnarui masters of the future. | the children the future of a za so 4 chuindurida] the masters are (2) Some work or action to be done obligatorily: for example: oe ne We must keep the Curinun we labour safety regula- ' | ZEUATAE tions. rodong-anjon-gyujong-ul the labour safety regulation aA oh. chikyoya handa] keep must 4 (3) The estimation of some fact:for example: He 242 4 4&4 4.| You have studied well. {nonun kongburul chal hayotda) you the study well did (4) The determination or intention of the speaker: for example: ay ad A= 42222 | Tomorrow! will return Craeil chonun yong-guguro | to England. tomorrow I England to .,rtC CLL toragagetsumnida] go back will (5) The promise of the speaker to the person addressed: for example: ad AAl gobs Tomorrow I will come (raeil tasi oma] again. tomorrow again come will explanation: * 2 + FH [o da] come stem ending 2+1(t}—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) The low declarative form of the final ending of the verb *} expresses the promise of an action foreseen in the future. : (6) The affirmation or negation of some fact or the word of some person: @® When the interrogator is superior to the person addressed: for example: OFFE 72? {tongmunun kao] comrade go? Ge Are you going?Owe 47H? Are you going? {nonun_ kani] you go? Gl. Cye] yes. explanation: | is the answer that one will go. OFKLS. [aniyo] No. explanation: " tu + & (e%U —adverb of negation %— middle declarative form of the final ending of the verbal form) ol4& is the answer that one will not go. OF eae ha) eae Aren't you going? [tongmunun an-gao] comrade not go? explanation: x a + 4 [an.gada] not go (ak-adverb of negation 7+ — verb) gk+7+2(2—middle declarative form of the final ending of the verb) OYE tr? Aren't you going? {nonun an-gani} you not go? explanation: * ob + 7 ok + A + Y(U-low interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) Qi.lye] yes. explanation: o] is the answer that one will not go. The answer & is the affirmation of “not go? ”. In this case the answer in English would be “no” 323OFLIG. Caniyo) No. explanation: o}4 & is the answer that one will go. The answer 42 is the negation of “not go?” In this case the answer in English would be “yes” @ When the interrogator and the person addressed are on an equal footing: for example: O (between friends) ERE AU ? Are you going? {tongmunun kana] you go? © (between children) HE AU? Are you going? {nonun_ kani] you go? 8. [ung] yes. explanation: % is the answer of one who will go. OFLI. Cani] No. explanation: | ck is the answer of one who will not go. | © (between friends) SEE GAY? [tongmunun an-gana] you Aren’t you going? not go explanation: * +714 [an gada] not go ( &—adverb of negation + %4— verb) e+At+4 (4—middle interrogative form of the final ending of the verb)© (between children) HE tye? Aren’t you going? [nonun angani] you not go? explanation: * G47 ek+74+4 (U—low inierrogative form of the final ending of the verb) Sung] Yes. explanation: 2 $ is the answer of one who will not go- The answer @ is the affirmation of “not go? ”. In this case the answer in English would be “no”. OFLI. fa ni] No. explanation: oY is the answer of one who will go. The answer °F is the negation of “not go? ”. In this case the answer in English would be ‘‘yes’”’. ® When the interrogator is inferior to the person addressed: for example: ote AAU? Are you going? (tangsinun kasimnigga] you go? O oH a) AAU A? | Are you going, father? {abojinun kasimnigga] father goes? 5. [ung] Yes. explanation: 2 * is the answer of one who will go. OF LI.Cani] No.explanation: ek is the answer of one who will not go. a [tangsinun Aren't you going? you BAA YALL an. gasimniggal not go? explanation: * +7 e+ A+A+ UA (Al—ending of respect HU A%A—most deferential interrogative form of the final ending of the verb) aAVUA after contracting the syllable “| and the sound H) © ow zl = ot 4) Yo? | Aren't you going, father? {abojinun an.gasimnigga] father does not go? S.{ungl Yes. explanation: % is the answer of one who will not go. The answer $ is the affirmation of ‘‘not go? ”. In this case the answer in English would be ‘‘no” OFLI. [ani] No. explanation: °+4 is the answer of one who will go. The answer °F is the negation of “not go? ” In this case the answer in English would be “yes” (7) The declarative sentence only shows that there is a certain object. for example: zea 2a, the streams of the { kunjung-ui mulgyol masses, the cheers of the masses of the wave fay 326 eeso aS. kibbumui — hwanho] joy of the cheer The characteristics of the declarative sentence The final predicate of the declarative sentence is usually expressed in the declarative form. for example: YE 2BFLE I go back to the {nanun choguguro f 1 . I the fatherland to peered = Oo} 2! Of toraganda] go back explanation: * Zeb7}+4Ltoraga da] go back stem ending EtA+L4(L 4—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb) Ett (efter contracting the syllable7+ and the sound L) =o}%} is the declarative form of the verh #°eb7}4. But in some cases the final predicate of the declarative sentence can be expressed in other forms. for example: AY 84% a There is a meeting at [chonyok yodolsibuto 8 o'clock in the even- evening 8 o'clock from : a LUr—™ te hoeuiga issum] the meeting to be explanation: * 3 + F [it da] be stem ending 327 cena34240 (2—link- vowel U—exchanging ending) 3S(after contracting the syllable 2 and the sound 0) The final predicate 31 is the substantive form of the verb StH. 243 2. The interrogative sentence The interrogative sentence means that the speaker asks another person something. (1) The interrogative sentence which requires an ans- for example: ada gale When do you return to fonje tangsinun the fatherland? when you AFALE choguguro the fatherland to E-AA UH? toragasimnigga] return? The interrogative sentences are classified as follows according to their function and contents: wer from the person addressed ® The affirmation of some fact: for example: | BAe B9aAVUA? Are you an inter- {tangsinun tong -yogwon imniggal preter? you an interpreter are? a. Y es. {ye] yes @ The answer to a concrete fact: for example: 34) 4) 4 7 2 What time is it? (myotsiimnigga] how much time is? 328 re5 alayy ct. It is five o’clock. {tasotsiimnida] five o'clock is (2) The interrogative sentence which doesn’t require an answer from the person addressed @® It is required that the person addressed does some action. for example: Sok, A se of al Children! Why haven't {aedura waedul = ajik you gone to school yet? children! why yet Go2q tru? hakgyo-e an-gani] school to not go? explanation: x HW + adverb plural ending The plural ending = is attached to the adverb 4 in order to emphasize the plural of “children”. The interrogative sentence has the instruction that the children should quickly go to school. @A strong affirmation or negation for some fact is expressed. for example: YE AH Bad roy4r? Can't you go? {nonun kalsu opdanmarinya] you go. can not? explanation: * 7 + FH [ka da] go stem ending A+a+e BA. (2 —attributive ending of the verb in its future tense *~—incomplete noun U4+—adjective) 329+4 B+ (after contracting the syllable 7+ and the sound 2) Q+e Ut4t+e Bt+el+4 (L —attributive ending of the adjective in its sent tense %—noun which is used as an auxiliary interrogative form pre- °] —exchanging ending 4+—low of the final ending of the verbal form) as Qt tol (after contracting ihe syllable 4+ and the sound L) abe] is a strong affirmation of @ M4. The characteristics of the interrogative sentence The final predicate of the interrogative sentence is usually expressed in the interrogative form. 2) for example: Al 2 2a uo m*? * caiman ee ee Are you an English? | you an English are? , | explanation: | * Pa4g+o+udA | (°l—exchanging ending WUA— most deferential in- { i terrogative form of the final ending of the verbal form) BSABWY Alefter contracting the syllable ©] and the sound 8) 4342747 is the interrogative form of the verbal But in some cases the final predicate of the interrogative sentence can be expressed in other forms. for example: chongmal pangapda] really glad i | explanation: | # Of +0] +2444 : | (e+#—noun °] —exchanging ending #+—low declarative | form of the final ending of the verbal form 4 —con- ‘ necting ending of cause) | The final predicate °+S°l#tU is the connecting form of | the verbal form of the noun ® { { | | 244 3. The suggestive sentence The suggestive sentence means that the speaker _ requires the person addressed to do some action together with him. for example: Se 4A) 4. Comrades. let us go! {tongmudul kapsida] comrades let us go 1) The suggestive sentence contains the following: (1) It is required to do some action together. for example: a erlrmrrS—S~—ti‘“—S—S~—srs—”r—C—~—:CiC $s {tongmudul chumul chupsida] | dance ! comrades a dance let us dance (2) The person addressed is required to do some action. for example: SSF = Cpakdongmu chom Pak comrade a little ee Comrade Pak, read a little slowly!AAa As. chonchoni _ilgupsida] slowly let us read (3) One’s own determination or one’s own aim is ex. pressed. for example: a} a aL 7 = at To become a scientist! (kwahakjaga = toeja It was my determina- scientist let us become . 1 Al 44 aap ag | Hor igosi nai kyolsimiyotda] it my determination was 2) The characteristics of the suggestive sentence The final predicate of the suggestive sentence is expressed in the suggestive form. for example: Be, ‘tc aH st AL ch* | Comrades, let us sing! { tongmudul noraehapsida] comrades let us sing explanation: * “ee}+4[noraeha da] sing stem ending sal t+a aly (WAlA—most deferential suggestive form of the final ending of the verb) xt (after contracting the syllable # and the sound 8) “SAYA is the suggestive form of the verb “#4 ae. The suggestive sentence has its particular accent. (1) The tone is even at the end of the sentence. for example: > TEAR Y Let us go! (kaja] let us go! 332 Qin ee(2) The tone is even and short at the end of the sentence when a determination or aim is expressed. for example: 2Xs ER, age Comrades, let us {tongmudul hyongmyong-ul | fight together for the st! comrades the revolution oluti ' . Haq zea y ae uihayo uriwa for us with _< ga aE Al yh. hamgge ssaupsida] together let us fight 2X: (3) When high requirements are expressed, the tone is loud and strong at the end of the sentence. ' for example: a & OAFAS BEA, Let us defend {chajusong-ul onghohaja] Chajusong! Chajusong let us defend = OAtE ASAA. Let us smash the {wonssurul somyolhaja] enemy! the enemy let us annihilate a nal (4) When a recommendation or the request is expressed, the tone is relatively lowand soft at the end the of the sentence. +4. for example: FF Let us talk here! Cyogieso this place in xs lobe aah iyagirul haja} the talk let us do 245 4. The imperative sentence 333The imperative sentence means that the speaker makes the person addressed do a certain action. for example: = aA yl eo. Leave at once! [kot ddonasio] at once leave! 1) The imperative sentence contains the following: (1) An order, instruction, prohibition or appeal is expressed. for example: A Al. Sleep! (chage] sleep! explanation: AA + 4 [cha da] sleep stem ending aA + Al (Al—middile imperative form of the final ending of the verb) (2) Congratulations,a wish or a hope is expressed. 1 | for example: a4 a AAA 2. Good- bye! i [annyong-i kasipsio] | well go! | ! (3) A request, recommendation or permission is expressed. for example: lad Zee! oe (kuroke hasio] so a do! Do so! 334 |2) The characteristics of the imperative sentence The final predicate of the imperative sentence is usually expressed in the imperative form. for example: 5 a 2] Jt abe Go quickly! [bballi kara) quickly go! explanation: * 7A + F [ka dal go stem ending A + & (2+—-low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) 7t#} is the imperative form of the verb 71+. But in some cases the final predicate of the imperative sentence can be expressed in other forms. (1) In the form of 22 [Igot] for example: | ZRF OBFa Hy All should gather! | {modu moilgot] all gather! explanation: * Eo} + {moi da) gather stem ending EZeo+a+A (2 —attributive ending of the verb in its future tense 2A—incomplete noun) BUA(after contracting the syllable °] and the sound 2) The final predicate 2U2 is in the formof #2. (2) Without ending for example:7 le Hurry up! [bballi bballi] quickly quickly explanation: *The final predicate 2] is without ending. i (3) In the form of the instrumental of the noun | | for example: Bd, ust Squad! Forward after {pundae narul me! squad me | a et ao Bt! ! ddara apuro ] i following forward! explanation: a CM 7 noun link- vowel instrumental ending The final predicate &°# is in the form of the instrumen. tal of the noun @. (4) By attaching A [s] to the connecting form of the verb } [al/ 7 [0]/4 Lyol for example: A. Stop! Csot] stop! explanation: A + F Iso da] stop stem ending A + 2% . A(after contracting the syllable 4 and the sound *) The final predicate 4 is formed by attaching A to the connecting form 4 of the verb 44. 246 5. The exclamatory sentence The exclamatory sentence expresses some kind of emo 336tion or feeling. for example: 2,429 ut et} Oh, the sea of the {o chogugui padayo] | fatherland! oh the fatherland of the sea 1) The exclamatory sentence contains the following: (1) An emotion is expressed differently. for example: Che c= oll oh 3 el r+ | Ah, we see the East fa tonghaega poinda] Sea! ah the East Sea is seen! The sentence which contains %4l[manse] “hurrah” also belongs to the exclamatory sentence. for example: OA} Hurrah! [manse]} hurrah! O4ZADTF FAM a Long live the Demo- (choson- minjujuui-inmin- cratic People’s the Democratic People’s R bli £K t ZR ak alt epublic of Korea! gonghwaguk manse] Republic of Korea long live! (2) Feelings such as respect, pride, congratulations, conviction and determination are expressed. for example: TAyA Be Curiui pyongyang:un our Pyongyang eyes teh eta! chamuro ungjanghaguna] truly magnificent! Our Pyongyang is truly magnificent.explanation: * = $4ba++c4 [ungiangha da] magnificent stem ending Stet t4 (+4 —low declarative form of the final ending of the adjective) The characteristics of the exclamatory sentence The exclamatory sentence has the emotional accent. for example: SE! GF AO] Comrades! {tongmudul paekdusani : t 1 comrades! Mt. Packdu Here is Mt. Paekdu! #oauc ! poimnida] is in sight ! In many cases the exclamatory word isin the exclamatory sentence, too. for example: 2. F379! Oh, fatherland! fo chogugiyo oh fatherland! 4a 4 i i a i a yong -woni ponyonghayora] forever prosper! Prosper forever! explanation: * 49+ [ponyongha da] prosper stem ending Wat +4 et (42}-low imperative form of the final ending of the verb) 338SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES 247 Sentences are classified into simple, compound and complex sentences according to the structure. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE 248 The simple sentence has only one declarative unit. for example: Ae JARS LU Ch {chonun kisaimnida] 1 an engineer am I am an engineer. explanation: There is only one declarative unit in the sentence AE Ji AR. The simple sentences are classified as follows: 1. The common simple sentence The common simple sentence consists of the parts of sentence in agreement. for example: Fae 8e°8 We go to Pyongyang. {urinun pyongyang -uro we Pyongyang to a ul ch kamnida] go explanation: Fe]e. 9F2e and G4 are the parts of sentence in agreement. 2. The one- member sentence 339 ge —————The one- member sentence consists of one word. for example: gAe GUA? Are you going? {tangsinun kamnigga] you go? i. Cyel] | Yes. yes explanation: aij is the one- member sentence. 3. The sentence of denomination This is a sentence inwhich the object, the phenomenon or state is denominated and affirmed. for example: OAM SE the Workers’ Party of {chesonrodongdang] Korea OABAMA AH SM Sw ({chesipsamcha. segye- chongnyonhaksaeng-chukjon] the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students 4. The elliptical sentence for example: Pile ag | Curinun raeil +» to Pyongyang by “we tomorrow : : a an nee) night train tomorrow. pamcharo pyongyang-uro night train by Pyongyang to--.” THE COMPOUND SENTENCE AND COMPLEX SENTENCE 249 The compound sentence and complex sentence have two 340 aor more declarative units in the sentence. The. compound sentence The compound sentence consists of two or more co- ordinated simple sentences. for example: 1: a Al Ea oi He arrived yesterday, [kunun oje tochakago he yesterday arrived and He 2Q@ecste# se ut. chonun onul tochakaetsumnida] I today arrived and I arrived today. explanation: The declarative units, Le 4A EAs} and AE 2E EAR #U,. in the sentence LE VA EAMD AE QE EAREG Ur} are connected to each other by the copulative connecting ending 7. But they have the same qualification. The complex sentence The complex sentence consists of a main declarative unit and one or more subordinate declarative units. for example: a at MW JF If the weather is {raeil _ nalssiga fine tomorrow, tomorrow the weather . zon Us ut ach | 1 will leave. choumyon nanun_ ddonagetda] good when I leave will explanation: The declarative units, 4% 247 $29 and YE aya, in the sentence AY 247} $OA YE yA are connected to each other by the connecting ending %.THE ORDER OF THE PRINCIPAL CLAUSE AND THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE 250 In Korean the subordinate clause always lies before the principal clause. for example: a SW Jt zou When the weather Craeil nalssiga choumyon is fine tomorrow, tomorrow the weather good when| we will leave. FAS FURS oh. urinun ddonagetsumn ida] we leave will explanation: The subordinate clause AU 447+ $29 lies before the principal clause $2] F4ASU 4 in the, sentence AY ¥ Ay 2a Fae FuMsyA. DIRECT SPEECH 251 Direct speech conveys the original speaker's exact words. for example: . TL* LE % Ad. | He said: “Let us go! Ckaja ko kunun malhayotda] “let us go!” he said explanation: * il is the copulative connecting ending. The original speaker’s words indirect speech are connected to the principal clause as follows: 1. The endings such as i [ko], ehilfrago] and 2t{ra] come after the original speaker’ s words. 342for example: «nAAl> TD 1= Bsa. He said: 7 Ukaja ko kunun malhayotdal| “Let us go! “let us go!” he said 2. The word such as 6til{hago] and OlBAlLiroke] “so” comes after the original speaker's words. for example: «mAL> LE He said: {kaja kunun “Let us go!” “let us go!” he aA Betas. iroke malhayotda] so said 3. The original speaker’s words are connected to the principal clause without any means. for example: «tal > ae waa, He said: {kaja kunun malhayotda]} “Let us go! ” “let us go!’ he said THE ORDER OF THE ORIGINAL SPEAKER’ S WORDS IN DIRECT SPEECH 22 The original speaker’s words can lie before the principal clause, in the middle of the principal clause or after the principal clause. 1. The original speaker’ s words come before the principal clause. for example: «HE OIC OH — | He asked me: {nonun odie kani “ ing?” you which place to go? | Where are you going?And 2e Yaa eRq. rago kunun na-ege murotdal] he me to asked explanation: The original speaker's words ae before the principal clause 2= 44Al $94 in the sentence (VE FA AY? ea 2=e YAA EAA. 2. The original speaker’s words come in the middle of the principal clause. for example: 3 uf al «ue He asked me: “Where ee na-ege nonun are you going?” he me to “you OIC GH FELT? > odie kani which place to go?” an FRq. rago murotda] asked explanation: The original speaker’s words nonun odie kani] “you which place to go?” explanation: The original speaker’s words «HE 4 74 7?> lie 344after the principal clause 2= UA E24. INDIRECT SPEECH 253 Indirect speech reports in one’s own words what so- if mebody has said. for example: de 2xoU* saad. He said that he : {kunun ogetdago malhayotda] would come. y he come would that said explanation: * 2 + 4 [o da] come stem ending 2 +AaA+ 4+ a (Al—ending of the future tense +—low declarative form of the final ending of the verb iL—copulative connecting ending) in THE CHANGING OF DIRECT SPEECH k INTO INDIRECT SPEECH 254 Direct speech is changed into indirect speech according to the following rules: l. Person, time, place and direction of the direct speech are changed in conformity with the reporter's point of view. for example: © Direct speech He said: “I will also LE | tosogwane kagetsumnida the library to go will” An Baar. rago malhayotda] said © Indirect speech 41 mis He said that he would Ckunun chagido also come to the he own also . ceetse = 2) abo library the next day. daumnal tosog wane next day the library to SACHS ogetdago come would that aaa Fh. malhayotda] said explanation: *, AZ in direct speech is changed into *+7|=% in indirect speech. *, 4% in direct speech is changed into 4$'4 in indirect speech. *, 77AB44 indirect speech is changed into 24+ in indirect speech. The different forms of courtesy in direct speech are changed into the low formof courtesy in indirect speech. for example: © Direct speech He said: “I will also _ eae go to the library {kunun chodo raeil : » he “Lalso tomorrow omorrow. 346 SUSEEA tA TEAS UCSD dosogwane kagetsumnida the library to go will’ Cpe Veit Le rago malhayotda] said © Indirect speech ig st a He said that he would {kunun euaeree alsc come to the library oe ig ~~ “a al the next day. daumnal dosogwane next day the library to eatm tag 4. ogetdago malhayotda] come would that said explanation: * 7+AGU4 in direct speech is the most deferential form of courtesy. 244 in indirect speech is the low form of courtesy. The forms of address, exclamatory words and some other expressions in direct speech are changed into other expressions. for example: © Direct speech Le D moimi ggunnatsumnigga the meeting finished?” aa F394. rago murotda]} asked © Indirect speech al oS SSS oar {kunun pakdongmuege he Pak comrade to _ moimi the meeting FxeerADd Aq ggunnannun-gago murotda] finished whether asked explanation: #2 in.the indirect He asked: “Comrade Pak, is the meeting over?” He asked Comrade Pak whether the was over. meeting * S-2 in direct speech is changed into $74 in indirect speech. 348 eeeeeeeeneenneccs4. The original speaker's words in more than one sentence in direct speech are changed into one quotation in indirect speech. for example: © Direct speech aL | He said: (nujotda bballikara ko “late is fast go! Bie | | acted cle kunun malhayotdal] he said “It is late. Hurry up! © Indirect speech eS ll Mf ct *! He said that I had to ({nujossuni bballi karago : late is as fast gol that hurry up as it was 1e daad. “ kunun malbayotda] he said explanation: * The original speaker’ s words in two sentences, ¥2" and 2] 7+2} in direct speech are changed into one quotation phrase ©RU2U “e2] 7tet}D in indirect speech. 5. The quotation marks in direct speech are omitted in indirect speech. 6til[hago] or O/#Alliroke] “so” which are used as means of connecting the original speaker’s words and the principal clause are also omitted. for example: © Direct speech Ky 24> LE He said: [piga onda kunun “It’s raining” “rain comes "” he OAL Baba ry. iroke malhayotda] so said© Indirect speech 25 Wy 242 He said that Ckunun piga ondago it was raining. he the rain came that daa. malhayotda] said explanation: The quotation marks in direct speech are omitted in indirect speech. The word °1#%] in direct speech is omitted in indirect speech. TABLES OF ENDINGS TABLE OF THE ENDINGS OF THE CASE OF THE NOUN number of the word to be singular plural declined ase = | oo MM Cegesol, TMM Cggesol, nominative Tk gal/Ollil Olli] a ccacetive Blrul]l (2)(1)/ S[ul] lull | genitive QC ui} Cuil | . WiCegel, WMlggel, | dative Ol AlCegel, OAL Lege), Gite] dle]; HAlMLegeso], HHAIMLegesol, locative Hl MTeso] Gi MLeso] instrumental | &[ro] &[ro] coordinative SE wal/ itl gwal it(gwa] case OIAIOI Lisi yo), OIAIG Cisiyol. vocative Of Lyo}/01 04 Liyo), O104 fiyol, a | OF ya} /OF La] Offa] TABLE OF THE ENDINGS OF THE CASE OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN singular plural + nominative Thlgal PHgal/Ollil | accusative | @Crul](@)(1] Blrull(eytu/ | Zlul) genitive [eiCuil OlC ui] : | dative Gl Allegel] Ol Allege) locative “| AIM egeso] QAI MCegeso] 4 instrumental {=lrol &[ro] coordinative |9%t[ wal] Qt wa]/itl gwal case vocative [oii Od Lyo]/01 04 Liyo] 351TABLE OF THE ENDINGS OF THE CASE OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN WHICH INDICATES PLACE number of the word to be declined singular case fe nominative Jt gal accusative B[rul] (201) genitive Cuil dative Hite) L locative Hi Meso] 4 instrumental 2[ro] ie A coordinative case Qtlwal vocative Oifyo], Ok yal | TABLE OF THE ENDINGS WHICH ARE USED AS CASE ENDINGS . | ending which is used as the case ending, nominative Et ran)/O|2tCiran] idative Ga(doro], StHlChante) coordinative 2[rang]/Ol2Cirang], dtiChago] Ct [bodal, MH[chorom], others OE [manyang]. OfCH[ mada] 352TABLE OF THE DECLARATIVE FINAL ENDINGS the verb, the adjective and \the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral the most deferential form 1) SLICh{ sum nida]/ HLIC [mnida] 2)EfLict (damnida] 3) SCICHLsup tida]/ HCICt (ptidal] 4 EtciCh (daptida] 5) OL@ [ayol/ HS loyol/ O42 yoyo] middle form of courtesy LL [so] 2) C2 dao] 3) Hl [nel], Ctl [dane] 4) Gltdel, SH [supte]/ El [pte] 5) @ [gun], FHlguryol, Ot{ guman], G@[dogun]. HABIT dogu- man] 6) Al (ji) 7) Offal/O1Col /0Cyol 3 =a (mn gol]. HA[don-gol] 22 [lkol] 9) =H! [nunde] SGI Ldonde)” 10) CALI (doni], Cetcl (dora ni], low form of courtesy 1) Th Cdal, Etch danda]} 2) ECt{dodal, Obetiaral/ Oeztlora)/ Ofe2llyora] 3) FLtE guna], GLb {doguna] 4) &2t{noral, Getldora]Gictlim Cdoranigza] 11) 4H [ godon] 12)2l Cril, 2letCrira], ?ICt Crida] 13)Ct=10k { daguya] )LAln-gol] the adjective and the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral 2) Al{ nde] 1) at 1) SLE nuna] the verb {numan] 2) Bek ila} 2 BHiClgel, | 3) Obl mal » Bai (llael en the adjective {isigo] the verbal 1) 2}Lict 1) BLyo] 1) eh{ral, form of the {ramnida] | 2 ct@ [rao] 2tCHlranda noun, pro- | 2)€fCiCt 3) 2Hl (rane) | 2) =Ct{roda] noun or (raptida] 422 3) 24 numeral 3) 0k [yayo} Crogun], {roguna] B7et {roguman] 5) OF ya] 6) 2t>10F {raguya] 354TABLE OF THE INTERROGATIVE FINAL for ENDINGS the most middle form | low form of deferential of courtesy courtesy form the verb, the adjective land the verbal ‘form of the noun, pronoun or ume ral — DL C sum nigga ]/ HLI7}(mnigea] 2) LID {damnigga] 3) BCT {suptiggal/ HCI (ptigga] 4 EtCi Mt [daptigga] 5)21 7 Crigga] 1) Lk[na] 2QE7t {nun-gal, 27tllgal 3) CbAI Cdajil 4) =Al (nunjil, Zl (donjil, 2x Chil, BEA Munji] A7t(don- gal, 1) SLE {nunya] CLE ( donya) 24. {lsonya] 2) ak Cryal 3) LI {nil the adjec - tive and the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral 1) LJ} (n-ga] 2) UA Unjil Lt (nya] the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or Numeral erLimt Cramniggal, etcl 7 (raptigge ] Zt Al CrajilTABLE OF THE SUGGESTIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE VERB the most deferentiall middle form of low form of form courtesy courtesy 1) BAIL psidal 1) HiCsel 1) Akijal lo) XIPGljaguyo], | 2) HM[pse] 2) ABLE jagguna] [. KSliayol 3) APL jagul TABLE OF THE IMPERATIVE FINAL ENDINGS OF THE VERB the most sito middle form of low form of al form courtesy courtesy 1) MAIGLsipsio] , tf M@{[siol 1) dtfra] MlSlseyol ° Agel 2) Ofetlaral/H2t 2) et 2lraguyo] | ) +H (guryo], Cora]/04 2 yora] 2 rayo) ctf ragul 3) LH ryomuna] 4) H{ryom], 2 0t[ryoma] TABLE OF THE CONNECTING ENDINGS OF THE VERB, ADJECTIVE OR VERBAL FORM OF THE NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL classification connecting ending (1) TLgol (2) TH Cmyo], 4M [myonso coordinative copulative | (3) B#AHA{lbbundoro] (4) ALI goniwal, FLO ryoniwal(1) Uffnal, ©l{doel (2) AiG jimanl, AlOheE {jimanun],42t[gonman], adversative HUDbelgonmanun], #2 Ott ryonmanl, BOE [ryonmanun] (3) LGl{ndel, =£Gl{nundel, AGI donde] (4) LH nba], EH nunba] (1) Ubf{nal, 4fgon], E{dun] (2) Alb{gona}, BAl(dunjil, disjunctive = Jt[dun- ga] (3) ALICgoni], Bet( ial (1) H€myon], H=E({godun], subordinative condition { et(nuramyon], 2b {doramyon], 2 eta (Namyon}, At [jamyon] (2) OF&Lado]/H lodol/HE Cyodo], Het&[dorado] (3) @ BSC lmangjong], 2 NAA [ljionjongl, © Xlet&(ljiradol (4) 71@[girol, JIZMLUILgirosoni] (5) LS{ndulj, HS dondul) (6) LO nama) (7) OO aya] /01 OL oyal/ O4OEL yoyal (1) 22[ muro] | cause (2) Li{nil, Lid(niggal, ‘e2tll(nuranil, ‘2b MC nuranigga] 357 j a(3) TALI doni] (4) LOt@(nmankum], L& [nj uk] 2+ S[ nunmankuml] LL ftS(nunimankum], AotS[donmankum]) (5) 71 giel, Bet{gillael, Hs ([gonul] (1) Ch{dal, order Ct7t{daga] (2) Kt (jal (3) DAM[Egosol] method or | Ofla]/Of{0]/O [yo] means purpose or} (1) A(ryol, AD[ryogol, intention Kti[jago], TM{gojol, { 2} i[nurago] (2) H[ro] negation AICjil TABLE OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE ENDINGS OF THE VERB attributive ending of the verb tense e(nun] present {fn past Aldon} past continuous 211) future 358 4TABLE OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE ENDINGS OF THE ADJECTIVE attributive ending of the adjective : tense L{n} present | Aldon] past continuous ei) future | TABLE OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE ENDINGS OF THE VERBAL FORM OF THE NOUN, PRONOUN OR NUMERAL attributive ending of the verbal form of the noun, tense pronoun or numeral | L[n) present | [don] past continuous _| 2(1] future TABLE OF THE ENDINGS OF THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF THE VERB OR ADJECTIVE verb or adjective 1. Hl Cge], &(dorok] 2. Rldutl, SO dusi] 3. 245 []surok] i | | | ending of the adverbial modifier of the | i |TABLE OF THE TENSE ENDINGS present past future Lat], | | tense ending | zero ending | %[otl, Bljot] Alget] | TABLE OF THE ENDING OF RESPECT f ees ending of respect | AlCsi] | L a TABLE OF THE ENDINGS OF THE VOICE KE | > causative form Olli], OlChil, WCeil, el{ril, Plgu (chu), Ful, WPlgiul, olSChiul, 2l?Criul, OlSCiul, SalCukil, OILikil | TABLE OF THE EXCHANGING ENDINGS passive form a WCgil, 2Cril, ending prding of the voice NFCgiul, olSChiul, 2lfCriul, OlACiul verbal form substantive | Om, exchanging ending Olid 7\Cgil 360TABLE OF THE AUXILIARY ENDINGS ending meaning —— relation of inclusion = relation of restriction relation of limitation relation of indication relation of emphasis relation of concession relation of negation auxiliary ending &[do] also, OFM{ majo} also, ZEXt [jocha] also Gt{ man] only H[buto] from, MAC ggajil till Elnun](L{n})/2f un] OF LyaJ/O1 OFC iyal Lh{na]/OILfCina J, 1 LEO} fnama]/0| LEO inama] ?}=[radol/Ol2t&[irado] H SB (konyong]SUBJECT INDEX The numerals indicate the paragraphs and others indicate the pages. absolute tenses 162 accusative 18 active voice 175 adjective 16° adverb 126 °° adverbial modifier 209 eee eee eter teen nent ene e eee e ene wanes 286 adversative connecting endings 131 * agreement of parts of sentence 229 - ** 230 124 agreement in expressions of respect and courte sy 230 stestsessseeesesteeseeteesseesseesesteeeenteane 304 @ agreement in the adverbial modifier and other parts of sentence 23] “rrrrrrttttcrrccsssssteetee sees eee 307 © agreement in interrogative words and other parts of sentence 232 eee eee eee nent e ene ee ence eee eeeees 307 @ agreement in the forms of address and other parts of sentence 233 ccrrccrccerettesetreeteetee eee 308 appended modifier 221 attribute 21] crrcrsereetesetereseees attributive form of the verb 147 - + 202 attributive formof the adjective 149 ‘crt 206 attributive form of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral [5] ccccccttststtstssteeee 208 auxiliary endings 185 cardinal numbers 115 causative form177 162 change of sounds 12 - changing of direct speech into indirect speech 254 crrrciscrsrceesssreesseesteeeseeeseneeeseeeeeeeecse gees 345 eeeeee@@ee4e03e#ee#8e e classification of the predicates 202 stn compound sentence and complex sentence 249 - conjunctive 219 connecting endings condition 134 connecting endings of cause 135 connecting endings of order 136 connecting endings of method or means 137 * connecting endings of purpose or intention 138 connecting ending of negation 139 *** connecting form of the verb, adjective or verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral 128 --++- 178 Consonants Bovrvceteesseeessseeeseeteessscssceessessseesseeevesceseee coordinative case 23 coordinative connecting endings 129 178 copulative connecting endings 130 ---- 179 counting words WT Poe eee eee ee eee ee re eres Pree eee rry 166 + 223 + 122 courtesy 168 courtesy of the final ending of the verb 14 courtesy of the final ending of the adjective QB] tere erect eee es eee cece et eee eeeeer terse a eneee tees @npoecocconren 000 129 courtesy of the final ending of the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral 88 - dative 20 declarative final endings to the verb 90 declarative final endings to the adjective 92 - declarative final endings to the verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral 94 °° declarative sentence 242 srt declension of a word to which a sense of respect is given QB vse test ee en ecneeseneaeeseeeeeeensees seen: 87 + 136 + 137 + 141 ++ 143 + 321declension of a word which ends in a vowel DG crierreteeeseteeeteeeerneeeseeseeecneeetsenasteseaeetetenssensaeats 87 declension of a word which ends in a consonant 27 declension of a noun in the plural 28 - 89 declension of a word in the plural to which a sense of respect is given 2Q ci rtttrttttttttterttes eters 90 declension of a word in the plural which indicates an animate being 80 scrctrrrsrrtscetrtrs tt eeeee 90 declension of a word in the plural which indicates an inanimate being 3] ccerttccttstestretteees 91 declension of the personal pronoun 40 srr tttcsttteeres 98 declension of the personal pronoun A [cho] “I” 4) PPO Renee eee teen en eee eee erate tee erates Hee e eee eaEeseseeteseee OEEe 98 declension of the personal pronoun 4+[na] “I” 42 SNe e nena renew eee e eee ne nese ener eee ee ae HH Hatten ea eee tees eE sees waay 99 declension of the personal pronoun 7 4 [chohui] ye AG ee ee eee 99 declension of the personal pronoun $2| [uri] “we? 44 Pee eee n eee mete nanan eee e reese snes ese seneneees Preerrerrrer ry 100 declension of the personal pronoun [no] “you” 45 iy declension of the personal pronoun 4 3 [{nohuil Hyou” 4G vitsireeeteteretene cere Ayieeteseneeeeeeeeeeeaae ences 102 ++ 103 104 105 105 * 105 declension of 2[ku] “he” 48- declension of 2 44H{ku nyoja] “she” 49 declension of 2A[kugot] “it” 50- declension of 28{kudul] “they” 5! - declension of 2 4%}-S{ku nyojadul] “they”SESSSaSSRS CESSES CRC SEC SRS ces ses OuCORNORS CESS OROBIIES e declension of 2A E(kugotdul] “they” 53 201 @ use of the exchanging endings 183 rtrrtrtttttttte 240 © using tense endings 164 ‘crccctirctrrtee teeter e teee 219 @ verbal form of the noun, pronoun or numeral * 130 ® vocal harmony 195 258 ®@ vocative 24 85 @ voice 174° + 230 ®@ vowels 3 13 @ words which have the meaning of respect 170 + 226 @ writing of vowels 7 16 @ writing of consonants 10 °* 22 @ you SAl[tangsin] 38 - 97 372ABBREVIATIONS: @ adjective ad adverb ad fo adverbial form att fo attributive form aux end auxiliary ending causat v causative verb con fo connecting form dat dative end ending gen genitive imp fo imperative form incomp n incomplete noun inst instrumental int interjection loc locative m noun num numeral pass passive pl plural pre-n pre-noun Pron pronoun sg singular v verb vi intransitive verb vt transitive verb KOREAN- ENGLISH VOCABULARY 5 tk) JS [kaguk] n opera JHSC} [kanulda] a thin Its [kanungsong ] 2 poss ibility JHCt [kada] vi go Thage JEFHW [kadubaechu}] n cab- JESGtCH (kadukada] @ full Jt [karyong] ad if JHEXICH (karuchida} vi teach J2Al ([karuchim] n teaching Jt [kabang] n bag JHC [kabyopda} @ light Jk [kasu] n singer 7+& [kasum] n breast Jt&t [{kajang] ad most JHACHECE (kaj yodajuda lve bring 7}¥4 QC (kajyooda] vi bring; fetch It® (kajok] n family FEAL {kaji] n branch JIC (kajida] ve have TIAL [kaje] n gauze frette JtAIStHHh ([kachidambae] 2 ciga- 74 [kachaek] n remorse JtMOl (kaggailad near JS [{kaul] n autumn 2tM (kakso] n note 2tMM# (kaksogyohwan] n ex - change of notes ZETLOHCE (kan-gohada Ja arduous 218} [kanjang] n soy 2tft [kanpan] n sign ZtS@) [kanhowon] n nurse ZHOIAJES [kanisikdang] 2 snack 373bar ZO [kalda] ve till ZetAICt (kallajida] vi divide ZBe2}Z [kallimgil] n forked road 27| [kamgi] n cold #7| SCt (kamgi dulda] phrase catch cold ZC} [kamda) vt wind 2M [kamsa] n thank ZEt OFLC [kamtanhada] vi admire at (kap] 1 price H [kang] n river ZAO!] ([kangnaeng-i] n maize 223 [kangryong] n programme 2S (kangmul] n water of river 24 {kangjwa] n chair 4A [kangchol] n steel B= [kangto] n territory Se [kang-yon] n lecture ZCt [katda] @ same ZO! (kachi] ad as HI\ (kogi] pron that place HTIO (kogie] pron dat there HACHOHCH [kodaehada} a great Hel [kori] n street ASGtCt Ckojolhada] ve refuse HRI (kojujil n place of resid- ZOtCt [kojuhada] vt live Lence HQ) [koui] ad almost HAZ [kon. gang] n health HZOtC (kon- ganghada]a healthy HALIHER [konnoganun-got] 2 crossing HEE} [konnuda] vi, vi cross ASU [konnumgil] n crosswalk HA [konsol] n construction AMC (konsoldoedalvi be built HAC [konsolhada} vz build ZOCt (kotda] wi walk AOC [kolda] vi hang AazlCt [kollida] vi take, need WA [kolsang]} n chair AC} (komda} a black A [kot] mcomp n thing WP ([kyou] ad barely, hardly AZ [kyoul] n winter At [kyonhak] n observation- study 2a (kyonhae] n view Ait (kyolgwa] n result GAOL (kyolsimhada] determine BAA [kyoljongjok] n decisive ABC (kyoljonghada] vt decide Ai [kyolko] ad never Het (kyolhap] n combination @ [kyom] ad concurrently A OIL [kyomsonhada] a modest BZQ [kyong- gong-op] n light industry ANS (kyong-gijang] n stadium ZA [kyongje] n economy AAA [kyongjejok] n economic ASC [kyongchukada] ve con- gratulate @Al (kyongchi] n scenery 4H [kyonghom] n experience SS [kyong-umak] n_ light music [respect ZOHSHCE Ckyong-aehadal vi, ve ACh (kyokda] vi experience Z1)| ([kogi] n meat TLHOICt (kogwihada] a precious TISAIC (kodongchida] vi pulsate vi, vt 374 lSTEC {koruda] vt assort TStCt [komapda] a thankful TIASSHCE (kosanghada] a lofty DHSS [kojonumak] n classi- cal music DAICt (kochida] ve repair 18! [kohyang] n native place DOr [koyohada] a still 2 [kot] ad immediately;namely BL [kotda] a straight Bue [kotbaro] ad straight [kol] n valley 2S [koldongpum] n curio BMI| [koljjagi] n valley Ct (kopdala. beautiful % [kot] n place 2 [kong] n ball B)| (kong-gi] n air BINA (kong. gaejok] n open Bol (kongmin] ‘n citizen ZB [kongbu] n study Bolt (kongbuhada] vi study BAO] [kongsanjuui] n ue) [munis t BAO Tt [kongsanjuuija] n com- BAHS0)A} [kongsanjuuijok] 2 communist BAA [kongsikjok] n of ficial Ba [kongjang]) n factory SSS [kongjangdaehak] n university- level factory college SSCHStM = (kongjangdaehaksae ng]jnstudent ata university- level factory college BX [kongpo] n fear @S}2 [konghwaguk] n republic Bl [kong- op] n industry com- BAH7t (kong. opgukga} 2 industrial state Bast (kong-opwa] n industri- alization _ BO [kong. yon] n performance BAM [kong- yonsunso] n programme iota BAGH [kong-yonhada] vi per- BH [kong.won] n park DUA [kyogwaso] n textbook HAI [kyosi] 1 teaching # [kyosil] 2 classroom WS [(kyojang] n principal T1272] [kyojojuui] n dogmatism WS [kyotong] n communication W® [kyohun] n lesson WM! [kyohwan] n exchange W#= [kyohwansu] n telephone operator f change GIEHOHCH ([kyohwanhada] ve ex- G2 [kyoyang] n education GSA [kyoyangja] n educator IGS [kyoyanghada] vi educate WS [kyoyuk] n education WSOICt (kyoyukada]vi educate WSS} (kyoyukak] n pedagogy GI (kyoye] n circus MOSS (kyoyegukjang] n circus WM [kyowon] n teacher + [ku] num nine TZiOIAL (kugang-gwauisa] n dentist +24 [(kugyong] n sightseeing FAostCt (kugyonghada] vi see Fztiit (kurapa}] n Europe instruction, 375H2}iKSA) [kurapaumsik] » Eu- ropean food Bet (kurakbu] 2 club (house ) 38 [kurum] ncloud fguish =HY4 GEC [kubyolhada] vz distin- Fal (kusip] num ninety 3S [kuho] n slogan 421 [kuwol] n September = [kuk] n soup 7} [kukga] n state, country 27| [kukgi] n national flag = 4} [kukbang] n national de- = [kuksu] 2 noodle [fence = [kukjok] nationality SAMA [kukjejok] n interna - tional I tionalism BAO) (kukjejuui] » interna =H2}A [kukjejuuijok] n international SSAAIM Meta [kukje-chinson- jollamgwan] n International Friendship Exhibition SAS HS [kukje-upyon-guk] 2 International Post Office @ [kun] n county BAO] [(kun-gukjuui] 2 milit- arism Nitarist BAA (kun. gukj uwuija} n mi- wat [kun-gwan] n officer LH [kundae] » army @MAT (kunsajok] n military @S [kunjung] 2 masses 2SHS! [kunjungdaehoe] n mass meeting @& (kunbbang] n toast Ol [kunin] n army man ZA (kutgela ad fo firmly #@OCt (kutda]a hard, firm @ [kul] n oyster Ct (kulda] vi roll BESO} [kulbokada] vi submit SOtCt (kulhada] vi submit Ct (kukda] a thick SM [kungjon] n palace 7S [kyuyul] n discipline 7t@ [kyujong] n rules @ (kyul] n orange 2 [ku] pron he; that AX [kugot] incomp n- with pron it, that fshe al LAA [kunyoja] n with pron 15 [kudul] pron they LH [kudae] pron you AHL (kurona] ad but IALIF Ckuronigga) a con fo therefore HG) (kuronde] a con fo but BAI (kurokela ad fo so XC (kurota] a so f but XUBAIft [kurochiman]a con fo 2D [kurigo] v con fo and 2 [kurim] n picture [book 2/4 [(kurimchaek] 2 picture 12!M [{kurimyopso) n picture postcard IAW (kujogge] n the day before yesterday TEOFLI2} [kubbunanira] phrase besides 3 [kukjang] n theatre ZEN (kullojaln working people 2 [kunbon] n foundation @S (kul] n letter; sentence SA [kulja] n letter 3M (kulssi] n handwriting. 376ZR [kulsse] int perhaps 2 [kum] n gold BZAt (kumgangsan] n Mt, Kumgang 22H [kumyoil] n Friday Bet At [kupaengryolcha] n ex- WH {kigye] n machine press JI ASPOLL! [kigyehwahada] vt mechanize J\2+ [kigwan] n organ JIM {kinyom] n commemoration |B! [kinyomgwan] n memori- al house JIU Ckinyombi] n monument 718% [(kinyompum] n souvenir JIS (kinung] n function JICt [kida] vi crawl ICAI Ckidarida] ve wait JICHEIZ! [kidarimkan] n waiting m kirok] n record kirum] 2 oil kibbal] n flag kibon] n basis kisa] n engineer; article kisul] n technique [kisulja] n technician [kisulhyongmyong] 7» technical revolution So THE nu OU = 8 “ > GH > 2= go> I\ JIKt Ckija] n journalist AA [kijok] » wonder AIX Ckiji] n base AIX Ckicha] n train WIZ (kicho] n foundation, basis JIAl [kichi] n flag JI&! Ckichim] n cough JIASHCH [kichimhada] vi cough I (kihu} n climate JO! Ckiggoi] ed with pleasure 7\84C} [kibbuda] a joyful; glad NS {kibbum] n joy FIQIO| ([kioi] ad at any cost WUA [kiopso] n enterprise 7\# [kiwon] n era 21S: [kinyangmal] n stockings @ [kil] n road UC (kilda] a long HO! (kiri] n length Y [kim] n steam AASSIS Kim Nl Sung gyong -giiang] on Kim Tl Sung Stadium HOt [kipda]a deep ZOl' (kipi) n depth Ol? Ckipi] ad deeply JH! (kae] incomp n piece JH? [kae] n dog JHC {kaeda] vi clear up JAZ [kaesonmun} n Arch of Triumph JHOIC} [kaeida] vi clear up i WHO! Ckaein] n individual WEISZ (kaeinyongpum] n personal effects Ala [{kyegup] n class ANE [kyedan] n stairs Al EIA} SBI) [kyedansik sung- gang -gi] n escalator AIAECH [kyesandae] n counter HIAHM [kyesanso] n account, bill ALAEGHCE [kyesanhada] vz count & [kyesok] n continuation Al SOC} [kyesokada] vi continue ASK [kyesungja] n successor WAIL {kyesida] vi there be,be (in the meaning of respect) AIS {kyejol] n season HB] (kyehoek] n plan Hit {kyeyak] n contract D2 [koeroe] npuppet farmy DW2]Z [koeroegun] n puppet 2|BH [koeroejong-gwon] n puppet regime (gnificent BIAGHCt (koengjanghada] a ma- A (kwi] n ear P= (kwiguk] n repatriation HBS ([kwijungpum] n jewelry HBOtCt [kwijunghada] a precious HSiCt (kwiyopda] a precious i} (kwasuwon] n orchard UHM [kwaja] n cake ibst (kwahak] » science ibStXt (kwahakja] n scientist itst#l (kwahagwon] n academy of sciences ital (kwaop] n task i} (kwail] n fruit 2B (kwailjup] n fruit juice WASBSE (kwail-chongryang - umryo] n sherbet BHH (kwan-gae] n irrigation BILAL [kwan-gye] n relation BHH2q [kwan-gwang-gaek] 1 tourist Bla Ckwan -gwangji]n tourist resort BIBPOHWA [kwan. gwang-annaeso] n tourist information office BetXt (kwallamja] n spectator #2] AZ S| ([kwalliwiwonhoe] n management board Bl (kwanse] n customs BLAtOHC! Ckwanchalhada} vt observe fabout SHA (kwanhayo] v con fo Zt (kwang.go]n announcement *# (kwangbu] 2 miner BtAt [kwangsan] n mine Bt [kwangjang] n square H [kwon] n book Hel (kwolli] n right Hl (kwonwi] n authority L [n} Lt [na] pron I LH7HER [naganun- got] n exit LEJECH [nagada] vi go out, go Lt+=Ct (nanuda] ve divide Let [nara] n country LEECH (naruda]ve carry LE@ [namu] 2 LEEHLEC} ([natanada] vi appear LIZ [napal] n trumpet tree LESYC} [nabbuda] a bad LEOHECH (naagada] vi advance LEO] [nai] n age {32 [nan.got] n birthplace EtHet (nannal] n date of birth [nal] n day StCt (nalda] vi fly SZICH (nallida] causat v let fly StBICH [nallida] pass be flown 378St [nalja] n date SH [nalssi] n weather “+ [nam] n another person Lt} (namda] vi remain &tiH Cnamsae] n vegetables “Xt (namja] n man, male ‘+1 [nampyon] n husband [boy
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